phillips, percival - the red dragon and the black shirts (1922)

8/3/2019 Phillips, Percival - The Red Dragon and the Black Shirts (1922)

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\d` Z@L LZBAOIBIL\d`JHBFN VDKZ\V

Doq K|bh{ Copil d`z Voph

\d` \zp` V|oz{oc |d`

Cbvfkv|" Mos`mì|

J{VKZ W@ZFKSBH WDKHHKWV( N)J)@)

~#c`fkbh Fozz`vwoilì| oc * \d` Lbkh{ Mbkh)*+

OHOILOIFBZM@HK\@ DOPV@( @)A) |o z`-lpf` |d` jphn oc |d` wowphb|koiYqdkfd v|khh z`mbki`l op|vkl` |d`kichpìf` oc |d` \`zzoz|o d`hwh`vvi`vv bil l`wìlìf` oi |d`m)\d`{ ozabikv`l Fommpikv| fo-ow`zb|ks` vofk`|k`v( qdkfd |d`

Aos`zimì| dbl |o vpjvklkv` bil |d` qozn`zv dbl |o wb|zoikv`) Ki|d` ioz|d( |d` kilpv|zkbh d`bz| oc K|bh{( `s`z{ qoznkia mbi dbl |oj` b Johvd`skv|) Dpilz`lv oc |d`m q`z` cozf`l |o vpjvfzkj` wpjhkfh{|o vì|kmì|v qdkfd |d`{ l`whoz`l ki wzksb|`)\d` zbin bil ckh` oc |d` Vofkbhkv| cozf`v q`z` cbz czom j`kia vohklh{

Johvd`skv|( `sì b| |d` d`kad| oc Z`l lomkib|koi) \d` mkd|bi|`h`mì|( K bm |ohl( qbv fomwbzb|ks`h{ vmbP) Jp| vo vnkhcphh{ bilvpj|h{ lkl |d` h`bl`zv oc |dkv l`v|zpf|ks` mos`mì| cohhoq |d`wzof`lpz` oc |d` Zpvvkbi Vosk`| |db| |d`{ q`z` bjh` |o lzks` j`coz`|d`m( bv qk|d qdkwv( vfoz`v oc piqkhhkia qoznkia mì qdo ni`q io|qd`z` `hv` |o |pzi) \d` Aos`zimì| qophl io| wzo|`f| |d`m > |d`wohkf` fophl io| > |d` s`z{ ibm` oc |d` Bzm{ qbv bib|d`mb) Hkn`vd``w( |d`{ wbvv`l ki|o |d` Fommpikv| cohl)

Vofkbhkv| aos`zimì| qbv dpzz{kia dk|d`z|o wzovw`zopv mpik-fkwbhk|k`v ki|o jbinzpw|f{) Ki Mkhbi |d` |zbmqb{v( qdkfd pil`zb wzksb|` fomwbi{ wbkl |o |d` fk|{ j`|q`ì |qo bil |dz`` mkhhkoihkz` b {`bz( bv q`hh bv mbnkia b vpjv|bi|kbh wzock| coz k|v vdbz`dohl`zv(vdoq`l b l`ckfk| pil`z b Vofkbhkv| blmkikv|zb|koi oc ::(777(777 hkz`b {`bz( ki bllk|koi |o 3(777(777 hkz` vpjvkl{ czom |d` V|b|`) \d`v{v|`m dbl j`ì bhhoq`l |o cbP ki|o vpfd b foilk|koi oc lkvz`wbkz|db| bi op|hb{ oc


18/73

K\BH[ PIL@Z FOMMPIKV\ ZPH@ :2\d` Mkhbi ckz`mì( qdo q`z` ozabikv`l bv b * Z`l Apbzl/! q`z`

z`f`kskia 24(777 Dz` b moi|d ki bllk|koi |o bi bs`zba` oc 1(777 dz`b moi|d * `t|zb wb{ * bil |d`kz pikcozmv( cool( bil dopvkia)

Bhh |dkv( oc fopzv`( qbYY whbki wzowbabilb coz |d` kifz`bv` oc |d`Z`l cozf`v)

Ki `s`z{ wovvkjh` qb{ wb|zko|kvm bil fkskf wzkl` q`z` l`zkl`l)\d` Vofkbhkv| i`qvwbw`zv ahozkck`l bv d`zo`v |d` l`v`z|`zv czom |d`czoi| bil |d` zìàbl`v czom fkskh hkc` qdo dbl ch`l |o Bpv|zkb ozVqk|u`zhbil lpzkia |d` qbz bil q`z` bmi`v|k`l) Vdbm`cph fbzkfb|pz`voc |d` Nkia q`z` vohl cz``h{ qk|dop| wzo|`v| czom |d` bp|dozk|k`v)B qozn`z qdo lbz`l vdoq |d` ib|koibh fohopzv oz vbhp|` dkvfopi|z{!v chba ki b Fommpikv| fì|z` qbv hkbjh` |o j` j`b|ì |ol`b|d) Z`hkakoi qbv l`fzk`l( bil |d` `t|z`mkv|v jobv|`l oc qdb| |d`{qophl lo qdì |d`{ dbl fbw|pz`l |d` fbwk|bh bv |d`{ dbl fbw|pz`l|d` wòwh`)

Bhh |d`v` |dkiav |d` Fzpvbl`zv oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz| vbq qk|d zba` ki|d`kz d`bz|v bil b soq oi |d`kz hkwv io| |o z`v| pi|kh |d`{ dbl wpza`lK|bh{ oc |d` wokvoi oc Johvd`skvm)


19/73

:: \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V

FDBW\@Z \DZ@@MPVVOHKIK \D@ JHBFNVMK\D!V VOI

K| kv b vkaikckfbi| cbf| |db| |d` ckzv| |km` Jìk|o MpvvoDik vbqVofkbDvm ki wzbf|kf` d` qbv lkvapv|`l bil lkvkhhpvkoi`l( bh|dopadd` dkmv`hc dbl j`ì b hkc`hoia Vofkbhkv|)

I`bzh{ iki` {`bzv bao |d` wbz|{ qdkfd wz`bfd`l vpfd hoc|{ kl`bhvl`fkl`l |o |`v| |d`m j{ wzofhbkmkia b Z`wpjhkf ki |d` lkv|zkf|v ocZbsìib bil Cozhk( ki |d` ioz|d oc K|bh{) Vkaioz Mpvvohkik qk|i`vv`lvfì`v oc c`bv|kia bil lzpinìi`vv( mpfd qbskia oc z`l chbav bilmoz` wkhhba`( |d` l`v|zpf|koi oc fb||h`( bil o|d`z vìv`h`vv l`wz`-lb|koiv) \d` mkhhìikpm qdkfd Vofkbhkvm dbl wzomkv`l qbvz`foaikv`l j{ |d` vbh` oc fdkfnìv b| El) `bfd |o |d` vkmwh` w`bvbi|vki |d` mbzn`| whbf` b| Mohki`hhb)

\dkv oje`f|-h`vvoi foiskif`l Mpvvohkik |db| |d` bs`zba` Vofkbhkv|pimbvn`l qbv io| b wh`bvbi| oz b wzbf|kfbh w`zvoi) \d` v`bzfdkiavoc d`bz| qdkfd h`l dkm ckibhh{ |o lkvbsoq |d` fz``l jàbi oi |db|vwzkia lb{ ki 2;2< qdì |d` vdoz|-hks`l zkvkia h`| hoov` b vwkzk| ocaz``l( v`hckvdi`vv( bil jzp|bhk|{)\d` z`soh| qdkfd d` b| hbv| kivwkz`l bil h`l |o skf|oz{ mpv| j`

|zbf`l jbfn |o |dov` wz`-qbz lb{v coz k|v copilb|koi) Mpvvohkik dblbhh dkv hkc` j`ì v|``w`l ki Vofkbhkvm) Dkv cb|d`z( b jhbfnvmk|d b|Wz`lbwwko( 2: mkh`v czom Cozhk( qbv dkmv`hc b foiskif`l Vofkbhkv|(bh|dopad oc b d`bh|dk`z( jzobl`z |{w` |dbi |d` j{-wzolpf| oc hb|`zlb{v) [opia Mpvvohkik qbv kmjp`l j{ dkv cb|d`z qk|d |d` kl`bhvoc hos` bil epv|kf`)D` qbv lzbaa`l ki|o wohk|kfv qdì dbzlh{ moz` |dbi b jo{ bil

kilpf`l |o zpi coz Wbzhkbmì| babkiv| b zkfd mbi) D` hov|( bil kibi op|jpzv| oc bia`z vmbvd`l b jbPo|-jot) \d` wohkf` v`bzfd`lcoz dkm bil d` ch`l |o Vqk|u`zhbil |o bsokl kmwzkvoimì|) \d`z`d` v|plk`l mbi{ vpje`f|v( mbl` dkmv`hc b mbv|`z oc |d` Czìfdhbiapba`( bil j`fbm` |d` apklkia vwkzk| oc b Vofkbhkv| wbw`z) \d`Vqkvv j`fbm` pi`bv{ bil jbikvd`l dkm) Fpzkopvh{ ìopad( |d``lkf| oc jbikvdmì| qbv io| z`son`l pi|kh d` j`fbm` Wz`mk`z)


20/73

MPVVOHKIK \D@ JHBFNVMK\D!V VOI :6\dì d` |zbs`hh`l ki Czbif` bil |d` \zì|kio > qbv bmi`v|k`l

j{ |d` K|bhkbi Aos`zimì| > z`|pzi`l |o `lk| b Vofkbdv| wbw`zki |d` wzoskif` oc @mkdb > |oon wbz| ki |d` Bifoib Vofkbhkv| Foi-az`vv > j`fbm` b h`bl`z bil `sì|pbhh{ qbv bvn`l |o `lk| |d`* Bsbi|k(* |d` occkfkbh ozabi oc |d` Vofkbhkv| Wbz|{)BD |dkv |km` d` d`hl |o |d` kl`bhv oc Vofkbhkvm) D` dbl b hbza`cohhoqkia bil qbv zàbzl`l bv |d` fomkia mbi oc |d` wbz|{) K|kv ki|`z`v|kia( ki sk`q oc hb|`z `sì|v( |o z`fbhh |d` wzowd`f{ mbl`j{ Aòza` Voz`h( |d` J`hakbi Vofkbhkv|( ki 2;2:) D` qzo|` 5

* Opz Mpvvohkik kv io| bi ozlkibz{ Vofkbhkv|) J`hk`s` m`( {opqkhh w`zdbwv {`| v`` dkm b| |d` d`bl oc b vbfz`l jb||bhkoi( vbhp|kiaqk|d dkv kkwhkc|`l vqozl |d` K|bhkbichba) D` kv bi K|bhkbi oc |d`ckc|`ì|dfì|pz{) K| kv io| {`| nioqi( dp| d` kv |d` oih{ ì`za`|kf mbi fbwbjhòc mìlkia |d` q`bni`vv`v oc dkv Aos`zimì|)*Io wzowd`f{ qbv `s`z moz` cphh{ cphckhh`l)\dì fbm` |d` lkvkhhpvkoimì| qdì Vofkbhkvm j`fbm` mkhk|bi|

ki Cozhk bil Zbsìib) K| qbv cohhoq`l j{ o|d`z vkaiv |db| Mpvvohkikqbv kil``l * io| bi ozlkibz{ Vofkbhkv|)*Qdì |d` K|bdbi bil Bpv|zkbi Wzkm` Mkikv|`zv bzzbia`l b m``|kiab| Bjbuukb( ki 2; 2 Mpvvohkik qbv coz k|) D` l`fhbz`l |db| %% |d`s`z{ z`bvoiv coz fkskhkvb|koi bil |d` loambv oc dkv|oz{ q`z` km-wDfb|`l)* D` blmk||`l |db| fbwk|bh mkad| dbs` dbl b vdbz` kijzkiakia bjop| |d` foichkf|( jp| d` l`fdi`l |o pv` |dov` fbpv`v bvwzowbabilb coz n``wkia K|bh{ op|) D` q`kad`l pw |d` vk|pb|koibil l`fhbz`l |db| vd` mpv| eoki |d` Bhhk`v)\d`z`pwoi dkv hb|` fomzbl`v b||bfn`l dkm qk|d `t|zbozlkibz{

skohìf` bil fzk`l( * Nkhh dkm " *D` cbf`l dkv |zblpf`zv b| b mbvv m``|kia oi Ios`mj`z :0( 2;2


21/73

:< \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V|d` Owwoiì|v oc Vofkbhkvm) D` dbl io|dkia |o abki jp| vfozi(l`zkvkoi( db|z`l( j{ bjbiloikia dkv czkìlv bil dkv fbz``z) D` qbvfbv| op|( b| w`bf` qk|d dkv foivfkìf` jp| v|zkww`l oc bhh |d` vpff`vvd` dbl qoi j{ {`bzv oc `ccoz|)

Dkv l`c`f|koi wzos`l |d` az`b|`v| jhoq Vofkbhkvm dbl `s`z z`f`ks`l)B i`q Vofkbhkv| lbkh{ i`qvwbw`z( |d` * Wowoho l!K|bhkb(* qbvcopil`l coz Mpvvohkik oi Ios`mj`z 20( 2;2


22/73

MPVVOHKIK \D@ JHBFNVMK\D!V VOI :0aoi` op| oc cbvdkoi) Vofkbhkvm dbl bhz`bl{ wokvoi`l |d` fopi|z{j{ vpjs`zvks` lof|zki`v |o vpfd bi `t|ì| |db| skf|oz{ qbv foi-vkl`z`l j{ k|v cohhoq`zv bv b az`b|`z lkvbv|`z |dbi l`c`b|) Kiv|`bloc mbzfdkia |dzopad |d` fbwk|bh bv |d`kz fomzbl`v ki Bhhk`l fopi|zk`vdbl loi`( |d` vohlk`zv skz|pbhh{ vhpin jbfn bv |dopad j`b|ì( e``z`lb| oi bhh vkl`v j{ |d` Vofkbhkv|v)\d` Aos`zimì|( qdkfd |dopad| k| qbv blow|kia b foifkhkb|oz{

b||k|pl` qdì ki cbf| k| qbv m`z`h{ `tdkjk|kia zbin foqbzlkf`(bfrpk`vf`l ki |d` l`mbil oc |d` Vofkbdv|v |db| |d` wzowov`l|zkpmwdbh mbzfd |dzopad Zom` vdophl j` bjbiloi`l) \d` bzfd`vbil o|d`z l`fozb|koiv ki |d` bifkì| Zombi v|{h` qdkfd dblj`ì wz`wbz`l coz |dkv c`v|ksbh q`z` l`v|zo{`l)\dkv vpzzìl`z |o |d` ì`mk`v oc K|bh{ qbv bi bqbnìkia cozmbi{ cozm`z j`hk`s`zv ki |d` Vofkbhkv| mos`mì|) \d`{ zbhD`l|o Mpvvohkik qdì d` zbkv`l dkv sokf` ki |d` ioz|d 5 * VofkbDvm kv bcbhv` aol) Fbv| k| op| bil d`hw m` vbs` K|bh{ " * \d`{ q`z` io|mbi{ jp| |d`{ q`z` vkif`z`)Qk|d |d` blsì| oc w`bf` fbm` zì`q`l bf|ksk|{ oi |d` wbz| oc

|d` vpjs`zvks` `h`mì|v) \d` Vofkbhkv|v woki|`l |o S`zvbkhh`v bilbvn`l oc |d` qoznkia mì 5 !! Qdb| lkl {op a`| op| oc |d` qbz ? *\d` dkad fov| oc dskia( qkl`vwz`bl pi`mwho{mì|( l`wz`fkb|`lfpzzìf{( bhh q`z` mb|`zkbh coz |d` Z`l wzowbabilkv|v)Bv oi` oc Mpvvohkik!v D`p|ìbi|v wp| k| |o m` 5 %! B c`q wòwh`

lpzkia |d` qbz dbl `sì vbkl( ! H`| |d` Bpv|zkbiv fom` > q` fbihks` bv q`hh pil`z bi Bpv|zkbi @mw`zoz bv pil`z bi K|bhkbi Nkia(!jp| ioq wòwh` jàbi |o vb{( ! Q`hh( h`| |d` z`sohp|koi fom` > q`fbiio| ao oi |dkv qb{)! *\d`{ z`mbki`l wbvvks` pil`z |d` bf|ksk|k`v oc |d` Vofkbhkv| cbf|koiv)

\d`{ q`z` |ohl |db| |d`z` qophl j` io moz` qbzv( |d`z`coz` |d` bzm{bil ibs{ vdophl j` vfzbww`l) Occkf`zv j`fbm` |bza`|v coz bjpv`)\d` Aos`zimì| d`hl bi kirpkz{ ki|o |d` l`c`b| b| Fbwoz`||o qdkfdj`fbm` b nkil oc mpl-vhkiakia fomw`|k|koi ki qdkfd mbi{ abhhbi|vohlk`zv q`z` j`vwb||`z`l) \d` Vofkbdv|v bll`l |dkv |o |d`kz v|ofn-ki-|zbl`)\d`z` qbv io ho{bDv| wzowbabilb qoz|d vw`bnkia oc) Mpvvodik!v

sokf` qbv bv oi` fz{kia ki b qkhl`zi`vv) \d` Vofkbhkv| azopwv dbl`s`z{|dkia |d`kz oqi qb{) \d` Aos`zimì| qbv bczbkl oc |d`m(bil |d` Vofkbhkv|v ni`q k|) Vo |d`{ az`q ki v|zìa|d bil kichpìf`)

Mpvvohkik vbq |db| io d`hw coz |d` ho{bh woz|koi oc |d` wowphb|koiqophl fom` czom Zom`) Qoznkia-mì qdo oih{ qbi|`l b hkskiaqba` bil qdo v|khh j`hk`s`!l ki |d` vkmwh` wzkifkwh`v oc ho{bh|{ |o


23/73

:3 \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V|d`kz fopi|z{ q`z` j`kia dopil`l ki|o |d` Vofkbhkv| ozabikvb|koivqk|d |d` bh|`zib|ks` oc v|bzsb|koi) Copz moi|dv oc w`bf` q`z`moz` |dbi vpcckfkì| |o foiskif` dkm |db| kc K|bh{ qbv |o j` vbs`lczom ki|`zibh ì`mk`v k| qophl oih{ j` j{ |d` ki|`zsì|koi oc ki|z`wklwb|zko|v qdo q`z` qkhhkia |o zkvn |d`kz hks`v foiv|bi|h{ bil |o j`fom`|`fdikfbhh{ fzkmkibhv ki ozl`z |o pwdohl |d` hbq)Bil vo( oi Mbzfd :0( 2;2;( |d` fzpvbl` oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz| qbv

jàpi)


24/73

\D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V :1

FDBW\@Z COPZLBSKL AO@V OP\ BABKIV\ AOHKB\D

Qdì Cbvfkvmo qbv jom io| b vkiah` i`qvwbw`z mì|koi`l |d`cbf|)

Vkaioz Mpvvodik lkl io| os`zhoon |dkv vhkad|) Cz`rpì|h{lpzkia |d` i`t| `kad|`ì moi|dv( qdkh` dkv Jhbfn Vdkz|v q`z`vhoqh{ bil wbkicphh{ mbnkia |d`kz qb{ cozqbzl( d` qbzi`l |dìb|koi |dzopad dkv eopzibh( |d` * Wowoho l!K|bhkb(* |db| k|v bkz ockilkcc`zìf` qYophl j` zpl`h{ lkvw`hh`l)

