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CHAPTER I

A PIC Microcontroller Framework


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Introduction

Microcomputer?

A computer in which the processing unit is a

microprocessor

Usually - a general purpose computer (or PC)

Embedded Controller

is a controller (or computer) that is embeddedinto some device for some purpose other than

to provide general purpose computing


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Introduction

Microcontroller?

The microcontroller could be called a "one-chip

solution". It typically includes:

CPU (central processing unit) RAM (Random Access Memory)

EPROM/PROM/ROM (Erasable Programmable

Read Only Memory) I/O (input/output) - serial and parallel

timers

interrupt controller


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Five Broad Markets Consumer segment

Home appliances, Entertainment equipment

Automotive

Keyless entry, Anti-lock braking, Airbag, etc.

Office Automation

PC, Keyboards, copiers, printers

Telecommunications Cellular phones, pagers, answering machine

Industrial Products Door locks, automatic faucets, industrial machine


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Microcontroller VS. Microprocessor

* John B. Peatman

97%3%

Microcontroller Microprocessor

(2.5 Billions)

(75Millions)


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Microcontroller Unit Shipments


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No. 1990 Rank 1991 Rank 1992 Rank 1993 Rank 1994 Rank 1995-96 Rank 1997/8/9 Rank

1 Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola

2 Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Microchip

3 NEC NEC Intel NEC NEC SGS-Thomson ST-Micro

4 Intel Intel NEC Hitachi Philips NEC NEC

5 Hitachi Hitachi Philips Philips Intel Microchip Mitsubishi

6 Philips Philips Hitachi Intel Microchip Philips Philips

7 Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita SGS-Thomson Zilog Zilog Siemens

8 National SGS-Thomson SGS-Thomson Microchip SGS-Thomson Hitachi Toshiba9 Siemens Siemens National Matsushita Matsushita Fujitsu Hitachi

