Photonic Crystals: A New Frontier in Modern

Optics

Photonic Crystals: A New Frontier in Modern

Optics

MARIAN FLORESCU

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

MARIAN FLORESCU

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

“ If only were possible to make materials in which electromagnetically waves cannot propagate at certain frequencies, all kinds of almost-magical things would happen”

“ If only were possible to make materials in which electromagnetically waves cannot propagate at certain frequencies, all kinds of almost-magical things would happen”

Sir John Maddox, Nature (1990)Sir John Maddox, Nature (1990)

Two Fundamental Optical Principles

• Localization of LightLocalization of LightS. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58,2486 (1987)

• Inhibition of Spontaneous EmissionInhibition of Spontaneous EmissionE. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2059 (1987)

Two Fundamental Optical Principles

• Localization of LightLocalization of LightS. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58,2486 (1987)

• Inhibition of Spontaneous EmissionInhibition of Spontaneous EmissionE. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2059 (1987)

Photonic crystals: periodic dielectric structures. interact resonantly with radiation with wavelengths comparable to the

periodicity length of the dielectric lattice. dispersion relation strongly depends on frequency and propagation direction may present complete band gaps Photonic Band Gap (PBG) materials.

Photonic crystals: periodic dielectric structures. interact resonantly with radiation with wavelengths comparable to the

periodicity length of the dielectric lattice. dispersion relation strongly depends on frequency and propagation direction may present complete band gaps Photonic Band Gap (PBG) materials.

Photonic Crystals Photonic Crystals

Guide and confine light without losses Novel environment for quantum mechanical light-matter interaction A rich variety of micro- and nano-photonics devices

Guide and confine light without losses Novel environment for quantum mechanical light-matter interaction A rich variety of micro- and nano-photonics devices

Photonic Crystals HistoryPhotonic Crystals History 1987: Prediction of photonic crystals S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58,2486 (1987), “Strong localization of photons in certain dielectric superlattices” E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2059 (1987), “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid state physics and electronics”

1990: Computational demonstration of photonic crystal K. M. Ho, C. T Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990)

1991: Experimental demonstration of microwave photonic crystals E. Yablonovitch, T. J. Mitter, K. M. Leung, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2295 (1991)

1995: ”Large” scale 2D photonic crystals in Visible U. Gruning, V. Lehman, C.M. Englehardt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1995)

1998: ”Small” scale photonic crystals in near Visible; “Large” scale inverted opals

1999: First photonic crystal based optical devices (lasers, waveguides)

1987: Prediction of photonic crystals S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58,2486 (1987), “Strong localization of photons in certain dielectric superlattices” E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2059 (1987), “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid state physics and electronics”

1990: Computational demonstration of photonic crystal K. M. Ho, C. T Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990)

1991: Experimental demonstration of microwave photonic crystals E. Yablonovitch, T. J. Mitter, K. M. Leung, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2295 (1991)

1995: ”Large” scale 2D photonic crystals in Visible U. Gruning, V. Lehman, C.M. Englehardt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1995)

1998: ”Small” scale photonic crystals in near Visible; “Large” scale inverted opals

1999: First photonic crystal based optical devices (lasers, waveguides)

Photonic Crystals- Semiconductors of Light Photonic Crystals- Semiconductors of Light

Semiconductors

Periodic array of atoms

Atomic length scales

Natural structures

Control electron flow

1950’s electronic revolution

Semiconductors

Periodic array of atoms

Atomic length scales

Natural structures

Control electron flow

1950’s electronic revolution

Photonic Crystals

Periodic variation of dielectric constant

Length scale ~

Artificial structures

Control e.m. wave propagation

New frontier in modern optics

Photonic Crystals

Periodic variation of dielectric constant

Length scale ~

Artificial structures

Control e.m. wave propagation

New frontier in modern optics

Natural opalsNatural opals

Natural Photonic Crystals: Natural Photonic Crystals: Structural Colours through Photonic CrystalsStructural Colours through Photonic Crystals

Natural Photonic Crystals: Natural Photonic Crystals: Structural Colours through Photonic CrystalsStructural Colours through Photonic Crystals

Periodic structure striking colour effect even in the absence of pigmentsPeriodic structure striking colour effect even in the absence of pigments

Requirement: overlapping of frequency gaps along different directionsRequirement: overlapping of frequency gaps along different directions High ratio of dielectric indicesHigh ratio of dielectric indices Same average optical path in different mediaSame average optical path in different media Dielectric networks should be connectedDielectric networks should be connected

J. Wijnhoven & W. Vos, Science (1998)J. Wijnhoven & W. Vos, Science (1998)S. Lin et al., Nature S. Lin et al., Nature (1998)(1998)

Woodpile structureWoodpile structure Inverted OpalsInverted Opals

Artificial Photonic CrystalsArtificial Photonic Crystals

Photonic Crystals complex dielectric environment that controls the flow of radiation designer vacuum for the emission and absorption of radiation

Photonic Crystals complex dielectric environment that controls the flow of radiation designer vacuum for the emission and absorption of radiation

