phuong phap lua chon_1247038273683
DESCRIPTION
phương pháp lựa chọnTRANSCRIPT
Phng php la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn thch hp
Phng php la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn thch hp
1. t vn
X l CTR l giai on cui cng trong cng tc qun l CTR (thu gom, phn loi, vn chuyn v x l, k c ti s dng v ti ch). X l CTR ng vai tr quan trng trong BVMT - PTBV, bi n khng ch ngn chn nguy c gy nhim mi trng t CTR (nu khng x l hoc x l khng hiu qu, khng ng quy trnh, yu cu), m cn c th thu hi vt liu, sn phm tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin. Trong nhng nm qua, nc ta p dng mt s cng ngh x l CTR. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu th vn cn lng tng trong vic la chn cng ngh thch hp. Hin nay, cc th nc ta ch yu vn chn lp CTR cha m bo v sinh, gy nhim mi trng mc cao. Chnh v vy, cn hiu r cng ngh v phng php la chn cng ngh x l CTR.
2. Cc cng ngh x l CTR
2.1. Chin lc 3RVE
Hin nay, nhiu nc pht trin trn th gii ang thc hin chin lc 3RVE trong qun l v x l CTR. l: Reduce (gim thiu), Reuse (s dng li), Recycle (ti sinh, ti ch), Validate (nng cao gi tr cht thi bng cch p dng cc cng ngh x l sinh li nhm thu hi li vt cht v nng lng t CTR. Cui cng, nhng thnh phn cn li khng th tn dng c na phi x l thi b (Eliminate), ch yu l chn lp. Tuy nhin, khi chn lp cng phi xem xt kh nng c th thu hi kh gas phc v cuc sng. Chin lc 3RVE c th hin th t u tin la chn phng thc qun l v cng ngh x l (ngha l gim thiu, s dng li, ti ch/ti sinh, nng cao gi tr CRT v thi b).
2.2. Cc cng ngh x l CTR ang p dng trn th gii
Tu theo thnh phn, tnh cht, khi lng CTR v tu theo iu kin c th ca tng a phng m chn cng ngh x l CTR cho thch hp. Cc cng ngh x l CTR c chia ra cc loi sau:
- Theo mc tiu x l, gm c:
+ X l nhm s dng li thu hi sn phm vt liu, ti to ti nguyn... gii quyt yu cu kinh t, tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin.
+ X l thi b nhm gii quyt yu cu bo v mi trng.
- Theo nguyn tc cng ngh , gm c:
+ X l s b (tch, phn loi, gim th tch, gim kch thc cht thi).
+ X l sinh hc ( hiu kh, ym kh x l cc cht thi c thnh phn hu c).
+ X l ho hc v nhit (t, thu phn, chng khng c khng kh, nhit phn...).
+ X l c hc (nn, p kin, nghin)
Ngoi ra cn c mt s cng ngh khc (ho du, hydromex...)
Cc loi CTR (sinh hot, cng nghip, y t), sau khi thu gom, phn loi tch cc thnh phn c th ti ch, s dng li thng c x l theo cc cng ngh sau:
- CTR sinh hot: sinh hc ch bin phn compost, thu kh; chn lp (truyn thng v c bit ch bin kh, SX phn Compost); t (c hoc khng thu hi nng lng).
- CTR cng nghip: Nu khng nguy hi th x l nh CTR sinh hot; CTR nguy hi th x l: t, chn lp c bit (c x l trc bng cc phng php ho l, sinh hc), n nh ho rn.
- CTR y t cha nhiu thnh phn nguy hi, cn x l: kh khun (bng cc phn ng ho hc trong nhng thit b c bit, bng nhit kh hoc nhit m, bng vi sng), t hoc chn lp trong cc hc c bit.
2.3. Cc cng ngh x l CTR ang p dng cc th nc ta
nc ta, hin nay ang s dng cc cng ngh x l CTR sau: Chn lp, ch bin phn vi sinh, thiu t, ti sinh/ti s dng v x l cht thi bng cng ngh ASC, Seraphin v cng ngh MBT - CD - 08.