10 TI TI TI Toshiba Hitachi Intel Zilog

11 Sharp National Zilog National Toshiba Siemens Fujitsu

12 Oki Toshiba Toshiba Zilog National Toshiba Atmel

13 Toshiba Sony Siemens TI TI Matsushita National

14 SGS-Thomson Sharp Microchip Siemens Ricoh TI Sanyo15 Zilog Oki Sharp Sharp Fujitsu National Matsushita

16 Matra MHS Zilog Sanyo Oki Siemens Temic TI

17 Sony Microchip Matra MHS Sony Sharp Sanyo Sony

18 Fujitsu Matra MHS Sony Sanyo Oki Ricoh Intel

19 AMD Fujitsu Oki Fujitsu Sony Oki LG Semicon

20 Microchip Sanyo Fujitsu AMD Temic Sharp Samsung

No. 1990 Rank 1991 Rank 1992 Rank 1993 Rank 1994 Rank 1995-96 Rank 1997/8/9 Rank

1 Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola Motorola

2 Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Microchip

3 NEC NEC Intel NEC NEC SGS-Thomson ST-Micro

4 Intel Intel NEC Hitachi Philips NEC NEC

5 Hitachi Hitachi Philips Philips Intel Microchip Mitsubishi

6 Philips Philips Hitachi Intel Microchip Philips Philips

7 Matsushita Matsushita Matsushita SGS-Thomson Zilog Zilog Siemens

8 National SGS-Thomson SGS-Thomson Microchip SGS-Thomson Hitachi Toshiba

9 Siemens Siemens National Matsushita Matsushita Fujitsu Hitachi

10 TI TI TI Toshiba Hitachi Intel Zilog

11 Sharp National Zilog National Toshiba Siemens Fujitsu

12 Oki Toshiba Toshiba Zilog National Toshiba Atmel

13 Toshiba Sony Siemens TI TI Matsushita National

14 SGS-Thomson Sharp Microchip Siemens Ricoh TI Sanyo15 Zilog Oki Sharp Sharp Fujitsu National Matsushita

16 Matra MHS Zilog Sanyo Oki Siemens Temic TI

17 Sony Microchip Matra MHS Sony Sharp Sanyo Sony

18 Fujitsu Matra MHS Sony Sanyo Oki Ricoh Intel

19 AMD Fujitsu Oki Fujitsu Sony Oki LG Semicon

20 Microchip Sanyo Fujitsu AMD Temic Sharp Samsung

Based on unit shipment volume, Source: Dataquest, July 2000

Worldwide 8Worldwide 8--BitBit MicrocontrollerMicrocontroller

Market ShareMarket Share -- UnitsUnits


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Motorola 68HC11 & PIC


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Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC)

PIC Microcontroller Manufactured by Microchip Technology

8-bit RISC microcontroller

Embedded (hidden or buried) intelligence Available with a range of capabilities, 12-16 bit

instruction, 8-44 pin part

Packaged in both DIP and surface-mount packages Low cost


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PIC - Typical Application

A/DA/D

CCPCCP

I/OI/O

PO

RTB

PO

RTB

U

SART

U

SART

MSSPMSSP TIMER1TIMER1

MCUMCU

SerialSerial

EEPROMEEPROM

32kHZ32kHZ


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PIC WIDE POPULARITY Fast

Performance 8-bit, microcontroller Executes most of the instructions in 0.2us or five instructions per

second (20MHz clock)

Smart

Set of development tools

Quick Time to develop/market (Flash/OTP)

Cool Low power consumption

Smooth

Upward migration


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PIC WIDE POPULARITY (Cont.)

Instruction set

Small - 35 instructions

Integration of operational features

Power-on reset and brown-out protection

Watchdog timer

Support four clock options

RC

X-TAL/Ceramic resonator High-speed OSC

Low Power


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Programmable timer Options

Interrupt control

Up to 12 independent interrupt source

Powerful output pin control Drive a load of up to 25 mA

I/O port expansion

Built-in serial peripheral interface can make use of

standard shift-register to add number of I/O pins


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Serial Programming via two pins

Low cost programmer

Flash/EPROM/OTP/ROM options

Free (http://www.microchip.com) MPLAB

Assembler and Simulator

Manuals

Application notes


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Memory Technology

FLASH Memory

Standard product familyStandard product family

Short lead times

Programmed by designerProgrammed by designer

InIn--Circuit ReCircuit Re--programmableprogrammable

Can be erased and reprogrammed

InIn--Circuit Debugging capabilityCircuit Debugging capability

Can be used on any package or dieMost flexible solutionMost flexible solution

Highest relative cost at same geometryHighest relative cost at same geometry

*From Microchip Seminar 2000


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Memory Technology

OTP/EPROM Memory

Parts available off the shelfParts available off the shelf

Short lead timesShort lead times

Lower cost than FLASH at sameLower cost than FLASH at same

geometrygeometry

Programmed by designerProgrammed by designer

InIn--Circuit ProgrammableCircuit Programmable

More flexible than ROMMore flexible than ROM



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Memory Technology

ROM Memory

Not off the shelfNot off the shelf

Designer must provide codeDesigner must provide code

Long lead timesLong lead times

Programmed at the factoryProgrammed at the factoryLeast flexible solutionLeast flexible solution

Lowest cost solutionLowest cost solution Initial NRE (mask charge)Initial NRE (mask charge)

Minimum quantities requiredMinimum quantities required



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Memory SelectionMemory Selection

CHOOSE FLASHCHOOSE FLASH for debugging &for debugging &

development of both productsdevelopment of both products

ForFor Mass Distribution ProductMass Distribution Product

UseUse OTPOTP in initial productionin initial production Lower cost yet provides opportunity to change codeLower cost yet provides opportunity to change code

