phytoremediation in waste management

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 Presented by- Robin Shah BE Biotechnology , Roll no. 39 Dept. of Biotechnology , SCOE

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Page 1: Phytoremediation in Waste Management

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Presented by-

Robin Shah

BE Biotechnology, Roll no. 39

Dept. of Biotechnology, SCOE

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Outline of the seminar 

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What is Pollution?

Pollution is an undesirable change in the

physical, chemical or biological characteristics

of our air, land, and water that may or will

harmfully affect human life or that of 

desirable species, our industrial processes,

living conditions, and cultural assets (Odum,

1971).

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Health Hazards of Pollution

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Soil and GroundWater Contaminants

Petroleum

hydrocarbons

Chlorinated

solventsPesticides

Metals Radionuclides Explosives

Excess

Nutrients

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Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology which uses

 plants and their associated rhizospheric microorganisms to

remove, degrade, or contain chemical contaminants located in

the soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water, and even theatmosphere.

Plant species are selected for phytoremediation based on their 

 potential to evapotranspirate groundwater , the degradativeenzymes they produce, their growth rates and yield, the depth

of their root zone, and their ability to bioaccumulate

contaminants.

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Mechanism of Phytoremediation

Phytoextraction

Phytovolatization

Phytodegradation

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Phytoextraction

Phytoextraction is the uptake and storage of 

 pollutants in the plants stem or leaves.

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Phytovolatization

Phytovolatization is the uptake and vaporization

of pollutants by a plant.

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Phytodegradation

Phytodegradation is plants metabolizing

 pollutants.

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Strategies

Phytoremediation is more than just planting and letting the foliage grow; the sitemust be engineered to prevent erosion and flooding and maximize pollutantuptake.

There are 3 main planting techniques for phytoremediation:

Growing plants on the land, like crops. This technique is most useful when thecontaminant is within the plant root zone, typically 3 - 6 feet (EcologicalEngineering, 1997), or the tree root zone, typically 10-15 feet (T. Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997).

Growing plants in water (aquaculture).Water from deeper aquifers can be pumped out of the ground and circulated through a "reactor" of plants and then

used in an application where it is returned to the earth (e.g. irrigation).

Growing trees on the land and constructing wells through which tree roots cangrow. This method can remediate deeper aquifers in-situ. The wells provide anartery for tree roots to grow toward the water and form a root system in thecapillary fringe (M.Wagner, personal communications, September, 1997).

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Partial listing of plants and chemicals they can

remediate

Plant ChemicalsArabidopsis Mercury

Bladder campion Zinc, Copper  

 Brassica family (Indian Mustard & Broccoli)

Selenium, Sulfur, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, Zinc,

Copper, Cesium, Strontium

 Buxaceae (boxwood) Nickel

Compositae family Cesium, Strontium

 Euphorbiaceae  Nickel

Tomato plant Lead, Zinc, Copper  

Trees in the Populusgenus (Poplar, Cottonwood)

Pesticides, Atrazine, Trichloroethylene (TCE), Carbon tetrachloride,

 Nitrogen compounds, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-

trinitro-1,3,5 triazine (RDX)

Pennycress Zinc, Cadmium

Sunflower Cesium, Strontium, Uranium

genus Lemna(Duckweed) Explosives wastes

Parrot feather Explosives wastes

Pondweed, arrowroot, coontail TNT, RDX

Perennial rye grass Polychlorinatedphenyls (PCP's), polyaromatichydrocarbons (PAH's)

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Case StudiesAt the Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, phytoremediation is being used

to clean up trichloroethylene (TCE) from a shallow, thin aerobic aquifer. Cottonwoodsare being used, and after 1 year, the trees are beginning to show signs of taking the TCE

out of the aquifer. (Betts, 1997)

At the Iowa Army Ammunitions Plant, phytoremediation is being used as a polishing

treatment for exposive-contaminated soil and groundwater. The demonstration, which

ended in March, used native aquatic plant and hybrid poplars to remediate the site where

an estimated 1-5% of the original pollutants still remain. A full scale project is estimated

to reduce the contamination by an order of magnitude (Betts, 1997).

After using phytoremediation on a site contaminated with hydrocarbons, a site was

granted closure by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management. The site

involved about 1500 cubic yards of soil, and began with approximately 70% of the

 baseline samples containing over 100 ppm of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). After 1

year of vegetative cover, approximately 83% of the samples contained less than 10 ppm

TPH (T. Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997). This site was

managed by Geraghty and Miller.

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Advantages1. Aesthetically pleasing.

2. Solar driven.

3. Works with metals and slightly hydrophobic compounds, including many

organics.

4. Can stimulate bioremediation in the soil closely associated with the plant root.

Plants can stimulate microorganisms through the release of nutrients and thetransport of oxygen to their roots.

5. Relatively inexpensive - phytoremediation can cost as little as $10 - $100 per 

cubic yard whereas metal washing can cost $30 - $300 per cubic yard

(Wantanbe, 1997).

6. Even if the plants are contaminated and unusable, the resulting ash is

approximately 20-30 tons per 5000 tons soil (Black, 1997).

7. Having ground cover on property reduces exposure risk to the community (i.e.

lead).

8. Planting vegetation on a site also reduces erosion by wind and water.

9. Can leave usable topsoil intact.

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Disadvantages1. Can take many growing seasons to clean up a site.

2. Plants have short roots. They can clean up soil or groundwater near the surface

in-situ, typically 3 - 6 feet (Ecological Engineering, 1997), but cannot remediate

deep aquifers without further design work .

3. Trees have longer roots and can clean up slightly deeper contamination than

 plants, typically 10-15 feet (T. Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997), but cannot remediate deep aquifers without further design work.

4. Trees roots grow in the capillary fringe, but do not extend deep in to the aquifer.

5. Plants that absorb toxic materials may contaminant the food chain.

6. Volatization of compounds can transform a groundwater pollution problem to an

air pollution problem.

7. Returning the water to the earth after aquaculture must be permitted.

8. Less efficient for hydrophobic contaminants, which bind tightly to soil.

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Conclusion

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ReferencesWright, A. G. and Roe, A (1997). Focus on Environment.http:/www.enr.com/NEW/waste.htm. September 9, 1997.

Phytoremediation by Kelly E. Belz.

Phytoremediation: Plant-Based Systems for Contaminant Removal from SoilDr. E. Kudjo Dzantor, University of Maryland and Dr. Robert Beauchamp,

University of Maryland University College

Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Amanda Van Epps (August 2006)

www.wikipedia .com

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