philanthropy and social media: integrating new approaches into the contemporary art museum

8/6/2019 Philanthropy and Social Media: Integrating New approaches into the Contemporary Art Museum

1/70

ÔEHCG\O]BÛ CGL QBAECH IDLEC0

EG\DF]C\EGF GDV C^^]BCAODQ EG\B \OD

ABG\DI^B]C]U C]\ ITQDTI

\odqeq qtmie||dl eg ~c}|ech jthjehhidg|

bj }dste}didg|q jb} |od ldf}dd bj

Icq|d} bj C}|q Cliegeq|}c|ebg cgl ^bheau

mu

Ic}u Hbt ]' Emclhe|

Ld~c}|idg| bj C}|q Cliegeq|}c|ebg cgl ^bheau

\od Qaobbh bj |od C}| Egq|e|t|d bj Aoeacfb

Q~}egf( =>33

\odqeq Abiie||dd0

Clzeqd}0 Cldhodel Id}q( Cqqbaec|d ^}bjdqqb}(C}|q Cliegeq|}c|ebg cgl ^bheau( Qaobbh bj |od C}| Egq|e|t|d Aoeacfb

]dcld}0 ^c||e \tbidu( ô' L( ^}bjdqqb}(C}|q Cliegeq|}c|ebg cgl ^bheau( Qaobbh bj |od C}| Egq|e|t|d Aoeacfb

Aoedj B~d}c|egf Bjjead}( ^thibgc}u Jem}bqeq Jbtglc|ebg( Aoeacfb( EH


2/70

ee

CAKGBVHDLFDIDG\Q

\oeq |odqeq ~c~d} abthl gb| oczd mddg abi~hd|dl ve|obt| |od qt~~b}| bj |od

jbhhbvegf ~db~hd' Je}q|( E vbthl hekd |b |ocgk iu |odqeq f}bt~( ]dmdaac ^c}kd} cgl

E}dgd ^cfhecaaec( vob vd}d cg eg|df}ch qt~~b}| quq|di |o}btfobt| |od ~}badqq' E

f}dc|hu c~~}daec|d |od qt~~b}| j}bi iu clzeqb}( Cldhodel Id}q( vob bjjd}dl id

zchtcmhd clzead cgl vcq |obtfo|jthhu ~c|edg| ve|o id lt}egf iu v}e|egf ~}badqq'

Iu qegad}d f}c|e|tld fbdq |b ^c||e \tbidu( iu }dcld}( vob odh~dl id ldzdhb~

cgl }djegd |oeq |odqeq |b~ea' E vbthl chqb hekd |b |ocgk Heqc Kdu jb} od} fdgd}ch

qt~~b}| cgl odh~ |o}btfobt| |od ~}badqq' Jegchhu( E vbthl hekd |b |ocgk iu jciehu

jb} |ode} abg|egtch qt~~b}|'


3/70

eee

ABG\DG\Q

Cmq|}ca| ez

Ldjege|ebg bj \d}iq z

Eg|}blta|ebg 33

Aoc~|d} 30 Bzd}c}aoegf \}dglq cgl At}}dg| Hcglqac~d 34

Aoc~|d} =0 Fdgd}c|ebgch Qoej| cgl Gdv Ldzdhb~idg|q =4

Aoc~|d} 10 Acqd Q|tledq 1:

Itqdti bj Ibld}g C}| Gdv Ub}k Ae|u( GU 1:

Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}| Eglecgc~bheq( EG


4/70

ez

Cmq|}ca|

Eg =>>?( |od Mc}cak Bmcic ~}dqeldg|ech aci~cefg tqdl gdv idlec |b

f}dc| djjda|( }chhuegf ubtgfd} zb|d}q cgl ath|ezc|egf c lejjd}dg| |u~d bj lbgb} mu

obgb}egf qichhd} fej|q |oc| caatithc|dl |b ickd cg ei~ca|' Tqegf qbaech idlec

cgl gdv |daogbhbfu |b egq~e}d( dgfcfd( cgl di~bvd} eglezeltchq ca}bqq |od

Tge|dl Q|c|dq( |od Bmcic aci~cefg vcq cmhd |b ldzdhb~ c qefgejeacg| lbgb}

mcqd ve|o }dab}l)m}dckegf }dqth|q' C}|q b}fcgepc|ebgq( hekd ~bhe|each aci~cefgq(

}dhu bg lbgb}q |b qt~~b}| |ode} bgfbegf ath|t}ch vb}k' Ve|o |od qoej| eg

fdgd}c|ebgch ~oehcg|o}b~ea ocme|q mdabiegf ahdc}d}( |od eg|df}c|ebg bj gdv |}dglq