Photonic Crystals: Opportunities

Photonic Crystals: Opportunities

Passive devices dielectric mirrors for antennas micro-resonators and waveguides

Active devices low-threshold nonlinear devices microlasers and amplifiers efficient thermal sources of light

Integrated optics controlled miniaturisation pulse sculpturing

Passive devices dielectric mirrors for antennas micro-resonators and waveguides

Active devices low-threshold nonlinear devices microlasers and amplifiers efficient thermal sources of light

Integrated optics controlled miniaturisation pulse sculpturing

Defect-Mode Photonic Crystal MicrolaserDefect-Mode Photonic Crystal MicrolaserDefect-Mode Photonic Crystal MicrolaserDefect-Mode Photonic Crystal Microlaser

Photonic Crystal Cavity formed by a point defectPhotonic Crystal Cavity formed by a point defect

O. Painter et. al., Science (1999) O. Painter et. al., Science (1999)

3D Complete Photonic Band Gap3D Complete Photonic Band Gap

Suppress blackbody radiation in the infrared and redirect and enhance thermal energy into visibleSuppress blackbody radiation in the infrared and redirect and enhance thermal energy into visible

3D Complete Photonic Band Gap3D Complete Photonic Band Gap

Suppress blackbody radiation in the infrared and redirect and enhance thermal energy into visibleSuppress blackbody radiation in the infrared and redirect and enhance thermal energy into visible

Photonic Crystals Based Light BulbsPhotonic Crystals Based Light Bulbs

S. Y. Lin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. (2003)S. Y. Lin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. (2003)

C. Cornelius, J. Dowling, PRA 59, 4736 (1999)

“Modification of Planck blackbody radiation by photonic band-gap structures” C. Cornelius, J. Dowling, PRA 59, 4736 (1999)

“Modification of Planck blackbody radiation by photonic band-gap structures”

Light bulb efficiency may raise from 5 percent to 60 percentLight bulb efficiency may raise from 5 percent to 60 percent Light bulb efficiency may raise from 5 percent to 60 percentLight bulb efficiency may raise from 5 percent to 60 percent

3D Tungsten Photonic Crystal Filament

3D Tungsten Photonic Crystal Filament

Solid Tungsten FilamentSolid Tungsten Filament

Solar Cell ApplicationsSolar Cell Applications

– Funneling of thermal radiation of larger wavelength (orange area) to Funneling of thermal radiation of larger wavelength (orange area) to thermal radiation of shorter wavelength (grey area).thermal radiation of shorter wavelength (grey area).

– Spectral and angular control over the thermal radiation.Spectral and angular control over the thermal radiation.

– Funneling of thermal radiation of larger wavelength (orange area) to Funneling of thermal radiation of larger wavelength (orange area) to thermal radiation of shorter wavelength (grey area).thermal radiation of shorter wavelength (grey area).

– Spectral and angular control over the thermal radiation.Spectral and angular control over the thermal radiation.

Fundamental LimitationsFundamental Limitations switching time switching time • • switching intensity = switching intensity =

constantconstant Incoherent character of the switching Incoherent character of the switching

dissipated power dissipated power

Fundamental LimitationsFundamental Limitations switching time switching time • • switching intensity = switching intensity =

constantconstant Incoherent character of the switching Incoherent character of the switching

dissipated power dissipated power

Foundations of Future CIFoundations of Future CIFoundations of Future CIFoundations of Future CI

Cavity all-optical transistorCavity all-optical transistor Cavity all-optical transistorCavity all-optical transistor

(3)χ

IoutIoutIinIin

IHIH

H.M. Gibbs et. al, PRL 36, 1135 (1976)H.M. Gibbs et. al, PRL 36, 1135 (1976)

Operating ParametersOperating Parameters Holding power: 5 mWHolding power: 5 mW Switching power: 3 µWSwitching power: 3 µW Switching time: 1-0.5 ns Switching time: 1-0.5 ns Size: Size: 500 500 m m

Operating ParametersOperating Parameters Holding power: 5 mWHolding power: 5 mW Switching power: 3 µWSwitching power: 3 µW Switching time: 1-0.5 ns Switching time: 1-0.5 ns Size: Size: 500 500 m m

Photonic crystal all-optical transistorPhotonic crystal all-optical transistor Photonic crystal all-optical transistorPhotonic crystal all-optical transistor

Probe LaserProbe Laser

Pump LaserPump Laser

Operating ParametersOperating Parameters Holding power: 10-100 nWHolding power: 10-100 nW Switching power: 50-500 pWSwitching power: 50-500 pW Switching time: < 1 ps Switching time: < 1 ps Size: Size: 20 20 mm

Operating ParametersOperating Parameters Holding power: 10-100 nWHolding power: 10-100 nW Switching power: 50-500 pWSwitching power: 50-500 pW Switching time: < 1 ps Switching time: < 1 ps Size: Size: 20 20 mm

M. Florescu and SM. Florescu and S. John, PRA . John, PRA 6969, 053810 (2004)., 053810 (2004).

Single Atom Switching EffectSingle Atom Switching EffectSingle Atom Switching EffectSingle Atom Switching Effect

