photonics devices introduction' sergiusz patela, 2000-5 photonics devices. introduction 7...

Photonics devices Photonics devices IntroductionIntroduction

Sergiusz PatelaWrocław University of Technology

Wrocław, Poland

[email protected]

www.patela.prv.plCopying and processing permitted for non-commercial purposes, on condition that proper reference to the source is given.

© Sergiusz Patela, 2005

© Sergiusz Patela, 2000-5 Photonics devices. Introduction 2

Lecture plan1. Introduction to optical waveguides2. Passive optoelectronics devices 3. Active photonics devices - detectors an sources4. Optical amplifiers5. Switches and modulators6. Materials for photonics devices7. Nonlinear optoelectronics devices8. Photonics technologies. Waveguide fabrication methods9. Overview of the state-of-the-art photonics and development trends.

PCB waveguides

Short course on optoelectronic packaging1. Introduction to microelectronic packaging (Prof.. K.-J. Wolter)2. Photonic-devices packaging, interfacing, pigtailing3. Reliability of fiber-optic structures


Lecture timetable

Date:13.10.2005 13:00 � 16:20 Room BAR I/4814.10.2005 09:20 � 10:50 Room BAR I/4810.11.2005 13:00 � 16:20 Room BAR I/4811.11.2005 09:20 � 10:50 Room BAR I/4808.12.2005 13:00 � 16:20 Room BAR I/4809.12.2005 09:20 � 10:50 Room BAR I/4819.01.2006 13:00 � 16:20 Room BAR I/4820.01.2006 09:20 � 10:50 Room BAR I/48


The length of the fiber installed in the world

Till now ~150 millions km of optical fiber has been installed

Every day ~15 000 km is installed.

Fiber to the sun, and in 24 hours through the earth


A lot of fiber - so what?

With all the power supply lines installed electronics devices and electrical appliances are available everywhere.

So there is possibility that soon photonics devices will be as popular as electrical or electronic

Fiber optics is the main enabling factor for photonics development


Schematic diagram of fiber optic system

Light source(transmitter)

Light detector(receiver)

Electrical output signal

LightguideElectrical input signal

„noise”


Fundamentals of fiber-optic transmission

Transmission speedIn fiber optic transmission of information is carried by light - electromagnetic wave of frequency 3x1014Hz, (300 THz). Capacity of any transmission channel cna be multiplied by sending simultaneously many colors of light through one fiber.

Link span Very low attenuation of silica glass and total internal reflection at the boundaries of the core make long-range repeater-less transmission possible.

Optical-fiber modes. Wave nature of light and fiber modesMany waveguide parameters and construction details can be explained only if one takes into account that light is a wave guided by a structure of very low cross-section.


Definition of the waveguide mode

In a waveguide or cavity the mode is one of the possible patterns of electromagnetic field. Available patterns are derived from Maxwell's equations and the applicable boundary conditions.

Two examples of modes: waveguide mode - fiber optic modecavity mode - laser mode


Construction of optical fiber

Core Cladding Cover


Total internal reflection at the border core-cladding

Fiber diameter: 10 to 50 µmat 1 m distance creates 10 000 reflections.

For the reflection coefficient of 99% after 1 m the signal will be attenuated by 0.9910 000 = 10-44

n1

n2

Total internal reflection


Optical waveguides� classification

1. Geometry: planar, strip or fiber waveguides

2. Mode structure: single-mode, multi-mode

3. Refractive index distribution: step or gradient index

4. Material: glass, polymer, semiconductor


Basic classification: fiber and planar waveguides

Fiber waveguide Planar waveguide

Core Cladding Cover

Guiding film

Substrate

Cladding


Waveguide classification: single and multimode

Singlemode waveguide

n

ρ r

1.52

1.54

Core

Cladding

n

ρ r

1.468

12,5 µm < ρ < 100 µm

0,8 µm < λ < 1,6 µm

0,01 < ∆ < 0.03

2 µm < ρ < 5 µm

0,8 µm < λ < 1,6 µm

0,003 < ∆ < 0.01

SMF-28 ∆ 0,36%

Multimode step index fiber


Waveguide classification: step-index and gradient

n

r

1 .5 2

1 .5 4

a = 2 5 µ m 6 2 ,5 µ m

n

r

1 .5 2

1 .5 4

a = 2 5 µ m 6 2 ,5 µ m


Waveguide classification: materials

�SiO2 (doped)�ZBLAN (Zr, Ba, La, Al, Na)�Plastic Optical Fibers (PMMA)�Epitaxial multilayers (eg. GaAs/AlGaAs)�Dielectric layers (Ta2O5, ZnO, Si3N3/SiO2)�Polymer (PMMA, PS)


