piering et al. electromyographic analysis of four popular abdominal exercises

4
Electromyographic Analysis of Four Popular Abdominal Exercises Andrew W . Piering, B S Alex P . Janowski, B S Martin T . Moore, M S , A T C A n n C . Snyder, P h D William B . Wehrenberg, P h D Abstract: This study w a s designed t o evaluate t h e effects offour specific sit- up exercises o n muscular activity o f t h e rectus abdominis. Pairs o f surface electrodes were placed unilaterally o n four quadrants of t h e rectus abdominis, delimited b y tendinous inscriptions, i n four male subjects. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken while t h e subjects performed four different a b - dominal exercises. Each abdominal e x - ercise w a s hypothesized to have a specific effect n o n e o f t h e four quad- rants o f t h e rectus abdominis. T h e four exercises analyzed were: I ) long Kying crunch, 2 ) bent knee crunch, 3 ) l e g raise, a n d 4 ) vertical l e g crunch. Analysis o f t h e standardized EMG recordings demonstrated n o significant differences t h e mean muscle activity between t h e four different quadrants, i n t h e mean muscle activity between t h e four different exercises, and in interac- tions between t h e exercises a n d t h e quadrants of t h e rectus abdominis. W e conclude that none o f t h e four a b - Andrew W . Piering, Alex P . Janowski, a n d William B . Wehrenberg a r e associated with o f th e Department o f Health Sciences a t t h e University o f Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Mil- waukee, WI 5321 1 . Martin T. Moore i s a member o f t h e Depart- mentof Athletics a t t h e University o f Wis- consin-Milwaukee. A n n C . Snyder i s a member o f th e Depart- mentof Human Kinetics a t t h e University o f Wisconsin-Milwaukee. dominal exercises studied r e specific f o r strengthening individual muscle quadrants of t h e rectus abdominis. In a n attempt t o enhance athletic performance, scientists have studied the relationship between t h e effects o f specific exercises, muscle activity, and muscular development. Several investigators have used electromyography (EMG) i n a n attempt t o describe a n d evaluate t h e activity o f abdominal muscles during different forms o f exercise. I n these studies, i n - creased electrical activity served a s a n indicator o f muscle a c - tivity.4'7"14'2' o date, EMG evaluation o f t h e rectus abdominis muscle h a s been limited t o recording t h e activity o f t h e upper half (lateral to t h e linea alba a n d superior t o t h e umbilicus) a n d t h e lower half (ipsilateral t o t h e upper half a n d below t h e umbilicus) o f t h e muscle,236"0'7 o r recordings o f t h e whole muscle.8"2 T h e results o f these studies have suggested that certain sit- u p s affect t h e electrical activity o f t h e upper half differently than t h e lower half. EMG studies have n o t been under- taken t o describe a n d evaluate t h e a c - tivity o f t h e four quadrants o f t h e rectus abdominis, delimited b y t h e tendinous inscriptions perpendicular t o t h e linea alba (lineae transversae). These ten- dinous inscriptions divide t h e upper half into three quadrants, while t h e lower half remains intact.9 Analysis o f muscle activity i n t h e various quadrants i s necessary t o test t h e hypothesis p u t forth b y trainers, conditioning coaches, a n d popular fitness a n d conditioning publi- cations that specific abdominal exer- cises develop specific quadrants o f t h e rectus abdominis. 13"16'20'22 T h e purpose o f t h e present study w a s to determine t h e electrical (muscle) activity o f t h e four quadrants o f t h e rectus abdominis during four different sit-up exercises. Materials a n d Methods T h e study was reviewed and a p - proved b y t h e University o f Wisconsin- Milwaukee Internal Review Board f o r t h e u s e o f human subjects. Four male athletes o f similar physical ability a n d anthropometric characteristics per- formed four different forms o f a b - dominal exercises. Subjects ranged from 1 9 to 3 7 years o f a g e a n d weighed from 7 6 k g (167 lbs) t o 9 2 k g (202 lbs). Height ranged from 1 7 3 cm ( 6 9 i n ) t o 1 9 0 cm ( 7 6 in). T h e abdomen o f each subject w a s shaved and cleaned with alcohol prior t o electrode placement. W e unilaterally placed pairs o f surface electrodes o n t h e four quadrants o f t h e rectus abdominis (Fig I ) . We placed t h e superior electrode o f th e first pair 3 cm superior t o t h e first lateral tendinous inscription o n t h e right side o f t h e rectus abdominis. W e placed a second electrode 2 cm below t h e superior electrode. This electrode pair measured EMG activity i n quadrant 1 o r t h e upper quadrant o f t h e rectus abdominis. Placement o f t h e pairs o f electrodes f o r the three lower quadrants was standardized b y palpat- i n g t h e tendinous inscriptions f o r each quadrant a n d placing a pair o f surface electrodes equidistant between each tendinous inscription (Fig 1 ) . W e took unilateral recordings because i t h a s been reported that electrical activity within t h e rectus abdominis muscle i s bilaterally equal.6 T h e muscle quad- rants were labeled: 1 ) upper quadrant, 2 ) upper middle quadrant, 3 ) lower middle quadrant, a n d 4 ) lower quadrant. W e performed electromyographic recordings using a DAS416 multichan- n e l digital data recorder, interfaced with a n IBM-compatible personal computer. Software f o r signalacquisition a n d data 1 2 0 Volume 2 8 * Number 2 * 1993