Photonic Crystals versus Ordinary VacuumPhotonic Crystals versus Ordinary Vacuum

Positive population inversionPositive population inversion Switching behaviour of the atomic inversionSwitching behaviour of the atomic inversion

Photonic Crystals versus Ordinary VacuumPhotonic Crystals versus Ordinary Vacuum

Positive population inversionPositive population inversion Switching behaviour of the atomic inversionSwitching behaviour of the atomic inversion

M. Florescu and SM. Florescu and S. John, PRA 64, 033801 (2001). John, PRA 64, 033801 (2001)

Long temporal separation between incident laser photonsLong temporal separation between incident laser photons

Fast frequency variations of the photonic DOSFast frequency variations of the photonic DOS Band-edge enhancement of the Lamb shiftBand-edge enhancement of the Lamb shift Vacuum Rabi splittingVacuum Rabi splitting

Long temporal separation between incident laser photonsLong temporal separation between incident laser photons

Fast frequency variations of the photonic DOSFast frequency variations of the photonic DOS Band-edge enhancement of the Lamb shiftBand-edge enhancement of the Lamb shift Vacuum Rabi splittingVacuum Rabi splitting

Quantum Optics in Photonic CrystalsQuantum Optics in Photonic CrystalsQuantum Optics in Photonic CrystalsQuantum Optics in Photonic Crystals

T. Yoshie et al. T. Yoshie et al. , Nature, 2004., Nature, 2004.

Foundations for Future CI:Foundations for Future CI:Single Photon Sources Single Photon Sources

Foundations for Future CI:Foundations for Future CI:Single Photon Sources Single Photon Sources

Enabling Linear Optical Quantum Computing and Quantum CryptographyEnabling Linear Optical Quantum Computing and Quantum Cryptography

fully deterministic pumping mechanismfully deterministic pumping mechanism very fast triggering mechanism very fast triggering mechanism accelerated spontaneous emission accelerated spontaneous emission PBG architecture design to achieve PBG architecture design to achieve

prescribed DOS at the ion positionprescribed DOS at the ion position

Enabling Linear Optical Quantum Computing and Quantum CryptographyEnabling Linear Optical Quantum Computing and Quantum Cryptography

fully deterministic pumping mechanismfully deterministic pumping mechanism very fast triggering mechanism very fast triggering mechanism accelerated spontaneous emission accelerated spontaneous emission PBG architecture design to achieve PBG architecture design to achieve

prescribed DOS at the ion positionprescribed DOS at the ion position

M. Florescu et al., EPL 69, 945 (2005)

M. Campell et al. Nature, 404, 53 (2000)M. Campell et al. Nature, 404, 53 (2000)

CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (I)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (I)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (I)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (I)

Photo-resist layer exposed to multiple laser beam interference that produce a periodic intensity pattern Photo-resist layer exposed to multiple laser beam interference that produce a periodic intensity pattern

3D photonic crystals fabricated using holographic lithography3D photonic crystals fabricated using holographic lithography

Four laser beams interfere to form a 3D periodic intensity pattern

Four laser beams interfere to form a 3D periodic intensity pattern

10 m

O. Toader, et al., PRL 92, 043905 (2004)O. Toader, et al., PRL 92, 043905 (2004)

O. Toader & S. John, Science (2001)O. Toader & S. John, Science (2001)

CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (II)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (II)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (II)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (II)

S. Kennedy et al., Nano Letters (2002)S. Kennedy et al., Nano Letters (2002)S. Kennedy et al., Nano Letters (2002)S. Kennedy et al., Nano Letters (2002)

CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (III)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (III)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (III)CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (III)

Transport Properties:

Photons ElectronsPhonons

Transport Properties:

Photons ElectronsPhonons

Photonic CrystalsOptical PropertiesPhotonic CrystalsOptical Properties

RethermalizationProcesses:

Photons ElectronsPhonons

RethermalizationProcesses:

Photons ElectronsPhonons

Metallic (Dielectric)Backbone Electronic

Characterization

Metallic (Dielectric)Backbone Electronic

Characterization

Multi-Physics Problem:Multi-Physics Problem:Photonic Crystal Radiant Energy Photonic Crystal Radiant Energy

TransferTransfer

Summary Summary

Designer Vacuum: Frequency selective control of

spontaneous and thermal emission enables novel active devices

Designer Vacuum: Frequency selective control of

spontaneous and thermal emission enables novel active devices

PBG materials: Integrated optical micro-circuits with complete light localization

PBG materials: Integrated optical micro-circuits with complete light localization

Photonic Crystals: Photonic analogues of semiconductors that control the flow of lightPhotonic Crystals: Photonic analogues of semiconductors that control the flow of light

Potential to Enable Future CI: Single photon source for LOQC All-optical micro-transistors

Potential to Enable Future CI: Single photon source for LOQC All-optical micro-transistors

CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Research and Technology: Photonic “materials by design” Multiphysics and multiscale analysis

CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Research and Technology: Photonic “materials by design” Multiphysics and multiscale analysis