eg qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu eg c gbg~}bje|q ldzdhb~idg| cgl jtgl}ceqegf

q|}c|dfu eq a}taech |b |od hbgf |d}i qtaadqq bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg cgl bjjd}q

egzchtcmhd |bbhq eg ldzdhb~idg| cgl jtgl}ceqegf jb} |od =3q|)adg|t}u' Iu bm`da|ezd

jb} |oeq |odqeq eq |b dx~hb}d |od at}}dg| |}dglq cgl gdv ldzdhb~idg|q |oc| oczd

egjhtdgadl |od bghegd ~oehcg|o}b~u hcglqac~d |o}btfo ldzdhb~egf cg eg)ld~|o

tgld}q|cglegf bj |o}dd abg|di~b}c}u c}| itqdtiq0 |od Itqdti bj Ibld}g C}|(

Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}| cgl |od Itqdti bj Abg|di~b}c}u C}| Aoeacfb' Mu

cgchupegf |od at}}dg| tqd bj qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu eg |odqd egq|e|t|ebgq( E

vehh c}}ezd c| }dabiidglc|ebgq jb} |od eg|df}c|ebg bj at}}dg| |}dglq cgl gdv

ldzdhb~idg|q eg bghegd ~oehcg|o}b~u eg |od bzd}chh jtgl}ceqegf cgl ldzdhb~idg|

q|}c|dfedq jb} b|od} c}|q egq|e|t|ebgq'


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z

Ldjege|ebg bj \d}iq

ciiclbvvv'ciiclb'abi

Ciiclb ~}bzeldq lbgb}q ve|o c fhbmch lbgc|ebgq cgldgfcfdidg| ~hc|jb}i( bgd |oc| chhbvq |odi |b caad~|lbgc|ebgq j}bi chh c}btgl |od vb}hl eg ib}d |ocg 64at}}dgaedq cgl |o}btfo chh ic`b} cgl icgu hbach ~cuidg|

id|oblq'

C}|Mcmmhdvvv'c}|mcmmhd'b}f

C}|Mcmmhd eq cg bghegd abiitge|u a}dc|dl |b qobvacqd c}|)mcqdl zeldb abg|dg| cglat}}dg|hu obq|q => ~c}|gd}egq|e|t|ebgq'

Cqobkc&q Aocgfdickd}qvvv'aocgfdickd}q'abi

Aocgfdickd}q jbatqdq bg b~dg qbt}ad qbht|ebgq |b ~bhe|each~}bmhdiq( tqegf |ca|eaq qtao cq qbht|ebg abg|dq|q'

mhbf

C mhbf eq cg eg|d}ca|ezd |u~d bl vdmqe|d b} ~c}| bj c vdmqe|d|oc| chhbvq egleleztlchq |b a}dc|d }dothc} dg|}edq bjabiidg|c}u( ldqa}e~|ebgq bj dzdg|q( b} t~hbcl b|od} tqd})fdgd}c|dl ic|d}echq cgl tqtchhu chhbvq zeqe|b}q |b abiidg|bg dg|}edq'

Actqdqvvv'actqdq'abi

Actqdq eg|df}c|dl eg|b Jcadmbbk( chhbvq tqd}q |b hctgao cgl~c}|eae~c|d eg bghegd aci~cefgq jb} abhhda|ezd ca|ebg( hekdjtgl}ceqegf( ~d|e|ebgq( cgl ega}dcqegf cvc}dgdqq bj c actqd b}b}fcgepc|ebg'

ae|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~eq|qAe|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~eq|q c}d eglezeltchq vob tqd qbaech idleccq c |bbh |b ae}atizdg| |}cle|ebgch aoc}e|edq cgl fbzd}gidg|b}fcgepc|ebgq |b cjjda| aocgfd'

a}bvljtglegf

A}bvljtglegf eq |od abimegc|ebg bj a}bvlqbt}aegf cgl iea}b)

~c|}bgcfd( c quq|di eg vod}d |od ~tmhea le}da|hu qt~~b}|q |odvb}k bj b|od}q mu ickegf lbgc|ebgq bj cgu kegl bghegd( eqkgbvg cq a}bvljtglegf'