Network examples

3. FDDI (fiber distributed data interface)4. Fibre Channel........

1. Token-ring IEEE 802.5 standard.(802.5j TR over fiber)

2. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3,

Coax: 10 base 2 � 180mFiber: 10 base FL � 2km)


Installations cost, comparison

C a te g o r y 5 U T P F ib e r

S o c k e t $ 5 .3 5 $ 5 .7 0

P a tc h p a n e l $ 5 .0 6 $ 5 .1 9

C o n n e c to r s N o t n e e d e d $ 1 8 .2 4

C a b e l ( 5 0 m ) $ 4 1 .5 8 $ 4 3 .5 6

I n s ta l l a t io n c o s t $ 7 1 .2 5 $ 6 6 .7 5

T o ta l $ 1 2 3 .2 4 $ 1 3 9 .4 4

Comparison of 50 m fiber waveguide and copper links (Cat. 5 UTP).


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Datatransmissio

Displays Lighting Sensors

Va

lue

[$

bln

]

19931998200320082013

Waveguide applications in automobile industry. Other application area: medicine.

Non-telecommunications waveguide applications


10 advantages of optical fibers

1. High information capacity of a single fiber2. Low loss, repeater-less transmission over long distances is possible3. Total immunity for EMI (electro-magnetic interference)4. Low weight5. Small dimensions (diameter)6. High work safety (low risk of fire, explosion, ignition)7. Transmission safety (almost impossible data taping). 8. Relatively low cost (getting lower).9. High reliability10 Simplicity of installation.


0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

0.30.5

1

0.1

35

10

3050

wavelength[µm]

Atte

nuat

ion

[dB/km]

Telecommunication windows and generations of fiber optic systems

I win

dow

II w

indo

w

III tr

ansm

issi

on w

indo

w

Attenuation of silica-glass fiber


Example: upgrade of f-o link from OC-48 (2,5 Gb/s) to OC-192 (10 Gb/s)

1. Installation of additional fiber (new cable)2. Creation of 4 WDM channels3. Application of 4 time faster electronics

< 50 km1,2,3

> 50 km2,

3, 1

TE

TE

TE

TE

λ1

λ2

λ3

λ4

TE

TE

TE

TE

λ1

λ2

λ3

λ4

λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4

Evolution towards WDM systems


Lasers (and detectors)

Set-up of a CAN-package(TO-18 or TO-46)

DIL-14 package with laser diode, monitor diode DIL-14 package with laser diode, monitor diode


Passive and active photonics devices �hybrid technology

fiber

Microwave microstrip line

Conducting epoxy

Allundum substrate

SMA microwave connector

Microwave package

U-groove

Advanced photonic modulator


Passive and active photonics devices �PCB technology

© 2000, BBV Software BV

Mach-Zehnder interferometer

MZI with coplanar electrodes

3D drawing of the E/O MZI mounted on a PCB


Market for integrated optical components

2625.3

498.8

50

150

128.6

77.2

102.9

1617.8

2005

13.4Total

190.7Other

1.91Backplane Applications

5.71.2Monitors

4.93.5Amplifiers

2.90.8Switches

3.90.8Passive DWDM Products

61.65.4Transmitters and Transceivers

% in 2005

2001Product($ Millions)

Main application areas: access and metro networks

Main enabling technologies: packaging, hybrid integrationSource: Communications Industry Researchers Inc.


Demand for integrated optical components

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

USD

T &

R

Oth

er

Mon

itors

Ampl

ifier

s

Pas

s.D

WD

M

Sw

itche

s

BP

App

l.

20012005

Main application areas: access and metro networks

Main enabling technologies: packaging and hybrid integrationSource: Communications Industry Researchers Inc.


Recommended books

1. Understanding Fiber Optics by Jeff Hecht, Prentice Hall; ISBN: 0139561455

2. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems (Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering) by Govind P. Agrawal, John Wiley & Sons; ISBN: 0471175404


Summary � power of photonics

Connection of electronics and optics brings the power of both worlds together (speed, availability, reliability).

Waveguides exists in multiple forms and have diverse applications (communications, medicine, automotive industry)

Fabrication and packaging of photonics devices will create new research areas and new industries.

photonics devices introduction' sergiusz patela, 2000-5 photonics devices. introduction 7...

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