2.3.1. Chn lp
* Hu nh cc th u s dng phng php chn lp CTR l ch yu. Tuy nhin, ch c 15/64 tnh/thnh ph c bi chn lp hp v sinh. Theo thng k c 149 bi rc c khng hp v sinh (21 bi cp tnh/thnh ph v 128 bi cp huyn/th trn). Nm 2006, c nc c 98 BCL CTR ang hot ng, trong ch c 16/98 BCL VS, 82/98 BCL khng hp v sinh, ch l nhng bi t nhin hoc hot ng khng hiu qu.
* V thc cht, a s BCL CTR ch n thun l ni rc, cha c quy hoch, thit k, xy dng v vn hnh ng theo quy nh BCLVS: v tr gn khu dn c (cch 200 - 500m, thm ch c bi ch cch 100m); khng c lp chng thm thnh v y chn lp; khng c h thng thu gom v x l nc rc, kh rc nn gy nhim mi trng t, nc, khng kh v h sinh thi, nh hng n sc kho cng ng. Chnh v vy, trong 439 c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng phi tp trung x l trit (theo Quyt nh 64/2003/Q - TTg ngy 22/4/2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph) c 52 BCL CTR.
* Tnh trng chn lp chung CTR y t v cng nghip nguy hi cha qua x l vi CTR sinh hot cn ph bin nhiu th.
* Nhiu th gp kh khn v a im v qu t xy dng BCL.
Gn y, mt s th xy dng BCL CTRVS, bc u hot ng c hiu qu, in hnh l BCL Nam Sn (H Ni), Khnh Sn 2 ( Nng)...
2.3.2. Ch bin phn vi sinh (compost)
Nc ta hin c hn 10 nh my ch bin rc thi hu c thnh phn bn vi sinh. Cc nh my ny thng thc hin cc thnh ph ln nhng vi quy m v cng sut nh. l nh my ch bin rc thi Cu Din (H Ni) vi cng sut x l 50.000 tn rc/nm (cng ngh Ty Ban Nha); Nh my x l rc thi Nam nh vi cng sut x l 250 tn/ngy (cng ngh Php); cng ngh Dano - an Mch ti Hoc Mn, TP HCM cng sut 240 tn/ngy; Nh my x l rc thi Hi Phng vi cng sut 200 tn/ngy... Ngoi ra, mt s th khc nh Vit Tr, Vinh, Sn Ty, Hu, Ninh Thun... cng c nh my x l rc thnh phn bn, nha ti sinh, vt liu xy dng hon ton do Vit Nam t nghin cu v ch to.
Cht lng phn bn ca nh my ch bin rc thi Cu Din (H Ni) do Ty Ban Nha v Nam nh do Php u t c nh gi tt. i vi phn bn hu c do cc nh my ca Vit Nam nghin cu ch to ang trong thi k th nghim vi kt qu kh quan.
2.3.3. Thiu t
Ngoi cng ngh thiu t CTR nguy hi t cng nghip ti khu lin hp x l CTR Nam Sn (H Ni), hin nay nc ta ch s dng cng ngh thiu t i vi CTR y t. Tnh n nm 2003, c nc c 61 l t CTR y t, trong :
- 14 l sn xut trong nc, cc l khc u nhp t nc ngoi.
- 3/61 l t c thit b x l kh thi (nhng ch c hai l t vn hnh thit b x l kh thi).
- 2/61 l dt cng sut ln s dng chung (cng sut > 1 tn/ngy) c t bn ngoi bnh vin; cc l t khc u t trong khun vin bnh vin.
Ti thnh ph H Ni, ngoi l t cht thi y t tp trung Cu Din (cng sut 3,2 tn/ngy) v mt s l t ring ca mt s bnh vin, cn c l t CTR cng nghip nguy hi (cng sut 150 kg/gi) hot ng t nm 2003.
