photosynthesis light reactiondark reaction photons to energy z-scheme photophosphorylation co 2...
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT REACTIONLIGHT REACTION DARK REACTIONDARK REACTION
Photons to energy
Z-scheme
Photophosphorylation
CO2 fixation
Calvin Cycle
**
What is Photosynthesis?
Ans:
A process in which electrons from excited chlorophyll molecules are passed to acceptorsthat convert electronic energy to chemical energy: ATP and NADPH
Chloroplasts
Anatomy is Essentialto Photosynthesis
Absorption of Light
300 800700600500400 900
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
PhycoerythrinAbsorptionIntensity
Wavelength, nm
Allowable Transitions
Excited state
Photon
E = hv
h = Planck’s constant
Ground State Electron
= 6.626 x 10-34 J sec
ABSORPTION OF LIGHT ENERGY (Photons)
Depends on frequency of wave length of light
v = frequency of light energy in waves per sec
Rules of the Game
• Electromagnetic radiation is transmitted in quanta (discrete energy packages)
• A molecule can absorb photons of only certain wavelengths
• Absorbed energy must match the energy difference between two states
• Energy of absorbed photon is transferred to photosynthetic reaction system
• Electromagnetic radiation is transmitted in quanta (discrete energy packages)
• A molecule can absorb photons of only certain wavelengths
• Absorbed energy must match the energy difference between two states
• Energy of absorbed photon is transferred to photosynthetic reaction system
GroundState
First ExcitedState
Second ExcitedState
Dissipation of Excitation Energy of Chlorophyll
Photooxidation(transfer to asecond molecule)
Fluorescence(rare)
Energy
Internal
Chlorophyll canabsorb energy in2 energy states, Blue or shortwave and Red or first energy state
BlueBlue RedRed
Options to Absorption
1. Fluorescence:
2. Resonance Transfer: Excite neighbor (trampoline)
3. Electron Transfer: Pass excited electron
Absorb low , emit high (visible)
2 and 3 are used in the light reaction ofPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Capture Light Energy
LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEXES
Multi-subunit Protein Complexes in the thylakoidmembranes
Two Components:
Antenna molecules that absorb and direct energy by resonance transfer,
Reaction centers that split water moleculesand conduct electron transfer
The Hill ReactionLeaf extracts rich in chloroplasts, when radiated,evolve oxygen and acquire the capacity to reduce hydrogen acceptors.
Robert Hill, 1937
Leaf extracts rich in chloroplasts, when radiated,evolve oxygen and acquire the capacity to reduce hydrogen acceptors.
Robert Hill, 1937
2H2O + 2A 2AH2 + O2
light
Hill used 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
A = BLUE AH2 = COLORLESS
Hill separated the light from the dark reaction.
Hill showed that light induced an electon flow that drove an unfavorable energy reaction.
light
3H+
3H+
Thylacoid lumen
Stroma
Thylacoid lumen
Stroma
3H+
3H+Inner Membrane
Matrix
NADPH
Z Scheme of the Light Reaction
PS-II
PS-I
NADP+
ATP
(P680)
(P700)
What is a Photosynthetic Reaction Center?
What is a Photosynthetic Reaction Center?
• Only purple bacterial centers are known
• A transmembrane protein complex with 3 protein components: H, L, M
• Typically, 2 chlorophyll, 2 pheophytin, one Fe2+, and 2 ubiquinone or 1 ubiquinoine and one menaquinone
• Nearly perfect 2-fold symmetry
• Only purple bacterial centers are known
• A transmembrane protein complex with 3 protein components: H, L, M
• Typically, 2 chlorophyll, 2 pheophytin, one Fe2+, and 2 ubiquinone or 1 ubiquinoine and one menaquinone
• Nearly perfect 2-fold symmetry
Photosynthetic Reaction Center (Rhodobacter sphaeroides)
HM L
Rps. viridis
Cytoplasm