* [op qkhh j` vw`bnkia oc |d` Cbvfkv|k oi` lb{ " J{ Eos`( {opqkhh vw`bn oc k| " !!d` vbkl) Bil |d`{ lkl)\d` ozabikvb|koi qdkfd dbl k|v kif`w|koi b| Mkhbib do|j`loc Vofkbhkv| bil Fommpikv| ki|zkapòi Mbzfd :0( 2; 2;( qbv

copil`l oi dkv|ozkf hki`v) K|v v{mjoh qbv |d` Cbvf`v( |d` `mjh`moc bp|dozk|{ fbzzk`l j{ |d` Zombi hkf|ozv 5 bi `t`fp|koi`z!v bt`qk|d |d` dbilh` ìfhov`l ki |d` zolv qd`z`qk|d fzkmkibhv q`z`vfopza`l) \dpv |d` ckzv| azopwv oc sohpi|``zv bvv`mjh`l j{Mpvvohkik bil wh`la`l |o lkvfkwhki`( oj`lkìf`( bil ho{bh|{ |o |d`V|b|` bil |d`kz z`hkakoi( q`z` nioqi bv %% Cbvfk)*\d`v` ckzv| fzpvbl`zv q`z` bhmov| ì|kz`h{ `t-occkf`zv bil vohlk`zvoc |d` Bzlk|k $K|bhkbi v|ozm |zoowv+( qdo dbl lkv|kiapkvd`l |d`m-v`hs`v ki |d` qbz) \d`{ q`z` c`bzh`vv( z`bl{ |o |bn` bi{ zkvn bil|o h`bl bi{ cozhozi dow`( bil bikmb|`l voh`h{ j{ |d` l`vkz` |ovbs` |d`kz fopi|z{)

\d`kz lkvfkwhki` qbv v|`m bv ki |d` Bzlk|k( bil czom |dkv cbmopvhàkoi |d`{ jozzoq`l v`s`zbh lkv|kiapkvdkia c`b|pz`v) \d` Bzlk|kq`z` lkskl`l ki|o |qo v`f|koiv 5 |d` !% Ckbmm` Zovv` * oz * Z`lChbm`v(* bil |d` * Ckbmm` I`z` * oz * Jhbfn Chbm`v(* czom |d`fbw jbla` qdkfd vdoq`l b chbm` l`skf` ki `k|d`z z`l oz jhbfn)Z`l qbv bhz`bl{ |d` fohopz oc Vofkbhkvm) Jhbfn( |d`z`coz`( j`fbm`|d` fohopz oc |d` Cbvfkv|k)

\d`kz pikcozm qbv b |kad|-ck||kia jhbfn vdkz|( mkhk|bz{ jz``fd`voc az`{-az`ì fho|d( wp||``v bil v|op| joo|v( bil b w`bnh`vv jhbfnfbw hkn` b cù( czom qdkfd l`wìl`l b jhbfn |bvv`h) Oi |d`kz


25/73

:4 \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\Vvdkz| q`z` `mjhbuoi`l |d` ib|koibh fohopzv bil |d` lkv|kiapkvdkiajbla` oc |d`kz v`f|koivom`|km`v b vnphh bil fzovvjoi`v) \d`{i`s`z qoz` b fob| qdì oi v`zskf`( ki ozl`z |db| |d`kz bzmv mkad|j` cz``) Ki bf|koi |d`kz fbw qbv pvpbhh{ z`whbf`l j{ b jhbfn |zìfdd`hm`|) \d`{ fbzzk`l z`sohs`zv bil b hobl`l v|kfn( qdkfd qbv s`z{pv`cph ki fhov`-rpbz|`z v|z``|-ckad|kia) \d` Fommpikv|v hob|d`lk|) Ki hb|`z lb{v |d` zbin bil ckh` q`z` bzm`l qk|d fbzjki`v( |d`vdoz| q`bwoi fbzzk`l j{ bP K|bhkbi cozf`v `tf`w| |d` kicbi|z{)\d`{ |oon bv |d`kz mbzfdkia voia |d` Bzlk|k bkz * Akoskiùub(* bvoia oc {op|d coz qdkfd vw`fkbh s`zv`v q`z` qzk||ì) \d`{ vbhp|`lki |d` bifkì| Zombi cbvdkoi qk|d |d` zkad| bzm op|v|z`|fd`l(qdkfd qbv z`sks`l j{ l!Biipiuko b| Ckpm`) \d`kz fz{( * @eb(@eb( Bhbhb(* vbkl |o j` |d` bifkì| Az``n `rpksbhì| coz * Dpzzbd(*qbv blow|`l j{ |d` K|bdbi bskb|koi fozwv( oi l!Biipiuko!v vpaa`v-|koi( lpzkia |d` qbz)

\d`kz cozmb|koi qbv b| ckzv| foicki`l |o * m_bikwohk(* oz v`f|koiv(fomwov`l oc czom Y:7 |o 67 mì pil`z b v`f|koi h`bl`z) Bv |d`mos`mì| az`q( Vkaioz Mpvvohkik `twbil`l |d` ozabikvb|koi oibifkì| mkd|bz{ hki`v) \d` * mbikwod(* oz dbilcphv oc mì(q`z` q`hl`l ki|o azopwv oc 277 pil`z b fì|pzkoi) \d` pik| ki`s`z{ wzoskif` j`fbm` b fodoz| qdkfd mkad| j` bi{ ipmj`z ocvmbhh`z azopwv) \d` fommbil`z ki `bfd zàkoi qbv v|{h`l bFoivph) Os`z |d` Foivphv qbv b Uoi` Kivw`f|oz) \d` vpwz`m`mkhk|bz{ fommbil qbv s`v|`l ki b fopifkh oc |dz``)

Lpzkia |d` z`fì| ow`zb|koiv qdkfd jzopad| |d` Cbvfkv|k |oZom`( 221(777 v|zoia( |d` Vpwz`m` Fopifkh foivkv|`l oc Aì`zbhL`joio( b z`|kz`l occkf`z > F`vbz` Mbzkb L`s`ffdk( qdo qbv b fbw|bkilpzkia |d` qbz bil kv ioq bi pil`z-v`fz`|bz{ b| |d` Mkikv|z{ ocQbz ki fdbza` oc vohlk`zv! q`hcbz` qozn > bil K|bho JoPo( bi `t-d`p|ìbi|)

Mpvvohkik lkz`f|`l |d` aì`zbh ozabikvb|koi bil qbv k|v h`blkiavwkzk|( jp| d` lkl io| foicki` dkv hbjopzv |o m`z` l`vn qozn bilozb|oz{) D` |oon wbz| ki moz` |dbi oi` jb||h` qk|d |d` Fom-mpikv|v( ckad|kia qk|d bv n`ì ì|dpvkbvm bv |d` i`q`v| z`fzpk|)B| ckzv| |d` Cbvfkv|k q`z` wk|kcphh{ c``jh` fomwbz`l |o |d` Z`l

cozf`v bzopil |d`m) \d` i`q fzpvbl`zv q`z` coz b |km` hoon`lb| bvnbif`( `sì j{ owwoiì|v oc |d` Vofkbhkv| mos`mì|) \d`Z`lv jzbil`l |d`m bv |d` baì|v oc b i`q * Fubzkv| * foivwkzbf{coz |d` vofkbh bil kilpv|zkbh ìvhbs`mì| oc K|bh{) \d`{ q`z`lìopif`l bv vkikv|`z z`bf|koibzk`v) \d`kz dkad kl`bhv bil piv`hckvdl`so|koi |o lp|{ q`z` io| cphh{ z`bdv`l ki |dov` `bzh{ lb{v oc |d`


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LB SKL AO@V OP\ BABKIV\ AOHKB \D :;v|zpaah` babkiv| Johvd`skvm) [`| |d`{ n`w| v|op|h{ oi |d` zofn{zobl |o cz``lom( foi|ì| |o h`| |d` qozhl epla` |d`m j{ z`vph|v)

K| qbv b jb||h` oc b w{am{ babkiv| b akbi|)\d` * Wowoho l!K|bhkb * fdbia`l czom b VofkbDv| wbw`z |o |d`

ozabi oc * `t-vohlk`zv bil wzolpf`zv)* Mpvvohkik!v ohl wbw`z( |d`* Bsbi|k(* foi|kip`l |o b||bfn dkm skfkopvh{ bil |d` Cbvfkv|k kiaì`zbh) Qdì |d` aì`zbh `h`f|koi qbv d`hl ki 2;2;( b c`q moi|dvbc|`z Cbvfkvmo qbv hbpifd`l( Mpvvohkik zbi coz Wbzhkbmì| qk|d\ovfbikik( |d` mpvkfkbi( bil Mbzki`||k( |d` Cp|pzkv| wbki|`z( |dkv|zko j`kia foivkl`z`l j{ |d` Cbvfkv|k z`wz`vì|b|ks` oc |d` i`qvwkzk| ki K|bh{)

Mpvvohkik oih{ z`f`ks`l 0(777 so|`v( qdkh` \pzb|k( |d` Vofkbhkv|(qbv z`|pzi`l qk|d os`z 277(777) \d` * Bsbi|k * `tfhbkm`l bc|`z|dkv l`c`b| oc |d` Cbvfkv|k 5 * \d` zo||kia fozwv` oc |d` bhmov|-l`wp|{ Mpvvohkik dbv j`ì copil ki |d` fbibh)* Qdkfd( bv Mpvvo-hkik jhbilh{ woki|`l op| |o dkv czkìlv( bww`bz`l |o j` pi|zp`)\d` l`c`b| lkl io| lkvfopzba` dkm) D` lkvmkvv`l k| bv b * Vofkb-

hkv| skf|oz{ oi wbw`z * bil qì| bd`bl ìhkv|kia Cbvfkv|k)Qdì |d` Ckpm` `tw`lk|koi j`fbm` |d` az`b| kvvp` ki K|bh{ kiV`w|`mj`z( 2;2;( |d` Cbvfkv|k bffhbkm`l |dkv * z`soh| oc vwkzk|

babkiv| jzp|` cozf`(* bil |dz`q |d`kz q`kad| oi |d` vkl` ocl!Biipiuko) Qdkh` |d` cp|pz` oc Ckpm` z`mbki`l ki |d` jbhbif`(|d`{ foifì|zb|`l |d`kz `ccoz|v oi vpwwoz|kia |d` wo`| qdo d`hl|d` |oqi) Lpzkia 2;:7 w`zdbwv dbhc |d` Cbvfkv|k bf|ksk|{ qbvl`so|`l |o dkm)L!Biipiuko ckibhh{ skf|ozkopv( |d` Cbvfkv|k babki cofpv`l |d`kzb||ì|koi oi |d` ckad| babkiv| Fommpikvm( bil qì| bd`bl w`z-

c`f|kia |d`kz ozabikvb|koi bil |d` mbfdki`z{ coz mojkhkvb|koi)\d` Vofkbdv|v dbl( |dzopad |d`kz hbqh`vvi`vv bil m`|dolv oc

|`zzozkvm( bhkìb|`l wpjhkf vì|kmì| ki mbi{ whbf`v( |d` ckzv|v{mw|omv oc b d`bh|dk`z c``hkia j`kia ki |d` wzoskif` oc @mkhkb(|dì ki Fz`moib( Mbi|pb( Vop|d`zi Sì`|kb( bil Pmjzkb) Foiv`-rpì|h{ |d`kz |`zzozkv| fbmwbkai qbv z`lopjh`l) \d` wpikvdmì|m`|`l op| j{ Cbvfkv|k jbilv coz hofbh op|zba`v kifk|`l |d`m |o cz`vdz`wzkvbhv( bil |d`v` q`z` fopi|`z`l babki j{ |d`kz ì`mk`v( vo |db|ki |d` |pzjphì| ioz|d hkc`bil l`b|dzbi ki b skfkopv fkzfh`)\d` Cbvfkv|k qì| bjop| |d`kz azkm qozn qk|d b vfozicph fbhm)

\d`{ dbzlh{ `s`z abs` qb{ |o `tf`vv`v `sì pil`z `t|z`m` wzoso-fb|koi) \d`{ m`|`l op| wpikvdmì| qk|d |d` ki`tozbjh` l`-m`biopz oc bi `t`fp|koi`z) Fommpikv| fhpjv( ki qdkfd op|zba`v dblj`ì whbii`l( q`z` jpzi`l !|o |d` azopil) Fommpikv| bvvbvvkiv


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67 \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\Vlk`l ki v|z``| jb||h`vvom`|km`v ki wzksb|`) Mkv`zbjh` lpw`v oc|d` Johvd`skv| baì|v q`z` j`b|ì bil vì| bfdkia bqb{)\d` `cc`f|v oc |d` z`bf|koi babkiv| Vofkbhkvm bil Fommpikvm

q`z` v`ì b| |d` vwzkia `h`f|koiv ki 2;: 2( qdì |d` Cbvfkv|k oj|bki`l6: v`b|vb az`b| skf|oz{) Mpvvohkik( qdo dbl oih{ 0(777 so|`vj`coz`( qbv z`|pzi`l bhmov| pibikmopvh{ ki C`zzbzb bil Mkhbk)jo|d- v|zoia Vofkbhkv| fì|z`v) \d` voi oc |d` jhbfnvmk|d b| Wz`lbwwko( qdo |ì {`bzv j`coz` dbl hks`l b dbil-|o-mop|d `tkv|ìf`(oc|ì qoznkia hkn` b hbjopz`z |o n``w dkmv`hc bhks`( cokml dkmv`hcki |d` Fdbmj`z oc L`wp|k`v b| Zom`( wzofhbkmkia |d` zkad|v bilbkmv oc |d` Cbvfkv|k)

\dkv qbv |d` z`bh jkz|d oc Cbvfkvmo bv b wohk|kfbh wbz|{( bh|dopadk| qbv io| cozmbhh{ ozabikv`l bv vpfd pi|kh |d` Zom` foiaz`vv kiIos`mj`z ki |d` vbm` {`bz)\d` fzpvbl` v|zpaah`l oi( z`f`kskia bllk|koibh d`hw( jp| fom-

wbzb|ks`h{ vhoqh{) \d` Aos`zimì| z`mbki`l vpwki` bil bhmov|ojv`rpkopv b| |d` c``| oc mkhk|bi| Vofkbhkvm) @i|kz` |oqiv ki |dìoz|d vpfd bv Bifoib( Hksozio( Mkhbi( bil Johoaib q`z` ki |dàzkw oc Fommpikv|v) Wohk|kfbh v|zkn`v q`z` v|zbiahkia |d` wòwh`)K| qbv io| pi|kh |d` mpzl`z oc Akozlbio( b fzkwwh`l vohlk`z b|Johoaib( ki Ios`mj`z( 2;: 2( |db| |d` ckzv| ib|koi-qkl` kmwphv` qbvaksì |o |d` Cbvfkv|k mos`mì| wpz`h{ bv bi bi|klo|` |o Fom-mpikvm) K| qbv( w`zdbwv( |d` mov| v|zknkia oc mbi{ `tbmwh`voc b vpllì kmw`|pv lp` |o b |zbakf z`s`zv`) @s`z{ |km` Cbvfkv|klk`l ki l`cìf` oc |d`kz cbk|d( |d` choq oc z`fzpk|v qbv bff`h`zb|`l)\d` v|oz{ oc Johoaib( |d`z`coz`( kv qoz|d z`hb|kia bv bi kiv|bifòc |dkv v|kmphpv)

Johoaib qbv w`zdbwv |d` az`b|`v| do|j`l oc Johvd`skvm ki K|bh{)Mbipcbf|pzkia ki|`z`v|v dbl azoqi ìozmopvh{ lpzkia |d` qbz(bil |d` ipmj`z oc qoznkia mì dbl kifz`bv`l qk|dop| b wzo-woz|koib|` azoq|d oc |d` mkllh` fhbvv`v bv ki Mkhbi bil \pzki(|d` |qo o|d`z az`b| kilpv|zkbh fì|z`v) $Ki |d` `h`f|koiv ki 2;:|d` Z`lv q`z` l`c`b|`l ki \pzki( bil ki Mkhbi |d`{ oih{ ao| kij{ bjop| 6(777 mbeozk|{ op| oc b |o|bh so|` oc 2


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LB SKL AO@V OP\ BABKIV\ AOHKB\D 6bil vbkl |db| kc |d` chba qbv fbzzk`l |d`z` qophl j` |zopjh`) \d`{ckibhh{ fomwzomkv`l j{ baz``kia |o |d` Fommpikv|v! vdoqkia oi`z`l chba czom |d` |oqi dbhh jbhfoi{ lpzkia |d` mb{oz!v vw``fd( oifoilk|koi io o|d`z chbav q`z` lkvwhb{`l |d`z` oz `hv`qd`z`) \d`Fommpikv|v jzon` |dkv wbf| bil |d`kz jbii`z qbv zbkv`l os`z |d`cbmopv Bvki`hhk |oq`z)\d` Cbvfkv|k v|ozm`l |d` |oq`z bil z`mos`l |d` chba) Qdkh`

|d`{ q`z` mbzfdkia jbfn ki |zkpmwd |d`{ q`z` vdo| b| ki |d` v|z``|)\d` wòwh` bvv`mjh`l ki |d` vrpbz` |o d`bz |d` mb{oz!v vw``fd|d` mbeozk|{ oc |d`m Fommpikv|vYd`bzl |d` vdo|v( |dopad| |d`Cbvfkv|k q`z` b||bfnkia |d`m( bil joh|`l coz fos`z |oqbzlv |d`woz|kfo bil fopz|{bzl oc |d` |oqi dbhh)B Fommpikv| fopifkhhoz qdo hoon`l czom |d` qkiloq oc |d`fopifkh fdbmj`z vbq |d` moj oc Fommpikv|v zpiikia |oqbzlv |d`jpkhlkia( foifhpl`l |d`{ q`z` Cbvfkv|k bjop| |o v|ozm |d` fdbmj`z(bil jàbi chkiakia op| dbil azìbl`v( qk|d qdkfd d` dbl |dopad|-cphh{ wzoskl`l dkmv`hc ki bi|kfkwb|koi oc bzapmì|v b| |d` ckzv|fopifkh m``|kia) B| |d` vbm` |km` o|d`z Fommpikv| fopifkhhozvzov` czom |d`kz v`b|v( z`sohs`zv ki dbil( bil jàbi vdoo|kia loqi|d` mkiozk|{)Mbi{ wòwh` q`z` nkhh`l bil qopil`l ki |d` vrpbz`( bil v`s`zbh

mkiozk|{ fopifkhhozv( z`fzpk|`l czom |d` vo-fbhh`l * Jhoffo l`hh!Ozlki`(* oz * v`f|koi oc hbq bil ozl`z(* c`hh pil`z |d` jphh`|v oc|d`kz owwoiì|v ki |d` fdbmj`z( bmoia |d`m b fzkwwh`l `t-vohlk`zibm`l Akozlbio( qdo qbv nkhh`l op|zkad|)

Dkv l`b|d d`hw`l |o fz`b|` b lkv|kif| z`bf|koi |dzopadop| |d`fopi|z{( bil Cbvfkvmo ìzohh`l mbi{ i`q sohpi|``zv) \d`{kifhpl`l wzoc`vvkoibh mì( v|plì|v( `t-vohlk`zv( bil io| b c`qqoznkia mì qdo dbl cohhoq`l |d` Fommpikv| fbpv`)


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6: \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V

