physical science 9 - rio hondo prep
TRANSCRIPT
0804 Chapter 7.2 1
Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
0804 Chapter 7.2 2
Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
In 1939, two German scientists
were attempting to make heavier
nuclei by bombarding uranium
atoms with neutrons.
Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman
totally failed in their attempt.
However, they discovered
something very interesting…
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
Instead of creating heavier
nuclei, they actually produced
smaller atoms.
After reviewing their data, others
discovered that the neutrons that
had been fired at the atoms had
SPLIT the atoms.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
It was from this experiment (and
others) that scientists
discovered that a strong nuclear
force held the particles in the
nucleus together.
This force was greater
than the repulsion of the
positively charged
protons. A Japanese
chemist, Hideki Yukawa,
was the first to realize
this.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
However, there is a limit to the
amount of neutrons an atom can
hold before it becomes
unstable.
Unstable atoms
undergo decay.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
Fission occurs when a nucleus splits into two
or more fragments, releasing neutrons and
energy.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
The energy released by a fission reaction is
twice as much as the energy released by the
explosion of TNT,
After a fission reaction, the amount of mass
of the products is less than the mass of the
reactants. This seems to violate the law of
conservation of matter, but Albert Einstein
was able to explain the missing mass with
his mass energy equation…
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
E=mc2
The energy released is
equal to the mass time the
speed of light squared!
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
E=mc2
This equation states that if you were to
convert 1kg of matter into energy, it would
produce 9 x 1016 J of energy – equivalent to 8
million TONS of TNT.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
E=mc2
Putting that into perspective, 1 gram (about
the weight of a one dollar bill) converted to
energy would produce enough energy to
provide electricity to Arcadia for about 2
weeks.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
Fission only takes place if the neutrons are
moving slow enough. To slow down the
neutrons, graphite rods and water are used.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
If you have a high enough concentration of
uranium, the released neutrons can go on to
split other Uranium nuclei, causing a chain
reaction.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
If you have a high enough concentration of
uranium, the released neutrons can go on to
split other Uranium nuclei, causing a chain
reaction.
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
Fission is used in nuclear power plants, as
well as in atomic weapons.
Two separate masses
of U-235 are kept
separate in a bomb.
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Science 9 Fusion and Fission
When the bomb is
detonated, explosives
are used to jam the
two masses together.
If the combined
masses exceed the
“critical mass”, a chain
fission chain reaction
will occur.
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Science 9 Fusion and Fission
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion and Fission
Fortunately, the amount of Uranium-235
found in nature is very low; regular Uranium
must be “enriched” with extra neutrons in
order to become U-235.
There are very few countries in the world with
the technology to enrich Uranium; so only a
few countries are able to build nuclear
weapons.
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Physical
Science 9 Countries with Nuclear Weapons
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear radiation can be
beneficial. Nuclear
reactors are used by
many countries to
generate electricity.
Although not as clean as
hydro power, wind or
solar power, it is far
better for the
environment than coal
burning power plants.
San Onofre
Arizona
Coal
Power
Plant
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Physical
Science 9 Fusion Nuclear Reactors
California has banned
coal burning power
plants, and does not
purchase power from
coal burning power
plants in other states.
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Physical
Science 9
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Physical
Science 9
Fusion
Fission is relatively easy to do. Fusion
reactions are much more difficult to start and
sustain.
Fusion occurs when very light nuclei
combine at extremely high temperatures to
form heavier nuclei.
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Physical
Science 9
Fusion
Fusion reaction produce tremendous amounts
of energy as well.
Stars (like our sun) use fusion reactions to
produce energy that warms our planet.
Solar fusion involves “fusing” four hydrogen
nuclei together to form a heavier helium and
an enormous amount of electromagnetic
radiation.
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Science 9
Fusion
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Science 9
Fusion
Fusion requires a tremendous amount of
energy to start and sustain a reaction, so its
use has yet to be viable on Earth.
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Physical
Science 9
Fusion