2.3.4. Ti ch/ti s dng
Ngoi ch bin rc hu c thnh phn bn, cc thnh phn khc (nh nilon, nha, cao su...) cng c ch bin thnh ht nha, ng cng v vt liu xy dng ti mt s nh my. a s cc thnh phn kim loi, nha, nilon, giy, thu tinh, cao su... c trong rc thi (khong 20% CTR) c lc lng ng nt thu mua v a i ti s dng/ti ch ti cc lng ngh.
2.3.5. Cc cng ngh khc (do Vit Nam nghin cu, ch to).
Trong vi nm gn y, nc ta xut hin mt s cng ngh x l CTR do Vit Nam t nghin cu, ch to. ng k l:
- B Quc phng v Cng ty Trch nhim hu hn (TNHH) Xun Kin nghin cu ch to l t CTR y t vi cng sut nh.
- Cng ty C phn Mi trng xanh nghin cu m hnh x l CTR sinh hot thnh phn Compost theo cng ngh Seraphin ti ng Vinh (thnh ph Vinh Ngh An) v ti Sn Ty (H ty c).
- Cng ty C phn Tm Sinh Ngha ASC nghin cu m hnh x l CTR sinh hot thnh phn compost theo cng ngh An Sinh (ASC) ti Thu Phng (Hu).
- Cng ty TNHH Thu lc my nghin cu m hnh x l CTR sinh hot thnh nhin liu t dn dng v cng nghip theo cng ngh MBT CD 08 ti th trn ng Vn (huyn Duy Tin H Nam).
Ngoi ra, tnh Ninh Thun cng tip nhn cng ngh x l CTR sinh hot do Vit Nam nghin cu ch to (100%), ang hot ng tt.
Va qua, Hi ng KHCN B Xy dng t chc thm nh, nh gi v ngh cp php lu hnh cng ngh An Sinh, cng ngh Seraphin v cng ngh MBT CD 08. Xut pht im ca cc cng ngh ny do mt n v nghin cu th nghim, sau ny mi tch ra, nn v c bn, tng cng ngh v loi sn phm to ra ca ASC v Seraphin l ging nhau; ch khc nhau v trang thit b my mc v cht lng sn phm. Ring sn phm ca cng ngh MBT CD 08 linh hot hn (c th to ra phn bn hoc nhin liu t).
3. La chn cng ngh x l CTR
3.1. C s php l lin quan n nh hng x l CTR.
Hin nay, vn qun l CTR c Chnh ph v chnh quyn a phng cng nh cc c quan chc nng quan tm nhiu hn trc. Hng lot cc vn bn php quy ra i (lut, ngh nh, thng t, ch th, tiu chun) lin quan n qun l CTR, trong c x l CTR nh:
- Chin lc qun l CTR cc th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2020 (theo Quyt nh s 152/Q/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ngy 10/7/1999.
- Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi thng qua ngy 29/11/2005.
- Ngh nh s 80/2006/N - CP v hng dn thi hnh lut BVMT 2005.
- Ch th s 23/2005/Q - TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic y mnh cng tc qun l CTR ti cc th v khu cng nghip.
- Ngh nh s 59/2007/N - CP ngy 09/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v quy hoch qun l CTR.
- Thng t s 13/2007/TT - BXD ngy 31/12/2007 ca B Xy dng v hng dn mt s iu ca Ngh nh 59/2007/N - CP ngy 09/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l CTR.
- Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam v Quy hoch th (QCXDVN 01/2008). Theo nh hng x l CTR trong thi gian gn y, nht l t sau khi Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005 ra i nu r phi la chn cng ngh x l thch hp, khuyn khch p dng cc cng ngh tin tin, pht trin cng ngh sch, cc cng ngh do trong nc nghin cu ch to, u tin ti s dng, ti ch CTR, hn ch ti a khi lng CTR chn lp (< 15%), c bit l vi cc th thiu qu t lm bi chn lp.
3.2. Cc yu t lm cn c la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn
la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn th phi cn c:
- Thnh phn, c tnh v khi lng cht thi rn ca a phng
- iu kin c th ca a phng:
+ Kh hu, th nhng, a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn, thu vn
+ Phong tc tp qun
+ C din tch t ai p ng cho ni x l
- Yu cu mc k thut, v sinh mi trng
- Trnh KHKT v nng lc cn b, nhn cng.
