phylogeny of rosids - university of...

Phylogeny of Rosids

Vitacea

e

After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374

Eurosi

ds I

Rosids

Eurosi

ds II

Eurosids I:ZygophyllalesCelastralesMalpighialesOxalidalesFabalesRosalesCucurbitalesFagales

Saxif

ragale

s

Eurosids II:BrassicalesMalvalesSapindalesMyrtalesGeraniales

Saxifragales

Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae

Textbook DVD WSJ

Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassica oleracea var. botritus

Brassica oleracea var. acephala

Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera

Brassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica oleracea wild type

Textbook DVD KRR


Brassica rapaTextbook DVD KRR & DLN

Note the 4 petals arranged like a cross –– “cross bearing” (Cruciferae);Also note the 6 stamens, 4 long, 2 short –– tetradynamous;Ovary superior


Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Draba laciniata

Hesperis matronalisTextbook DVD KRR & DLN

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Erysimum sp.

Arabidopsis thaliana


Textbook DVD BSCTextbook DVD KRR

Note thatBrassicaceae fruit iseither a silique or asilicle.

Silique: a dry, dehiscent fruit of the Brassicaceae, typically more than twice as long aswide, with two valves separating from the persistent placentae and septum (replum).Silicle: the same as silique, but less than twice as long as wide.


Lesquerella ludoviciana

Note thattwo valves separatingfrom the persistentplacentae andseptum (replum).


Brassicaceae - 365 genera/3250 species.The Brassicaceae we taught here is the traditional Brassicaceae s.s., which is clearly monophyletic.But studies have suggested that Brassicaceae s.s. may be nested within the paraphyletic tropicalfamily “Capparaceae”. If that’s true, then we should include “Capparaceae” into Brassicaceae s.l..

Herbs;

Leaves alternate, simple to compound.

Flowers actinomorphic;

Sepals and Petals 4, polypetalous, cruciform. Petals often clawed;

Stamens 6, tetradynamous (4 long, 2 short).Carpels 2, connate; Ovary superior with a “replum” (a false septum

formed by thickened placentae), separating the two locules.Fruit a silique (more than twice as long as wide) or silicle (less than twice as

long as wide) .

Onagraceae (Evening primrose family)

Oenothera grandis (Evening primrose )

Photo: Yaowu Yuan


Fuchsia pringsheimiiTextbook DVD WSJ Te

xtbo

ok D

VD

KRR

& D

LN

Fuchsia x hybrida

Note the hypanthium prolonged above the inferior ovary; Flora parts in 4 Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Textbook DVD WSJ

Ludwigia peruviana

Oenothera grandis


Oenothera biennisTextbook DVD KRR & DLN

Textbook DVD BSC

Oenothera (Gaura) lindheimeri

Oenothera (Gaura) sp.

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Note the 4 fused carpels, hypanthium andinferior ovary;Sometimes flowers are zygomorphic


Onagraceae - 16 genera/650 species.This small family is prominent in the western US and includes Oenothera (eveningprimrose) , Clarkia, Chamerion(fireweed), Fuchsia, Epilobium, etc.

Herbs;

Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, simple.

Flowers actinomorphic, but sometimes zygomorphic;

Sepals and Petals 4, polypetalous;

Stamens (4 or) 8;

Well-developed hypanthium prolonged above ovaryCarpels 4, connate; Ovary inferior;

Fruit a capsule, seeds often comose (with tuft of hairs), think about fireweed.

Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)

Textbook DVD WSJ

Hibiscus moscheutos

The family Malvaceae is circumscribedbroadly in your textbook, including fourtraditionally recognized families (i.e.,Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae,and Malvaceae s.s.). Since Malvaceae s.s.is still a monophyletic group and is theonly one of the four families representedin our native flora. The family we areteaching here is Malvaceae s.s..

Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)Textbook DVD KRR Hibiscus

rosa-sinensis

Note the five fused carpels, and numerous stamens that are monadelphous.

Monadelphous: stamens united by the filaments and forming a tube around thegynoecium

Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)Textbook DVD DLN

Abutilon theophrastii

Note that perianths are in 5, and stamens are numerous and monadelphous.


Textbook DVD WSJ

Callirhoe papaver Textbook DVD WSJ

Hibiscusmoscheutos

Again, Note that perianths are in 5, and stamens are numerous andMonadelphous; Fruit a capsule

weblogs.baltimoresun.com/.../blog/okra.jpg

Abelmoschus esculentus


Malvaceae s.s. - 11 genera/1800 species, including okra, Hibiscus, etc.