Once code stabilizes convert toOnce code stabilizes convert to ROMROM

Realize full cost savingsRealize full cost savings



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Memory Technology

PIC16F870*PIC16F870*

* Planned

ROMROM EPROMEPROM FLASHFLASH

PIC16CR76*PIC16CR76*

PIC16CR73*PIC16CR73*

PIC16CR63PIC16CR63

PIC16CR72PIC16CR72

PIC18C242PIC18C242

PIC16C76PIC16C76

PIC16C73PIC16C73

PIC16C63PIC16C63

PIC16C72PIC16C72

PIC18F242*PIC18F242*

PIC16F876PIC16F876

PIC16F873PIC16F873

PIC16F872*PIC16F872*2Kw2Kw

4Kw4Kw

8Kw8Kw

PIC18CRXXPIC18CRXX* PIC18C252PIC18C252 PIC18F252*PIC18F252*16Kw16Kw



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Development Tools Need to have complete tool solutionNeed to have complete tool solution

Language Tools for code developmentLanguage Tools for code development

AssemblersAssemblers

CC--CompilersCompilers

SimulatorSimulator EmulatorEmulator

DebuggerDebugger

ProgrammerProgrammer

Need a tool that integrates them all togetherNeed a tool that integrates them all together



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PICmicro MCU Development Tools*

MPLAB-ICD

Project

Manager

Built-in

Editor

Source Level

Debugger

MPASMAssembler

Languages Programmers

MPLAB-SIMSimulator

Simulators Emulators Third Party

MPLINK

MPLIB

MPLAB

Integrated Development Environment

PICSTART

Plus

PRO MATEII

ICEPIC

Third Party Tool

MPLAB-ICE2000

C Compi lers

Hi-Tech, IAR,

CCS

MPLAB-C17

MPLAB-C18



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PICmicro MCU Development Tools

Language Products

MPASMMPASM

Microchip Universal Macro AssemblerMicrochip Universal Macro Assembler Supports allSupports all PICmicro MCUsPICmicro MCUs

MPLINKMPLINK

Create executable files from object files created byCreate executable files from object files created byMPASM or MPLABMPASM or MPLAB--C17/C18C17/C18

May use libraries stored by MPLIBMay use libraries stored by MPLIB

MPLIBMPLIB GroupsGroups relocateablerelocateable objects created by MPASM orobjects created by MPASM or

MPLABMPLAB--C17/C18C17/C18



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MPLAB-C17 & MPLAB-C18

Microchip compiler for PIC17CXXX andMicrochip compiler for PIC17CXXX and

PIC18CXXXPIC18CXXX PICmicro MCUsPICmicro MCUs

ANSI compatibleANSI compatible

MPASM/MPLINK/MPLIBMPASM/MPLINK/MPLIB Compatible at object levelCompatible at object level

SupportsSupports relocatablerelocatable objectsobjects

Reliable Code GeneratorsReliable Code Generators

Free 30 day copies available on the webFree 30 day copies available on the web

www.microchip.comwww.microchip.com



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MPLAB-SIM

Supports allSupports all PICmicro MCUsPICmicro MCUs

Discrete event simulator instruction basedDiscrete event simulator instruction based

MPLAB compatibleMPLAB compatible Unlimited breakpointsUnlimited breakpoints

Unlimited trace pointsUnlimited trace points

Examine/modify registersExamine/modify registers

Watch variablesWatch variables

Time stampTime stamp Stimulus injectionStimulus injection

Available electronicallyAvailable electronically FREEFREE



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MPLAB-ICD In-Circuit Debugger

+9V

Power Supply

Cable

+9V+9V

Power SupplyPower Supply

CableCable

MPLAB-ICD ModuleMPLABMPLAB--ICD ModuleICD Module

MPLAB-ICD HeaderMPLABMPLAB--ICD HeaderICD Header

MPLAB-ICD Demo BoardMPLABMPLAB--ICD Demo BoardICD Demo Board

PIC16F877PIC16F877PIC16F8779 Modular Cable9 Modular Cable9 Modular Cable

RS-232

Cable

RSRS--232232

CableCable



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MPLAB-ICD Features Uses MPLAB IDE and PC serial portUses MPLAB IDE and PC serial port