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8/8/2019 Piering et al. Electromyographic Analysis of Four Popular Abdominal Exercises

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Electromyographic

Analysis of Four Popular

Abdominal Exercises

Andrew W . P i e r i n g , BS

A l e x P . J a n o w s k i , BS

M a r t i n T . M o o r e , M S , A TCAnn C . S n y d e r , PhD

W i l l i a m B . W e h r e n b e r g , PhD

A b s t r a c t : T h i s s t u d y w a s d e s i g n e d t oe v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f f o u r s p e c i f i c s i t -

u p e x e r c i s e s o n m u s c u l a r a c t i v i t y o f t h er e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . P a i r s o f s u r f a c ee l e c t r o d e s w e r e p l a c e d u n i l a t e r a l l y o n

f o u r q u a d r a nt s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s ,d e l i m i t e d b y t e n d i n o u s i n s c r i p t i o n s , i n

f o u r m a l e s u b j e c t s . E l e c t r o m y o g r a p h i c

( E M G ) r e c o r d i n g s w e r e t a k e n w h i l e t h es u b j e c t s p e r f o r m e d f o u r d i f f e r e n t a b -

d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s . E a c h a b d o m i n a l e x -

e r c i s e w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d t o h a v e a

s p e c i f i c e f f e c t o n o n e o f t h e f o u r q u ad -r a n t s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . T h e f o u r

e x e r c i s e s a n a l y z e d w e r e : I ) l o n g K y i n gc r u n c h , 2 ) b e n t k n e e c r u n c h , 3 ) l e gr a i s e , a n d 4 ) v e r t i c a l l e g c r u n c h .

A n a l y s i s o f t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d EMG

r e c o r d i n g s d e m o n s t r a t e d n o s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e m e a n m u s c l e a c t i v i t yb e t w e e n t h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t q u a d r a n t s , i n

t h e mean m u s c l e a c t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h ef o u r d i f f e r e n t e x e r c i s e s , a n d i n i n t e r a c -

t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e e x e r c i s e s a n d t h eq u a d r a nt s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . We

c o n c l u d e t h a t n o n e o f t h e f o u r a b -

A n d r e w W . P i e r i n g , A l e x P . J a n o w s k i , a n d

W i l l i a m B . W e h r e n b e r g a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a lt h S c ie n c es a t t h eU n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n - M i l w a u k e e , M i l -

w a u k e e , WI 5 3 2 1 1 .

M a r t i n T . Moore i s a member o f t h e D e p a r t -m e n t o f A t h l e t i c s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s -

c o n s i n - M i l w a u k e e .

Ann C . S n y d e r i s a m e m b e r o f t h e D e p a r t -

m e n t o f H u man K i n e t i c s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f

W i s c o n s i n - M i l w a u k e e .

d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s s t u d i e d a r e s p e c i f i cf o r s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n d i v i d u a l m u s c l e

q u a d r a nt s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s .

In a n a t t e m p t t o e n h a n c e a t h l e t i c

p e r f o r m a n c e , s c i e n t i s t s h a v e

s t u d i e d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

t h e e f f e c t s o f s p e c i f i c e x e r c i s e s , m u s c l e

a c t i v i t y , a n d m u s c u l a r d e v e l o p m e n t .