- Nhu cu ca th trng v s dng cc sn phm t vic x l CTR.
- Kh nng ti chnh ca a phng (vn u t v vn hnh, duy tu sa cha). Cn phn tch, xem xt k trong mi quan h vi nhng yu t khc v c bit l phi so snh v yu cu s thch hp ca cng ngh, t ai, chi ph thi cng, thit b, vn hnh...
- tin cy ca cng ngh trong qu trnh hot ng.
3.3. Cc nguyn tc v tiu ch la chn cng ngh x l CTR
3.3.1. Nguyn tc la chn cng ngh
Khi tin hnh la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn cn tun theo nhng nguyn tc sau:
- Tip cn vi nhng cng ngh tin tin v nhng kinh nghim trong x l CTR trong v ngoi nc (phi hiu r cng ngh trc khi chn).
- Cng ngh n gin nhng khng lc hu, bo m x l c hiu qu, an ton v khng gy nhim mi trng.
- Gi thnh c th chp nhn trong iu kin ca a phng.
- C gng tn thu nhng gi tr ca CTR ti to ti nguyn.
3.3.2. Cc tiu ch c bn nh gi cng ngh khi la chn m bo nhng nguyn tc ch o , cn phi da vo cc tiu ch c bn sau y khi nh gi cng ngh:
- S thch hp vi iu kin thc t ca a phng (khi lng, thnh phn, tnh cht CTR, iu kin t nhin, ti chnh, trnh pht trin kinh t x hi v khoa hc k thut, nhu cu ca th trng tiu th sn phm.v.v...)
- Tiu ch mi trng: Mc v hiu qu gii quyt nhim v v sinh mi trng ca cng ngh (da theo tiu ch mi trng v nh gi nhanh tc ng mi trng).
- Tiu ch kinh t: ngha thit thc ca cng ngh x l nh chn trong nn kinh t quc dn v ring ca a phng.
- Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca cng ngh x l bao gm:
+ Vn u t ban u
+ Chi ph vn hnh, bo dng
+ Hiu qu v thi gian hon vn ca cng trnh x l
+ S lng vic lm c to ra
+ Mc tiu th nng lng in, nc
+ Thi gian xy dng v hot ng
+ Cng sut x l mc cao nht v trung bnh
+ Nhn cng v mc c gii ho sn xut
3.4. Cc phng php la chn cng ngh x l CTR.
C nhiu phng php la chn cng ngh x l CTR, trong thng dng: Phng php phn tch v phng php nh gi cho im (Phng php ma trn).
3.4.1. Phng php phn tch (sng lc)
Da trn cc c s d liu thu thp c ca a phng v cc ti liu khc c lin quan n vic la chn cng ngh x l CTR tin hnh phn tch nhm sng lc (loi tr dn) cc cng ngh khng thch hp, sau tip tc phn tch v so snh k hn theo cc tiu ch ca tng cng ngh loi tr tip v la chn. Cui cng s c phng n la chn thch hp.
Phng php phn tch loi tr n gin, d thc hin nhng chnh xc ph thuc nhiu vo c s d liu, hiu bit r cng ngh v cch phn tch. sng lc (loi tr) phi da vo iu kin c th ca a phng v kh nng p ng ca cng ngh (chnh l cc yu t lm cn c la chn mc 3.2) Tiu ch sng lc c gii thiu bng 1.
Bng 1. Cc tiu ch sng lc khi la chn cng ngh x l CTR
TTPhng php x l ==================
Tiu chChn lpPhn vi sinhThiu tt c thu hi nng lngNhng phng php mi
Thng thngNghin nhNn
1Lng cht thi t nht20-30T/Ng20-30T/Ng50-60T/Ng Nhanh 30-40T/Ng
Chm: 20-30T/Ng30-40T/Ng 150-250T/NgS liu thiu tin cy
2Khng c kh nng thch hp chn lp
3Chi ph cao cho vt liu ph
4Khng c th trng tiu th ngun nng lng
5Khng c th trng tiu th phn vi sinh
6Tng lng cht thi thay i ln theo maThch hp
7Khng c th trng cho sn phm thu hi c bit
8Khng c sn nhn lc p ng yu cu k thutC th xem xt
9 tin cy c chn cao
Ch thch: C th chn
Khng thch hp
Khng chn
3.4.2. Phng php nh gi cho im (Phng php ma trn)
nh gi cho im tng cng ngh cn lp ma trn v s ph hp ca cng ngh vi iu kin ca a phng, yu cu bo v mi trng, nh hng cng ngh x l thng qua cc tiu ch nu ( mc 3.3.2).
