phonological processesstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/andy bayu...phonological...
TRANSCRIPT
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PH
ON
OLO
GIC
AL
PR
OC
ES
SE
S
Ph
on
eti
cs a
nd
Ph
on
olo
gy
An
dy
Ba
yu
Nu
gro
ho
![Page 2: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ph
on
olo
gic
al
Pro
cess
•In
co
nn
ect
ed
sp
ee
ch,
the
usu
al
aim
is
for
ea
se
of
com
mu
nic
ati
on
ra
the
r th
an
co
mp
lete
acc
ura
cy.
Th
ere
fore
, sp
ea
ke
rs
un
con
scio
usl
y
dra
w o
n a
nu
mb
er
of
ph
on
olo
gic
al
pro
cess
es
to a
id t
ha
t e
ase
of
com
mu
nic
ati
on
. T
he
re a
re
a g
oo
d n
um
be
r o
f su
ch p
roce
sse
s.
![Page 3: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
•S
pe
ech
pro
du
ctio
n i
s n
ot
a s
eri
es
of
iso
late
d
eve
nts
. T
he
p
roce
ss
of
art
icu
lati
on
is
a
com
ple
x o
ne
. T
he
a
rtic
ula
tory
org
an
s a
re
op
era
tin
g
ind
ep
en
de
ntl
y
of
ea
ch
oth
er,
a
nd
ma
ny
fin
e a
dju
stm
en
tsa
re c
arr
ied
ou
t v
ery
rap
idly
a
s w
e
spe
ak
. A
s a
co
nse
qu
en
ce,
spe
ech
p
rod
uct
ion
o
fte
n
resu
lts
in
the
art
icu
lati
on
o
f o
ne
so
un
d
aff
ect
ing
th
at
of
an
oth
er.
![Page 4: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
•A
rtic
ula
tory
ad
just
me
nts
th
at
occ
ur
du
rin
g t
he
pro
du
ctio
n
of
spe
ech
a
re
call
ed
p
roce
sse
s.
Th
eir
cu
mu
lati
ve
e
ffe
ct
oft
en
re
sult
s in
ma
kin
g w
ord
s e
asi
er
to a
rtic
ula
te,
an
d i
n t
his
sen
se
the
y
are
sa
id
to
ma
ke
sp
ee
ch
mo
re
eff
icie
nt.
![Page 5: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
•S
om
e p
roce
sse
s a
pp
ea
r to
ma
ke
art
icu
lati
on
le
ss,
no
t m
ore
eff
icie
nt.
En
gli
sh s
pe
ak
ers
, fo
r e
xam
ple
, o
fte
n
len
gth
en
co
nso
na
nts
a
nd
v
ow
els
wh
en
th
ey
are
ask
ed
to
re
pe
at
a w
ord
th
at
som
eo
ne
ha
s n
ot
he
ard
cle
arl
y.
“It’
s F
red
.”
“Did
yo
u s
ay
, ‘I
t’s
red
’?”
“No
, I
said
, ‘I
t’s
Fff
ree
ed
!’”
![Page 6: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ass
imil
ati
on
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n i
s re
sult
ed
fro
m t
he
in
flu
en
ce o
f
on
e
seg
me
nt
on
a
no
the
r.
It
alw
ay
s re
sult
s
fro
m
a
sou
nd
b
eco
min
g
mo
re
lik
e
an
oth
er
ne
arb
y s
ou
nd
in t
erm
s o
f o
ne
or
mo
re o
f it
s
ph
on
eti
c ch
ara
cte
rist
ic
(e.g
. a
ssim
ila
tio
n
of
pla
ce,
ass
imil
ati
on
o
f m
an
ne
r,
an
d/o
r
ass
imil
ati
on
of
vo
ice
).
![Page 7: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n o
f p
lace
can
be
de
mo
nst
rate
d b
y
ratb
ag
(th
at
is,
[‘ræ
pb
æg
]) o
r o
atm
ea
l (t
ha
t is
,
[‘əʊ
pm
i:ɫ
]) w
he
re t
he
/t/
so
un
d i
s re
pla
ced
by
a
/p/
sou
nd
. T
his
is
b
eca
use
th
e
alv
eo
lar
plo
siv
e
/t/
is
sim
pli
fie
d
into
th
e
/p/
sou
nd
wh
ich
is
clo
ser
to t
he
bil
ab
ial
plo
siv
e /
b/.
![Page 8: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n o
f m
an
ne
rre
fers
to
wh
en
tw
o
dif
fere
nt
ma
nn
ers
o
f a
rtic
ula
tio
n
infl
ue
nce
ea
ch o
the
r to
fo
rm a
dif
fere
nt
typ
e o
f m
an
ne
r
of
art
icu
lati
on
. E
xam
ple
s o
f th
is
are
th
e
pro
nu
nci
ati
on
of
[In
dia
n]
as
[‘ɪ
nʤə
n]
or
the
pro
nu
nci
ati
on
of
[’səʊ
lʤə
(r)]
. T
his
is
be
cau
se
the
p
losi
ve
/d
/ co
mb
ine
s w
ith
th
e
ap
pro
xim
an
t /j
/ to
fo
rm t
he
aff
rica
te /ʤ
/.
![Page 9: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n
of
vo
ice
is
illu
stra
ted
b
y
the
pro
nu
nci
ati
on
of
"ha
ve
to
" w
ith
an
/f/
so
un
d
rath
er
tha
n t
he
/v
/ so
un
d (i
.e.,
[‘
hæ
ftə
]) a
s
the
vo
ice
d f
rica
tiv
e i
s fo
llo
we
d b
y a
vo
ice
less
con
son
an
t.