S e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e u s e d

e l e c t r o m y o g r a p h y (EMG) i n a n a t t e m p t

t o d e s c r i b e a n d e v a l u a t e t h e a c t i v i t y o f

a b d o m i n a l m u s c l e s d u r i n g d i f f e r e n tf o r m s o f e x e r c i s e . I n t h e s e s t u d i e s , i n -

c r e a s e d e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y s e r v e d a s a n

i n d i c a t o r o f i n c r e a s e d m u s c l e a c -

t i v i t y . 4 ' 7 " 1 4 ' 2 ' T o d a t e , EMG e v a l u a t i o no f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s m u s c l e h a s b e e n

l i m i t e d t o r e c o r d i n g t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h eu p p e r h a l f ( l a t e r a l t o t h e l i n e a a l b a a n d

s u p e r i o r t o t h e u m b i l i c u s ) a n d t h e l o w e r

h a l f ( i p s i l a t e r a l t o t h e u p p e r h a l f a n d

below t h e u m b i l i c u s ) o f t h e

m u s c l e , 2 3 6 " 0 ' 7 o r r e c o r d i n g s o f t h e

w h o l e m u s c l e . 8 " 2 T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s es t u d i e s h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t c e r t a i n s i t -

u p s a f f e c t t h e e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t h eu p p e r h a l f d i f f e r e n t l y t h a n t h e l o w e r

h a l f .EMG s t u d i e s h a v e n o t b e e n u n d e r -

t a k e n t o d e s c r i b e a n d e v a l u a t e t h e a c -t i v i t y o f t h e f o u r q u a d r a n t s o f t h e r e c t u s

a b d o m i n i s , d e l i m i t e d b y t h e t e n d i n o u s

i n s c r i p t i o n s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l i n e aa l b a ( l i n e a e t r a n s v e r s a e ) . T h e s e t e n -

d i n o u s i n s c r i p t i o n s d i v i d e t h e u p p e r h a l fi n t o t h r e e q u a d r a n t s , w h i l e t h e l o w e r

h a l fr e m a i n s

i n t a c t . 9A n a l y s i s

o fm u s c l e

a c t i v i t y i n t h e v a r i o u s q u a d r a n t s i s

n e c e s s a r y t o t e s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s p u t f o r t hb y t r a i n e r s , c o n d i t i o n i n g c o a c h e s , a n d

p o p u l a r f i t n e s s a n d c o n d i t i o n i n g p u b l i -c a t i o n s t h a t s p e c i f i c a b d o m i n a l e x e r -c i s e s d e v e l o p s p e c i f i c q u a d r a n t s o f t h e

r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . 1 3 " 1 6 ' 2 0 ' 2 2 T h e p u r p o s eo f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w a s t o d e t e r m i n e

t h e e l e c t r i c a l ( m u s c l e ) a c t i v i t y o f t h ef o u r q u a d r a n t s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s

d u r i n g f o u r d i f f e r e n t s i t - u p e x e r c i s e s .

M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d sT h e s t u d y w a s r e v i e we d a n d a p -

p r o v e d b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n -

M i l w a u k e e I n t e r n a l R e v i e w B o a r d f o rt h e u s e o f h u m a n s u b j e c t s . F o u r m a l e

a t h l e t e s o f s i m i l a r p h y s i c a l a b i l i t y a n d

a n t h r o p o m e t r i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p e r -

f o r m e d f o u r d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f a b -d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s . S u b j e c t s r a n g e d

f r o m 1 9 t o 3 7 y e a r s o f a g e a n d w e i g h e d

f r o m 7 6 k g ( 1 6 7 l b s ) t o 9 2 k g ( 2 0 2 l b s ) .H e i gh t r a ng ed f r o m 1 7 3 cm ( 6 9 i n ) t o

1 9 0 cm ( 7 6 i n ) .

T h e a b d o m e n o f e a c h s u b j e c t w a s

s ha v e d a n d c l e a n e d w i t h a l c o h o l p r i o rt o e l e c t r o d e p l a c e m e n t . We u n i l a t e r a l l yp l a c e d p a i r s o f s u r f a c e e l e c t r o d e s o n t h ef o u r q u a d r a n t s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s

( F i g I ) . We p l a c e d t h e s u p e r i o r

e l e c t r o d e o f t h e f i r s t p a i r 3 cm s u p e r i o rt o t h e f i r s t l a t e r a l t e n d i n o u s i n s c r i p t i o no n t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s .

We p l a c e d a s e c o n d e l e c t r o d e 2 cm

b e l o w t h e s u p e r i o r e l e c t r o d e . T h i s

e l e c t r o d e p a i r m e a s u r e d EMG a c t i v i t yi n q u a d r a n t 1 o r t h e u p p e r q u a d r a n t o f

t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . P l a c e m e n t o f t h ep a i r s o f e l e c t r o d e s f o r t h e t h r e e l o w e r

q u a d r a n t s w a s s t a n d a r d i z e d b y p a l p a t -i n g t h e t e n d i n o u s i n s c r i p t i o n s f o r e a c h

q u a d r a n t a n d p l a c i n g a p a i r o f s u r f a c e

e l e c t r o d e s e q u i d i s t a n t b e t w e e n e a c ht e n d i n o u s i n s c r i p t i o n ( F i g 1 ) . We t o o k

