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Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics True tissue level of organization Gastrovascular cavity: one opening, a mouth, where food enters and waste leaves. Tentacles radiate outward around the mouth

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Page 1: Phylum Cnidaria - mrsbakerbio.weebly.commrsbakerbio.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/7/4/58749889/invert_station_pics.pdf · Phylum Cnidaria Hydrozoa (Jellyfish) Jellyfish belong to a group

Phylum CnidariaCharacteristics

• True tissue level of organization

• Gastrovascular cavity: one opening, a mouth, where food enters and waste leaves.

• Tentacles radiate outward around the mouth

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Phylum CnidariaAnthozoa (Sea Anemones)

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Phylum CnidariaHydrozoa (Jellyfish)

Jellyfish belong to a group of animals called scyphozoans. Jellyfish are not really fish (they lack a spine and many other adaptations found in real fish). Jelly"fish" are medusoid in shape and are free-floating—they are not attached to anything. They swim around the ocean with their mouth and tentacles pointing down. Some jelly "fish" are very poisonous to humans, occasionally even fatal. However, most jelly "fish" are not dangerous to people, their poison will only cause a mild rash similar to poison ivy.

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• The polypoid is the shape of corals and anemones. It is characterized by the mouth and tentacles facing up, and the other side being anchored to a colony of the same creatures (like a coral reef).

• Medusoids are usually free swimmers, like jellyfish. Their tentacles and mouths are generally pointed down, the opposite of polypoids.

Phylum CnidariaBody Shape

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Phylum CnidariaAnthozoa (Sea Anemones)

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Phylum CnidariaAnthozoa (coral)

Hydroids and bowl animals (anemones, corals) usually live at the bottom of the ocean. These creatures usually have a polypoid shape, which means their mouths and tentacles face up while their other side is attached to something. Some live alone, but others live in colonies (like coral reefs). A coral reef is really a colony of hundreds or thousands of polyps (which look like tiny anemones). The polyps live together, anchored to each other, sharing living tissue and food resources.

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Phylum CnidariaAnthozoa (Coral)

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Stalked jellyfishes do not have an alternation between a polyp and medusa stage. Most of them have a trumpet-shaped body with a stalk and a number of branches or arms with tentacles on the end. Eggs are spawned and form creeping larvae. The larva crawl around until it finds a suitable spot on a rock or algae. The stalked jellyfishes also practice asexual reproduction by splitting their body into new individuals.

Most species are found in cold waters, close to the shoreline.

Phylum CnidariaStalked Jellyfish

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Phylum CnidariaJelly fish

Jellyfish belong to a group of animals called scyphozoans. Jellyfish are not really fish (they lack a spine and many other adaptations found in real fish). Jelly"fish" are medusoid in shape and are free-floating—they are not attached to anything. They swim around the ocean with their mouth and tentacles pointing down. Some jelly "fish" are very poisonous to humans, occasionally even fatal. However, most jelly "fish" are not dangerous to people, their poison will only cause a mild rash similar to poison ivy.

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Phylum CnidariaBox Jellyfish

Box jellies are so named because their bodies are box shaped, rather than bell shaped like most other jellyfish. Box jellies are special, because unlike other jellyfish they are capable of vision. They have complex eyes complete with a retina and cornea. Compared to other jellyfish, their vision allows them more maneuverability—they can swim around things, fewer wash up on shore and some can even recognize each other by sex, which helps with mating.

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Phylum Annelida

• Annelids generally live either in freshwater or soil, though some can live on land as well. Some Annelids obtain nutrients by passing soil through their bodies, while others, such as leeches, are parasitic, sucking the blood of other animals. A few leeches are even carnivorous.

• Characteristics:– Coelem: fluid filled cavity– segmentation– Nervous system– Sense organs (antennae, eyes

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Phylum AnnelidaEarthworm

• Earthworms' bodies are made up of ringlike segments called annuli. These segments are covered in small bristles, which the worm uses to move and burrow.

• Earthworms are vital to soil health and to plants growing in it because they transport nutrients and minerals from below to the surface via their waste.

• An earthworm can eat up to a third of its body weight in a day.

