CREATED BYCREATED BY::

NOURMA AGUSTINRIRIN KUSUMA NINGSIH

PUJI RAHAYU

PIDGINIZATION HYPOTHESIS

What is Pidgin?What is Pidgin? A language developed by speakers

of distinct languages who come in contact with one another and share no common language.

Venues: trade, plantation Examples: Sabir

(Mediterranean); Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea); Hawaiian Pidgin English; various Pidgin languages of Pacific Northwest, involving native American language, English / Russian

"Why does Miss Willis often laugh? Fraulein used to always cry."

EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF PIDGINPIDGINEarly Hawai'i Pidgin English spoken in Honolulu in the

late 19th century: “What for Miss Willis laugh all time? Before Fraulein cry all time”"Sapos yu kaikai planti pinat, bai yu kamap strong olsem phantom." "Fantom, yu pren tru bilong mi. Inap yu ken helpim mi nau?“"Fantom, em i go we?"

Pidgin taken from a famous comic strip in Papua New Guinea'If you eat plenty of

peanuts, you will come up strong like the phantom.‘‘Phantom, you are a true friend of mine. Are you able to help me now?‘Where did he go?'

• Pidginization – "The development into a pidgin." (C: 428) As a complex process of sociolinguistic change, it involves reduction of linguistic resources and restriction of use (Hymes). • As a process of acquisition under restricted conditions, it involves the learning of a second language by speakers of different language of the dominant group (Bickerton). (R: 2)

WHAT IS PIDGINIZATION?

• Well known example of Pidginization process:Alberto is a 33-year-old Costa Rican who had lived in Massachusetts for four months when his language progress first began to be investigated. Along with five other Spanish-speaking immigrants, (two five-year-old children, two adolescents and one other adult), his speech was monitored over a period of 10 months, by a variety of means, including free expression in natural settings to pencil and paper tests in the classroom. While the other five all made progress, Albert quickly pidginized.

• Schumann believes that what happened with Alberto was that he went through a process similar to 'pidginization' - that is, he constructed a basic lingua franca for the limited social purposes that brought him into contact with English speakers. 

Alberto and 'pidginization'

• Thus, for negation, Alberto only used the two earliest stages

'no' + V - I no understand good'don't' + V - don't know

• For interrogatives, Alberto occasionally would produce full verb movement - 'What are doing these people?“

• "Pidginization may be a universal first stage in second language acquisition, which results initially from cognitive constraints and then persists due to social and psychological ones," argues Schumann.

• This would explain why some second language learners end up using a simplified and restricted variety of the L2:

"Schumann claims that Alberto's speech is pidginization as a result of his social and psychological distance from English speakers."(Schumann. [1976]. Second language

acquisition: The pidginization hypothesis. Language Learning, 26, 391-408).

Schumann’s Pidginization Hypothesis of Second Language Learning

The degree of acculturation can lead to pidgin language

The process of social and psychological adaptation to target language culture determines the degree of success the learner achieves in acquiring the target language.

When the degree of acculturation is high, the learner will be successful in target language learningIn contrast, social & psychological distance from the target culture will result in a persistence of pidginized forms in the learner’s IL

Sebba (1997:69) mentions Sebba (1997:69) mentions the main characteristics the main characteristics

pidgins as follows :pidgins as follows :• Have no native speakers;• Are the result of contact between two or

more languages;• Are not initially intelligible with their source

language;• Usually draw most of their vocabulary from

one language;• Have grammar which are simplified and

reduced compared with the grammars of their input languages;

• Tend to have simple phonological systems;• Tend to have analytic (isolating) or

agglutinating morphology;• Tend to have semantically transparent

relationship between words and meaning;• have small vocabularies where he words

cover a wide semantic range.

The following features are usual in the grammar of pidgin languages.

(Sebba, 1997; 39). No definite or indefinite article, No copula to be, Tense, aspect, modality, and negation market

externally to the verb often by a content word like an adverb,

No complex sentence, No passive forms, Very few or no inflections for number, case,

tense, etc., and Analytic constructions used to mark possessive,

e.g. x of y rather than y’s x.

Schumann (1987:33) and Ellis Schumann (1987:33) and Ellis (2002: 252-253) discuss 3 major (2002: 252-253) discuss 3 major

functions of this language:functions of this language: The communicative functions, which

concerns the transmission of purely referential, denotative information.

The integrative function, which involves the use of language to mark the speaker as a member of particular social-group

The expressive function, which consists of the use of language to display linguistic virtuosity (e.g. in literary uses).

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