u n i l a t e r a l r e c o r d i n g s b e c a u s e i t h a s

b e e n r e p o r t e d t h a t e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t yw i t h i n t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s m u s c l e i s

b i l a t e r a l l y e q u a l . 6 T h e m u s c l e q u a d -r a n t s w e r e l a b e l e d : 1 ) u p p e r q u a d r a n t , 2 )

u p p e r m i d d l e q u a d r a n t , 3 ) l o w e r m i d d l e

q u a d r a n t , a n d 4 ) l o w e r q u a d r a n t .We p e r f o r m e d e l e c t r o m y o g r a p h i c

r e c o r d i n g s u s i n g a DAS416 m u l t i c h a n -

n e l d i g i t a l d a t a r e c o r d e r , i n t e r f a c e d w i t h

a n I B M - c o m p a t i b l e p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r .

S o f t w a r e f o r s i g n a l a c q u i s i t i o n a n d d a t a

120 V o l u m e 2 8 * Number 2 * 1 9 9 3

8/8/2019 Piering et al. Electromyographic Analysis of Four Popular Abdominal Exercises

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p r o c e s s i n g w a s d e v e l o p e d b y T e c h n o l -

o g y R e s o u r c e , I n c ( A l g o n q u i n , I l l ) .

B a s e l i n e r e c o r d i n g s o f t h e s u b j e c t s a t

r e s t d e m o n s t r a t e d i n t e g r a t e d e l e c t r i c a l

a c t i v i t y i n t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s o f 0 . 1 5mV. T h e r e f o r e , a n a u t o m a t i c t r i g g e r

w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a t 0 . 1 5 mV a s t h et h r e s h o l d f o r t h e o n s e t o f e x e r c i s e a c -

t i v i t y . R e c o r d i n g t i m e o f e a c h a b -d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e w a s 3 s e c o n d s a n d w a s

c o n t r o l l e d b y a n a u t o m a t i c t i m e r . We

u s e d f o u r c h a n n e l s t o o b t a i n s e p a r a t er e c o r d i n g s f r o m e a c h o f t h e f o u r q u a d -

r a n t s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . F i g u r e 2

i l l u s t r a t e s a t y p i c a l EMG r e c o r d i n gf r o m t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

T h e f o u r e x e r c i s e s a n a l y z e d w e r e : 1 )

l o n g l y i n g c r u n c h , 2 ) b e n t k n e e c r u n c h ,3 ) l e g r a i s e a n d 4 ) v e r t i c a l l e g c r u n c h

( F i g 3 ) . T h e l o n g l y i n g c r u n c h h a s b e e np r o p o s e d t o e x e r c i s e t h e u p p e r q u a d r a n to f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s , t h e b e n t k n e e

c r u n c h t h e u p p e r m i d d l e q u a d r a n t , t h e

l e g r a i s e t h e l o w e r m i d d l e q u a d r a n t , a n d

t h e v e r t i c a l l e g c r u n c h t h e l o w e r q u a d -r a n t . ' 6 ' 2 2 T h e a t h l e t e s w e r e f a m i l i a r w i t ht h e f o u r e x e r c i s e s . H o w e v e r , t h e y d i dn o t e n g a g e i n r e g u l a r t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n so f t h e s e s i t - u p s . E x e r c i s e s 1 , 2 , a n d 4

w e r e o f t h e " s h o u l d e r l i f t " v a r i e t y ,s i m i l a r t o t h e f o r m s t u d i e d b y H a l p e r n

a n d B l e c k . 8 I n t h e s e e x e r c i s e s , t h e s u b -

j e c t r a i s e s t h e h e a d a n d s h o u l d e r s t o a

h e i g h t s u f f i c i e n t t o a l l o w t h e i n f e r i o rb o r d e r o f t h e s c a p u l a t o b r e a k c o n t a c t

w i t h t h e f l o o r . U n i f o r m r a n g e o f m o t i o n

f o r e a c h s u b j e c t d u r i n g t h e l o n g l y i n gc r u n c h ( e x e r c i s e 1 ) w a s e n s u r e d b y

u s i n g a r e s t r a i n i n g r o d . F o r t h e b e n t

k n e e c r u n c h ( e x e r c i s e 2 ) a n d t h e v e r t i c a l

l e g c r u n c h ( e x e r c i s e 4 ) , t h e r a n g e o f

m o t i o n was c o m p l e t e when t h e

s u b j e c t ' s e l b o w s c o n t a c t e d t h e t h i g h s .E x e r c i s e 3 w a s o f t h e " l e g l i f t " v a r i e t y .