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Phylum AnnelidaEarthworm

Their bodies are characterized by a "tube within a tube" construction, with an outer muscular body wall surrounding a digestive tract that begins with the mouth in the first segment. As they burrow, they consume soil, extracting nutrients from decomposing organic matter like leaves and roots.

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Phylum AnnelidaLeech

Leeches are segmented worms with suction cups at each end. Their bodies are flattened, much wider than they are thick. They are usually

dark colored, often brown or sometimes black or dark green. Many leech species have one or more pairs of eyes visible on the top of their front end. Leech species that suck blood have sharp teeth. Predatory

species may have teeth, or may have only crushing jaws.

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Phylum AnnelidaGiant Tube Worms

• The giant tube worm, also known as Riftia pachyptila, was totally unknown to science until researchers found hydrothermal vents. Powered by volcanic heat, these vents recirculate water that seeps down through cracks or faults in the rock. When the water emerges from the vent, it is rich in chemicals and minerals. This toxic soup of chemicals would be lethal to most animals, so scientists were shocked to find entire ecosystems of animals living around these vents.

These giant tube worms grow up to eight feet and have no mouth and no digestive tract. They depend on bacteria that live inside them for their food. This type of mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms is known as symbiosis.

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Phylum AnnelidaChristmas Tree Worm

Each worm has two brightly colored crowns that protrude from its tube-like body. These Christmas tree-like crowns are composed of radioles, or hair-like appendages radiating from the worm’s central spine. These appendages are used for respiration and to catch dinner, which typically consists of microscopic plants, or phytoplankton, floating in the water.

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Phylum Porifera

• Sponges are characterized by the possession of a feeding system unique among animals. Poriferansdon't have mouths; instead, they have tiny pores in their outer walls through which water is drawn. Cells in the sponge walls filter goodies from the water as the water is pumped through the body.

• Sponge cells perform a variety of bodily functions and appear to be more independent of each other than are the cells of other animals.

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Phylum PoriferaStove Pipe Sponges

• Stove-pipe sponges (Aplysina archeri) are a species of tube sponge that has a long tube-like body that resemblesa stove pipe. Stove-pipe sponges can grow to lengths of up to five feet. They are most common in the Atlantic Ocean and are especially prevalent in the waters that surround the Caribbean Islands, Bonaire, the Bahamas, and Florida.

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Phylum PoriferaGiant Barrel Sponges

Persistently a cup- or barrel-shaped sponge with a rough, often jagged, stone-hard exterior. Giant specimens may reach a diameter of up to 2 meters. These specimens may be over 100 years old, as the sponges grow only about 1.5 cm a year. Smaller specimens may assume a cone shaped form, i.e. with the base broader than the top. Walls on the outside irregularly ridged and pitted

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Phylum PoriferaSpongilla lacustris

Spongilla lacustris is a species of sponge of the freshwater sponge family Spongillidae that lives on fresh water lakes. It often grows under logs or rocks. It ranges from North America, Europe and Asia.

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Phylum Mollusca

• Mollusca is one of the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, with at least 50,000 living species (and more likely around 200,000).

• They occupy a vast range of habitats however both aquatic and terrestrial, from the arctic seas to small tropical streams and from valleys to mountainsides 7,000 meters high, there are a few adapted to live in deserts and some are parasitic.

• They range from large predatory squid to grazing forms with elaborate sculpted shells. In spite of their diversity, they share a few key characteristics:

– Muscular foot

– Visceral mass containing internal organs

– A mantle that may or may not secrete a shell

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Phylum MolluscaNautilus

To swim, the nautilus draws water into and out of the living chamber with its hyponome, which uses jet propulsion. While water is inside the chamber, the siphuncle extracts salt from it and diffuses it into the blood. The animal adjusts its buoyancy only in long term density changes by osmosis, either removing liquid from its chambers or allowing water from the blood in the siphuncle to slowly refill the chambers

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Phylum MolluscaGiant Squid

• In zoology, deep-sea gigantism is the tendency for species to display a larger size than their shallower-water relatives

• It is not known whether deep-sea gigantism comes about as a result of adaptation for scarcer food resources, greater pressure, or for other reasons.

• The largest of these elusive giants ever found measured 59 feet (18 meters) in length and weighed nearly a ton (900 kilograms).

