phylum – porifera the sponges read 130-133 the sponges – phylum porifera
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Phylum – Phylum – PoriferaPorifera
The SpongesThe Sponges
Read 130-133 Read 130-133
TaxonomyTaxonomy
• Kingdom – AnimaliaAnimalia•Subkingdom – ParazoaParazoa (lacks tissues)
•Phylum – PoriferaPorifera (pores)
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
o Porifera Porifera Porus (pore) + Fera (bearing)
o SimplestSimplest of all animalso Contain specialized specialized
cellscells but no other organization level
o Most are marinemarineo Saltwater sponges are
brightly coloredbrightly colored
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
o Freshwater spongesFreshwater sponges are small and dull green color
o Size – 2 meters to 2 cm2 meters to 2 cmo No nerves - therefore -
No coordinated movement
o Single or colonial
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
o WaterWater enters through pores bringing in food food and oxygenand oxygen
o Filter feedersFilter feeders on plankton
o OsculumOsculum – large opening at the top where excess water leaves
Water FlowWater Flow Through the Through the
SpongeSponge
WATER INWATER IN
WATER OUTWATER OUT
OsculuOsculumm
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
o AsymmetricalAsymmetricalo Sessile Sessile as adults
(attach to rocks)o Free-swimming
larval stage called DipleurulaDipleurula
o Also reproduce by fragmentation fragmentation (pieces break off & form a new sponge)
Sponge Body StructureSponge Body Structure
o Inside body cavity of sponge is hollowhollow
o Called the SpongocoelSpongocoelo Have 2 cell layers:
Outer epidermisepidermis Inner endodermendoderm
o Jelly-like material between cell layers called mesenchymemesenchyme
•Collar Cells Collar Cells line the gastrovascular cavity & capture food
•AmebocytesAmebocytes digest & distribute food
Collar cells Collar cells
Specialized CellsSpecialized Cells• Collar cells line inside
of body cavity (spongocoel)
• Have flagellaflagella that spins to pull in water & food
• CollarCollar traps diatoms, diatoms, protozoans, bacteria protozoans, bacteria and organic matterand organic matter (food) from water
Collar
Collar cells
o Amebocytes:Amebocytes:•Pick up foodPick up food from
collar cells•Finish digestiondigestion•MoveMove through the
mesenchyme & take food to other cells
Other Specialized CellsOther Specialized Cells
Skeletal Structure of the Skeletal Structure of the SpongeSponge
•Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called SponginSpongin
• SpiculesSpicules are hard spear or star-shaped structures
•Spicules made of CaCOCaCO33 (limestone) or silicasilica SiOSiO22(glass)
Sponge SkeletonsSponge Skeletons
SPONGINSPONGIN
Silica SpiculesSilica Spicules
Limestone SpiculesLimestone Spicules
Spicule type determines classification
Phylum Porifera
Class:
Calcarea (calcerous sponges having spicules)
Sponge ReproductionSponge Reproduction
oSponges can regenerateregenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual)
oSponges also reproduce asexually asexually by buddingby budding
Sponge ReproductionSponge Reproduction
oSponges are hermaphrodites hermaphrodites (produce both eggs & sperm)
oSponges reproduce Sexually Sexually by releasing releasing eggs & sperm eggs & sperm into the water from the from the OsculumOsculum
o Cross-fertilize Cross-fertilize each other’s eggs
Sponge releasing
eggs & sperm
Surviving Harsh ConditionsSurviving Harsh Conditions
o GemmulesGemmules are specialized buds made to survive harsh weather (hot or cold)
oContain food, amebocytesfood, amebocytes, and a protective covering protective covering of spicules
oReleased when a sponge diessponge diesoResist dessicationdessication (drying out)oBecome adult sponge conditions conditions
become favorablebecome favorable
FeedingFeeding
o Filter FeedersFilter FeedersoCollar cells collect particles as
they pass through the Pore Cells
oItems consumed are Resist d d diatoms, protozoans, bacteria diatoms, protozoans, bacteria and organic matterand organic matter
Importance of Sponges
• Reefs provide habitat for many animals
• Vacuums of the sea -- clean up the sea floor/oceans
• Sponges are a commercial venture
• Several medicinal compounds, including antibiotics, antivirual drugs, and drugs for leukemia come from sponges.
Cool Stuff – Regeneration!
• Tremendous ability to repair and restore lost parts.
• Can also reconstitute selves if totally disintegrated.
• Sponge tissue has some similarity to human connective tissue. Could lead to aid in tissue transplantation.