E x e c u t i o n o f E x e r c i s e

I n e x e r c i s e 1 , t h e l o n g l y i n g c r u n c h ,t h e s u b j e c t s t a r t e d f r o m t h e s u p i n e p o s i -t i o n a n d r a i s e d h i s t o r s o f r o m t h e e x e r -c i s e m a t t o a p o i n t w h e r e t h e s t e r n u m

c a m e i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e r e s t r a i n i n gd e v i c e . E x e r c i s e 2 , t h e b e n t k n e e

c r u n c h , w a s p e r f o r m e d i n t h e s a m e

m a n n e r a s t h e l o n g l y i n g c r u n c h , e x c e p t

t h a t t h e l o w e r l e g s w e r e e l e v a t e d b y a

s t a n d a r d e x e r c i s e b e n c h ( 5 1 cm i n

h e i g h t ) , p l a c i n g t h e s u b j e c t ' s h i p s i n 4 5 '

c o m p l e t e w h e n t h e e l b o w s c o n t a c t e dt h e t h i g h s . I n e x e r c i s e 3 , t h e s u p i n e l e gr a i s e , t h e s u b j e c t r a i s e d h i s l e g s o f f t h ef l o o r w h i l e i n a s u p i n e p o s i t i o n , u n t i l 9 0 'o f h i p f l e x i o n w a s a t t a i n e d . T h e l e g sw e r e t h e n r e t u r n e d t o t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i -

t i o n . I n e x e r c i s e 4 , t h e v e r t i c a l l e g

QUADRANT1

QUADRANT2

QUADRANT 3

QUADRANT 4

I/

c r u n c h , t h e l e g s w e r e s u p p o r t e d a g a i n s ta w a l l p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e f l o o r , p l a c -i n g t h e h i p s a t 9 0 ' o f f l e x i o n . T h e s u b -j e c t r a i s e d t h e u p p e r b o d y t o a p o i n t a t

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v e l o c i t y a n d d u r a t i o n o f c o n t r a c t i o n , t h es i t - u p s w e r e p e r f o r m e d t o a s p e c i f i c

c a d e n c e s u c h t h a t e a c h e x e r c i s e w a s

c o m p l e t e d i n 3 s e c o n d s . T h i s t i m e i n -

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t i m e r .

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b y s u b j e c t ( e g , e l e c t r o d e i m p e d a n c e ,

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n e l e c t r o d e s , r e l a t i o n -s h i p o f e l e c t r o d e s t o m o t o r p o i n t s ,a m o u n t a n d l o c a t i o n o f s u b c u t a n e o u s

f a t , e t c ) . ' T o c o n t r o l f o r t h e s e f a c t o r s ,t h e d a t a w e r e s t a n d a r d i z e d . T h i s i n -

v o l v e d e x p r e s s i n g t h e i n t e g r a t e d EMGv a l u e f o r e a c h e l e c t r o d e p a i r ( q u a d r a n t )o n e a c h s u b j e c t a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h eh i g h e s t i n t e g r a t e d EMG f o r t h e f o u r e x -

e r c i s e s w i t h i n t h a t q u a d r a n t . F o r e x -

a m p l e , i n s u b j e c t 1 , t h e h i g h e s t EMGv a l u e f o r q u a d r a n t 1 w a s 0 . 2 3 4 mV

d u r i n g e x e r c i s e 3 , w h i l e t h e EMG f o rq u a d r a n t I d u r i n g e x e r c i s e 2 w a s 0 .1 8 9

m V. T h e r e f o r e , t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d s c o r e

i n s u b j e c t 1 f o r q u a d r a n t 1 , e x e r c i s e 3 i s

1 0 0 % , w h i l e i n q u a d r a n t 1 , e x e r c i s e 2 ,i t i s 8 1 % . S t a n d a r d i z e d d a t a o b t a i n e dd u r i n g t h e f o u r a b d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s

w e r e a n a l y z e d u s i n g a t w o - f a c t o rANOVA ( e x e r c i s e b y q u a d r a n t ) . T h e

t r e a t m e n t e f f e c t s r e p r e s e n t e d r e p e a t e dm e a s u r e s i n t h e s a m e s u b j e c t . T h e

ANOVA was a d j u s t e d f o r t h i s a s

d e s c r i b e d b y W i n e r . ' 9 D i f f e r e n c e s w e r e

t e s t e d a t p < . 0 5 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e . A l ld a t a a r e e x p r e s s e d a s mean ±SEM.