A}bvl}eqdvvv'a}bvl}eqd'abi

A}bvl}eqd bjjd}q bghegd |bbhq jb} ~d}qbgch jtgl}ceqegf( dzdg|jtgl}ceqegf( q~daech baacqebg jtgl}ceqegf( |dci jtgl}ceqegfcgl q~bgqb}dl zbhtg|dd}eqi' Lbgb}q caatithc|d ~beg|q muq|c}|egf c jtgl}ceqegf aci~cefg( lbgc|egf( zbhtg|dd}egf( b}eg|d}ca|egf ve|oeg A}bvl}eqd' \b~ ~beg| veggd}q }dadezd ~}epdq(qtao cq dhda|}bgeaq( ahb|oegf( cgl fej| ac}lq'

a}bvlqbt}aegf

A}bvlqbt}aegf eq |od ca| bj bt|qbt}aegf |cqkq( |}cle|ebgchhu

~d}jb}idl mu cg di~hbudd bj abg|}ca|b}( |b cg tgldjegdlhc}fd f}bt~ bj ~db~hd b} abiitge|u |o}btfo cg b~dg achh'


6/70

ze

Lbgb}qAobbqdvvv'lbgb}qaobbqd'b}f

Lbgb}qAobbqd eq cg bghegd aoc}e|u |oc| abggda|q lbgb}q |bahcqq}bbiq eg gddlq' Lbgb}q acg lbgc|d |b c ahcqq}bbi~}b`da| zd||dl mu |od vdmqe|d' \dcaod}q qtmie| ahcqq}bbi~}b`da| }dstdq|q |b |od vdmqe|d' \od aoc}e|u |odg ~t}aocqdq}dhc|dl ic|d}echq cgl qoe~q le}da|hu |b |od qaobbhq' T~lc|dq

bg |od jtgldl ~}b`da|q( egahtlegf ~ob|bq( q|tldg| hd||d}q( cglc abq| }d~b}| qobvegf obv |od lbgc|ebg vcq q~dg|'

Jcadmbbkvvv'jcadmbbk'abi

Jcadmbbk eq c jb})~}bje| qbaech gd|vb}kegf vdmqe|d( hctgaodleg =>>?( |oc| chhbvq eglezeltchq |b qoc}d egjb}ic|ebg cglabg|dg|'

Je}q|Fezegfvvv'je}q|fezegf'abi

Je}q|Fezegf eq c vdmqe|d di~bvd}q eglezeltchq |b }ceqd ibgdujb} actqdq cgl ~}bzeldq gbg~}bje|q ve|o jtgl}ceqegf aci~cefgicgcfdidg| |bbhq' Lbgb}q acg aobbqd |b abzd} |od jddq |oc|c}d cqqbaec|dl ve|o |}cgqca|ebgq' Je}q|Fezegf chqb ~c}|gd}qve|o gbg~}bje|q |b ~hcg( dxdat|d( cgl idcqt}d bghegdjtgl}ceqegf aci~cefgq'

Jheak}vvv'jheak}'abi

Jheak} c jb})~}bje| vdmqe|d hctgaodl eg =>>)lcu ~d}ebl' Jb} dcao |vdd|( abiidg|(t~hbcldl ~ob|b |b Jcadmbbk( cgl dgfcfdidg| ve|o |ode}j}edglq bghegd' C| |od dgl bj 1> lcuq( |od qe|d |chhedq ubt}

qbaech ca|eze|edq'

Obb|qte|dvvv'obb|qte|d'abi

Obb|qte|d chhbvq tqd}q |b abggda| |b ith|e~hd qbaech gd|vb}kqj}bi bgd vdmqe|d'

obtqd qbaech gd|vb}kObtqd qbaech gd|vb}kq eq c qbaech gd|vb}kegf abiitge|u mteh|bg c gbg~}bje|q bvg vdmqe|d'


7/70

zee

@tibvvv'`tib'abi

@tib eq c }dfeq|d}dl 4>3/a%/1% b}fcgepc|ebg( abgqeld}q e|qdhj cqbaech gd|vb}k |oc| abggda|q eglezeltchq cgl b}fcgepc|ebgq'A}dc|dl mu Jcadmbbk ab)jbtgld} Ao}eq Otfodq( e|qjtga|ebgche|u eq hegkdl ahbqdhu ve|o Jcadmbbk' Lbgb}q itq|oczd c Jcadmbbk caabtg| |b qefg t~' Cq c lbgb}( ubt acg jegl

eqqtdq cgl ~}b`da|q |b qt~~b}|( jbhhbv }dhc|dl gdvq cglqt~~b}| |obqd actqdq' Eg qbid acqdq( ubt lbgc|d |b cgb}fcgepc|ebg |o}btfo c lbgc|d mt||bg bg |ode} @tib ~cfd'