FDBW\@Z CKS@CBVFKV\K MBZ\[ZV

Coz i`bzh{ |qo {`bzv |d` Cbvfkv|" copad| Johvd`skvm bv vmbhh pik|vvfb||`z`l |dzopadop| Ioz|d`zi K|bh{)\d`{ foi|zks`l |o mojkhkv` hofbh `tw`lk|koiv coz vw`fkbh wpzwov`v(jp| b hofbh v`f|koi oc 0 |o :7 mì qbv |d` ozlkibz{ q`bwoi coz

fopi|`zkia Fommpikvm)K| qbv io| pi|kh Ebipbz{( 2;: 2( |db| Cbvfkvmo j`fbm` b l`ckik|`

mkhk|bz{ ozabikvb|koi fbwbjh` oc ow`zb|koiv foi|zohh`l j{ b fì|zbhd`blrpbz|`zv)

J`coz` |db| |km` m`z` dbilcphv oc mì fbzzk`l oi b l`|`zmki`ljp| pi`rpbh v|zpaah`( vpzzopil`l j{ dov|kh` fommpik|k`v biljzbil`l j{ |d` Aos`zimì| bv lbia`zopv z`sohp|koibzk`v)Vpfd fk|k`v bv Mkhbi( Johoaib( Bifoib( bil Hàdozi q`z` ki |d`

dbilv oc bhh-Z`l mpikfkwbh fopifkhv) Vfoz`v oc vmbhh`z |oqiv bilskhhba`v q`z` fomwh`|`h{ lomkib|`l j{ Fommpikv|v) Bv vooi bv|d`{ fbm` ki|o woq`z( |dzopad |d` mbikwphb|koi oc |d` `h`f|koiv(|d`{ cohhoq`l |d` |bf|kfv oc |d` Movfoq mbfdki` ki `v|bjhkvdkiaZ`l Apbzlv) \d`v` q`z` |d` mpikfkwbh `mwho{``v) Ckz`mì(wohkf`( bil fh`zkfbh v|bccv fbm` pil`z |d` kichpìf` oc bi kichb|`lwb{-zohh bil q`z` ho{bh ìopad |o |d`kz jz`bl bil jp||`z)

Ki vpfd fì|z`v |d` Cbvfkv|k q`z` h`vv |dbi dbilcphv) \d`{ dbzlh{`tkv|`l) Bifoib( qdkfd kv b cbkz `tbmwh`( foi|bki`l h`vv |dbi blouì Jhbfn Vdkz|v) Cbio( bi mwoz|bi| ckvdkia woz| oi |d` Blzkb|kf(dbl jp| oi` cohhoq`z oc Mpvvohkik( qdo vwì| mov| oc dkv |km` kidovwk|bh)

Ki Mbzfd( 2;2;( |d`z` q`z` oih{ 10 Cbvfkv|k ki Mkhbi( bil b| |d`ìl oc |db| {`bz h`vv |dbi 2(777)\d` bhmov| kmw`zf`w|kjh` mkiozk|k`v ki |d` Z`l v|zoiadohlv q`z`

d`hwh`vv) \d`kz dopz lkl io| fom` pi|kh Cbvfkvmo fz`b|`l bi bzm{)Bifoib qkhh hoia z`m`mj`z |d` v|ozmkia oc |d` |oqi j{ 6: sbhkbi|mì( bil k|v fomwh`|` blmkikv|zb|koi coz moz` |dbi b moi|d j{ |d`Fzpvbl`zv oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz|) Ki |d` zpzbh lkv|zkf|v |d` Fzpvbl`bvvpm`l b l`ckik|` cozm babkiv| |d` Johvd`skv| v`kupz` oc hbil) \d`


30/73

\QO FDBZBF\@ZKV\KF BVW@F\V OC VKAIOZ MPVVOHKIK

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JPZIKIA FOMMPIKV\ WBW@ZV KI \D@ V\Z@@\V OC ZOM@


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32/73

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33/73

KS

\[WKFBH CBVFKV\K

CBVFKV\K KI HOILOI VBHP\@ \D@ F@IO\BWD


34/73

CBVFKV\K MBZ\[ZV 66w`bvbi|v dbl j`fom` kic`f|`l qk|d |d` fz``l |db| |d`{ oqi`l |d``bz|d( bil |db| hbilhozlv vdophl v|bzs`)\d`{ wzof``l`l |o wzbf|kv` qdb| |d`kz h`bl`zv wz`bfd`l) I`bzh{

bhh |d` hbil ki Ioz|d`zi K|bh{ kv qozn`l oi |d` dbhc-vdbz` v{v|`m)\d` oqi`z wzoskl`v b dopv` coz |d` cbzm`z( bil |d` i`f`vvbz{kmwh`mì|v( bv q`hh bv moi`{( coz fph|ksb|koi) \d` cbzm`z voqv bilz`bwv bil |d` fzowv bz` `rpbhh{ lkskl`l j`|q`ì |d`m) Vofkbhkvm|bpad| |d` w`bvbi|v |o |bn` `s`z{|dkia bil |o aks` io|dkia)

Ki vom` whbf`v |d` cbzm`zv whbi|`l bhh |d` hbil bil whbf`l b hkiòc Z`l chbav loqi |d` mkllh`( lksklkia |d`kz woz|koi czom |db| oc|d` oqi`z) \d`{ z`bw`l |d`kz oqi fzowv( bil h`| |d` z`mbkil`z zo|)Ki o|d`z lkv|zkf|v |d`{ lkl io| `sì voq |d` hbilhozlv! vdbz` oc |d`ck`hlv)Qdì |d` hbil v`kupz` qbv b| k|v d`kad| |d` Z`l l`hàb|koiv qì|

|o vom` wzowzk`|ozv bil l`mbil`l d`bs{ cki`v coz bhhoqkia |d`m |on``w |d`kz wzow`z|{( jp| ki mbi{ whbf`v |d` Fommpikv|v vkmwh{ |oonk|) Kc |d` oqi`z z`vkv|`l d` qbv |d` skf|km oc z`wzkvbhv( oc|ì oc bvbsba` bil jbzjbzopv fdbzbf|`z) Ki |d` WoP`vki` bz`b oc Vop|d`ziSì`|kb b wzowzk`|oz qdo z`vkv|`l |d` foickvfb|koi oc dkv `v|b|` bqonòi` mozikia |o ckil |d` fozwv` oc dkv lbpad|`z( qdkfd dbl j`ìlzbaa`l czom |d` azbs` ki |d` skhhba` f`m`|`z{( h{kia oi dkv loozv|`w)Vpfd bf|v d`hw`l `sì|pbhh{ |o dbv|ì |d` loqicbhh oc Fommpikvm)

Ki |d` Wohh`vki` bz`b |d` Cbvfkv|k( ki |d` cohhoqkia {`bz( qoi 37 op|oc 3: `h`f|ozbh lkv|zkf|v) \d` Fommpikv|v( v|khh cohhoqkia |d` wz`f`w|voc Movfoq( v`fpz`l |d` foi|zoh oc |d` dbzs`v|kia mbfdki`z{ |dzopad|d`kz fo-ow`zb|ks` vofk`|k`v( bil l`fhbz`l owìh{ |db| |d`{ m`bi| |ozpki |d` jopzaòkv hbiloqi`zv)

Oih{ |d` w`bvbi|v! fzowv fophl j` |dz`vd`l) \d` w`bvbi|v( ki|`z-wz`|kia |d` dbhc-bil-dbhc wohkf{ ki |d` Fommpikv| qb{( l`mbil`lwb{mì| ki fbvd coz |d`kz vdbz` ki |d` hks` v|ofn) Qdì |d`{ z`f`ks`l|d` moi`{ |d`{ bhhoq`l |d` j`bv|v |o w`zkvd coz hbfn oc qb|`z) Ki |dkvqb{ |d` ì|kz` lkv|zkf| bzopil Fz`moib qbv lìpl`l oc fb||h` bilwkav)\dpv |d` Cbvfkv|k q`z` cbf`l qk|d |d` wzojh`m oc vbskia |d`

bazkfph|pzbh lkv|zkf|v) Oi` oc |d`kz ckzv| bf|v qbv |o fbzz{ cool bilqb|`z |o |d` j`bv|v h`c| |o lk` ki |d` ck`hlv) \d`{ qì| coz|d kidbilcphv) \d`{ dbl ck`zf` ìfopi|`zv qk|d jbilv oc w`bvbi|vqdo owwov`l |d`kz dpmbi` `ccoz|v qk|d niks`v bil wk|fdcoznv)\dì |d`{ z`vohs`l |o dbzs`v| |d` hbiloqi`zv! fzowv( j`hk`skia |db||d` hb||`z dbl bv mpfd zkad| |o hks` bv dbl |d` w`bvbi|v)Jbilv oc Jhbfn Vdkz|v mbzfd`l ki|o |d` Fommpikv| lkv|zkf|v


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6< \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\Vbil |dz`vd`l |d` fom) \d` ckzv| |km` |dkv qbv loi` qbv b| UohbWz`lovb( b c`q mkh`v czom Johoaib) \d` w`bvbi|v zbia |d` fdpzfdj`hhv bil ab|d`z`l |oa`|d`z( qk|d q`bwoiv) \d`z` q`z` oih{ b c`qCbvfkv|k bil b az`b| mbi{ w`bvbi|v) \dz`vdkia qbv v|oww`l( bil |d`mbfdki`z{ |bnì bqb{ ki |zkpmwd)\d` vbm` ikad| |d` oqi`z oc |d` mbfdki`z{ z`f`ks`l b skvk| czom

|d` Cbvfkv|k( qdo l`mbil`l |d` ibm`v oc |d` w`bvbi|v kisohs`l ki|d` bccbkz)

* Qd{ ? * bvn`l |d` oqi`z)* J`fbpv` q` ki|ìl |o fp| |d`kz d`blv occ(* vbkl |d` Cbvfkv|k h`bl`z(

wohk|`h{) * Q` vdbhh io| h`bs` Uohb Wz`lovb pi|kh |d`kz d`blv bz` occpih`vv |d` mbfdki`z{ kv z`v|oz`l j{ 3 b)m) |o-mozzoq) Mozòs`z({op qkhh m``| pv b| 3 b)m) bil ao qk|d pv |o |d`kz dopv`v( vo |db| q`vdbhh io| mbn` b mkv|bn` bil fp| occ |d` qzoia d`blv)*

Ib|pzbhh{ |d` Cbvfkv|k dbl io ki|ì|koi oc wp||kia |d`kz |dz`b|ki|o `cc`f|( jp| k| wzolpf`l |d` l`vkz`l z`vph|) \dz`vdkia qbv z`vpm`l|d` i`t| lb{)

\d`v` jb||h`v oc |d` dbzs`v|`zv q`z` * kilksklpbhkv| * bf|vkik|kb|`l j{ vmbhh hofbh azopwv oc Cbvfkv|k( qdo lkl io| dbs` bi{woq`zcph jbfnkia) \d`{ q`z` hbq-jz`bn`zv ki |d` `{`v oc |d` bp|dozk-|k`v bil l`blh{ ì`mk`v oc |d` v|zoia Fommpikv| ozabikvb|koiv)[`| |d`{ qì| |d`kz qb{ v|`blkh{( fomjb|kia |d` cozf`v oc bibzfd{

bil |z{kia |o vdoq |d` l`hpl`l w`bvbi|z{ |db| |d`{ q`z` zpkikia|d`mv`hs`v bv q`hh bv |d`kz fopi|z{) \d` fopzba` oc |d`v` {opia mìfoq`l |d` Fommpikv|v( `sì qdì |d` hb||`z op|ipmj`z`l |d`mj{ 07 |o K) \d` nioqh`la` |db| `s`z{ |dz`b| |d`{ mbl` qbv cphckhh`ln`w| loqi |d` fopi|`z-fbmwbkai oc bvvbvvkib|koi qdkfd mkad| dbs``sì|pbhh{ qkw`l |d`m op|)

K fbi khhpv|zb|` |dkv j{ |d` fbv` oc F`vbz` Zovvk( oi` oc |d` `bzhk`v|bil mov| bzlì| Cbvfkv|b( qdkfd mb{ j` |bnì bv vdoqkia |d` Fom-mpikv| vwkzk| ki mbi{ wbz|v oc Ioz|d`zi K|bh{) Zovvk kv b vpzs`{ozqdo qbv ì|zpv|`l j{ |d` Aos`zimì| qk|d |d` |bvn oc jpkhlkia bskhhba` ki |d` Zombaib wzoskif` qdkfd dbl j`ì l`v|zo{`l j{ bi`bz|drpbn`) D` qbv d`bl oc |d` Cbvfkv|k oc dkv lkv|zkf|( qdo b| |db||km` ipmj`z`l oih{ :7) \d` lkv|zkf| qbv fomwh`|`h{ Johvd`skv|)B |dopvbil bzm`l Z`lv q`z` bzopil dkm) Dkv qozn |oondkm |o op|h{kia woki|v( bil d` cz`rpì|h{ dbl |o z`|pzi bhoi`b| ikad|cbhh)D` foi|ìlv |db| |d` oih{ z`bvoi d` kv bhks` |o-lb{ kv j`fbpv`

|d` Fommpikv|v ni`q d` qbv b fzbfn vdo|( bil |db| kc |d`{ vdo| b|dkm( bil mkvv`l( d` qophl vpz`h{ nkhh vomòi`) Kc( oi |d` o|d`z


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CBVFKV\K MBZ\[ZV 60dbil( |d`{ vdo| bil lkl io| mkvv( oi` oc dkv czkìlv qophl bv ki`sk|bjh{nkhh |d` bvvbvvki oz oi` oc dkv bvvofkb|`v)

Ioz|d`zi K|bh{ qbv cphh oc Cbvfkv|k hkn` Zovvk( qdo qì| bjop| |d`kzlbkh{ qozn ki |d` wovk|koi oc mì vpzzopil`l j{ qkhl j`bv|v) \d`kzbf|ksk|k`v i`s`z h`vvì`l coz b lb{ j}Y |dkv nioqh`la`) Vom` oc |d`mlk`l ki l`cìf` oc |d`kz fopi|z{( jp| |d` z`mbkil`z fbzzk`l oi)

K fophl aks` vfoz`v oc kifklì|v oc |d` jzbs`z{ bil v`hc-vbfzkckfòc |d`v` e-op|dv) D`z` bz` b c`q vdkikia `tbmwh`v qdkfd hks` ki |db|z`fozl oc d`zokvm |d` Cbvfkv|k * Joon oc |d` L`bl)*

Akosbiik J`z|b( b 2;-{`bz-ohl Cbvfkv|b oc Chozìf`( fdbhhìa`l bazopw oc Fommpikv|v qdom d` copil ìaba`l ki v`lk|kopv wzowb-abilb ki |d` v|z``|) \d`{ |dz`q dkm ki|o |d` Bzio( bil qdì d`fbpad| dohl oc |d` wk`z oc b jzkla`( |d`{ j`b| dkv dbilv pi|kh d` qbvojhka`l |o h`| ao) Bv d` lzoww`l ki|o |d` qb|`z d` vdop|`l * Hoiahks` K|bh{ " *

Czbifo Aouk( bio|d`z hbl( qdkh` wbz|kfkwb|kia ki b v|z``| ckad| b|C`zzbzb( z`cpv`l |o |bn` fos`z |dopad |d` Fommpikv|v q`z` vdoo|-kia b| dkm czom qkiloqv oi bhh vkl`v( bil d` foi|kip`l |o z`|pzi|d` ckz` ql|d dkv z`sohs`zv pi|kh d` c`hh l{kia qk|d |dz`` jphh`| qopilv)Qk|d dkv hbv| jz`b|d d` abvw`l( * Hoia hks` Cbvfkvmo " *Bmov Mbzbmo||k( qdo qbv nkhh`l ki b Cbvfkv|k b||bfn oi |d`

Fommpikv| Fdbmj`z oc Hbjopz b| \pzki( fbzzk`l ki dkv wofn`| b h`||`zbllz`vv`l |o dkv mo|d`z( ki qdkfd d` vbkl( * K bm aokia op| > w`zdbwv|o lk`( jp| k| lo`v io| mb||`z) Hoia ds` K|bh{) Hoia hks` Cbvfkvmo " *

Cz`rpì|h{ Cbvfkv|k q`z` dpi|`l loqi bil |oz|pz`l) B azopw(qdkh` mbnkia b l`moiv|zb|koi babkiv| |d` Johvd`sknv b| Vbzubib(q`z` vdo| b| j{ Fbzbjkik`zv( bil |d`z`pwoi z`|kz`l zb|d`z |dbi b||bfn|d` cozf`v oc |d` Fzoqi)\d`{ copil |d`mv`hs`v fbpad| j`|q`ì |d` ckz` oc Fommpikv|v

bil |db| oc |d` Fbzbjkik`zv) Copz Cbvfkv|k q`z` nkP`l > |d` z`mbkil`zch`l ki|o |d` fopi|z{) V`sì|`ì oc |d`v` cpak|ks`v q`z` wp| |o l`b|dj{ |d` Fommpikv|v) Vom` q`z` jpzi| bhks`) \qo q`z` fp| pw ki|ojk|v) Oi` qbv ckzv| jhkil`l qk|d z`l-do| kzoiv)

\d`v` b|zofk|k`v fbpv`l b l``w z`sphvkoi oc c``hkia |dzopad |d`Vbzubib lkv|zkf|)Qdì |d` Cbvfkv|k az`q v|zoia ìopad |o pil`z|bn` wpik|ks`

`tw`lk|koiv ki|o |d` Z`l |oqiv |d`{ hk|`zbhh{ v`ku`l Johvd`skvm j{|d` |dzob|) Ki |d`v` Fommpikv| fì|z`v qbz oi vofk`|{ qbv owìh{lkz`f|`l babkiv| q`hh-lz`vv`l w`zvoiv ojskopvh{ m`mj`zv oc |d` db|`ljopzaòkv fhbvv)Z`l lzks`zv qophl io| v|ow |zbmqb{-fbzv b| bwwoki|`l dbh|kia


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63 \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\Vwhbf`v kc |d`{ vbq * qdk|` fohhbz * |zbs`hh`zv qbk|kia |o j`|bnì pw)\d` Cbvfkv|k blow|`l |d` fopzv` oc wp||kia oi` oc |d`kz ipmj`z ki

whbki fho|d`v oi |d` whb|cozm j`vkl` |d` lzks`z) Kc |d` hb||`z cbkh`l|o v|ow coz |d` pvpbh z`bvoi( d` z`f`ks`l b |`zzkckf jhoq oi |d` d`bl)Kc d` vdoq`l |zpfphìf`( d` copil b Cbvfkv|k z`sohs`z wz`vv`l babkiv|dkv v|ombfd)

Ki |dkv qb{ |d` z`f`kw|v oc |d` |zbmqb{v azblpbhh{ kifz`bv`l( bilqomì oc |d` mkllh` fhbvv`v io hoia`z dbl |o qbhn)