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t h e f o u r q u a d r a n t s d e m o n s t r a t e d s i m i l a r

m u s c l e a c t i v i t y a s r e f l e c t e d b y s t a n d -a r d i z e d EMG r e c o r d i n g s ( F [ 3 , 4 8 ] = 1 . 0 ,p = 0 . 3 8 ; F i g 4 ) . L i k e w i s e , r e g a r d l e s s o f

t h e q u a d r a n t , e a c h o f t h e f o u r e x e r c i s e se l i c i t e d s i m i l a r muscle a c t i v i t y

( F [ 3 , 4 8 ] = 1 . 2 6 , p = 0 . 3 0 ) .T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c -

t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e f o u r a b d o m i n a l e x e r -c i s e s a n d t h e m u s c l e a c t i v i t y o f t h e f o u rq u a d r a n t s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s

( F [ 9 , 4 8 ] = 0 . 8 6 , p = 0 . 8 6 ) . T h e f a c t t h a ts p i l l o v e r o r c r o s s t a l k f r o m o t h e r

m u s c l e s i s m i n i m a l i n t h e r e c t u s a b -

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e x e r c i s e s s t u d i e d d i d n o t s p e c i f i c a l l yi n c r e a s e t h e m u s c l e a c t i v i t y i n a g i v e n

q u a d r a n t .

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s u g g e s t e d t h a t s p e c i f i c a b d o m i n a l exer-

c i s e s w i l l d e v e l o p s p e c i f i c q u a d r a n t s o f

t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s a n d t h a t a r e g i m e n

t o i n c r e a s e t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e r e c t u s

a b d o m i n i s s h o u l d i n c l u d e s e v e r a l a b -

d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s . I f t h i s p r o p o s a l i s

c o r r e c t , t h e n e a c h s p e c i f i c e x e r c i s e

s h o u l d e l i c i t i n c r e a s e d m u s c l e a c t i v i t y ,

m e a s u r e d b y EMG, i n t h e s p e c i f i c t a r g e t

q u a d r a n t . t 4 O u r d a t a d e m o n s t r a t e t h a tf o r t h e f o u r a b d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s

s t u d i e d , t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d m u s c l e ac-

t i v i t y i n e a c h q u a d r a n t was n o t s i g -

n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h ee x e r c i s e . F o r e x a m p l e , e x e r c i s e 1 , t h e

l o n g l y i n g c r u n c h , h y p o t h e s i z e d t o i n -

crease e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y i n q u a d r a n t 1 ,

d i d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e q u a d r a n t I

s t a n d a r d i z e d e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y more

t h a n a n y o f t h e o t h e r e x e r c i s e s . I n a d d i -

t i o n , t h e f a c t t h a t n o s p e c i f i c q u a d r a n t

c o n s i s t e n t l y e x h i b i t e d more e l e c t r i c a l

a c t i v i t y t h a n a ny o t h e r q u a d r a n t sug-

g e s t s t h a t t h e r e i s n o t a r a n k o r d e r i n

q u a d r a n t p a r t i c i p a t i o n d u r i n g a ny o f t h e

a b d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s .O t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e n o t e d d i f -

f e r e n c e s i n m u s c l e a c t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h e

upper a n d l o w e r h a l v e s o f t h e r e c t u s

a b d o m i n i s w h i l e p e r f o r m i n g s p e c i f i c

a b d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s . 3 , 1 ` . 1 8 T h i s d i f -

ference m i g h t r e s u l t f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t

t h e o t h e r s t u d i e s d i v i d e d t h e m u s c l e i n

h a l f a n d c o m p a r e d t h e e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y

b e t w e e n t h e upper a n d l o w e r h a l v e s ,w h i l e we d i v i d e d t h e m u s c l e i n t o i t s

a n a t o m i c a l u n i t s ' a n d c o m p a r e d t h e

e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y across q u a d r a n t s .

R e t r o s p e c t i v e c o m p a r i s o n s are n o t a p-

p r o p r i a t e b e c a u s e t h e a b d o m i n i s r e c t u s

was d i v id e d u s i ng d i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a .

S u r f a c e e l e c t r o d e s are a v a l i d a n d

w i d e l y u s e d t e c h n i q u e f o r e s t i m a t i n g

EMG a c t i v i t y . 25 t " . 1 5 . 2 1 An a l t e r n a t i v ew o u l d b e t h e u se o f f i n e w i r e o r n e e d l e

e l e c t r o d e s p l a c e d d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e

m u s c l e . F in e w ir e e l e c t r o d e s are u s e d

p r i m a r i l y t o d e t e c t t h e e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y

w i t h i n m u s c l e s t h a t are d e e p t o t h e s u r -

f a c e o f t h e b o d y or i f s i g n i f i c a n t s p i l l -

over or cross t a l k f r o m o t h e r m u s c l e s i s

p r e s e n t . T h e s e are n o t o f m a j o r concem

f o r t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . 5 F u r t h e r m o r e ,