Mostly tropical herbs or shrubs, also trees.

Leaves alternate, palmately veined.

Stellate hairs;

Mucilaginous cells that secrete slimy/sticky substances (e.g., makes okra slimy)


Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous;

Stamens (5-) many; monadelphous;Carpels 5 (- many), connate; Ovary superior;

Fruit a capsule.

Aceraceae (Maple family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Acer macrophyllum

Aceraceae is amonophyletic group, sois Hippocastanaceae(Horse chestnut family),but Sapindaceae s.s. isparaphyletic in relationto the other two families.So your text bookinclude all three familiesinto Sapindaceae s.l.. ButSapindaceae s.s. ismainly a tropical family.We are teaching just oneclade in the Sapindaceaes.l. –– Aceraceae


Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan

Note the samaroid schizocarp;Samara: A dry, indehiscent, winged fruit;Schizocarp: A dry, indehiscent fruit which splits into separate one-seeded

segments (carpels) at maturity.


Textbook DVD WSJ

Acer negundo

Textbook DVD WSJ

Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum

Note the opposite leaves;

N. hemisphere woody plant families with opposite leaves

A MAD CAP HORSE =

Oleaceae (Ash family)

Maple family (Aceraceae, included in Sapindaceae now)

Adoxaceae (Elderberry family)

Dogwood family (Cornaceae)

Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family)

Horse chestnut family (Hipposcastanaceae, included in Sapindaceae now)



Acer negundo

Flowers could be unisexual; thenplants can be mono- or deoecious, orandrodioecious (some plants withperfect flowers, some plants withmale flowers only)



Acer

pla

tano

ides

Petals are reduced and sepal-like;Nctary disk;Superior ovary (2 fused carpels), developing wings;


Aceraceae - 2 genera/113 species, including Acer and Dipteronia.

Woody trees or shrubs, mostly N temperate.

Leaves opposite.


perianths 4-5 parted; petals reduced and sepal-like;

Stamens 4-10;nectary disk;flowers bisexual or unisexual; if unisexual, plants either mono- or

dioecious, or androdioecious;ovary superior (2 fused carpels), winged;

Fruit of 2 fused carpels each with pronounced wing and single seed that splitapart at maturity and dispersed by wind –– samaroid schizocarp.

Hybridization and Polyploidization

What is hybridization?Hybridization is the process of producing offspringof two organisms belonging to different varieties orspecies. –– the process to create hybrids.

Why does hybridization matter?

Well, nearly all of our major crops, livestock,pets, and ornamentals are hybrids betweendifferent species or varieties/races/strains.


Textbook DVD WSJ

Strawberry;Fragaria x ananassa;Hybrid between F. virginianaand F. chiloensis;


Pansy;Viola x wittrockiana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis


Hybrid vigor (Heterosis): An increase in fertility, survivability, yield, or other superior qualities arising from the crossbreeding of genetically different organisms.

http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/UserFiles/Image/siteImages/B73Mo17,hybridEarsLG.gif

http://www3.bayercropscience.ca/getfile.aspx?aliaspath=%2f_files%2fProducts%2fHybrid-vigor_jpeg


The “deleterious recessive genes avoidance” hypothesis and “overdominance” hypothesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Heterosis.svg


Sometimes hybridization leads to allopolyploidy

http://www.plantgroup.org/images/research/cpires%20graphics.jpg

Polyploidy: with three or more complete sets of chromosomes in a cell. Allopolyploidy: presence in a cell of two or more genomes from different species. Autopolyploidy: presence in a cell of three or more chromosome sets from the

same species.

50% or more offlowering plants and95% of ferns and fernallies are polyploids.Polyploid cropsinclude rice, wheat,cotton, soybean, etcl.


How to detect natural hybridization?

A B CA1A2B1B2C1C2

A phylogenetic approach.

Note: materials on this slide and the following slides are optional –– they won’tbe on the lecture exam. So you can fall asleep now!

Detecting natural hybridization: case studies

Atropa belladonna

Hyoscyameae


Yuan et al., 2006. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12): 2263-2267


Yuan et al., 2006. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12): 2263-2267

SINE


Yuan and Olmstead, in prep

phylogeny of rosids - university of...

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