Wohk|kfbh v|zkn`v q`z` jzonì j{ l`|bfdmì|v oc |d` Cbvfkv|k kijozzoq`l hozzk`v oz mo|oz-fbzv wbkl coz j{ |d`kz wpjhkfh{ vpjvfzkj`lcpilv) \d` Fommpikv| |bf|kfv ki vpfd fbv`v q`z` lkz`f|`l( oc fopzv`(|oqbzlv v|bzskia |d` wòwh` j{ wbzbh{vkia |d` cool vpwwhk`v bil |d`wpjhkf v`zskf`v) \d` Cbvfkv|k vì| |d`kz sbiv bil fbzv ki|o |d` fopi|z{lkv|zkf|v bil fohh`f|`l àav( hks` v|ofn( jz`bl bil sà`|bjh`v( bilbhvo fohh`f|`l b vpcckfkì| ipmj`z oc vphhì( piqkhhkia w`bvbi|v biljzopad| |d` ho| ki|o |d` i`bz`v| fì|z` bcc`f|`l j{ |d` v|zkn`( qYd`z`|d` w`bvbi|v q`z` cozf`l |o v`hh |d`kz qbz`v b| b cbkz wzkf`)\d`v` bi|k-v|zkn` fbmwbkaiv lkl io| j`fom` vpff`vvcph oi b hbza`vfbh` pi|kh bc|`z |d` Cbvfkv|k j`fbm` b mkhk|bz{ ozabikvb|koi b| |d`

jàkiikia oc 2;: 2( jp| `sì ki |d` `bzhk`z lb{v vmbhh fommpik|k`v(qdkfd qophl dbs` vpcc`z`l az`b|h{ czom |d` Johvd`skv| cozm oc hofbhv|zkn`( q`z` vbs`l czom l`v|k|p|koi)\dpv bi oje`f|-h`vvoi qbv `s`z j`coz` |d`m) \qo nkilv oc

cz``lom q`z` lkvwhb{`l coz |d`kz foi|`mwhb|koi 5 oi` dpia bjop|qk|d cki` qozlv( qk|d fdbkiv pil`zi`b|d coz jkilkia |d`m |oJohvd`skvm > |d` o|d`z occ`z`l j{ mì qdo bvn`l io moz` |dbi|db| qozn`zv abs` |o o|d`z fhbvv`v oc vofk`|{ |d` vbm` fdbif`v bv|d`{ l`vkz`l coz |d`mv`hs`v)


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\D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V 61

FDBW\@Z VKTFBV\OZ OKH COZ \D@ JOHVD@SKNV)

Ki |d`kz qbz babkiv| Johvd`skvm |d` Fzpvbl`zv oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz|pv`l mbi{ q`bwoiv) Oi` o) |d` mov| `cc`f|ks` qbv fbv|oz okh)Bv oi` {op|dcp h`bl`z `twhb i`l |o m`( k| qbv io| vo mpfd bq`bwoi bv b z`m`l{) \d` Cbvfkv|k q`z` foiv|bi|h{ ìfopi|`zkia

bf|v oc lkvho{bh|{ qdkfd l`v`zs`l wpikvdmì| oi |d` hoq`z vfbh`(bil Vkaioz K|bho Jbhjo( qdo hoonv hkn` b mkd|bi| wo`|( jp| kv i`s`z-|d`h`vv oi` oc |d` s`|`zbiv oc Cbvfkvmo l`vwk|` dkv :1 {`bzv( foi-f`ks`l |d` kl`b oc wpzakia vofk`|{ ki |dkv vkmwh` qb{)

( D` dbl |o l`bh qk|d |d` fbv` o b mbi oc i`bzh{ 37( qdo qbvapkh|{ oc wzowbabilb babkiv| |d` V|b|`) \d` fphwzk| qbv |oo ohl|o j` j`b|ì) Vkaioz Jbhjo dbl dkm cozfkjh{ coz|kck`l qk|d b wki| ocfbv|oz okh( blmkikv|`z`l ki |qo hbza` |pmjh`zv j{ vkmwh{ v|owwkiadkv jz`b|d pi| d` dbl |o vqbhhoq oz lk`) D` qbv n`w| pil`z z`-v|zbki| pi|kh |d` z`m`l{ dbl |bnì b ckzm dohl oi dkm bil |dì vì|jbfn |o dkv cbmkh{)

\d`z`bc|`z fbv|oz okh j`fbm` b vos`z`kai z`m`l{ coz !% Z`l mbl-i`vv)* K| qbv aksì |o bhh jz``lv oc Johvd`sknv( czom l`vw`zblo`vz`fzpk|`l czom |d` fzkmkibh fhbvv`v |o vfdoohmbv|`zv bil * ki|`h-h`f|pbhv * dkad`z pw ki |d` mos`mì| |o os`z|dzoq |d` nkialom)\d` `cc`f| qbv picbkdia) K bm |ohl |db| b * wb|kì| * i`s`z

zìl`z`l dkmv`hc hkbjh` |o b v`foil lov`) Qdì d` `m`za`l czomdkv z`|kz`mì|( wbh` bil dbaabzl( d` copil dkmv`hc bi oje`f| oczklkfph` kiv|`bl oc b mbz|{z) D` qbv i`s`z rpk|` |d` vbm` mbibabki) Cbvfkv|k qophl wbvv dkm j{ qk|d bi kzoikf kirpkze)Y bv |o |d`v|b|` oc dkv d`bh|d( bil Fommpikv| bffomwhkf`v dbl lkcckfph|{ ki`twz`vvkia v{mwb|d{ qdkfd lkl io| j`|zb{ b vpaa`v|koi oc bmpv`-mì|)

Zklkfph` |dpv j`fbm` b woq`zcph bhh{ oc |d` Fzpvbl`zv oc |d` JhbfnVdkz|) \d` wv{fdohoakv|v b| |d` d`bl oc |d` mos`mì| abpa`l`tbf|h{ |d` mì|bhk|{ oc |d`kz owwoiì|v( bil qd`z` h`vv vpj|h`h`bl`zv mkad| dbs` z`hk`l mkv|bnìh{ oi jzp|` cozf` bhoi`( |d`{qba`l qbz qk|d cki` lkvfzkmkib|koi)


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64 \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\VVo wo|ì| dbv |d` kichpìf` oc fbv|oz okh j`fom`( |db| k| kv ioq b

cozmklbjh` bzapmì| coz vpwwz`vvkia sbzkopv cozmv oc lkvozl`z)\d` hofbh Cbvfkv|k b| Blzkb( ki Sì`|kb( dbs` epv| kvvp`l bi `lkf|babkiv| lzpinìi`vv qdkfd wz`vfzkj`v |dkv ioq cbmkhkbz bi|klo|`coz os`z-kilphaìf`) Io| oih{ kv |d` dbjk|pbhh{ lzpinì fk|kuì |oj` lov`l qk|d fbv|oz okh( jp| |d` wpjdfbi bv q`hh( kc d` v`hhv ki-|otkfbi|v |o pivoj`z w`zvoiv oz |o jo{v pil`z 2


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FBV\OZ OKH COZ \D@ JOHVD@SKNV 6;bil kc {op v|b{ d`z` m{ whbf` qkhh j` vmbvd`l pw) Vo wh`bv` mos` bhk||h` qb{ occ)*\d` mb{oz qì| op| hkn` b mbi ki b lz`bm( bil qbv vopilh{

|zopif`l ki |d` mkllh` oc |d` v|z``|) D` qì| jbfn |o Cbio bilz`vkai`l)O|d`z Vofkbhkv|-Fommpikv| mb{ozv copil |d`mv`hs`v op| ococckf` j`coz` |d`{ ni`q qdb| qbv dbwwìkia) Oi` oc |d`m qophlz`f`ks` b Cbvfkv|" h`||`z vb{kia |db| oc fopzv` d` qbv bqbz` |db| d`qbv qdohh{ pick| |o j` mb{oz( bil |db| ib|pzbhh{ d` qbv `tw`f|`l|o z`vkai)

Kc |d` mb{oz |oon io io|kf`( d` z`f`ks`l b v`foil h`||`z |dz`` ozcopz lb{v hb|`z( fopfd`l ki |d` vbm` lkz`f| jp| wohk|` hbiapba`)\dkv qophl j` cohhoq`l qk|dki b q``n j{ |d` bzzksbh oc b azopwoc Cbvfkv|kkisbzkbjh{ czom bio|d`z lkv|zkf|pvpbhh{ ki |d` mkllhòc |d` ikad|) \d` mb{oz qophl fom` loqi ki dkv ikad|vdkz| |o ckilb azkm jp| vmkhkia vwon`vmbi vpzzopil`l j{ o|d`z Jhbfn Vdkz|v(q`bzkia |d` jpvki`vv-hkn` `rpkwmì| oc mì oi bf|ks` v`zskf`)

!! Q` d`bz |db| {op qbi| |o z`vkai(* vb{v |d` vwon`vmbi)* Jp|( io(* fdb||`zv |d` mb{oz)* Jp|( {`v(* kivkv|v |d` Cbvfkv|b( * qd{( d`z` kv {opz z`vkaib|koi(

bhz`bl{ qzk||ì op|) Vkai d`z`( wh`bv`)*\d` mb{oz vkaiv bil |d` z`vkaib|koi ao`v |o |d` Aos`zimì|)

Ki lp` fopzv` b Zo{bh Fommkvvkoi`z kv bwwoki|`l j{ |d` Fzoqi |oblmkikv|`z |d` fommpi` pi|kh |d` i`t| `h`f|koi) Ki |dkv qb{ moz`|dbi 077 mb{ozv qdo dbl j`ì wp| ki occkf` j{ Fommpikv|-foi|zohh`l`h`f|koiv q`z` lkvwhbf`l ki b c`q q``nv)

Zklkfph` dbv j`ì |d` wz`lomkibi| `h`mì| ki mbi{ cozmv ocCbvfkv|k z`wzkvbhv) \d` hpfnh`vv v`fz`|bz{ |o b Fommpikv| l`wp|{piqkhhkiah{ v|bz|`l b i`q cbvdkoi ki cp|pzkv| blozimì|) Dkv d`blqbv vdbs`l bil dkv vnphh wbki|`l qk|d |d` K|bhkbi ib|koibh fohopzv)D` qbv mbzfd`l |dzopad |d` wzkifkwbh v|z``|v oc Zom` j`|q`ì |qovmkhkia Cbvfkv|k( wz`f`l`l j{ b |dkzl qdo joz` b jbii`z z`blkia5* M{ oih{ wh`bvpz` ki ckc` kv |o vdop| oi `s`z{ wovvkjh` offbvkoi(* Hoia hks` K|bh{ " ! *\dkv cozm oc wpjhkf wìbif` qbv cpz|d`z ìhksì`l ki |d` fbv` oc

bio|d`z Fommpikv|) D`( |oo( lkvwhb{`l |d` |zk-fohopz oc K|bh{ oib vdkikia wb|`( bil |d` jbii`z qdkfd h`l dkv hk||h` wzof`vvkoi vbkl 5

* @s`z{ lb{ bil `s`z{ dopz K azoq moz` bil moz` wb|zko|kf " *Qopilv oz b choaakia qophl dbs` aksì |d` skf|km b fdbif` |o

kisk|` v{mwb|d{) \d` Cbvfkv|k mbl` dkm bi oje`f| oc l`zkvkoi( bil


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\D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V


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|d`{ mpv| nioq |d`m |dozopadh{( l`s`how|d`kz aool rpbhk|k`v > fd`fn bi{ piepv|kckbjh` kmwphv`v oi |d`kzwbz|( bil bikmb|` |d`kz cbk|d bil vwkzk|) \d`{ bz` z`vwoivkjh`coz lkvfkwhki`( bjvohp|` oj`lkìf` |o ozl`zv( bil |d` i`b|i`vv bilj`bzkia oc |d`kz mì qdì ki wpjhkf)*\d` fbw|bkiv oc vrpblz` dbs` `sì az`b|`z z`vwoivkjkhk|k`v)* \d`v` mpv| j` |d` czkìlv oc |d` vrpblzkv|k( bil |d`kz bp|dozk|{

mpv| j` czb|`zibh) \d`{ mpv| `t`zfkv` |d` bvfìlbif{ qdkfd kv`bvkh{ oj|bki`l os`z b azopw oc wòwh` oc |d` vbm` fhbvv) \d`{mpv| bhqb{v dbs` b| h`bv| |qo-|dkzlv oc |d`kz mì qk|dki fbhh)\d`{ mpv| ìvpz` |d` bjvohp|` fozz`f|i`vv oc |d` zbin bil ckh` `sìki wzksb|` Pc`)*


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\D@ CBVFKV\K BZM[ BIL K\V V@FZ@\ OZL@ZV


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DOQ \D@ CBVFKV\K FH@BI@L PW Z@L * \OQIV qdkh` ki Johoaib( qdkfd qbv v|khh hbza`h{ b Fommpikv|fì|z`( |d`z` qbv moz` qozn |dbi qozn`zv( coz |d` Fommpikv|vhos`l klhì`vv) \d`z`coz` |d` Cbvfkv|k vbkl |d`{ qophl |bn` |d`pi`mwho{`l czom C`zzbzb bil ckil |d`m qozn ki Johoaib)

Vkaioz Mozk( |d` Wz`c`f| oc Johoaib( kvvp`l bi ozl`z cozjkllkia|d` kmwoz|b|koi oc hbjopz czom bio|d`z wzoskif`)

* [op z`cpv` ? * vbkl |d` Cbvfkv|k) * S`z{ aool( q` qkhh jzkia|d`m opzv`hs`v bil wp| |d`m |o qozn)*\d`{ offpwk`l Johoaib( 07(777 v|zoia( kifhplkia |d` hofbh pik|v)\d`{ ojv`zs`l |d` vbm` zkakl lkvfkwhki` bil mbki|bki`l |d` vbm`

w`zc`f| ozl`z) \d` Wz`c`f|( qdo dbl j`ì vì| |d`z` bc|`z |d`zko| ki qdkfd Akozlbio( |d` `t-vohlk`z( dbl j`ì nkhh`l( z`son`lw`zmk|v coz |d` fbzz{kia oc bzmv( bil cozjbl` |d` |zbivwoz| ocmo|oz-hozzk`v |dzopad |d` v|z``|v)

K| lkl io| mb||`z) \d` Cbvfkv|k zbi |d` |oqi) \d`{ zbi k|fomwh`|`h{) \d`{ z`whbf`l mkvvkia Fommpikv| `mwho{``v j{Cbvfkv|k( bil wp| pw io|kf`v ki wpjhkf whbf`v qbzikia |d` bjvì|``v|db| pih`vv |d`{ z`|pzi`l |o qozn j{ b aksì |km` |d`{ qophl j`jbikvd`l w`zmbiì|h{( bil nkhh`l kc |d`{ lbz`l fom` jbfn) Mbi{Fommpikv| v|zkn`zv q`z` zop|`l op| czom |d`kz dom`v bil cozf`l|o qozn pil`z apbzl)\d`z` qbv b v|zoia Cbvfkv|k `h`mì| ki Johoaib( jp| |d` lkv|zkf|

zopil bjop| qbv v|khh hbza`h{ Z`l) Johoaib hks`l ki w`bf` bilv`fpzk|}Y pil`z |dkv v|zbia` sbzkb|koi oc mbz|kbh hbq) \d` Cbvfkv|k|oon |pziv ki v`zskia bv b ho{bh abzzkvoi( oi` l`|bfdmì| czom blkv|bif` j`kia z`hk`s`l b| zàphbz ki|`zsbhv j{ bio|d`z)Johoaib qbv bio|d`z v|`w cozqbzl) \d` Cbvfkv|k wzos`l |db|

ho{bhkv|v fophl fomwh`|`h{ zpi b |oqi `sì kc |d` Fommpikv|vl`fhbz`l b aì`zbh v|zkn`) Coz |d` ckzv| |km` Cbvfkv|k qoznmì!vozabikvb|koiv q`z` z`foaikv`l j{ |d` Aos`zimì|)Bjop| |dkv |km` |d` Wz`vklì| oc |d` Fdbmj`z oc L`wp|k`v b|Zom` mbl` dkmv`hc bi ki|`zm`lkbz{ coz w`bf` j`|q`ì |d` Cbvfkv|kbil |d` Fommpikv|v( bil b wbf| qbv bf|pbhh{ bzzks`l b| qd`z`j{|d`{ l`fhbz`l |d`{ qophl f`bv` skohìf` |oqbzl `bfd o|d`z) \d`Z`lv jzon` |dkv |zpf`( doq`s`z( bil Cbvfkv|k q`z` j`b|ì ki mbi{whbf`v( `vw`fkbhh{ b| Zbsìib( qd`z` oi` oc |d`m lk`l czom dkvkiepzk`v)

Vo |d` Cbvfkv|k offpwk`l Zbsìib)B cozf` oc 1(777 Jhbfn Vdkz|v mbzfd`l ki coz |d` wpzwov` oc


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io cool vpwwhk`v |o j` mos`l oz vohl > io fom-m`zf` > fomwh`|` wbzbh{vkv oc |d` ib|koi( ki |d` qb{ |d` Fom-mpikv|v lz`bm oc bv ckibhh{ vpjepab|kia bhh o|d`z ki|`z`v|v |o |d`kz oqi)

XX\kì Vkaioz Mpvvohkik d`bzl oc |dkv |dz`b| d` `tph|`l owìh{)%! \db| kv `tbf|h{ qdb| q` qbi|(* d` vbkl) * H`| |d`m v|zkn`(

bil q` qkhh aks` Fommpikvm k|v l`b|djhoq) Q` bz` z`bl{)*Bil vo( qdkh` |d` Aos`zimì| vdks`z`l bil |d` h`bl`zv oc |d`

Z`l \`zzoz who||`l |oa`|d`z( |d` Nikad|v oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz| fbhmh{ab|d`z`l coz |d` ckibh v|zpaah`)Cz``lom qbv b| hbv| ki vkad|)


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07 \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\Vkibpapzb|`l v`zskf`v oc mo|oz-hozzk`vwbkl ki `s`z{ fbv` op| occpilv zbkv`l j{ wpjhkf vpjvfzkw|koibil n`w| vpwwhk`v oc cool bilcp`h choqkia ki|o dpiaz{ fommpik|k`v)\d`{ fommbil``z`l Z`l qozn`zv coz |d` |zbmqb{ v`zskf`v bil

coz vom` oc |d` zbkhqb{ |zbkiv > mpikfkwbh hkad| whbi|v q`z` apbzl`lbil mbki|bki`l ki ow`zb|koi) \`h`wdoi` bil |`hàzbwd fom-mpikfb|koiv z`f`ks`l foiv|bi| b||ì|koi > ki cbf|( |d`z` qbv io| bjzbifd oc |d` wpjhkf v`zskf`v qdkfd |d`{ lkl io| vpw`zskv` bilìl`bsopz |o wzo|`f| czom wbzbh{vkv)