@tq| Fezdvvv'`tq|fezd'b}f

@tq| Fezd odh~q eglezeltchq jegl aoc}e|edq |b qt~~b}|( |od@tq|Fezd Fteld gc}}bvq c lc|cmcqd bj bzd} 3'4 iehhebgaoc}e|edq /j}bi Fteldq|c}% lbvg |b |od 3(>>> b}fcgepc|ebgq|oc| idd| q|}egfdg| }dste}didg|q cgl |odg f}bt~q |odi eg|b35 ac|dfb}edq' \od qe|d chqb bjjd}q zc}ebtq vcuq eglezeltchqacg qt~~b}| |ode} actqdq( qtao cq aoc}e|u fej| ac}lq( aoc}e|uvdllegf }dfeq|}c|ebgq cgl aoc}e|u fej| abhhda|ebgq' \odiegeiti lbgc|ebg |o}btfo |od qe|d eq ,3>' \od lbgb}q acg

chqb qd| t~ }dat}}egf lbgc|ebgq |b ~}badqq bg c ibg|ohu mcqeqcgl acg |}cak |od lbgc|ebgq ubt ickd |o}btfo ubt} fezegfoeq|b}u'

Keakq|c}|d}vvv'keakq|c}|d}'abi

Keakq|c}|d} eq c abiid}aech abi~cgu( eq c jtglegf ~hc|jb}i jb}c}|eq|q( ldqefgd}q( jehiickd}q jbtgldl eg C~}eh =>>5'

kezcvv'kezc'b}f

Kezc eq c gbg)~}bje| iea}bjegcgad b}fcgepc|ebg |oc| vb}kq ve|oiea}bjegcgad egq|e|t|ebgq bg jezd abg|egdg|q |b ~}bzeld hbcgq |b~db~hd ve|obt| caadqq |b |}cle|ebgch mcgkegf quq|diq'

iea}b~c|}bgcfdIea}b~c|}bgcfd eq c quq|di eg vod}d |od ~tmhea le}da|huqt~~b}|q |od vb}k bj b|od}q mu ickegf lbgc|ebgq bj cgu kegl

bghegd'

iea}bmhbfIea}bmhbq c}d qeiehc} |b mhbfq( mt| lejjd} eg |oc| abg|dg| hdgf|oeq qob}|d}'

iea}bjegcgadIea}bjegcgad eq c fdgd}ch |d}i tqdl |b ldqa}emd jegcgaechqd}zeadq |b hbv)egabid eglezeltchq b} |b |obqd vob lb gb|oczd caadqq |b |u~each mcgkegf qd}zeadq'

iea}bzbhtg|dd}egfIea}bzbhtg|dd}egf eq mcqdl bg a}bvlqbt}aegf cgl eq qichhzbhtg|dd} |cqkq |oc| acg md abi~hd|dl eg zd}u qob}| ~d}eblq bj|eid |o}btfo |od tqd bj ibmehd ldzeadq'

ibmehd fezegfIbmehd fezegf chhbvq eglezeltchq |b lbgc|d |o}btfo QIQidqqcfdq'

^cu~chvvv'~cu~ch'abi

^cu~ch eq cg d)abiid}ad mtqegdqq chhbvegf ~cuidg|q cglibgdu |}cgqjd}q |b md icld |o}btfo |od eg|d}gd|'


8/70

zeee

]cegickd}vvv'}cegickd}c~~'abi

]cegIckd}( zec \ve||d} cgl ^cu~ch( chhbvq lbgb}q |b lbgc|d|b gbg~}bje|q cgl ega}dcqd cvc}dgdqq |o}btfo \ve||d} bj |ode}qt~~b}| bj |od q~daejea b}fcgepc|ebg' Lbgc|ebgq c}d icld|o}btfo \ve||d}( mdhbv eq c qci~hd |vdd| bj c lbgc|ebg0,=> |b !}dla}bqq zec N}cegickd}c~~ |b fezd hejd

Lbgb}q acg chqb a}dc|d c jtgl}ceqegf fbch jb} c actqd b}gbg~}bje| cgl |od ~}bf}dqq vehh md ct|bic|eachhu |}cakdl cglleq~hcudl bg |od lbgb}q ]cegIckd} ~}bjehd ~cfd'