f i n e w i r e e l e c t r o d e s w o u l d i n t e r f e r ew i t h t h e m e c h a n i c a l c o n t r a c t i o n o f t h e

m u s c l e d u r i n g t h e s i t - u p e x e r c i s e s . " 1We c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e f o u r a b d o m i n a l

e x e r c i s e s s t u d i e d are n o t s p e c i f i c f o r

s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n d i v i d u a l m u s c l e q u a d -

r a n t s o f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s . F r o m a

c l i n i c a l or c o n d i t i o n i n g p e r s p e c t i v e , wes u g g e s t t h a t o n e e x e r c i s e w o u l d t r a i n t h e

r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s as w e l l as a n o t h e r , a n d

a t r a i n i n g r e g i m e n e m p l o y i n g a l l t h e

e x e r c i s e s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y n e e d e d .

Y e t , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y s t i l l e x i s t s t h a t t h e

e v a l u a t i o n o f o t h e r a b d o m i n a l e x e r c i s e s

a n d t h e r e f i n e m e n t o f t h e e x e r c i s e s u s e d

i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y m i g h t l e a d t o i d e n -

t i f i c a t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e e x e r c i s e s t o

s t r e n g t h e n i n d i v i d u a l q u a d r a n t s o f t h e

r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t sWe t h a n k D r . B . H a r t f o r a s s i s t a n c e

w i t h EMG r e a d i n g s , a n d D . P r i e s t o f

T e c h n o l o g y R e s o u r c e I n c , M i l w a u k e e ,

W I , f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n p e r f o r m -

i n g t h i s e x p e r i m e n t . R e s e a r c h sup-

p o r t e d b y N IH a w a r d K0 4 DK01874 t o

WBW.

R e f e r e n c e sI. B a s m a j i a n J V . D e l u c a C J . M u s c l e s A / i r e : T l i e i r

F u n c t i o n s R e v e l e d d / X E l e c t r o n l v o g r o p i t v . 5 t h e d .B a l t i m o r e . M d : W i l l i a n i s & W i l k i n s : 1 9 8 5 : 9 - 6 4 .

2 . E k h o l n i J . A r b o r e l i u s U . F a h i c r a n t z A . L a r s s o n A .

M a t t s s o n G . A c t i v at i o n o f a b d o m i l i n a l m u s c l e s

d u r i n g some p h y s i o t h e r a p e u t i c exercises. S c a n l u J

R e l i o h l i l M e ( l . 1 9 7 9 ; 1 1 : 7 5 - 8 4 .

3 . F l i n t M M . A b d o m i n a l i l l t I s c l e i n v ol v e m e nt d U r in -

t h e p e r f o m i a n c e o f v a t r i o u I s f o r m s o f s i t - u p e x e r c i s e .

A J 7 1 J P I h v . s M e l . 1 9 6 5 : 4 4 : 2 2 4 - 2 3 4 .

4 . F l i n t M M . G u d g e l l J . E l e c t r o m y o g r a p h i c s t u d y o f

a b d om i n a l m u s c u l ar a c t i v i t y d u r i n g e x e r c i s e . R e . s Q.

9 6 5 : 3 6 : 2 9 - 3 7 .

5 . F l o y d WF S i l v e r P H S . F i l e c t r o m y o g r a p h i c s t u d y of

p a t t e r n s o f a c t i v i t y o f t h e a n t e r i o r a b d o m i n a l w a l l

m u s c l e s i n m i a n . J A n o t i t . 1 9 5 ( 0 8 4 : 1 3 2 - 1 4 5 .

6 . F u i r l a n i J . B a n k o f f AD . E l e c t r o m y o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i so f t h e r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s a n d e x t e r n a i l o b l i q u e m uscles

d u r i n g exercises i n l a t e r a l d e c u b e n c e . s i t t i n a a n d

kneeling positions. Elect r r o t n v o g r C l i t

Netlh' - s x i o l . 1 9 8 7 7 : 2 7 : 2 6 5 - 2 7 2 .7 . G od f r ey K E . K i n d i g L E , W i n d e l l E J . E l e c t r o m y o -

g r a p h i c s t u d y o f d u r a t i o n o f i l m u s c l e a c t i v i t y i n s i t - L I p

v a r i a t i o n s . A r c i t P / t v . s Mel R e l t o b i l . 1 9 7 7 : 5 8 : 1 3 2 -

1 3 5 .8. H a l p e r n A A . B l e c k E E . S i t - L I p exercises: a n

electronlyographic s t L t d y . C l i i t O r - t i / o l .1 9 7 9 : 1 4 5 : 1 7 2 - 1 7 8 .

