phonology cont.. review phoneme / / –abstract, never pronounced allophone [ ] –pronounced,...
TRANSCRIPT
Phonology Cont.
Review
Phoneme / /– Abstract, never pronounced
Allophone [ ]– Pronounced, variation of a phoneme
Contrastive Distribution– [khQt] vs [hQt]
Complementary Distribution– [thap] vs [stap]
Possibilities
Allophones of separate phonemes/t/ /th/
[t] [th]
Allophones of the same phoneme/t/
[t] [th]
Allophones of separate phonemes (Tagalog)
Are [h] and [/] allophones of separate phonemes?
[kahon] “box”
[ka/on] “to fetch”
[/umagos] “to flow”
[humagos] “to paint”
Allophones of separate phonemes (Tagalog)
Are [h] and [/] allophones of separate phonemes?
YES
/h/ ///
[h] [/]
Allophones of separate phonemes (Spanish)
Are [p] and [b] allophones of separate phonemes?
[peso] “(monetary unit)”
[beso] “kiss”
[kompa] “mate”
[komba] “skipping”
Allophones of separate phonemes (Spanish)
Are [p] and [b] allophones of separate phonemes?
YES
/p/ /b/
[p] [b]
Allophones of the same phoneme (Spanish)
Are [d] and [D] allophones of the same phoneme?
[deDo] “finger”
[kaDa] “each”
[kasaDa] “married”
[duna] “dune”
Allophones of the same phoneme (Spanish)
Are [d] and [D] allophones of the same phoneme?
YES
/d/
[d] [D]
Allophones of the same phoneme (English)
Are [t] and [th] allophones of the same phoneme?
[thep] “tape” [stap] “stop”
[thin] “teen” [stol] “stole”
[thap] “top” [stek] “steak”
Allophones of the same phoneme (English)
Are [t] and [th] allophones of the same phoneme?
YES
/t/
[t] [th]
But what about Hindi?
[t] and [th] in Hindi
[tal] “beat”
[thal] “plate”
Allophones of separate phonemes
/t/ /th/
[t] [th]
Different Mappings
English
/t/
[t] [th] Hindi
/t/ /th/
[t] [th]
How to do a phonology problem
Examine your data– The question will ask about certain sounds; pay special
attention to those sounds. Don’t get confused by extra data.
Look for minimal pairs involving those sounds– If you find one, you can conclude that the sounds are
allophones of separate phonemes If there are no minimal pairs, list the environments
in which each sound occurs– If they never occur in the same environment, you can
conclude that they are allophones of the same phoneme
Examine your data (Greek)
Are [k] and [x] allophones of the same phoneme or allophones of separate phonemes?
[kano] “do” [kori] “daughter”[xori] “dances” [xrima] “money”[xano] “lose” [xufta] “handful”[krima] “shame” [kufeta] “bonbons”[ceri] “candle” [kali] “charms”
Look for minimal pairs
[kano] “do” [kori] “daughter”[xori] “dances” [xrima] “money”[xano] “lose” [xufta] “handful”[krima] “shame” [kufeta] “bonbons”[ceri] “candle” [kali] “charms”
[xori] and [kori] form a minimal pair! Our job is done…
Conclusion
[k] and [x] are allophones of separate phonemes
/k/ /x/
[k] [k]
Examine your data (Sango)
Are [®] and [l] allophones of the same phoneme or allophones of separate phonemes?
[te®e] “body” [ki®i] “return”[wali] “woman” [wa®a] “like”[koli] “man” [nila] “then”[ge®e] “leg” [doli]
“elephant”
Look for minimal pairs
[te®e] “body” [ki®i] “return”[wali] “woman” [wa®a] “like”[koli] “man” [nila] “then”[ge®e] “leg” [doli]
“elephant”
NO MINIMAL PAIRS!!
List the environments
[®] [l]
e___e a___i
e___e o___i
i___i o___i
a___a i___a
These two phones are in complementary distribution. Each allophone belongs to its own environment
Conclusion
[®] and [l] are allophones of the same phoneme
/l/
[®] [l]