Phillip II Cardinal Richelieu

• King of Spain who established a vast empire and attempted to remove Protestantism

• Power Hungry ruler of France establish an absolute monarchy

• Lead via moral principles

Louis XIV Jean Baptist Colbert

• Ruled for 72 years• ABSOLUTE RULER of

France• LOVED his LEGS!!!

• Minister of Finance under Louis XIV

• French• Sought to enrich the

country• (economy crashed after

his death)

Thirty Years War Maria Theresa

• Began because of differences in religion and territorial claims

• New nations like GERMANY and SWEDEN (and others) were established

• NATIONALISM rose

• Most powerful female ruler in Europe (perhaps ever)

• Ruler of Hapsburg family line which ended with her

Frederick the Great 7 Years War

• Remembered as an Enlightened Despot

• Absolute ruler who gave ppl some rights

• After his death, rights went away

• Shifted the balance of power in Europe.

• Wars caused countries to lose colonial holdings in America

Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great

• Expanded Russia• Killed his daughter-in-

law’s baby (kicked to death)

• Killed his son (skull smash)

• RULED THROUGH FEAR– (boiled folks in oil,

peeled their skin off…)

• 1st to Westernize Russia• Created navy• Change traditions like

dress and facial hair

Charles I English Civil War

• Absolute Ruler in England

• Dissolved Parliament when they wanted too many rights

• Caused English Civil War

• Fought bc of clash with Charles I

• Executed king• Resulted in a

commonwealth ruled by Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell Glorious Revolution

• Ruler after the English Civil War

• Promised to make England more just and fair

• He didn’t rule fairly and he was PUT TO DEATH

• James II was disliked by the people (he was catholic)

• Parliament recruited James II’s daughter and husband to take over (William and Mary)

• King kicked out

Scientific Revolution Galileo

• A New way to look at science

• Challenged traditional thought

• Thought should be based on logic and reason (not THE CHURCH)

• Italian who thought the earth revolved around sun

• Invented telescope• Recanted most of his

claims so he didn’t get excommunicated

Isaac Newton John Locke

• Studied math and physics

• Laws of Gravity and Motion

• One of the most famous scientists of all time

• Started the modern age of thought

• “Starts” Enlightenment• Says ppl have a contract

with society and when rulers to hold up their end…REBEL

Voltaire Montesquieu

• Big time write of the Enlightenment

• Embodiment of an enlightened thinker

• Advocated for the separation of powers

• (Legislative, executive, and judicial)

• Catherine the Great• Enlightened thinker of

Russia• Wanted to westernize• Life actually got worse

for peasants