]cpbbvvv'}cpbb'abi

]cpbb ~}bzeldq |bbhq |b qdc}ao jb} cgl lbgc|d |b aoc}e|edq(a}dc|d cg bghegd jtgl}ceqd} ve|o gb qd|t~ jddq b} ibg|ohuqtmqa}e~|ebgq cgl abhhcmb}c|d |o}btfo qbaech idlec' Lbgb}qacg jegl cgl qt~~b}| actqdq( c gbg~}bje| b} a}dc|d |ode} bvgjtgl}ceqd}' \odu acg chqb b}fcgepd c |dci b} `beg qbidbgddhqdq |b }ceqd ibgdu'

qaedg|ejea ~oehcg|o}b~u

Qaedg|ejea ^oehcg|o}b~u eq c ibzdidg| vcq eg|}bltadl eg |odTQ eg |od gegd|ddg|o adg|t}u' E| vcq c }dq~bgqd |b a}e|eaeqiqbj |od ~oehcg|o}b~ea ~}ca|eadq bj |od |eid cgl vcq egjhtdgadlmu |od gdv qbaech qaedgadq bj ~quaobhbfu cgl qbaebhbfu'

QIQ Egaeldg| ic~~egfQIQ Egaeldg| ic~~egf mcqdl bg a}bvlqbt}aegf cgl ibmehd|daogbhbfu( tqdq QIQ |b }d~b}| c fezdg egaeldgad cglic~~egf |od lc|c fdbf}c~oeachhu'

QIQ " |dx| idqqcfdqQIQ q|cglq jb} Qob}| Idqqcfd Qd}zead( abiibghu kgbvg cq|dx| idqqcfegf'

qbaech idlec

Qbaech Idlec eq cg tim}dhhc |d}i jb} vdm)mcqdl |daogbhbfedqldzdhb~dl |b chhbv eglezeltchq cgl b}fcgepc|ebgq |b dgfcfd eg

eg|d}ca|ezd lechbftdq bghegd |o}btfo vdmqe|dq |oc| chhbv tqd}q|b qoc}d abg|dg| cgl idlec'

qbaech gd|vb}kq

Qbaech gd|vb}kq c}d c jb}i bj qbaech idlec( abiibghu }djd}q|b cg bghegd qd}zead b} vdmqe|d |oc| jbatqdq bg mtehlegf cgl}djhda|egf bj qbaech gd|vb}kq b} qbaech }dhc|ebgq cibgfeglezeltchq b} b}fcgepc|ebgq'

\od Tgath|t}dl ^}b`da|vvv'tgath|t}dl'abi

\od Tgath|t}dl ^}b`da| q|c}|dl eg =>>6 mu Qocvg Coidl' I}'Coidl ldqa}emdq \od Tgath|t}dl ^}b`da| cq -gb| cgb}fcgepc|ebg( aoc}e|u( b} cgu|oegf jb}ich' E|&q iu tg~hcggdl(tgdx~da|dl( cgl &tgath|t}dl& `bt}gdu |b ickd |od vb}hl cmd||d} ~hcad) bgd idcgegfjth lejjd}dgad c| c |eid' E lb |oeq mu|}uegf |b md c m}elfd)ickd}' E mdhedzd vd acg tqd |od vdm cgl|daogbhbfu vd ch}dclu oczd |b le}da|hu abggda| ve|o |obqd eggddl cgl odh~ eg c vcu |oc|&q |cgfemhd jb} dzd}ubgd'-

\vdd|ldakvvv'|vdd|ldak'abi

\vdd|Ldak eq cg Clbmd CE] ldqk|b~ |oc| chhbvq tqd}q |babggda| |b ith|e~hd qbaech gd|vb}kq'


9/70

ex

\ve||d}vvv'|ve||d}'abi

\ve||d} eq c jb})~}bje| abi~cgu kctgaodl eg =>>6 |oc| chhbvqtqd}q |b |vdd|( c |d}i }djd}}egf |b |od ~bq|egf bj c iea}bmhbfdg|}u abgqeq|egf bj t~ |b 3 aoc}ca|d}q'

Tqocoele

vvv'tqocoele'abi

Tqocoele cg b~dg)qbt}ad ^O^"@czcqa}e~| ~hc|jb}i jb} ic~

cgl |eid)mcqdl zeqtchepc|ebgq bj |dx| }d~b}|q( ocq mddg tqdl~}dlbiegcg|hu eg a}eqeq ic~~egf'

vdm ='>Vdm ='> c}d vdm c~~heac|ebgq |oc| jcaehe|c|d eg|d}ca|ezdegjb}ic|ebg qoc}egf( eg|d}b~d}cmehe|u( tqd})adg|d}dl ldqefg(cgl abhhcmb}c|ebg'