9. G r a y H . A a t o t o m v , D e s c r i p t i o n o t n d 1 S u r g e r - y . 15th

ed. N ew Y o r k . NY : G r a m e r c y B o o k s : 1 9 7 7 : 3 5 6 -

3 6 7 .

1 ( l . L i p e t z S . G t I t i n B . An e l e ct r o m yo g r ap h ic s t u dy of

f o L i r a b d o m i n a l exercises. M e ( d S c i S p ? o r t s .

1 9 7 ( 0 : 2 : 3 5 - 3 8 .II . M a i y h e w T P . N o r t o n B E J S a h r i l i a n n SA .

E l e c t r o m n y o g r a p h i c s t u d y o t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e nh a m n s t r i n g a n d a b d o m i na l i i i u s c l e s d u r i n g a u n i l a t e r a l

s t r a i g h t l e g r a i s e . P h v s . T i t e r . 1 9 8 3 : 6 3 : 1 7 6 9 - 1 7 7 3 .

1 2 . M c G i l l S M . E l e c t r o m y o g r a p h i c a c t i v i t y o f t h e ab-

d o o m i n a l a n d l o w b a c k i i l u s c u l a t u r e d u r i n g t h eg e n e r a t i o n o f i s o m n e t r i c a n d d y n a m i c a x i a l t r u t i k

t o r t q u e : i m i p l i c a t i o n s f o r l u n i b a r i i i e c h a n i c s . J O n / t l o l pR e . s . 1 9 9 1 1 : 9 : 9 1 - 1 0 3 .

1 3 . P a r k e r R . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t r u n k s t a b i l i t y i l l

a t h l e t i c movernent. NSCA J o i t o - t i l . 1 9 8 8 : ; 1 ( 0 : 1 6 - 1 9 .

1 4 . P e r r y J . B e k e y G . E M G - t o r c e r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n s k e l e -

t a l i l m u s c l e . CRC C r / i t R e t ' B i o e n t g . 1 9 8 1 X 7 : 1 - 2 2 .

1 5 . R i c c i B . M a r c h e t t i M . F i g U r a F . B i o t i i e c h a n i c s o f

s i t - u p exercises. M e ( d S c i S p ) o r t s E v e r e c . 1 9 8 1 : , 1 3 : 5 4 -5 9 .

1 6 . S c h w a r z e n e g g e r A . E n c v l o p e d l i a of M o l e r n

B o d b l ! l u t i d l i , t g . N ew Y o r k . N Y : S i i o i o n & S c h u s t e r .I n c : 1 9 8 7 : 5 ( 1 1 - 5 4 1 .

1 7 . S t o k e s I A F. M o f f ro id M . R u s h S . H a u g h L D . EMG

t o t o r q u e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n r e c t u s a b d o m i n i s m u s c l e

r e s u l t s w i t h r e p e a t e d t e s t i n g . S p i n e . 1 9 8 9 : 1 4 : 8 5 7 -

8 6 1 .

18 . W a l t e r s C E . P a r t r i d g e M J . E l e c t r o m y o g r a p h i c s t u d y

o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l a c t i o n o f t h e a b d o n i i n a l M m t I s c l e s

d u r i n g exercise. A n t J P h t v . s M e d . 1 9 5 7 : 3 6 : 2 5 9 - 2 6 8 .

1 9 . W i n i e r B J . S t a t i s t i c a l P - i n t c i p ) l e s i n E v ) e r i e m e n t t l /

D e . s i g m . 2 n d e d . N ew Y o r k . NY : M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k

C o : 1 9 7 1 : 5 1 4 - 6 ( 0 1 .2 0 . Y e s s i s M. T h e i m i i d s e c t i o n : yoLir e s s e n t i a l l i n k . S p o t a

F i t i t e s s . 1 9 8 5 : 1 : 9 1 - 9 3 .

2 1 . Z e t t e r b e r g C . A n d e r s s o n G BJ . S c hu lt z A B . T h e

a c t i v i t y o f i n d i v i d u a l t r u n k m u s c l e s d u r i n g h e a v y

p h y s i c a l l o a d i n g . S p l i n e . 1 9 8 7 : 1 2 : 1 0 3 5 - 1 ( 0 4 ( 0 .2 2 . Z u c c o l o t t o T . Ab s l i k e g i a n t r a v i o l i s . F l e x .

1 9 8 9 : 7 : 4 5 - 4 8 .

126 V o l u m e 2 8 * Number 2 * 1 9 9 3