RealReal--time code execution, Variable Watchingtime code execution, Variable Watching

Single Step, One Hardware BreakpointSingle Step, One Hardware Breakpoint

3.0V to 5.5V, 32kHz to 20MHz3.0V to 5.5V, 32kHz to 20MHz Small system impact using only 2 I/O pinsSmall system impact using only 2 I/O pins

Uses actual oscillator and other peripheralsUses actual oscillator and other peripherals

Every PIC16F87X is a debuggerEvery PIC16F87X is a debugger



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MPLAB-ICE 2000Host to Pod CableHost to Pod CableHost to Pod Cable

*Emulator Pod*Emulator Pod*Emulator Pod

*ProcessorModule

**ProcessorProcessorModuleModule

Flex CircuitCableFlex CircuitFlex CircuitCableCable

*DeviceAdapter*Device*DeviceAdapterAdapter

*SOICTransitionSocket

*SOIC*SOICTransitionTransitionSocketSocket*Each component

ordered separately



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MPLAB-ICE System Components

Emulator podEmulator pod (required)(required) MPLABMPLAB--ICE 2000, fullICE 2000, full--featured systemfeatured system

Processor moduleProcessor module (required)(required) PICmicroPICmicro specific support (contains the flex circuit cable)specific support (contains the flex circuit cable)

Device adapterDevice adapter (required)(required) PICmicroPICmicro and package specific support (DIP, PLCC, andand package specific support (DIP, PLCC, and

PQFP/TQFP)PQFP/TQFP)

Transition socketTransition socket (optional depending on package)(optional depending on package) Required for SOIC, SSOP, PQFP, & TQFPRequired for SOIC, SSOP, PQFP, & TQFP

Transitions pinTransitions pin--out from Device Adapter toout from Device Adapter to

specific surface mount packagespecific surface mount package



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Development Systems

PICSTART Plus Development Programmer

Low-cost Development

Programmer

Upgrades done in MPLAB

software. Firmware upgrades

occasionally required for new

PICmicro MCU sub-families

Uses serial programming

algorithms for all ICSP

capable devices

Also runs under WindowsNT!

ProgrammerActiveProgrammerProgrammer

ActiveActive

40-Pin ZIF Socket to accommodate

PICmicro MCUs from 8- to 40-pins. 68-pin

PLCC can be programmed with an adapter

4040--Pin ZIF Socket to accommodatePin ZIF Socket to accommodate

PICmicro MCUsPICmicro MCUs from 8from 8-- to 40to 40--pins. 68pins. 68--pinpin

PLCC can be programmed with an adapterPLCC can be programmed with an adapter

PICSTARTPICSTART PlusPlusDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMERDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMER

POWERPOWER

ACTIVEACTIVE

RS-232 Serial

Interface

RSRS--232 Serial232 Serial

InterfaceInterface

9V DC Input9V DC Input9V DC Input

Power ONPower ONPower ON



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Microchip Technology Inc.The Embedded Control Solutions Company

Digital

Peripherals

DigitalDigital

PeripheralsPeripherals LED

Drivers

LEDLED

DriversDrivers

LCD

Drivers

LCDLCD

DriversDrivers

Ampl if iersAmpl if iersAmpl if iers

FiltersFiltersFilters

SRAMSRAMSRAM

A/DA/DA/D

Precision

Voltage

Reference

PrecisionPrecision

VoltageVoltage

ReferenceReference

Interface

Products

InterfaceInterface

ProductsProducts

Power

Management

- Regulators

- Supervisory

PowerPowerManagementManagement

-- RegulatorsRegulators

-- SupervisorySupervisory

AC PowerAC Power

BatteryBattery

High Voltage

I/Os

High VoltageHigh Voltage

I/OsI/Os

Serial NV

Memory

Serial NVSerial NV

MemoryMemory

PICmicroPICmicroMicrocontrollerMicrocontroller

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