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Phylum MolluscaScallop

This is the scallop that most people never see. This bivalve has hundreds of tiny eyes to keep a lookout for predators (those are the tiny black dots around the opening). The animal feeds by filtering food from the water.

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Phylum MolluscaGiant African Land Snail

• Scientists consider the giant African land snail (or GALS) to be one of the most damaging snails in the world because it is known to consume at least 500 different types of plants, and can pose a serious health risk to humans. These snails could be devastating to Florida agriculture and natural areas because they cause extensive damage to tropical and subtropical environments.

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Phylum Arthropoda

• The phylum Arthropoda is the largest and most varied in the animal kingdom. It includes well over one million described species. This represents approximately three-quarters of all known biological organisms, living or extinct.

• Characteristics:– Jointed paired appendages

– Exoskeleton

– segmentation

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Phylum ArthropodaClass Insecta

• Single pair of antenna

• Three body regions (head, thorax, and abdomen)

• Three pairs of legs (adult insect), one on each segment of thorax

• Most adult insects with wings

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Phylum ArthropodaClass Crustacea

• Two body regions (head and thorax combined into the cephalothorax)

• One pair of appendages per body segment. Appendages terminate in pinchers.

• Primarily an aquatic group, respiration is by gills even in terrestrial species.

• Some very unusual groups, for example, barnacles and water fleas

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Phylum ArthropodaClass Diplopoda (millipedes)

• Single pair of antennae • Two body regions, head

and body • Body segments fused in

pairs, each apparent segment composed of two embryonic segments

• Two pairs of appendages per apparent body segment, extending out from sides of body

• Detritivore

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Phylum ArthropodaClass Chilopoda (centipedes)

• Single pair of antennae

• Two body regions, head and body

• One pair of legs per body segment

• Appendages of first body segment modified into poisonous claws

• Predacious

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Phylum ArthropodaClass Arachnida

• No antennae • Most with a cephalothorax

and abdomen. Some with a single body region.

• Most are terrestrial • Most are predacious.

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Phylum Echinodermata

• Characteristics

– Radial symmetry

– Central disc and 5 arms most common

– Internal skeleton covered with spines and skin

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Phylum EchinodermataClass Ophiuroidea (Brittle Star)

• Brittle stars have long, flexible arms (hence the other common name for ophiuroids, "snake stars" and a central, armored, disk-shaped body that is clearly demarcated from the arms. Instead of crawling on hundreds of tube feet like starfish, brittle stars move fairly rapidly by wriggling their arms. These agile arms are supported by an internal skeleton of calcium carbonate plates that superficially look like vertebrae.

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• Most sea stars sport spiny skin and five arms, although some can grow as many as 50 arms. The arms are covered with pincer like organs and suckers that allow the animal to slowly creep along the ocean floor. Light-sensitive eyespots on the tips of the arms help the sea star find food.

• The sea star eats by attaching to prey and extending its stomach out through its mouth. Enzymes from the sea star’s stomach digest the prey. The digested material enters the sea star’s stomach. Tiny organisms can be swallowed whole. Sea stars occupy every type of habitat, including tidal pools, rocky shores, sea grass, kelp beds, and coral reefs. Some sea stars even live in sands as deep as 20,530 feet (9,000 meters).

Phylum EchinodermataClass Asteroidea (Sea Star)

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Phylum EchinodermataClass Echinoidea (Sand Dollar)

• Sand dollars are shaped like flattened Sea Urchins. When prone or buried, the sand dollar feeds on detritus diatoms and deposits swept by cilia currents toward the mouth. When standing vertically it becomes a suspension feeder catching prey and algae with its spines and tube feet. Sea Stars, fishes and crabs eat Sand Dollars.

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Phylum EchinodermataClass Echinoidea (Sea urchin)

• Red sea urchins graze on attached or drift seaweed and kelp. Southern California urchins prefer giant kelp. The northern California and north Pacific urchins eat bull and brown kelp. Their “teeth” are used to scrape algae off rocks. They hold onto kelp with their tube feet as they eat. If algae lands on top of an urchin, it uses a combination of its spines and tube feet to pass the food to its bottom located mouth.