physical geography 10th edition "chapter 2: portraying the earth" presentation

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Chapter 2: Portraying Earth Ashley Adams Donald Agaba Alysha Baldwin Cory Bragg

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Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

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Page 1: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Chapter 2: Portraying Earth

Ashley AdamsDonald AgabaAlysha BaldwinCory Bragg

Page 2: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

The Nature of Maps

MapA two-dimensional representation of Earth

and the spatial distribution of selected phenomena

Page 3: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Basic Abilities of Maps:

•Distance

•Size

•Shape in Their Horizontal Spatial Relationships

Page 4: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Maps are not perfectly Accurate!

It is impossible to portray the curved surface of the Earth on a flat piece of

paper

Page 5: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Map Essentials

MapA form of symbolization, governed by a set of conventions, that aim to communicate a

sense of place (second definition)

Page 6: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

6 Groups of Maps:

Page 7: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

1) Climate Maps

Give general information about climate and precipitation

Page 8: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

2) Economic/Resource Map

Show the types of resources or

economic activities in an

area

Page 9: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

3) Physical Maps

Illustrate the

physical features of

an area

Page 10: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

4) Political Maps

Show state and national boundaries, & indicate capitals and major cities

Page 11: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

5) Road Maps

Page 12: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

6) Topographic Maps

Use contour lines to show shape and elevation of an area

Page 13: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Basic Elements of Maps

1. Title2. Date3. Legend4. Scale5. Direction6. Location7. Data Source8. Projection

Page 14: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

The Roles of Globes

GlobeA Three-Dimensional Scale model of Earth

or other spheroid celestial body

Page 15: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Globes…

•Accurately represent spatial relationship of features on Earth’s surface

•Give a more realistic depiction of Earth than flat maps

Page 16: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Globe Disadvantages:

•Globes are cumbersome, and do not display much detail

•Globes are only visible to half of the human eye at a time

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Map Projections: The Major DilemmaEquivalency vs. Conformity

•Which to EMPHASIZE?

SHAPEor

SIZE

•Which to SACRIFICE?

orSIZE

SHAPE

Page 18: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Equivalent Area Projection

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Conformal Map Projection

Page 20: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

The Robinson Projection

Page 21: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

The 7 Projection Families:

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Cylindrical Projection

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Mercator Projection

Page 24: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Plane Projection

Page 25: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Conic Projection

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Pseudocylindrical Projection

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Interrupted Projection

Page 28: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Isolines

A device for portraying the spatial distribution of some phenomenon. It refers to any line that joins points of equal value of something

Page 29: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Also referred to as

•Isarithm•Isogram•Isopleth•Isometric Line

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Elevation Contour LinesA line on a map joining points of equal

elevation

Page 31: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Q: What do Isolines signify?

A: Subtle features including…

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1)Quantities of Precipitation (Isohyet):

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2)Temperature (Isotherm):

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3) Atmospheric Pressure (Isobar):

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Isolines…

•Are ALWAYS closed lines (they have no end)

•Never touch or cross each other (w/ exceptions)

•Have Intervals (diff. between each line)

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Patterns that are too large/abstract/detailed are often significantly clarified by the use of isolines

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•Isolines close together – Rapid change

•Isolines far apart – Gradual change

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Edmund Halley (1656 – 1742)

•English astronomer & Cartographer

•Produced the first published map with isolines in 1700

▫Showed isogonic lines in the Atlantic Ocean

Page 39: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

1st Magnetic Declination Chart (1702)-Edmund Halley

Page 40: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPSA global navigation satellite system for

determining accurate positions on or near Earth’s surface

Developed in the 1970’s / 80’s by the U.S. Department of Defense

Page 41: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

The system is based on a constellation of at least 24 high altitude satellites

4-6 satellites will be in view of any position on Earth

Page 42: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

Was originally put to practice to increase the accuracy of the instrument based

flight approaches for airplanes

Page 43: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Continuously Operating GPS Reference Stations (CORS)

•Capable of detecting location differences of less than 1 centimeter of latitude, longitude, and elevation

•One way they are used is for the monitoring of slight changes in the ground surfaces

Page 44: Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" Presentation

Geographic Information System

Geographic Information SystemComputer systems designed to analyze and

display spatial data

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Overlay Analysis

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The Role of The Geographer

Q: What is The Main Role of a Geographer?

A: To better understand Earth