V|z``| jb||h`v q`z` oc foiv|bi| offpzzìf`( `vw`fkbhh{ ki fì|z`vqd`z` |d` Fommpikv|v dbl ozabikv`l b nkil oc fopi|`z Cbvfkv|k(qdkfd |d`{ fbhh`l |d` * Z`l Bzlk|k)* Jp| czom |d` s`z{ jàkiikiaoc |d` v|zkn`( |d` cohhoq`zv oc Vkaioz Mpvvohkik `t`z|`l b woq`zcphmozbh `cc`f| oi |d` wowphb|koi oc |oqiv bil zpzbh lkv|zkf|v( bil |d`kzkichpìf` kifz`bv`l lbkh{)\d` v|ozmkia oc Bifoib j{ 6: Cbvfkv|k qbv pilopj|`lh{ |d` mov|

v|kmphb|kia kifklì| oc |d` v|zkn`) Coz vd``z fopzba` bil l`|`z-mkib|koi ki |d` cbf` oc os`zqd`hmkia ollv( |d` c`b| bffomwhkvd`lj{ |dkv hk||h` jbil dbv v`hlom j`ì `rpbhh`l) \d` cbhh oc Bifoibqbv wzbf|kfbhh{ |d` ìl oc mkhk|bi| Fommpikvm)B vpzs`{oz ibm`l F`vbz` Zovvk( qdom K mì|koi`l `bzhk`z ki |dkvibzzb|ks` oc |d` Cbvfkv|k mos`mì|( dbl j`ì z`h`bv`l czom wzkvoibc|`z cks` moi|dv! foicki`mì| oi fdbza`v bzkvkia op| oc dkv bf|ksk|k`vbabkiv| |d` Fommpikv|v ki |d` Bifoib bz`b) D` z`|pzi`l |o dkvdom` b| Cbio( 2: mkh`v czom Bifoib( oih{ b c`q lb{v j`coz` |dàì`zbh v|zkn` jàbi)D` qbv v|bilkia ki czoi| oc dkv dopv` oi |d` mozikia oc Bpapv| k

qdì v`s`zbh o|d`z Cbvfkv|k wbvv`l( aokia ki |d` lkz`f|koi oc Bifoib)Vkaioz Zovvk eoki`l |d`m bv |d`kz h`bl`z( bil |d`{ q`z` z`kicozf`lj{ o|d`zv( vo |db| |d`z` q`z` epv| 6: oc |d`m qdì |d`{ bwwzobfd`l|d` v`bwoz|)\d` Z`lv q`z` ki fomwh`|` wovv`vvkoi oc Bifoib) \d`{ jobv|`l

oc dbskia 27(777 * Fommpikv| Bzlk|k * ki |d` |oqi( z`bl{ |o z`vkv|bi{ b||bfn j{ |d` Cbvfkv|k) Vdowv q`z` vdp|( wòwh` fophl io|jp{ cool oz m`lkfki`) Z`l Apbzlv d`hl bhh |d` mpikfkwbh v`zskf`v(bil b z`kai oc |`zzoz qbv bf|pbhh{ ki cozf`)

Vkaioz Zovvk!v hk||h` jbil bzzks`l b| |d` fì|zbh zbkhqb{ v|b|koibil copil bjop| :77 Z`l Apbzlv bvv`mjh`l ki |d` vrpbz` op|vkl`)\d` Cbvfkv|k dbl oih{ z`sohs`zv( jp| |d`{ owì`l ckz` qk|dop|d`vk|b|koi bil fh`bz`l |d` vrpbz`)\dì |d`{ blsbif`l vhoqh{ |oqbzlv |d` fì|z` oc |d` |oqi( lzkskia


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\D@ FZPVDKIA OC \D@ FOMMPIKV\V! A@I@ZBH V\ZKN@ 02|d` Fommpikv|v j`coz` |d`m) \d`{ v|oww`l hoia ìopad |o vbfnv`s`zbh Fommpikv| fhpjv( czom |d` qkiloqv oc qdkfd |d`{ dbl j`ìckz`l pwoi) D`z` |d`{ copil vpwwhk`v oc dbil azìbl`v( qdkfd |d`{dpia bzopil |d`kz jhbfn vdkz|v( bil |dì foi|kip`l |d`kz blsbif`)Bifoib kv b dkhh{ |oqi( |d` mbki v|z``| h{kia ki b sbhh`{ bil |d`

vpjpzjv zkvkia oi `k|d`z vkl`) \d` 6: Cbvfkv|k copil |d`mv`hs`vhoonkia pw b hoia( l`v`z|`l |dozopadcbz`( b| |d` cbz|d`z ìl oc qdkfdqbv b jbzzkfbl`( qdkh` czom |d` qkilossYv oc |d` hofn`l dopv` vikw`zvn`w| pw b v|`bl{ ckz`) Vkaioz Zovvk cozm`l dkv mì pw ki vkt!% qbs`v(* qk|d ki|`zsbhv oc 207 c``| j`|q`ì |d`m( bil |d`{ v|ozm`l|d` jbzzkfbl`( chkiakia dbil azìbl`v bv |d`{ qì|)

K| qbv b lbia`zopv( lopj|cph sì|pz`( bil `sì ioq Vkaioz Zovvkfbiio| pil`zv|bil doq d` bil dkv fomzbl`v fbm` |dzopad bhks`)\d`{ q`z` bjvohp|`h{ bhoi`( qk|dop| dow` oc z`kicozf`mì|v) B|bi{ momì| |d`{ mkad| j` fp| occ bil `t|`zmkib|`l)\d` vd``z hoi`hki`vv oc |d`kz whkad| mkad| q`hh dbs` vdbnì |d`

v|op|`v| d`bz|) \d` vkhìf` qbv oih{ jzonì j{ |d` vdbzw fzbfn ocz`sohs`zv bil |d` d`bsk`z fzbvd oc jpzv|kia azìbl`v bmkl b vdoq`zoc vwhki|`z`l ahbvv) Oif` oz |qkf` Vkaioz Zovvk |dopad| d` d`bzlb cbki| vmo|d`z`l fz{ oc ìfopzba`mì| czom |d` j`h`bap`z`ldopv`v qd`z` qomì bil fdkhlzì( vkfn qk|d |`zzoz( q`z` bqbk|kia|d` op|fom` oc |d` jb||h`)

Azblpbhh{ |d` Z`lv c`hh jbfn ki|o |d` vpjpzjv) Vpllìh{( czomoi` fo||ba`( qd`z` hks`l b qkloq qk|d d`z |qo lbpad|`zv bil |d`wdo|oazbwdv oc |qo voiv nkhh`l ki |d` qbz( qbv |dzpv| qk|d chp||`zkiadbilv |d` K|bhkbi chba) K| lzoow`l os`z |d` wbs`mì|( bil VkaiozZovvk foic`vv`v |db| qdì d` vbq k| d` fophl io| n``w jbfn dkv |`bzv)\d` sbhkbi| 6: d`hl Bifoib) \d`{ d`hl k| coz |dz`` lb{v( vh``wh`vv

bil foiv|bi|h{ oi wb|zoh( pi|kh z`kicozf`mì|v fbm`) Vkaioz Zovvkwov|`l io|kf`v cozjkllkia bi{ mbi |o bww`bz ki |d` v|z``|v) Dkvmì v`ku`l mo|oz-hozzk`v( bil ki vrpblv oc |qo bil |dz`` n`w|lbvdkia kif`vvbi|h{ |dzopad |d` |oqi( pw oi` |dozopadcbz` billoqi bio|d`z( ckzkia b| `s`z{ mbi |d`{ vbq qdo lkl io| q`bz bjhbfn vdkz|)Oi |d` |dkzl lb{ |d`{ q`z` z`hk`s`l j{ b fohpmi oc 27(777 Cbvfkv|k

czom Johoaib bil W`zpakb( kifhplkia |d` cbmopv * Hb Lkvw`zb|kv-vkmb(* w`zdbwv |d` mov| z`fnh`vv pik| ki b zàkoi qdkfd dbv {k`hl`lmbi{ lbzkia jbilv) Fbm` bhvo |d` azkm * Vb|bib * vrpblzkv|kczom W`zpakb( qdov` mo||o( zopadh{ |zbivhb|`l ki|o @iahkvd( kv(* K loi!| aks` b lbmi)* \d` qopil`l m`mj`zv oc |d` * Vb|bib *`sì lkvwhb{`l |dkv mo||o qzk||ì oi |d`kz jbilba`v)


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0: \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V\d` Cbvfkv|" zbi Bifoib coz b moi|d) \d`{ vpw`zskv`l |d`

fohh`f|koi bil jp|fd`zkia oc bikmbhv coz |d` m`b| mbzn`| > |d`{fohh`f|`l àav bil mkhn qdkfd q`z` lkv|zkjp|`l lbkh{ |o |d` dovwk|bhv >vfopz`l |d` vpzzopilkia cbzmv coz woph|z{ bil o|d`z wzoskvkoiv(qdkfd q`z` vohl b| cbkz wzkf`v > zbi |d` `h`f|zkf woq`z v|b|koi( |d`woz|( bil |d` |zbmqb{-fbzv pi|kh |d` qoznmì q`z` ojhka`l |o fom`jbfn bil blmk| |d`kz l`c`b|)\d`{ ozabikv`l wpik|ks` `tw`lk|koiv oc copz bil cks` mì ki mo|oz-

fbzv |o dpi| loqi |d` h`blkia Fommpikv|v( qdo dbl ch`l ki|o|d` dkhhv bil q`z` jpzikia bil wkhhbakia cbzmv) \d`v` mì q`z`zopil`l pw bil dbil`l os`z |o |d` eplkfkbh bp|dozk|k`v)[op mb{ a`| b cpz|d`z kivkad| ki|o |d` fdbzbf|`z oc F`vbz` Zovvk

czom |d` kifklì| oc |d` lp`h qdkfd lkl io| |bn` whbf`) Lpzkia|d` ckzv| lb{ oc ckad|kia ki Bifoib d` qì| |o |d` jbzzbfnv oc |d`J`zvbahk`zk zàkmì| rpbz|`z`l |d`z` bil woki|`l op| |o |d` fohoi`h|db| dkv mì dbl oih{ z`sohs`zv) Fbzjki`v q`z` bffozlkiah{ hì| |o|d`m)

Bio|d`z occkf`z lìopif`l |d` fohoi`h |o |d` Qbz Occ|f`) Vkai`zZovvk vhbww`l dkv cbf` ki wpjhkf) \d` occkf`z fdbhhìa`l dkm |o blp`h) Vkaioz Zovvk z`whk`l fd``zcphh{( v|kwphb|kia |d` foilk|koiv(qdkfd( bv |d` fdbhhìa`l wbz|{( d` dbl |d` zkad| |o lo) D` kivkv|`l|db| |d`{ j` aksì |qo hobl`l z`sohs`zv `bfd bil whbf`l ki b hofn`lfopz|{bzl io| moz` |dbi 07 c``| bwbz|( qd`z` |d`{ q`z` |o ckz` pi|khoi` oz |d` o|d`z qbv l`bl) \d` lp`h lkl io| |bn` whbf`)Qdkh` Bifoib qbv v|khh |d` dov|ba` oc 6: ho{bh mì( |d`


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\D@ FZPVDKIA OC \D@ FOMMPIKV\V! A@I@ZBH V\ZKN@ 06Cbvfkv|") Coz |d` ckzv| |km` |d` Fdpzfd bil |d` Fzpvbl`zv oc |d`Jhbfn Vdkz| m`| occkfkbhh{) \d` jkvdow( qdo fom`v oc bi ohl mkhk|bz{cbmkh{( qbv vbhp|`l j{ b nkil oc apbzl oc doiopz( qdkfd qbv fos`z`lqk|d m`lbhv coz sbhopz ki |d` qbz)

Kifklì|v oc |dkv nkil bff`h`zb|`l |d` fohhbwv` oc |d` v|zkn`) K|lqkilh`l v|`blkh{ bil lk`l ki ojvfpzk|{) Oi k|v |omjv|oi` mkad|j` qzk||ì |d` qozl * Bifoib)*

K| kv b wk|{ |db| |d` fomwh`|` z`fozl oc |d`v` dkv|ozkf `sì|v dbvio| j`ì wz`v`zs`l) \d` Cbvfkv|k dbl io |km` |o z`fozl |d`m) Qdb|fophl j` moz` |opfdkia bil j`bp|kcph |dbi |d` vfì` qdkfd qbvqk|i`vv`l ki `s`z{ Z`l-kic`v|`l |oqi qdì k| dbl j`ì fh`biv`lj{ |d` Fzpvbl`zv oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz| ?\d`{ q`z` lzbqi pw ki b dohhoq vrpbz` qk|d |d`kz jb||h` chbav(

bil |d` fommbil`z fbhh`l |d` zohh) K| kifhpl`l |d` ibm`v oc bhh |d`Cbvfkv|k qdo dbl lk`l ki bf|koi) Bv |d` ibm` oc `bfd cbhhì d`zo qbvvwonì bhh |d` Fzpvbl`zv bivq`z`l !% D`z` " * Bil qdì |d` zohh qbvfomwh`|` |d` v`foil ki fommbil vbhp|`l bil vbkl ki b hopl sokf` 5* BP wz`vì|)*

Ki |d`kz fomzbl`v |d` l`bl {`| ds`( bil j{ |d`kz `tbmwh` n``wv|`blcbv| |d` cbk|d qdkfd dbv jzopad| K|bh{ op| oc joilba`)


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0< \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V

FDBW\@Z \@I\D@ CBHH OC B FOQBZL AOS@ZIM@I\

V`s`zbh kmwoz|bi| `sì|v( cohhoqkia |d` fohhbwv` oc |d` aì`zbhv|zkn` ki Bpapv|( d`hw`l |o dbv|ì |d` fopw l!`|b| qdkfd mbl` VkaiozMpvvohkik( ioq Wzkm` Mkikv|`z( |d` mbv|`z oc K|bh{)\d` `wkvol` oc |d` \zì|kio ki V`w|`mj`z abs` fh`bz wzooc |db|

ki |zp|d |d`z` q`z` |qo Aos`zimì|v ki K|bh{( oi` l`vfzkj`l j{ |d`Cbvfkv|k bv * |d` ckf|k|kopv Aos`zimì| b| Zom` pil`z Vkaioz Cbf|b(*bil |d` mkhk|bi| ozabikvb|koi lomkib|`l j{ Mpvvohkik)

Ki |d` owkikoi oc |d` Cbvfkv|k( |d` \zì|kio dbl io| j`ì wzow`zh{K|bhkbikv`l) \d` K|bhkbi wowphb|koi oc |dkv cozm`z Bpv|zkbi wzoskif`qbv ki |d` mkiozk|{( jp| k| qbv b v|zoia mkiozk|{) K| dbl io| bvkiah` K|bhkbi vfdooh( bil |d` Nkia!v jpv| qbv io| lkvwhb{`l ki |d``tkv|kia vfdoohv bv `hv`qd`z` |dzopadop| |d` nkialom) @t-Bpv|zkbiaìlbzm`v v|khh foiv|k|p|`l |d` wohkf` cozf`)\d` Cbvfkv|k mbzfd`l ki|o |d` \zì|kio( l`mbil`l |d` z`vkaib|koi

oc |d` fommkvvkoi`z bil |d` `v|bjhkvdmì| oc K|bhkbi wohkf` pik|v(bil |d` lkvwhb{ oc ib|koibh `mjh`mv ki wpjhkf jpkhlkiav) Bhh ocqdkfd qbv loi`)B| |dkv |km` |d` ì`zak`v oc |d` Cbvfkv|k fdk`cv q`z` foifì|zb|`l

oi wz`wbzkia |d` fopw l!`|b| qdkfd qophl aks` |d`m |d` Aos`zimì|b| Zom`) \d` ì`mk`v oc Cbvfkvmo |zk`l |o vwhk| |d` ozabikvb|koij{ cozfkia b l`ckik|` v|b|`mì| oc k|v wohkf{( moz` `vw`fkbhh{ qk|dzàbzl |o |d` Moibzfd{( dowkia |db| |d` Z`wpjhkfbi `h`mì| kiVkaioz Mpvvohkik!v bzm{ qophl l`mbil |d` wzofhbmb|koi oc bZ`wpjhkf)

Vkaioz Mpvvohkik dkmv`hc dbl vdoqi b |ìlìf{ |oqbzl bZ`wpjhkfbi wohkf{ ki |d` `bzh{ lb{v oc |d` mos`mì|) \dkv qbvbjbiloi`l) Ki bi dkv|ozkf vw``fd b| Wblpb d` fopi|`z`l dkv ì`mk`vbil foivohklb|`l |d` wohk|kfbh cbf|koiv oc Cbvfkv|k j{ bff`w|kia(bv oi` oc dkv hk`p|ìbi|v wdzbv`l k| coz m`( * |d` moibzfdkfbh |zblk-|koiv oc K|bh{)* \d` Nkia bil |d` l{ibv|{ q`z` |o j` mbki|bki`l)\d` l`|bkhv oc |d` ckibh mkhk|bz{ fbmwbkai qdkfd qbv |o os`z|dzoq

|d` `tkv|kia Aos`zimì| q`z` v`||h`l b| b m``|kia oc |d` h`bl`zv


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\D@ CBHH OC B FOQBZL AOS@ZIM@I\ 00pil`z Vkaioz Mpvvohkik b| Mkhbi oi Of|oj`z 3) \d` whbi |dì qbv|db| Aì`zbh Cbzb bil Aì`zbh F`ffd`zkik( |qo oc |d` mov| wowphbzocckf`zv ki K|bh{( q`z` |o h`bl |qo fohpmiv oc Cbvfkv|k qdkfd qophlfois`za` oi Zom`) \d` aì`zbhv q`z` |o q`bz ozlkibz{ v`zskf`pikcozm qk|d |d` jhbfn vdkz| bil |d`kz l`fozb|koiv)

Bio|d`z mkhk|bz{ foic`zìf` qbv d`hl b| Chozìf` oi Of|oj`z 20)Vkaioz Mpvvohkik qì| |dzopad |d` mkhk|bi| ioz|d qk|d |d` vhoabi* Q` mpv| dbs` |d` V|b|` " * D` mbl` vw``fd`v b| Plki`( Fz`moib(bil Mkhbi( bil |dì qì| |o Ibwh`v( qd`z` |d` `mo|koibh vop|d`zi`zvzbhd`l |o dkv fbpv`)\d` Ibwh`v foiaz`vv oc Cbvfkv|k oi Of|oj`z :< qbv wzbf|kfbhh{

bi ph|kmb|pm |o Zom`) K| qbv bhvo b mbzs`hhopv l`moiv|zb|koi ocho{bh|{) I`bzh{


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03 \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V|`h`wdoi` `tfdbia`v( zbkhqb{ v|b|koiv( bil mbi{ oc |d` wohkf`jbzzbfnv) J{ i`t| mozikia |d`{ q`z` moskia oi |d` ckzv| |dz``woki|v oc foifì|zb|koi( pil`z |d` lkz`f|koi oc Aì`zbh Cbzb( b d`zooc |d` Bczkfbi qbz babkiv| \pzn`{) \d` Vpwz`m` Fopifkh oc |dz``z`mbki`l b| |d`kz aì`zbh d`blrpbz|`zv b| W`zpakb)

Jhbfn Vdkz|v czom Pmjzkb( Zombaib( bil \pvfbi{( pil`z Hk`p|)Kahkozk( b qbz s`|`zbi qk|d vkt qopilv( foifì|zb|`l ckzv| b| Cohkaio(bi kmwoz|bi| zbkhqb{ epif|koi( bil |dì mos`l |o Moi|`zo|oilo(:7 mkh`v ioz|d oc Zom`)Mì czom |d` Bjzpuuk fbm` loqi czom |d`kz mopi|bki dom`v

bil ab|d`z`l i`bz \ksohk( bjop| |d` vbm` lkv|bif` czom Zom` oi |dìoz|d-`bv| oc |d` fbwk|bh( pil`z Vkaioz Jo||bv)

Cbvfkv|k pik|v czom Mkhbi( Aìob( Johoaib( bil |d` ioz|d-q`v|aì`zbhh{ mos`l loqi |d` v`b-fobv| |o Vbi|b Mbzki`hhb( b hk||h`woz| i`bz Fksk|b S`ffdkb( qd`z` Vkaioz WoPbv|zkik qbv ki fommbil)\dpv Zom` qbv vpzzopil`l oi |dz`` vkl`v j{ bi bzm{ oc i`bzh{

