physical geology chapter 5. big definition! mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physical Geology
Chapter 5
![Page 2: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Big Definition!
• Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows– Characteristic chemical composition– Orderly internal structure– Recognizable physical properties
![Page 3: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Coal Brass Obsidian Basalt Fluorite
Is it organic? No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Does it occur naturally? No Yes Yes Yes
Is it a crystalline solid? No Yes Yes
Does it have a consistent No Yeschemical composition?
![Page 4: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kinds of Minerals
• Silicates – has some combination of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) and comprise 96% of the earth’s crust
• Non-silicates – no SiO compounds; 4% of the earth’s crust
![Page 5: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Silicate Minerals
• Quartz – only Si and O
• Feldspar – most common silicate
• Ferromagnesians – iron and magnesium bearing compounds– olivine– Pyroxene– Amphibole– biotite
![Page 6: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Non-Silicate Minerals
![Page 7: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
And Native Elements
![Page 8: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• All minerals in Earth’s crust have a crystalline structure of some kind.
• That is its “regular orderly structure”
![Page 9: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is a crystal?
• A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
![Page 10: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Diamond
• X-rays are used to study crystals
• X-rays pass through a crystal and strike a photographic plate producing an image of the atom/molecule arrangement
![Page 11: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Silicate building block – the silicon/oxygen tetrahedron
![Page 12: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Silicate MineralArrangements
![Page 13: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Isolated do not link to other O or Si
• Rings link by sharing O
• Single chains share O (open rings)
• Double chains are bonded single chains
• Sheets share 3 O with others; 4th with Al or Mg, which holds sheets
• Frameworks bond each tetrahedron to 4 others; and on and on…………..
![Page 14: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Non-silicate arrangement
• Vast variety of crystalline structures
• May have tetrahedra similar to silicates but with different elements at center
• Minerals with same ion at center share properties, thus creating subgroups
![Page 15: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How do we identify minerals?
• By physical properties such as– Color– Streak– Luster– Cleavage and fracture– Hardness– Crystal shape– density
![Page 16: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Or by special properties such as– Fluorescence– Phosphorescence– Chatoyancy– Asterism– Magnetism– Radioactivity– Double refraction
![Page 17: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Color
• Many typical colors, but additions of elements can cause changes; e.g.,
• quartz vs. AmethystClick here for more information
![Page 20: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cleavage and fracture• Click here for more information
![Page 21: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hardness• Click here for more information
![Page 22: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Crystal shape• Click here for more information
![Page 23: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Specific gravity• Click here for more information
![Page 24: Physical Geology Chapter 5. Big Definition! Mineral – a natural, usually inorganic solid that shows –Characteristic chemical composition –Orderly internal](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56649f165503460f94c2c27a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Special properties• Click here for more information