![Page 10: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Th
e r
ea
son
s fo
r a
ssim
ila
tio
n
(a)
the
to
ng
ue
ca
nn
ot
alw
ay
s m
ov
e
qu
ick
ly
en
ou
gh
to
ge
t fr
om
on
e p
osi
tio
n t
o a
no
the
r
in
ord
er
to
art
icu
late
th
e
ne
xt
sou
nd
, o
r
be
cau
se
(b)
the
m
ou
th
is
too
b
usy
a
nti
cip
ati
ng
th
e
foll
ow
ing
so
un
d.
In
eit
he
r ca
se,
it
ap
pro
xim
ate
s th
e s
ou
nd
be
fore
mo
vin
g o
n
to t
he
ne
xt s
eg
me
nt
of
sou
nd
.
![Page 11: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: A
n
Intr
od
uct
ion
to
Ph
on
eti
cs:
13
2;
Co
nte
mp
ora
ry L
ing
uis
tics
: 5
3.)
![Page 12: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dis
sim
ila
tio
n
•D
issi
mil
ati
on
is
the
op
po
site
of
ass
imil
ati
on
. It
resu
lts
in t
wo
so
un
ds
be
com
ing
le
ss a
lik
e i
n
art
icu
lato
ryo
r a
cou
stic
te
rms.
Th
e r
esu
ltin
g
seq
ue
nce
of
sou
nd
s is
ea
sie
r to
art
icu
late
an
d
dis
tin
gu
ish
. It
is
a
m
uch
ra
rer
pro
cess
th
an
ass
imil
ati
on
.
![Page 13: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
•O
ne
co
mm
on
ly
he
ard
o
f d
issi
mil
ati
on
in
En
gli
sh
occ
urs
in
w
ord
s e
nd
ing
w
ith
th
ree
con
secu
tiv
e
fric
ati
ve
s,
such
a
s fifths.
M
an
y
spe
ak
ers
dis
sim
ila
te t
he
fin
al
[fθ
s] s
eq
ue
nce
to [
fts]
, a
pp
are
ntl
y,
to b
rea
k u
p t
he
se
qu
en
ce
of
thre
e f
rica
tiv
es
wit
h a
sto
p.
![Page 14: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
De
leti
on
•D
ele
tio
n i
s a
pro
cess
th
at
rem
ove
s a
se
gm
en
t
fro
m
cert
ain
p
ho
ne
tic
con
text
s.
It
occ
urs
in
eve
ryd
ay
ra
pid
sp
ee
ch i
n m
an
y l
an
gu
ag
es.
In
En
gli
sh,
a s
chw
a [ə
] is
oft
en
de
lete
d w
he
n t
he
ne
xt v
ow
el in
th
e w
ord
s is
str
ess
ed
.
![Page 15: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•D
ele
tio
n
als
o
occ
urs
a
s a
n
alt
ern
ati
ve
to
dis
sim
ila
tio
n
in
wo
rds
such
a
s fi
fth
s.
Ma
ny
spe
ak
ers
de
lete
th
e [
θ]
of
the
fin
al
con
son
an
t
clu
ste
r a
nd
sa
y
[fif
s].
In
ve
ry
rap
id
spe
ech
,
bo
th
the
se
con
d
[f]
an
d
[θ]
are
so
me
tim
es
de
lete
d,
resu
ltin
g i
n [
fis]
.
![Page 16: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: A
n I
ntr
od
uct
ion
to
Ph
on
eti
cs:
13
4;
Co
nte
mp
ora
ry L
ing
uis
tics
: 5
5.)
![Page 17: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ep
en
the
sis
•E
pe
nth
esi
s is
a p
roce
ss t
ha
t in
sert
s a
sy
lla
bic
o
r a
no
n-s
yll
ab
ic s
eg
me
nt
wit
hin
an
exi
stin
g
stri
ng
of
seg
me
nts
.
•F
or
exa
mp
le,
in
care
ful
spe
ech
, th
e
wo
rds
wa
rmth
a
nd
so
me
thin
g
are
p
ron
ou
nce
d
[wɔː
mθ
] a
nd
[ˈ
sʌm
.θɪ
ŋ].
It
is
co
mm
on
in
ca
sua
l sp
ee
ch
for
spe
ake
rs
to
inse
rt
a
[p]
be
twe
en
th
e [
m]
an
d [
θ],
an
d p
ron
ou
nce
th
e
wo
rds
[wɔː
rmp
θ]
an
d [
ˈsʌ
mp
θɪ
ŋ].
![Page 18: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: C
on
tem
po
rary
Lin
gu
isti
cs:
55
-56
.)
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Me
tath
esi
s
•M
eta
the
sis
is
a
pro
cess
th
at
reo
rde
rs
a
seq
ue
nce
o
f se
gm
en
ts.
Me
tath
esi
s o
fte
n
resu
lts
in a
se
qu
en
ce o
f p
ho
ne
s th
at
is e
asi
er
to a
rtic
ula
te.
![Page 20: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
•It
is
com
mo
n t
o h
ea
r m
eta
the
sis
in t
he
sp
ee
ch
of
chil
dre
n,
wh
o o
fte
n c
an
no
t p
ron
ou
nce
all
the
co
nso
na
nt
seq
ue
nce
s th
at
ad
ult
s ca
n.
Fo
r
exa
mp
le,
En
gli
sh-s
pe
ak
ing
ch
ild
ren
m
ay
pro
no
un
ce s
pa
gh
ett
ia
s p
esg
he
tti[pə
ske
ti:]
.
![Page 21: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological Process • In connected speech, the usual aim is for ease of communication rather than](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042215/5ebbd1e56a73c877cf59ae89/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: C
on
tem
po
rary
Lin
gu
isti
cs:
56
.)
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