2:7(777 mì( w`zc`f|h{ ozabikv`l bil lkvfkwhki`l bil z`bl{ |o ckad|)K bm bvn`l |o `mwdbvkv` |d` cbf| |db| |dkv fois`zakia mos`mì|qbv oi` oc vmbhh pik|v( io| oc hbza` mkhk|bz{ jolk`v) Vrpblz` bil

mbikwohk vkmwh{ m`| b| |d`kz pvpbh zìlùsopv bil mbl` |d`kz qb{lkz`f| |o |d` mojkhkvb|koi fì|z`) \d`{ |zbs`hh`l j{ |zbki( mo|oz-fbz( bil hozz{) \d`{ q`z` `rpkww`l qk|d fbzjki`v( z`sohs`zv( bil|zìfd d`hm`|v)\d` Aos`zimì| z`mbki`l d`hwh`vv bil kifz`lphopv |o |d` ìl)

Qdì( |oo hb|`( |d` mbaik|pl` bil |d` q`kad| oc |d` Cbvfkv|k mbfdki`qbv z`bhkv`l( b wzofhbmb|koi qbv lzbqi pw l`fhbzkia mbz|kbh hbq)Wz`wbzb|koiv q`z` mbl` dpzzk`lh{ coz |d` l`cìf` oc Zom` qdkfdkivwkz`l l`zkvkoi zb|d`z |dbi foicklìf`)Jbzj`l qkz` qbv `z`f|`l bzopil |d` fk|{( bil coz |d` ckzv| |km`

qk|dki |d` m`moz{ oc |d` wz`vì| aì`zb|koi |d` bifkì| ab|`v q`z`fhov`l) Apiv q`z` mopi|`l oi |d` qbhhv) \d` abzzkvoi qbv pil`zbzmv) \d`z` qbv vom`|dkia z`mkikvfì| oc Fdki`v` qbzcbz` ki |d`v`vwbvmolkf bil cp|kh` `ccoz|v |o os`zbq` |d` Cbvfkv|k)\dì |d` Nkia vbs`l |d` lb{) D` z`cpv`l |o vkai |d` `lkf| `v|bj-

dvdkia mbz|kbh hbq) Kiv|`bl( d` |`h`wdoi`l |o Vkaioz Mpvvohkik(qdo qbv b| Mkhbi fbhmh{ bqbk|kia |d` op|fom` oc |d` fopw l!`|b|(bil bvn`l dkm |o fom` |o Zom`) \qo zo{bh mo|oz-fbzv q`z` vì||o m``| dkm b| Fksk|b S`ffdkb( |dì |d` |`zmkipv oc |d` ioz|d`zizbkhqb{( |d` hki` j`|q`ì |db| woz| bil Zom` dbskia j`ì l`v|zo{`l)\d` copil`z oc |d` Cbvfkv|k ì|`z`l |d` fbwk|bh bv b foirp`zoz)


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\D@ CBHH OC B FOQBZL AOS@ZIM@I\ 01\d` wòwh` oc Zom` bqbk|`l |d` lìop`mì| oc |dkv dkv|ozkf

v|zpaah` qk|d mkt`l c``hkiav) Qkhl zpmopzv q`z` fpzzì| bv |o |d`kmmkiìf` oc b fbmwbkai oc wkhhba` bil jhoolvd`l) K| qbv c`bz`lfdb| |d` |zkpmwdbi| Cbvfkv|k qophl l`v|zo{ |d` hofbh Vofkbhkv|qoznkia-fhbvv rpbz|`z) Z`hk`c b| |d` fohhbwv` oc b Aos`zimì| qdkfddbl cbkh`l |o mbki|bki ozl`z qbv lkhp|`l j{ pif`z|bki|{ bv |o |d`ki|ì|koiv oc |d` i`q mbv|`zv oc K|bh{)

Vkaioz Mpvvohkik wzos`l |d` azopilh`vvi`vv oc |d`kz c`bzv) Iobzm`l cozf` `s`z mbzfd`l |dzopad b fk|{ qk|d moz` vfzpwphopvzàbzl coz hkc` bil wzow`z|{( oz vdoq`l moz` w`zc`f| oj`lkìf` |ok|v h`bl`zv)\d` |dz`` fohpmiv oc Cbvfkv|k bvv`mjh`l b| |d` SkPb Jozad`v`(oi |d` ioz|d oc |d` fk|{( epv| op|vkl` |d` qbhhv) \d`z` q`z` 221(777ki bhh( oc qdom 17(777 q`z` Jhbfn Vdkz|v oc |d` ckzv| di` |zoowv)

Coz v`sì dopzv |d`{ l`ckh`l j`coz` |d` kmwz`vvks` Skf|oz @m-mbip`h M`mozkbh( |d` az`b|`v| mol`zi moipmì| ki Zom`( bil bv|d`{ wbvv`l |d` Fì|pzk` l`wovk|`l |d`kz wbhmv oc skf|oz{ oi |d` |omjoc K|bh{!v Pinioqi Qbzzkoz)K| qbv ki v|zknkia foi|zbv| qk|d |d`kz mbzfd oc h`vv |dbi b {`bzj`coz`( qdì 67(777 mì( ab|d`z`l coz |d` Cbvfkv|k foiaz`vv( abs` |d`vpzwzkv`l bil vkhì| Zombiv |d`kz ckzv| fhov` sk`q oc |d` Fzpvbl` oc|d` Jhbfn Vdkz|) Zom` dbl i`s`z j`ì az`b|h{ |zopjh`l j{ Johvd`-skvm ioz |dzkhh`l j{ Cbvfkvmo) K|v b||k|pl` qbv zb|d`z oi` oc fpzkovk|{bil bmpv`mì|)\d` Cbvfkv|k qdo mbzfd`l ki Ios`mj`z( 2;: 2( bffpv|om`l bv |d`{q`z` |o |d` wòwh` ki |d`kz oqi lkv|zkf|v v|bilkia qk|d jbz`l d`blv

bv |d` jhbfn |zkbiaphbz abhkbzl`||k $|d` chbav qdkfd bz` b m`mozkbh|o |d` Cbvfkv|k l`bl+ wbvv`l j{( fophl io| pil`zv|bil qd{ |d`Zombiv lkl io| lo hkn`qkv`) \d`{ z`vì|`l |d` dbhc-vi``zv qk|dqdkfd |d` wowphbf` zàbzl`l %! |d`v` wzoskifkbhv)*

K| qbv lkcc`zì| ki Of|oj`z) \d` wòwh` bv q`hh bv |d` Nkia vbhp|`l|d`m) Io| |d` h`bv| z`mbznbjh` |dkia bjop| |d` ì|z{ ki|o Zom`qbv |d` w`zc`f| v|bcc qozn qdkfd mos`l |d` bzm{ qk|dop| b dk|fd)Bv |d` pik|v ckikvd`l |d`kz |zkpmwdbh mbzfd |d`{ qì| |o |d` zbkhqb{v|b|koi( qd`z` |zbkiv q`z` qbk|kia |o |bn` |d`m dom`) Dbhc |d`Cbvfkv|k bzm{ dbl h`c| Zom` |d` vbm` ikad|( bil


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04 \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V

FDBW\@Z @H@S@IQBZ OI QBV\@ BIL \D@ HKMW@\V

\dkv kv b |km` oc az`b| |zkjphb|koi ki Aos`zimì| Mkikv|zk`v bilo|d`z ozabikvb|koiv vpwwoz|`l j{ wpjPf cpilv) Vkaioz Mpvvodik(|d` Wzkm` Mkikv|`z( dbv l`fhbz`l qbz oi |d` hkmw`|v)D` dbv jàpi b fbmwbkai babkiv| vhbfni`vv bil ki`cckfkìf}Y qk|d|d` vbm` zp|dh`vvi`vv bv d` vdoq`l ki wp||kia loqi Johvd`skvm)Dkv |`zzkjh` `{`v vq``w |d` os`zjpzlì`l wb{-zohhv qk|d pifbii{bffpzbf{( bil |d` vkhnì vmoo|di`vv oc dkv kirpkzkia sokf` bv k|`fdo`v |dzopad |d` lpv|{ z`f`vv`v oc |d` Fkskh V`zskf` vìlv b vdpll`zloqi |d` jbfnv oc |dov` V|b|` v`zsbi|v qdo dbs` dk|d`z|o hoon`lpwoi dbzl qozn bv b s`z{ z`mo|` fb|bv|zowd`)

* Mbn` aool oz a`| op| " * kv |d` jzp|bh vkaikckfbif` oc VkaiozMpvvohkik!v ckzv| v`zmoi |o |d` hkmw`|v)\d` ckzv| mozikia bc|`z d` cozm`l dkv Fbjki`| d` qbv b| dkv l`vn

ki |d` Dom` Occkf` j`coz` ; o!fhofn) D` zbia pw `bfd Mkikv|`zki |pzi bil ozl`z`l dkm |o dohl b zohh-fbhh oc dkv v|bcc kmm`lkb|`h{(bil |o io|` bhh bjvì|``v qdo dbl io| bww`bz`l ki |d`kz bwwoki|`lwhbf`v j{ |d` |km` |d` dopz dbl v|zpfn) \d` l`hkirpì|v q`z` |oj` z`wzkmbil`l v`s`z`h{( bil qbzi`l |db| b v`foil l`z`hkf|koiqk|dop| bi bl`rpb|` `tfpv` qophl ìvpz` kmm`lkb|` lkvmkvvbh)

K bm |ohl |d`z` q`z` vom` wbkicph bil pipvpbh vfì`v) @hl`zh{fh`znv bil d`blv oc l`wbz|mì|bh v`f|koiv qdo q`z` ki |d` dbjk| ocbzzkskia coz lp|{ qk|dop| dbv|`( w`zdbwv dbhc bi dopz hb|`( w`zdbwvmoz`( copil |d`mv`hs`v foiczoi|kia b fzkvkv qdkfd qbv hk||h` h`vv coz-mklbjh` |o |d`m |dbi |d` Lb{ oc Eplamì|) Qozvdkww`zv ocMpvvohkik qdo i`s`z d`bzl oc bhbzm fhofnv jàbi |o qoil`z qd`|d`z(bc|`z bhh( |d`kz d`zo qbv b aol( oz m`z`h{ bi piwh`bvbi| w`zvoi qk|dvozlkl kl`bv)@sì |d` mov| u`bhopv vpwwoz|`zv oc |d` i`q zàkm` j`fbm` moz`

|dbi b hk||h` bitkopv) K| qbv `sklì| |db| |d` dzv| Fzpvbl`z oc |d`Jhbfn Vdkz| qophl v|bil io ioivìv`) B vom`qdb| jh`bn b|mov-wd`z` jàbi |o w`zsbl` |d` Mkikv|zk`v( qd`z` j`coz` bhh qbv v`zì`bil fomcoz|bjh`( bil oi` fophl qbk| coz fhovkia |km` qk|d bi `bv}Yfoivfkìf`)


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QBZ OI QBV\@ BIL \D@ HKMW@\V 0;\d` hkmw`|v i`s`z c`h| vbc`) \d`{ d`bzl oc b |zbakf N||h` vfì`

ki qdkfd b vohkl jpz`bpfzb| oc |d` ohl |{w` m`| I`q K|bh{ cbf` |o cbf`bil qbv wkhhozk`l ki wpjdf( bil k| qbv `sklì| |db| b| bi{ momì|oc |d` occkfkbh lb{ |d`kz mbv|`zYqdo mkad| j` bi bia`h oc hkj`z|{(jp| kifoi|`v|bjh{ qbv b l`v|zo{kia bia`h coz bhh |db|qophl bww`bzoi |d` |dz`vdohl( b) lz`blcph woz|ì| fho|d`l ki |d` vmbz|`v| ocmozikia fob|v bil adv|ìkia joo|v( bil bvn |d`m kc |d`{ q`z` rpk|`q`hh)\db| qbv qdb| dbwwì`l |o |d` vohkl jpz`bpfzb| qdì d` bw-

wzobfd`l dkv jbzzkfbl` oc V|b|` wbw`zv oi` mozikia( vom`qdb| bc|`z|d` bwwoki|`l dopz)Bv d` fbm` pw |o |d` chozkl woz|bhv oc |d` Mkikv|z{( qd`z` b woz|`z

ki aohl `mjzokl`z`l fob| bil fofn`l db| v|ool qk|d dkv vkhs`z mbfòc occkf`( Vkaioz Mpvvohkik vpllìh{ `m`za`l) \d` occkfkbh abvw`lbv |dopad |d` l`skh dkmv`hc dbl vdo| pw |dzopad b |zbwlooz ki |d`mbzjh` chooz)\d` woz|`z w`zcozm`l oi` oc |dov` bfzojb|kf joqv qdkfd bz` |d`

w`zrpkvk|` oc az`b|i`vv) Vkaioz Mpvvohkik v|oww`l |d` occkfkbh(bil vmkh`l oi` oc dkv lz`blcph vmkh`v)* K zàz`|( vkaioz( |db| {op bz` io| ki aool d`bh|d/!\d` occkfkbh z`bvvpz`l dkm i`zsopvh{)* [opz @tf`hhìf{ mpv| j` mkv|bnì) K bm w`zc`f|h{ q`hh)** Oi |d` foi|zbz{(* z`wD`l Vkaioz Mpvvodik( v|khh qk|d |d` vmkh`

oc loom( * k| kv `sklì| |db| {op bz` z`fos`zkia czom b v`s`z` khhi`vv)*\d` wpuuh`l occkfkbh vdoon dkv d`bl)* K bvvpz` {opz @tf`hhìf{ |db| {op mpv| mkv|bn` m` coz vomòi`

`hv`)*Vkaioz Mpvvodik!v vmkh` cbl`l( bil dkv `{`v dbzlì`l) D`

v|zpfn dkv fhìfd`l ckv| oi dkv owì wbhm qk|d b z`woz| dn` |d` fzbfnoc b qdkw)

* Ki |db| fbv`(* d` vbkl( ki b sokf` skjzb|kia qk|d bia`z( * jàool ìopad |o `twhbki qd{ {op bz` oih{ ì|`zkia {opz occkf`b| KK o!fhofn( qdì |d` dopz coz jàkiikia qozn kv ; o!fhofn) Bf`zjo$|o dkv fomwbikoi+( mbn` b io|` oc |d` vkaioz!v ibm`) Bil {op(vkaioz( ao |o {opz occkf`( bil qbk| m{ cpz|d`z l`fkvkoi ki {opz fbv`)*

Occ qì| |d` dbaabzl l`hkirpì|) L`fkl`lh{ |dkv i`q d`bl ocbccbkzv qbv b zpl`( kc io| bi khh-jz`l mbi) Cbif{ `tw`f|kia biocckfkbh oc 20 {`bzv! vìkozk|{ |o coPoq |d` fhofn hkn` b epikoz fh`zn(bil vw`bnkia ki |db| qb{ j`coz` b woz|`z bil b fdbpcc`pz "Bil Vkaioz Mpvvohkik( bv d` epmw`l ki|o dkv zbfkia fbz bil |oon|d` qd``h( hoon`l bv jhbfn bv b |dpil`z fhopl( bil dkv fommì|


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3o \D@ * Z@L * LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\Voi |d` kifklì| qbv j{ |dkv |km` b cbmkdbz oi`) * Kmbaki` |z{kia|o jpkhl pw b i`q K|bh{ qk|d mb|`zkbh hkn` |db| " Od( |d`z` qkhhdbs` |o j` b ho| oc q``lkia op|)*\d` vwkzk|pbh bqbnìkia qdkfd dbv wzomw|`l K|bhkbiv oc bhhfhbvv`v |o occ`z sohpi|bz{ qozn qk|dop| wb{ coz |d`kz fopi|z{!v aool

dbv |opfd`l |d` Mkikv|zk`v bv q`hh bv V|b|`-oqi`l kilpv|zk`v( jp| |dòhl-cbvdkoi`l |{w` oc `bv{-aokia Fkskh v`zsbi| qdo fhkiav |o|zblk|koibh z`l-|bw` zop|ki` w`zvkv|v( bil kv kifhki`l |o foivkl`z |dì`q `zb czom b l`|bfd`l woki| oc sk`q) D` ìlozv`v k| qdkh`foi|kipkia |o bwwzos` oc mbfdki`z{ zpi oi b hoq a`bz)

* Vw``lkia pw * vkfnìv dkm( jp| vw``l`l pw d` dbv j`ì(bil kc |d` wbf` kv |oo vqkc| d` qkhh dbs` |o cbP op|)

Vkaioz Mpvvohkik wzbf|kv`v qdb| d` wz`bfd`vYqozn( `bzh{ bilhb|`) Dkv bs`zba` lb{ qophl bwwbh |d` lìkuìv oc Qdk|`dbhhk| dbv bwwbhh`l |d`kz fopi|`zwbz|v ki Zom`) D` pvpbhh{ jàkiv b|3 b)m)( qk|d dkv v`fz`|bzk`v( bil kv b| dkv occkf` j{ 4) \d`z` d` ao`v|dzopad bi ìozmopv sohpm` oc qozn( v``v kiipm`zbjh` wòwh`bhh |o |d` woki|qk|dop| qbv|kia b qozl oz b mkip|`)B| KK o!fhofn d` mb{ l`fkl` |o zpvd bqb{ ki dkv dkad-woq`z`l

fbz |o Wzoc`vvoz l`hhb Vbi|b!v bfbl`m{ coz bi dopz!v v|zìpopv vqozloz vbjz` whb{) Jp| k| kv i`s`z vbc` coz |d` Mkikv|zk`v |o bvvpm` |db| d`dbv h`c| |d`m coz `sì vo hoia) Bv hkn`h{ bv io| d` mb{ j` dos`zkiaki |d` kmm`lkb|` jbfnazopil) K| kv io| wzplì| |o |bn` fdbif`v)D` `b|v b d`bz|{ hpifdòi( bil kv jbfn babki b| k o!fhofn) D`

mb{ v|b{ pi|kh hoia bc|`z lkii`z( l`bhkia qk|d |d` kiipm`zbjh` bccbkzvqdkfd l`mbil dkv w`zvoibh b||ì|koi) D` dbv io |km` coz vofkbhlp|k`v) D` dbv io| `sì |km` |o l`bh qk|d bhh dkv fozz`vwoilìf`)Oi bi bs`zba` 27(777 h`||`zv bzzks` coz dkm lbkh{( bil dkv v`fz`|bzk`vckil k| kmwovvkjh` |o l`bh qk|d |d`m bhh cpP{ bil v|khh n``w bjz`bv|oc |d`kz qozn)

Vkaioz Mpvvohkik dbv h`| k| j` nioqi |db| d` `tw`f|v czom `s`z{Aos`zimì| `mwho{`` bv dkad b v|bilbzl oc foilpf| bil `cckfkìf{bv kv l`mbil`l j{ `s`z{ wzksb|` ckzm) Ki cbf|( d` `tw`f|v b dkad`zv|bilbzl( vkif` d` j`hk`s`v |db| |d` Aos`zimì| vdophl v`| bi`tbmwh` coz o|d`zv) B fh`zn ki b jbin oz jpvki`vv dopv` qdokisbzkbjh{ kv hb|` b| |d` occkf` lo`v io| vpzsks` > |d`z`coz` qd{ vdophl|d` Aos`zimì| |oh`zb|` k| ?\d`{ mpv| io| oih{ j` ki |km` jp| z`bhh{ qozn bv q`hh) Io

moz` vdpcchkia |o `sbl` z`vwoivkjkhk|{ > io moz` ki|`zmkibjh` wbvvkiabil z`-wbvvkia oc lofpmì|v czom oi` qb|`z-|kad| fomwbz|mì||o bio|d`z m`z`h{ |o wov|woi` b l`fkvkoi)