- Ct ngang gm im s tm quan trng v cc cng ngh x l CTR (c th c nhn din qua vic loi tr nhng cng ngh khng ph hp hoc thng k y cc cng ngh).
- Ct dc gm cc tiu ch la chn .
Cn c vo c s d liu ca a phng v cc ti liu khc lin quan n cng ngh x l CTR tin hnh nh gi cho im tng cng ngh theo tng tiu ch. Thang im nh gi tng tiu ch tu nhm nh gi chn, c th l 1, 2, 3, 4... (1- khng thch hp, 2- t thch hp, 3- thch hp, 4- rt thch hp). Nu loi tr c th ly 1-3 (1- t thch hp, 2- thch hp, 3-rt thch hp). Cng theo ct dc (tm quan trng l A x s im B) s c tng s im ca tng cng ngh c la chn. Cng ngh c im cao nht s l cng ngh c la chn. Trng hp c 2 - 3 cng ngh c tng s im bng nhau cn phi phn tch v so snh k hn. Cch lp ma trn nh gi c gii thiu bng 2.
Phng php ny tng i thch hp v c tnh thuyt phc hn.
Kt qu, cng ngh c tng s im ln nht (600 im) s c chn.
Bng 2. nh gi la chn cng ngh x l CTRSTTCc tiu ch nh gi
=====================Tm quan trng
(A)im s cho cc cng ngh x l
Ch bin phn vi sinh
(B1)Chn lp
(B2)t
(B3)Seraphin
ASC,
MBT-CD-08Cc cng ngh khc
(Bn)
I.12
.....
nNhm tiu ch: S ph hp vi iu kin a phng
- iu kin p ng yu cu ca cng ngh
- Khi lng, thnh phn CTR
- .......
- Ngun nhn lcA1
2
3
23
4
3
Tng I
II.
1
...
nNhm tiu ch: Kinh t
- Vn u t
............
- Chi ph vn hnh
- Hiu qu sinh liA2
Tng II
EMBED Equation.3
III.
1
...
n Nhm tiu ch k thut
- Yu cu trnh k thut
...........
- Tiu tn in nc, nhn cngA3
Tng III
IV.
Nhm tiu ch mi trng- Tc ng mi trng nc, khng kh, t, cnh quan, sc kho, ri roA4
Tng IV
Tng cng I + II + III + IV 575450200600300
4. Kt lun
X l cht thi, trong c CTR l mt nhim v quan trng quyt nh n cht lng mi trng, pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc. Do vic chn ng cng ngh x l thch hp vi a phng cng c ngha quan trng nng cao hiu qu x l gp phn BVMT,thc y pht trin kinh t x hi, khoa hc cng ngh ca t nc theo hng hin i, vn minh v bn vng.Ngun: Bo co ca PGS. TS. Trn Th Hng -Trng H Kin trc H Ni ti Hi tho "Cng ngh x l cht thi th v khu cng nghip", thng 4/2009_1306740599.unknown
_1306741187.unknown
_1306741561.unknown
_1306741665.unknown
_1306752665.unknown
_1306741703.unknown
_1306741627.unknown
_1306741284.unknown
_1306741486.unknown
_1306741255.unknown
_1306740880.unknown
_1306740996.unknown
_1306740686.unknown
_1306733721.unknown
_1306733723.unknown
_1306733724.unknown
_1306733722.unknown
_1306733719.unknown
_1306733720.unknown
_1306733717.unknown
_1306733718.unknown
_1306733715.unknown
_1306733714.unknown