phytophthora species in california restoration sites and ......southern california sampling trip...
TRANSCRIPT
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Phytophthora species in California restoration sites and wildlands: ecology, distribution, dispersal,
management
Ted Swiecki and Elizabeth Bernhardt Phytosphere Research
Phytophthora species in Restoration Nurseries, Plants, and Wildlands II - 18 May 2017
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In our last episode: Dec 2014
Arctostaphylos myrtifolia —Phytophthora cinnamomi
Plant nurseries provide nearly optimal conditions for Phytophthora diseases
2 year old Diplacus aurantiacus P. tentaculata
Ceanothus ferrisiae— P. cactorum
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SFPUC + SCVWD sample sites through 2/17
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Native habitats without restoration plantings
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P. tentaculata
Planted 2-3 yr ago
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Quercus lobata Phytophthora quercina
Planted 14 yr ago
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Quercus agrifolia (3 planted seedlings): Phytophthora cambivora
Phytophthora cinnamomi Phytophthora cryptogea
Phytophthora taxon agrifolia
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Salicornia pacifica Phytophthora humicola, P. humicola X inundata
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Agents detected Nursery of origin
Host species Where detected
Phytophthora cactorum A Cercocarpus betuloides, Salvia mellifera nursery Phytophthora cactorum A Heteromeles arbutifolia nursery Phytophthora cactorum B Quercus agrifolia nursery Phytophthora cactorum E -> C Quercus agrifolia field planting Phytophthora cactorum C Quercus john-tuckeri field planting Phytophthora sp. nov. or hybrid – P. citrophthora / P. colocasiae group
C Eriodictyon crassifolia field planting
Phytophthora cryptogea complex B Eriogonum fasciculatum, Salvia mellifera nursery Phytophthora nicotianae C Adenostoma fasciculatum field planting Phytophthora nicotianae D Arctostaphylos glandulosa gabrielensis nursery Phytophthora nicotianae D Artemisia californica, Eriodictyon
crassifolia, Eriogonum elongatum, Quercus agrifolia, Salvia mellifera
nursery
Phytophthora nicotianae A Baccharis salicifolia, Populus fremontii, Salix lasiolepis
nursery
Phytophthora nicotianae C Eriodictyon crassifolia field planting Phytophthora nicotianae C Malacothamnus fasciculatus field planting Phytophthora nicotianae B Salvia mellifera nursery Phytophthora niederhauserii A Eriogonum fasciculatum, Salvia mellifera nursery Phytophthora niederhauserii A Heteromeles arbutifolia nursery Phytophthora niederhauserii E -> C Quercus agrifolia field planting Phytophthora sp. nov. or hybrid – P. cinnamomi / P. parvispora group
E -> C Quercus agrifolia field planting
Southern California sampling trip September 2016
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Phytophthora new species or hybrid – P. cinnamomi / P. parvispora group on Quercus agrifolia
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Phytophthora nicotianae Phytophthora new species or hybrid – P. citrophthora / P. colocasiae group
Eriodictyon crassifolia
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Across multiple projects: • 60 + Phytophthora species • Multiple undescribed Phytophthora species • 50 + native plant species • N and S California sites • Wet to dry locations
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P. cactorum recovered from sites with removed plants
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02/01/2015 03/29/2015 05/24/2015 07/19/2015 09/13/2015 11/08/2015
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plots temp data 2015
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Measurement Time of All
plots temp data 2015
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CELS US PINEPlot:
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Depth, cm:
≥45 C
≥40 C
≥35 C
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No detection Phytophthora 1 m from plant 1.5-2 m from plant
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Water sampling – clade 6 Phytophthora in “stable” waters
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Terrestrial root pathogen Phytophthora detected in runoff or flooding
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Clade Phytophthora species Transplant Assoc_veg Water 6 aff. clade 6 0 0 1 6 amnicola 0 0 3 6 amnicola X canalensis 0 0 1 6 bilorbang 0 0 1 6 ripara 0 0 1 6 riparia X lacustris/cambivora 0 0 3 6 thermophila 0 0 1 8 erythroseptica 0 0 1 9 polonica 0 0 1 6 gregata X megasperma/canalensis 1 0 1 6 sp. nov.? aff. lacustris 1 0 1 6 chlamydospora 1 0 4 6 ripara X lacustris 1 0 11 6 gonapodyides 1 0 17 6 chlamydospora X "erwinii" 2 0 1 8 ramorum 1 0 1 6 inundata 3 1 5 1 cactorum 29 1 2 6 lacustris 8 5 28 6 megasperma 12 5 7 7 cambivora 10 8 8 8 cryptogea complex 21 9 13 8 syringae 0 1 1 6 chlamydospora X drechsleri 0 1 8 6 lacustris X riparia 0 2 6 1 tentaculata 15 0 0 2 plurivora 1 0 0 4 quercetorum 1 0 0 6 chlamydospora X gonapodyides 1 0 0 7 cinnamomi 1 0 0 7 niederhauserii 1 0 0 8 taxon agrifolia 1 0 0 2 citricola complex 6 1 0 6 borealis X "erwinii" 0 1 0 9 hydropathica X parsiana 0 1 0
Phytophthora species detected in water, soil/roots, or both
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2014 P. cambivora
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Phytophthora amnicola Phytophthora gregata Phytophthora inundata
clade 6 Phytophthora appear to colonize water/wet areas very readily
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P. chlamydospora, P. gonapodyides P. lacustris
P. cactorum
P. megasperma
P. cambivora P. "kelmania"
P. syringae
P. lacustris
23 years after planting - Apparent infested area covers at least 2.8 ha (7 acres)
1993: 30-50+ nursery-grown Ceanothus ferrisiae planted
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Best use of testing is for quality control in clean nursery, not trying to pick out uninfected plants in an infested nursery
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Bench-level baiting of irrigation leachate
-Zoospores swim upward -Water drains from middle of water column -Small water surface area concentrates zoospores
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Testing limits of sensitivity
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Developing risk-based BMPs
Introduction risk = Inoculum density × Volume of contamination × Site receptivity
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Data Table=risk function
Surface Plot
Developing risk-based BMPs
High site receptivity
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Data Table=risk function
Surface Plot
Developing risk-based BMPs
Low site receptivity
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Thanks for support and cooperation: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Experiment Station
USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District Santa Clara Valley Habitat Agency
Bureau of Land Management California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife
Santa Clara Valley Water District California Dept. of Parks and Recreation
California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Plant Diagnostic Lab Rizzo Lab-UC Davis
Garbelotto Lab-UC Berkeley