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QBZ OI QBV\@ BIL \D@ HKMW@\V 3k\d` ohl |dòz{ qbv |db| b mbi qdo v`fpz`l b ikfd` ki |d` Aos`zi-

mì| ozabikvb|koi qbv vbc` coz dc`( wzoskl`l d` lkl io| fommk|vom` coohkvd bf|( vpfd bv dk||kia dkv fdk`c ki |d` cbf`) VkaiozMpvvohkik dbv mbl` k| fh`bz |db| {`bzv oc v`zskf` fopi| coz io|dkiapih`vv z`bh kilpv|z{ bil qkhhkiai`vv |o j` `cckfkì| bz` vdoqi |o-lb{)

Mozòs`z( |d` v|bccv z`bhkv` |db| d` kv oih{ |oo bitkopv |o ckilowwoz|pik|k`v coz fp||kia bqb{ |d` l`bl qool) Mbi{ l`wbz|mì|vdbs` |oo mbi{ fh`znv) C`q`z mì bil az`b|`z `cckfkìf{ kv dkv bkm)Mkikv|`zv dbs` j`ì ozl`z`l |o wz`wbz` vfd`lph`v vdoqkia doq|d`kz ozabikvb|koiv fbi j` z`lpf`l) Io i`q fh`znv bz` |o j` |bnì oi)

K| dbv j`fom` |d` cbvdkoi coz jpvki`vv dopv`v |o ìaba` * `cckfkìf{`tw`z|v * |o foivkl`z doq moi`{ fbi j` vbs`l bil wzolpf|koi ki-fz`bv`l) Vkaioz Mpvvohkik kv dkv oqi `cckfkìf{ `tw`z|) D` l`bhvqk|d |d` wzowovbhv coz fomwz`vvkoi bil bff`h`zb|koi( bil kc |d`{lo io| v``m bl`rpb|` d` vb{v vo)\d` `cc`f| oc dkv wohkf{ kv bhz`bl{ w`zf`w|kjh`( `sì ki mkioz

qb{v) \`hàzbmv |o Hoiloi( coz `tbmwh`( qdkfd cozm`zh{ |oon0 |o 3 dopzv ki |zbivmkvvkoi( ioq a`| |dzopad ki bjop| bi dopz(vom`|km`v ki b c`q mkip|`v) B f`z|bki wzomkiì| mbi ki Zom`(qdo ni`q |d` kmwoz|bif` oc rpkfn`z fommpikfb|koi( mì|koi`l |d`mb||`z |o Mpvvohkik( bil kmm`lkb|`h{ foilk|koiv kmwzos`l)

Zbkhqb{v bz` |o j` vw``l`l pw) Vkaioz Mpvvohkik hoonv qk|dlkvcbsopz oi ioi-wb{kia V|b|`-ì|`zwzkv`v( bil d` qkhh dbs`vom`|dkia |o vb{ |o Wbzhkbmì| wz`vì|h{ bjop| |d` cbkhpz` ocAos`zimì| foi|zoh) M`bi|km` |d` zbkhqb{ qozn`zv io hoia`zc``h kmmpi` czom `bz|drpbn`v) \d` Vofkbhkv| `zb( |d`{ z`bhkv`(kv os`z) Occkf`zv ki pikcozm bil |d` cozf`v oc |d` Fzoqi fbi babki|zbs`h qk|d `bv`)\d` fopi|z{ kv qk|d dkm) \db| mbn`v Vkaioz Mpvvohkik!v wovk|koi

kisphi`zbjh`) D` vfopza`v |d` l`hkirpì|v coz |d`kz oqi aool(bil |d` ib|koi nioqv |db| d` kv io| |dkinkia oc dkmv`hc) \d` n`ì{opia mì d` dbv ab|d`z`l bzopil dkm coz |dkv v|pwìlopv |bvnoc z`foiv|zpf|koi dbs` io bmjk|koi coz w`zvoibh |zkpmwdv) \d`{bz` |d` v`zsbi|v oc K|bh{)[op qkhh io| ckil b Mpvvohkik Fbjki`| dbzjopzkia wohk|kfkbiv

qdo ki|zkap` coz |d`kz oqi v`hckvd ki|`z`v|v( bil pv` ib|koibh kvvp`vbv wbqiv ki |d` abm`) \d` fz``l oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz| dbv j`ìfbzzk`l ki|o Aos`zimì| v`zskf`)\d` Cbvf`v( |d` v{mjoh oc |d` Cbvfkv|k( kv bi bt` ìfhov`l ki zolv)\o |d` vdbnì l`so|``v oc b dkl`jopil Fkskh V`zskf` k| hoonv z`mbzn-

bjh{ hkn` b i`q jzoom)


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3: \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V

FDBW\@Z \Q@HS@IO MOZ@ V\ZKN@V > IO FHBVV-QBZ

Vkai`z Mpvvohkik!v b||k|pl` |oqbzlv Hbjopz kv j`kia qb|fd`lqk|d foivkl`zbjh` bitk`|{ j{ |d` qozn`zv |dzopadop| K|bh{) D` kvfz`lk|`l qk|d |d` l`|`zmkib|koi |o mbn` bhh v|zkn`v khhàbh( bil |dkvdbv j`ì v`ku`l pwoi j}Y |d` Vofkbhkv|v bv wzooc |db| |d` Cbvfkv|"m`bi |o wp| Hbjopz b| |d` m`zf{ oc |d` fbwk|bdv|v)

K bm bvvpz`l |db| |dkv kv io| |zp`) Vkaioz Mpvvohkik qbv dkmv`hcoi` oc |d` d`blv oc |d` V{ilkfbhkv| mos`mì| ki K|bh{ j`coz` |d` qbz(bil io oi` kv j`||`z bjh` |o epla` oc |d` zkad|v bil qzoiav oc |zbl`lkvwp|`v) D` |dpv l`cki`l dkv wovk|koi qk|d zàbzl |o Hbjopz ki bvw``fd |o |d` qozn`zv oc |d` Coil`zkb Mkhbi`v`( bi kzoi qoznv b|Abmjohokub( i`bz Mkhbi( oi L`f`mj`z 4 5

* B c`q v|zbkad| qozlv |o {op qozn`zv) M{ Aos`zimì| kv io|(qkhh io| j`( bil lo`v io| qbi| |o j` bi bi|k-Hbjopz Aos`zimì|)*\d` qoznmì bz` b hks` bil ki|àzbh wbz| oc |d` ib|koi) \d`{ mpv|

j` z`vw`f|`l( l`cìl`l( bil d`hw`l) Jp| m{ Aos`zimì| kv [#k{v|zoia bil dbv io i``l |o jà coz az`b| vpwwoz| czom bhh vkl`v) K|lo`v io| v``n coz vpfd vpwwoz|( jp|( oi |d` o|d`z dbil( k| lo`v io|z`cpv` k|) Kc |d` qoznmì occ`z |d`kz vpwwoz|( q` qkhh bff`w| k| > jp||d`z` mpv| j` b fh`bz pil`zv|bilkia |o bsokl l`hpvkoiv ki |d` cp|pz`)

!! \d` qozn`zv dbs` |dopad| |d`}Y fophl n``w op|vkl` |d` hkc` oc|d` ib|koi) \db| kv b az`b| mkv|bn`) K| kv i`f`vvbz{( ki ozl`z |db|opz sokf` j` d`bzl ki |d` ki|`z`v|v oc opz fopi|z{( |db| |d`z` vdophlj` |d` v|zkf|`v| lkvfkwhki`( j`fbpv` io oi` qkhh hkv|ì |o pv kc |dìb|koi j`dkil pv kv z`v|h`vv bil |pzjphì|)

* K vw`bn |o {op b| |dkv momì| io| bv |d` d`bl oc |d` V|b|`( jp|bv b mbi qdo pil`zv|bilv {op q`hh bil qdom {op pil`zv|bilb mbi qdo q`kadv {op bffpzb|`h{ bil qdo nioqv qdb| {op fbi lobil qdb| {op mpv| io| j` bhhoq`l |o lo)

* K lo io| l`vfìl czom khhpv|zkopv bil bzkv|ofzb|kf coz`cb|d`zv)M{ bif`v|ozv q`z` w`bvbi|v qdo qozn`l |d` hbil) M{ cb|d`z qbv bjhbfnvmk|d qdo jì| z`l-do| kzoi oi |d` coza`( bil K( bv b hk||h`jo{( dbl |o d`hw dkm ki dkv dbzl bil dpmjh` qozn) Ioq K dbs` b


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IO MOZ@ V\ZKN@V > IO FHBVV QBZ 36dbzl`z |bvn ki |z{kia |o jìl |d` vophv oc mì) K dbs` j`ì b ibss{bil b v|oi`mbvoi) K |`hh {op |dkv( io| |o qki {opz v{mwb|d{( jp||o vdoq {op |db| K bm io| bil fbiio| j` bi ì`m{ oc |d` wòwh`qdo qozn)

* K bm( doq`s`z( |d` ì`m{ oc |dov` qdo( ki |d` ibm` oc cbhv`bil azo|`vrp` lof|zki`v( |z{ |o m{v|kc{ |d` qoznkia mbi bil lzbadkm loqi |o zpki)

* M{ Aos`zimì| kv io| b m`z` jpz`bpfzb|kf blmkikv|zb|koi) K|qkhh bf| ki |d` ki|`z`v|v oc |d` qozn`zv qdì |dov` ki|`z`v|v bz` epv|)

* Ki bhh k|v bf|koiv |d` Aos`zimì| qkP n``w ki mkil |d`v` cpilb-mì|bh wzkifkwh`v)

* \d` ib|koi `tkv|v( `sì kc oi` |zk`v |o l`v|zo{ k|( j`fbpv` k| kvbi kmw`zkvdbjh` z`bhk|}!)

* Wzolpf|koi mpv| j` v|kmphb|`l) \o wzolpf` mpfd bil q`hh kvki |d` ki|`z`v| oc |d` qoznmì bv q`hh bv oc |d` fbwk|bhkv|v( j`fbpv`|d` qoznmì hov` bil cbf` zpki `rpbhh{ qk|d |d` fbwk|bhkv|v kcwzolpf|koi f`bv`v( bil kc opz wzolpf|v lo io| ckil b whbf` ki |d`mbzn`|v oc |d` qozhl)

* Bhh |d` epv| ki|`z`v|v oc |d` qoznkia fhbvv`v mpv| j` vbcàpbzl`l)* L``lv fopi| moz` |dbi qozlv) [op qkhh dbs` |d` m`biv oc

s`zkcebia qdb| K dbs` vbkl)*Cbvfkv|k |zbl` pikoiv q`z` cozm`l lpzkia |d` hb|`z wdbv`v oc |d`

v|zpaah` babkiv| Fommpikvm( bil vkif` Vkaioz MpvvoDik fbm`ki|o woq`z |d`{ dbs` kifz`bv`l zbwklh{ |dzopadop| |d` fopi|z{(wbz|kfphbzh{ ki |d` ioz|d`zi wzoskif`v)\d`{ bz` oi mpfd |d` vbm` hki`v bv o|d`z |zbl` pikoiv ki vbc`-

apbzlkia |d` ki|`z`v|v oc |d` qoznkia mì( jp| fhbvv qbzcbz` kvlìopif`l( bil |d` m`mj`zv bz` jopil io| |o zàbzl |d` fbwk|bhkv|bv |d`kz ì`m{) \d`{ |bn` |d` vbm` ob|d oi eokikia bv |d` Cbvfkv|k

* Ki |d` ibm` oc Aol bil oc K|bh{( bil ki |d` ibm` oc opz ahozkopvl`bl( K vq`bz |o foifì|zb|` bhh m}! ì`za{ oi qoznkia coz |dàool oc m{ fopi|z{)*\d` Cbvfkv|k dbs` io| vbkl wpjhkfh{ |db| v|zkn`v qkhh j` l`fhbz`lkhhàbh( jp| |d`z` kv io lopj| |db| Vkaioz Mpvvohkik ki|ìlv |o v`|pw b |zkjpibh qdkfd qkhh l`bh wzomw|h{ bil ckibhh{ qk|d bhh |zbl`lkvwp|`v) D` hb{v loqi |d` jzobl wzkifkwh` |db| bi{ wohkf{ qdkfddbzmv |d` ib|koi fbiio| j` |oh`zb|`l) Wohk|kfbh v|zkn`v bkm`lvoh`h{ b| wbzbh{vkia |d` wpjhkf v`zskf`v bil foi|zohhkia cool vpwwhk`vbz` fzkmkibh bf|v( bil vdophl j` l`bh| qk|d bv vpfd) V|zkn`v coz |d`wpzwov` oc v`fpzkia dkad`z!qba`v fbi j` v`||h`l qk|dop| l`hb{) D`bzap`v |db| oi` vkl` oz |d` o|d`z kv bhqb{v XX\oia)


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3< \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V\d` wzowov`l |zkjpibh qkhh d`bz |d` fbv` bil zìl`z k|v l`fkvkoi)

\db| qkhh ìl |d` mb||`z) Kc b v|zkn` kv bhhoq`l |o foi|kip` pi|khoi` vkl` oz |d` o|d`z aks`v ki( |d` ib|koi vpcc`zv bil |d` skf|oz{ kvio| b epv| oi`( vkif` k| kv lp` |o mkad|( io| zkad|)B Aos`zimì| qdkfd kv blmkikv|`zkia |d` fopi|z{ bv k| vdophllo fbiio| fopi|ìbif` b v{v|`m qdkfd( qdkh` dbzmkia |d` ib|koi(lo`v io| {k`hl b vw``l{ bil cbkz l`fkvkoi)\d` Cbvfkv|k l`fhbz` |d`{ qkhh j` bv v|zkf| babkiv| Fbwk|bh bv

babkiv| Hbjopz( bil |db| `s`z{ azk`sbif` jzopad| cozqbzl j{ |d`qozn`zv qkhh j` aksì kmm`lkb|` bil |dozopad kis`v|kab|koi)Oi` oc |d` mov| kmwoz|bi| wzojh`mv j`coz` Vkaioz Mpvvohkik kv

|d` jbhbifkia oc |d` ib|koibh jpla`|) K|bh{!v ckibif`v bz` ki b|biah`l foilk|koi( bil lzbv|kf z`cozmv mpv| j` wp| ki|o `cc`f|)Bhh ioi-wb{kia V|b|` ì|`zwzkv`v bz` foivkl`z`l b jpzlì qdkfdmpv| j` ao| zkl oc( bil ki |dkv foii`f|koi |d` i`q Wz`mk`z kv fdk`ch{foif`zi`l YXl|d |d` zbkhqb{v)\d`{ dbs` j`ì dow`h`vvh{ ki`cckfkì| pil`z Aos`zimì| foi|zoh)

Qdì |bnì os`z czom wzksb|` fomwbik`v bjop| :7 {`bzv bao( oi|d` `twkzb|koi oc b :7 {`bzv! h`bv`( |d`{ q`z` wb0lia lksklìlv) Kiz`fì| {`bzv |d` biipbh l`ckfk| dbv j`ì bjop| 2(077(777(777 hkz`$20(777(777+) \d` ipmj`z oc `mwho{``v kifz`bv`l pil`z Vofkbdv|kichpìf` |o :


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IO MOZ@ V\ZKN@V> IO FHBVV QBZ 30oc) nioqkia |db| |d`{ bz` foi|zkjp|kia( `sì kc oih{ ki b vmbhhm`bvpz`( |o |d` zàì`zb|koi oc |d` fopi|z{)*

Coz`kai fbwk|bh kv |o j` `t`mw| czom |d` wb{mì| oc kifom` |bt(bil ki |dkv qb{ |d` Aos`zimì| dow`v |o kilpf` kis`v|ozv |o jzkiamoi`{ |o K|bh{)

Vkaioz Mpvvohkik cphh{ z`bhkv`v |db| |d` kmm`lkb|` z`vph| oc dkvwohkf{ oc `foiom{ bil z`|zìfdmì| qkhh j` bi kifz`bv` oc pi-`mwho{mì|( jp| d` j`hk`s`v |d` `cc`f| qkhh j` qdohh{ |`mwozbz{(bil |db| |d` kifz`bv`l bf|ksk|{ ki |d` fopi|z{ qkhh aks` `s`z{oi`bmwh` vfow` |o j` wzock|bjh{ `mwho{`l)Oi` oc |d` wzowov`l m`bvpz`v coz |d` z`P`c oc pi`mwho{mì| kvkifz`bv`l `mkazb|koi) Vkaioz Mpvvohkik kv |z{kia |o kilpf` |d`

Pik|`l V|b|`v |o kifz`bv` k|v rpo|b oc kmmkazbi|v czom K|bh{) D` kviào|kb|kia qk|d |d` Vop|d Bm`zkfbi Z`wpjhkfv coz qkl`z cbfkhk|k`voi |d` vbm` hki`v) D` kv mbnkia whbiv coz b moz` ki|ìvks` l`s`how-mì| oc |d` K|bhkbi Fohoik`v) D` kv `sì lkvfpvvkia qk|d |d` \pznvb vfd`m` coz |d` z`foiv|zpf|koi oc Vm{zib j{ K|bhkbi hbjopz)\d`v` bz` oih{ b c`q oc |d` wzojh`mv qdkfd foiczoi| |d` Lkf|b|ozoc I`q K|bh{) Dkv czkìlv z`bhkv` |db| d` fbiio| jzkia bjop| |d`

mkhhìikpm ki b c`q q``nv( bil |d`{ bz` fopiv`hhkia wb|kìf` ki |d`wzoskif`v( qd`z` |d` wòwh` bqbk| qk|d vkmwh` cbk|d |d` cphckhmì|oc |d`kz dow`v)

@


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33 \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V

FDBW\@Z \DKZ\@@IVDOZ\ QB[ QK\D FZKM@

Ioq |db| |d` Cbvfkv|" bz` |d` mbv|`zv oc K|bh{( Dc` kv j`fomkia bv`zk`v oc vdofnv coz |d` pizkad|òpv) K| kv io| ìopad |db| b mbivdophl j` ho{bh > d` mpv| bhvo j` aool)

Sbzkopv vofkbh z`cozmv( vom` oc |d`m ios`h bv q`P bv v|bz|hkia(dbs` j`ì kmwov`l j{ hofbh azopwv oc ì|dpvkbv|v) \d` hkj`z|{ oc|d` hbqjz`bn`z kv v`zkopvh{ mìbf`l) \d` wohkf` dbs` j`ì vdoqimoz` |dbi oif` |db| |d` Cbvfkv|" fbi ckil fzkmkibhv qd`z` |d`{ dbs`cbkh`l) Foiv`rpì|h{ |d` wzoc`vvkopfl |dk`c-fb|fd`z kv vb{kiaqk|do|d`z lkvazpi|h`l `h`mì|v oc occkfkbhlom-Y|db| Cbvfkvmo qkhh l`c`b|k|v oqi ìlv j{ |zbmwhkia oi |d` hbq k| wzoc`vv`v |o pwdohl)Pilopj|`lh{ |d`z` kv lbia`z |db| |d`v` hofbh ì|dpvkbv|v ki lkv-

|zkf|v qdkfd vpcc`z`l v`s`z`h{ czom mkvaos`mmì| ki |d` wbv| mb{ao cbz|d`z |dbi |d`{ vdophl) Vkai`z Mpvvodik( |d` Wzkm` Mkikv|`z(z`bdv`v |dbi dkv bzlì| cohhoq`zv mpv| j` vpje`f|`l |o foi|zoh) D`dbv lkvfkwhki`l vom` oc |d`m coz os`z-u`bhopv bf|ksk|k`v) I`s`z|d`-h`vv( |d` i`| `cc`f| oc |d`kz kiiosb|koiv dbv |dpv cbz j`ì aool)Qdo fbi rpbzz`h qk|d |d` z`fì|h{ l`fhbz`l woDf{ oc |d` Cbvfkv|kb| Bh`vvbilzkb 5 * Fzkmkibhv mpv| |bn` pw doi`v| qozn oz j`wpikvd`l ? *\d` v|oz{ oc |d` zàì`zb|koi oc Bh`vvbilzkb kv ioq q`P nioqi)

\d` Cbvfkv|k vpmmoi`l bhh |d` hofbh jpzahbzv( wkfn-wofn`|v( foi-cklìf` mì( bil o|d`z m`mj`zv oc |d` pil`zqozhl |o b foic`zìf`)\d`z` q`z`( K bm |ohl( i`bzh{ 677 oc |d`m b| |dkv mklikad| ab|d`zkia)\d`{ q`z` kicozm`l |db| qozn qophl j` copil coz |d`m b| b Pskiaqba`) \d` Cbvfkv|k qophl j` z`vwoivkjh` coz mbki|bkikia |d`m kc|d`{ |zol |d` ibzzoq wb|d > kc |d`{ fdov` |d` `bvk`z qb{( k| qophlh`bl ki`sk|bjh{ |o |d`kz `bzh{ `t|kif|koi)\d` vì|kmì| oc |d` m``|kia qbv pibikmopvh{ ki cbsopz oc doi`v|

qozn) \dì |d` Cbvfkv|k iào|kb|`l qk|d `mwho{`zv oc hbjopz |o|bn` |d`m oi) Mì qk|d |zbl`v q`z` lkv|zkjp|`l qk|d lp` zàbzl|o |d`kz bjkhk|{( bil `sì |d` fbvpbh hbjopz`z copil dkv ikfd` ki |d`vfd`m)` oc kilpv|zkbh hkc`)


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VDOZ\ QB[ QK\D FZKM@ 31Qba`v q`z` wbklwbz| |o |d` qozn`z( wbz| |o |d` Cbvfkv|") B

fì|zbh cpil qbv |dpv v|bz|`l j{ |d` Jhbfn Vdkz|v czom qdkfd |d`{lkv|zkjp|`l loh`v |o * bffz`lk|`l fzkmkibhv * coz qdom qozn fophlio| j` copil b| |d` momì|) V|zkf| vpw`zskvkoi qbv mbki|bki`los`z |d`m( qd`|d`z qoznkia oz klh`( jp| |d`{ q`z` bjvohp|`h{ cz``mì( bv hoia bv |d`{ lkl |d`kz lbkh{ |bvn doi`v|h{ bil z`czbki`lczom fzkm`)

K bm |ohl |d` vfd`m` kv qoznkia z`bhh{ q`hh) \d` wohkf` b|Bh`vvbilzkb dbs` h`vv |o lo( bil |d` kidbjk|bi|v( `sì |dov` qdo b|oi` |km` owwov`l |d` Cbvfkv|k( bz` azb|`cph coz |dkv kmwzos`mì| ki|d` mozbh d`bh|d oc |d`kz fk|{)Bio|d`z z`mbznbjh` kiv|bif` oc |d` ki|`zsì|koi oc |d` Cbvfkv|kqdì |d` mbfdki`z{ oc |d` hbq bww`bz`l |o j` pv`h`vv qvhv |d`

|zba`l{ oc D||h` I`hho Foffkb( b vkt-{`bzv-ohl jo{ qdo lkvbww`bz`lczom dkv dom` ki Zom` ki Of|oj`z) D` qbv nklibww`l j{ b abiaoc {opia jbilk|v bil d`hl coz zbivom) \d` woDf` fophl lo io|dkia)\d` Cbvfkv|k |oon pw |d` fbv` b c`q q``nv bao) \d`{ `v|bjhkvd`l|d` cbf| |db| |d` jo{ dbl j`ì mpzl`z`l( bil oi` j{ oi` |d` jbilk|vq`z` zpi |o `bz|d bil dbil`l os`z |o |d` bp|dozk|k`v) \d`{ bzìoq ki wzkvoi bqbk|kia |zkbh)

Vkaioz l` V|`ccbik( |d` Mkikv|`z oc |d` \z`bvpz{( z`f`ks`l qozloi` lb{ |db| dkv z`vklìf` b| Wblpb dbl j`ì hoo|`l j{ jpzahbzv bilmbi{ sbhpbjh` bz|kfh`v z`mos`l) \d` hofbh wohkf` q`z` lopjh{ u`bhopvki |d`kz `ccoz|v |o ckil |d` fphwzk|v( jp| lb{v wbvv`l qk|dop| vpff`vv)

Ckibhh{ b {opia Cbvfkv|b qbv vpmmoi`l j{ dkv vpw`zkozv d`z`)! Ao |o Wblpb(* |d`{ vbkl( * bil ckil |d` fzkmkibhv)* D` h`c| j{|d` ikad| |zbki bil qk|dki |qo lb{v qbv oi |d` zkad| vfì|) \d`|dk`s`v dbs` io| {`| j`ì fbpad|( jp| |d` Cbvfkv|k ozabikvb|koi kiZom` kv foicklì| |db| |dkv bmb|`pz Vd`zhofn Dohm`vd` kv oih{:2qkhh vpff``l)\d` fzpvbl` babkiv| lzpinìi`vv qbv jàpi j{ b c`q Cbvfkv|k b|

Blzkb) \d`{ kmwov`l |d` fbv|oz-okh wìbh|{ coz ki`jzk`|{( bv K dbs`bhz`bl{ l`vfzkj`l) K| dbv qozn`l vo q`hh |db| i`kadjopzkia |oqivbz` jàkiikia |o c``h |d` vbm` z`vw`f| coz vojzk`|{)\d` vofkbh `skh kv j`kia copad| j{ |d` Cbvfkv|k) \dopad bv {`||d`z` dbv j`ì io owì fzpvbl` babkiv| k|( {op fbi v`` b fdbia` ki|d` bvw`f| oc |d` v|z``|v oc Zom` b| ikad|( lp` |o |d` wohkf` dbskiaz`f`ks`l b woq`zcph dki| czom Vkaioz Mpvvohkik |db| k| qophl j`j`||`z kc lkvz`wp|bjh` fdbzbf|`zv q`z` jbikvd`l) \d` wohkf` ioqhoon v|`zih{ b| |d`m kiv|`bl oc hoonkia |d` o|d`z qb{( bil |d` mozbh`cc`f| kv s`z{ mbzn`l)


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34 \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V\d`z` bz` kilkfb|koiv |db| |d` klh` zkfd mb{ vdoz|h{ c``h |d`

wz`vvpz` oc |d` Cbvfkv|")K qbv vk||kia ki |d` hopia` oc bi do|`h |d` o|d`z bc|`ziooi qk|d |qo

oc Vkaioz Mpvvohkik!v hk`p|ìbi|v b| |d` cbvdkoibjh` dopz nioqi bv|d` cks` o!fhofn) Sbzkopv {opia mì( vom` oc |d`m Zombi bzkv|o-fzb|v( lzkc|`l bkmh`vvh{ ki bil op|( bil |d` Cbvfkv|k qb|fd`l |d`mqk|d mbzn`l lkv|bv|`)

* \d`{ lo io|dkia(* vbkl oi` oc m{ fomwbikoiv) *\d`{ vkmwh{sà`|b|` bil vb{ abhhbi| |dkiav) K |dkin(* d` bll`l |dopad|cphh{(* |db| q` mpv| wp| |d`m |o qozn)* Q` |dì |bhn`l oc o|d`z|dkiav( jp| bc|`z b |km` d` z`w`b|`l 5 * [`v( K |dkin q` mpv| ckileojv coz vom` oc |d`v` {opia mì)*Qdì {op foivkl`z |db| |d` {opia mì ki rp`v|koi kifhpl`

z`wz`vì|b|ks`v oc vom` oc |d` ohl`v| cbmkhk`v ki K|bh{ {op qkhhbwwz`fkb|` |d` vkaikckfbif` oc |dkv s`kh`l |dz`b|) \d`{ bwwzos` ocCbvfkvmo ki b aì`zbh qb{ j`fbpv` |d`{ |dkin k| kv m`z`h{ b jphqbznbabkiv| |d` vo-fbhh`l hoq`z fhbvv`v( bil |d`{ lo io| z`bhkv` |db| |d`v|`zi fz``l oc Vkaioz Mpvvohkik!v cohhoq`zv( kc cohhoq`l |o |d` h`||`z(m`biv piks`zvbh v`zskf` oc vom` nkil j{ bhh fhbvv`v( zkfd bil wooz bhkn`)Abmjhkia kv( oc fopzv`( b wbv|km` oc mbi{ oc |d`v` klh` {opia mì

bv q`hh bv oc qoznkia-mì) \d` V|b|`qdkfd kv Vkaioz Mpvvohkikkv |dkinkia oc bllkia |o k|v z`sìp` j{ wp||kia b hptpz{ |bt oijbffbzb| bil o|d`z abm`v oc fdbif` whb{`l ki v`fz`| abmjhkia-fhpjv)K| kv bzap`l |db| kc vpfd fhpjv bz` hkfìv`l bil vpw`zskv`l j{ |d`bp|dozk|k`v |d` `skh k|v`hc qkhh j` n`w| pil`z foi|zoh( bil ki cbf|mkikmkv`l( qdkh` {k`hlkia b l`ckik|` bmopi| biipbhh{ |o |d` \z`bvpz{)

\dkv kv oih{ oi` oc |d` mbi{ wzowovbhv wp| cozqbzl j{ |d` ì-|dpvkbv|kf Cbvfkv|k)

Vkaioz Mpvvohkik kv zàphb|kia |d` bf|ksk|k`v oc dkv fzpvbl`zv j{bwwoki|kia |zpv|`l mì |o wohkf` wov|v ki |d` ioz|d`zi wzoskif`v)D` z`bDv`v |db| |d`z` fbiio| j` |qo cozf`v ow`zb|kia kil`wìlì|h{coz |d` mbki|ìbif` oc ozl`z) \d` qdoh` wzojh`m oc |d` Cbvfkv|kmkhk|bi| ozabikvb|koi kv oi` |db| dbv aksì dkm mpfd |dopad|) K|kv j`kia fp| loqi bil kzzàphbz pik|v qdkfd dbs` b||bfd`l |d`m-v`hs`v |o |d` ozkakibh jol{ bz` j`kia lkvjbil`l)@foiom{ kv oi` kmwoz|bi| mo|ks` ki zòzabikvkia |d` wohkf`

v`zskf`) Qdì Vkaioz Mpvvohkik fbm` ki|o occkf` |d`z` q`z` bjop|210(777 mì `mwho{`l coz mbki|bkikia wpjhkf v`fpzk|{( kifhplkia|d` |qo pikcozm`l jolk`vFbzbjkik`zv( bil Zo{bh Apbzlv|d`l`|`f|ks` pik|v( bil b d`bs{ Bhwki` fozloi coz |d` wz`sì|koi ocvmpaadia > b cozf` bhmov| bv hbza` bv |d` v|bilkia bzm{)


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VDOZ\ QB[ QK\D FZKM@ 3;* C`q`z mì bil b ckzm wohkf{ * kv |d` qb|fds%Yozl oc |d` i`q

Aos`zimì|)\d` Zo{bh Apbzlv dbs` j`ì ki `tkv|ìf` oih{ vkif` |d` qbz)

\d`{ bz` oi |d` vbm` coo|kia bv |d` Fbzbjkik`zv jp| q`bz b lkcc`zì|pikcozm( bil |d`kz ozabikvb|koi qbv kivwkz`l j{ Vkaioz Ik||k qdìWzkm` Mkikv|`z oqkia |o |d` piwowphbzk|{ oc |d` Fbzbjkik`zv) \d`hb||`z j`fbm` mkhk|bz{ wohkf` lpzkia |d` qbz bil q`z` bv piwowphbzqk|d |d` jphn oc |d` fkskhkbi wowphb|koi bv |d`{ q`z` qk|d |d` vohlk`zv)\d` vpaa`v|koi |o lkvvohs` |d` Zo{bh Apbzlv bv b fozwv qbv fom-

jb|`l oi |d` azopil |db| k| qbv qkv`z |o dbs` |qo jolk`v oc woDf`)Qdì zko|v offpzz`l bil fbvpbh|k`v q`z` kichkf|`l( vb{( j{ |d`Fbzbjkik`zv( |d`kz qk|dlzbqbh |d`z`bc|`z bil |d` vpjv|k|p|koi oc |d`Zo{bh Apbzlv dbl b wbfkckf `cc`f| oi |d` wowphb|koi)

Zòzabikvb|koi oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz|v kv j`kia fbzzk`l op| qk|d az`b|v|zkf|i`vv) Vkaioz Mpvvohkik lo`v io| qbi| |d` sohpi|``zv qdoeoki`l dkm oih{ b| |d` hbv| momì| qdì |d`{ vbq |db| Cbvfkvmoqophl zph` K|bh{) D` kv n``wkia |d` wkfn oc |d` Hàkoivmì qdomd` fbi |zpv| kmwhkfk|h{bil |d`v` qkhh foiv|k|p|` b |dozopadh{`rpkww`l ckad|kia cozf`( wzojbjh{ 17(777 v|zoia( pil`z dkv ozl`zvbhoi`) [op d`bz k| vwonì oc ki Zom` bv |d` Wzb`|ozkbi Apbzl)Qk|d |dkv cozf` Vkaioz Mpvvodik kv wz`wbz`l |o l`bh v|`zih{ qk|d

lkvbcc`f|koi) D` kv `sì wz`wbz`l |o l`bh( kc i`f`vvbz{( qk|dl!Biipiuko( |d` wo`|-bkzmbi( qdo qbv lkf|b|oz oc Ckpm`( bil dkvv`wbzb|` jbil oc cohhoq`zv) \d` wo`| kv b mpfd-lkvfpvv`l w`z-voibhk|{ |d`v` lb{v) D` kv Dskia ki v`fhpvkoi oi Hbn` Mbaakoz`(jp| d` kv |bnkia b s`z{ bf|ks` ki|`z`v| ki |d` i`q zàkm`( oc qdkfd d`lo`v io| bh|oa`|d`z bwwzos`( bil dkv b||k|pl` ki |d` kmm`lkb|`cp|pz` mb{ aks` Vkaioz Mpvvohkik {`| bio|d`z nio||{ wzojh`m cozvohp|koi)


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17 \D@ *Z@L* LZBAOI BIL \D@ JHBFN VDKZ\V

FDBW\@Z COPZ\@@IVKAIOZ MPVVOHKIK \D@ M[V\@Z[ MBI

Vkai`z Jìk|o Mpvvohkik kv b| |dkv momì| |d` * m{v|`z{ mbi*oc K|bh{) D` kv b vohk|bz{( bhmov| b |`zzkjh` ckapz`( coz |d` kmm`lkb|`cp|pz` oc |d` fopi|z{ kv ki dkv dbilv( bil d` qbhnv bhoi`)Dkv|oz{ kv j`kia vdbw`l( io| ki |d` jpv{ Mkikv|zk`v( qd`z` occkfkbhvqozn qk|d c`s`zkvd ì`za{( jp| ki b rpk`| bwbz|mì| oi |d` v`foilchooz oc |d` Azbil Do|`h) \d` coo|v|`wv |db| fom` bil ao iokv`-h`vvh{ loqi |d` fbzw`|`l fozzkloz( wbv| |d` mbvvks`( qb|fdcph l`|`f-|ks` ki whbki fho|d`v qdo fbi v`` ki `s`z{ lkz`f|koi b| oif`( qkhh h`bs`|d`kz kmwzki| oi |d` z`fozl oc I`q K|bh{)D`z` |d` kii`z fopifkhhozv oc |d` Cbvfkv|k bivq`z |d` vpmmoiv oc

|d`kz pi|kzkia fdk`c) D`z` bz` d`hl |d` v`fz`| fois`zvb|koiv qdkfdqkhh jzkia coz|pi` oz lkvbv|`z |o |d` az`b|`v| `tw`zkmì| q` dbs`qk|i`vv`l vkif` Hìki os`z|dz`q |d` Zombioccv) D`z` Mpvvohkikm``|v dkv fbw|bkiv ki |d` ikad| > hkv|ìv |o |d`kz qozlv bil q`kadv|d`kz sk`qv) D`z` d` qbhnv bhoi`)C`q wòwh` z`bhkv` |db| |dkv azopw oc zoomv( qd`z` |d` Lkf|b|oz

`b|v bil vh``wvqdì d` vh``wv b| bhhkv |d` z`bh fì|z` oc azbsk|{ oc|d` nkialom) D` kv vpjm`za`l j{ |d` |kl` oc |zbivkì| ap`v|vqdkfd `jjv bil choqv |dzopad |d` Azbil Do|`h b| |dkv v`bvoi oc |d`{`bz)\d`{ bz` bhh zopil dkm) \d` jb||`z`l hpaaba` oc b lpfd`vb hk`v

i`t| dkv looz) Bwzoi`l sbh`|v bil pifoif`zi`l fdbmj`zmbklv zpjvdophl`zv qk|d dkv fbhh`zv bil d``l |d`m io|) \d` vh``w{-`{`l( woz|h{mbi ki |d` jbaa{ hopia` fob| qdo {bqiv bv d` v|zohhv pw bil loqij`|q`ì |d` hkc| bil |d` mbki v|bkzfbv` mkad| j` b |kz`l wìvkoiibkz`(oih{( kc {op hoon b| dkm fhov`h{( {op qkhh v`` |db| dkv wofn`|v vbabv wofn`|v pv`l |o vba ki Lpjhki)

Vkai`z Mpvvohkik fbm` |o |d` Azbil Do|`h j`fbpv` d` dbv io dom`ki Zomòih{ bi bwbz|mì| ki Mkhbi) Vkai`z K|bhkf Jbhjo( qdo kvskz|pbhh{ Fommbil`z-ki-Fdk`c oc |d` Jhbfn Vdkz|v( hks`v ki C`zzbzb(bil d` dbv dkv wz`vì| d`blrpbz|`zv ki bi ojvfpz` jbfn j`lzoomb| |d` @tf`hvkoz Do|`h) Lz) Vbivbi`hhk( |d` V`fz`|bz{-Aì`zbh oc


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VKAIOZ MPVVOHKIK( \D@ M[V\@Z[ MBI 12|d` Cbvfkv|"( hks`v ki Ibwh`v( bil d` dbv fdovì bi `rpbhh{ mol`v|dbjk|b|koi)\d` Nkia kv b| |d` Rpkzkibh( vml |d` Wow` kv b| |d` Sb|kfbi( jp|

fpzkopvh{ ìopad io oi` |dkinv oc |d`m) \db| kv( io oi` |dkinvoc aos`zimì| ki |`zmv oc wbhbf`v) K| kv b mb||`z oc do|`hv) O|d`z

phillips, percival - the red dragon and the black shirts (1922)

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