Veke vdmqe|dq

Veke vdmqe|dq c}d jbtgldl bg a}bvlqbt}aegf cgl chhbvqf}bt~q bj eglezeltchq |b abhhda|ezdhu a}dc|d cgl dle| |odvdmqe|d cgl e|q abg|dg|( ibq| ~b~thc} eq |od bghegddgauahb~dlec Veke~dlec' /vvv'veke~dlec'abi%

vb}kegf vekehu

Vbk}egf Vekehu eq c hdcl}qoe~ c~~}bcao |oc| eq aoc}ca|d}epdl

mu f}dc|d} b~dggdqq( |}cgq~c}dgau( ldadg|}chepdl ldaeqebgickegf( cgl abhhda|ezd ca|ebg' /Cq ldjegdl mu

Ubt\tmdvvv'ubt|tmd'abi

Ubt\tmd eq c zeldb)qoc}egf vdmqe|d hctgaodl eg =>>4 |oc|chhbvq eglezeltchq |b t~hbcl( qoc}d( cgl zedv zeldbq bghegd'


10/70

x

Heq| bj Ehhtq|}c|ezd Ic|d}ech

\cmhd 30 Dq|eic|dl Lbgb}q cgl Abg|}emt|ebgq mu Cfd Qdfidg| =6

\cmhd =0 Je}q| Jb}i bj Dgfcfdidg| mu Cfd Qdfidg| =6

\cmhd 10 \b~ Aoc}e|u Egjb}ic|ebg Aocggdhq mu Cfd Qdfidg| =?

\cmhd


11/70

33

Eg|}blta|ebg

Eg =>>?( |od Mc}cak Bmcic ~}dqeldg|ech aci~cefg tqdl gdv idlec |b f}dc|

djjda|( }chhuegf ubtgfd} zb|d}q cgl ath|ezc|egf c lejjd}dg| |u~d bj lbgb} mu obgb}egf

qichhd} fej|q |oc| caatithc|dl |b ickd cg ei~ca|' Tqegf qbaech idlec cgl gdv

|daogbhbfu |b egq~e}d( dgfcfd( cgl di~bvd} eglezeltchq ca}bqq |od Tge|dl Q|c|dq(

|od Bmcic aci~cefg vcq cmhd |b ldzdhb~ c qefgejeacg| lbgb} mcqd ve|o }dab}l)

m}dckegf }dqth|q' C}|q b}fcgepc|ebgq( hekd ~bhe|each aci~cefgq( }dhu bg lbgb}q |b

qt~~b}| |ode} bgfbegf ath|t}ch vb}k' Ve|o |od qoej| eg fdgd}c|ebgch ~oehcg|o}b~ea ocme|q

mdabiegf ahdc}d}( |od eg|df}c|ebg bj gdv |}dglq eg qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu eg c

gbg~}bje|q ldzdhb~idg| cgl jtgl}ceqegf q|}c|dfu eq a}taech |b |od hbgf |d}i qtaadqq

bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg' \od}d oczd mddg icgu gdv ldzdhb~idg|q eg qbaech idlec cgl

|daogbhbfu qegad =>>? |oc| oczd egjhtdgadl |od bghegd ~oehcg|o}b~u hcglqac~d' \od

bzd}c}aoegf |}dglq |oc| oczd ocl qefgejeacg| egjhtdgad c}d c }djhda|ebg bj |od qoej| eg

fdgd}c|ebgch ~oehcg|o}b~ea ocme|q' \od qoej| eq ltd |b |od ega}dcqdl ldqe}d cgl

dx~da|c|ebg jb} |}cgq~c}dgau cgl |od dx~cgqebg bj abiitgeac|ebg aocggdhq ltd |b

|od eg|d}gd|&q ega}dcqd bj caadqq |b egjb}ic|ebg( }dfc}lhdqq bj fdbf}c~ou cgl |od

ldzdhb~idg| bj qbaech idlec' \od dzbht|ebg bj |daogbhbfu ocq hbgf egjhtdgadl |od

Cid}eacg |}cle|ebg bj ~oehcg|o}b~u( |obtfo |od ab}d zchtdq bj mb|o abi~cqqebg( b}

aoc}e|u( cgl abiitge|u c}d c abgq|cg|'

Cq |od TQ |}cgqe|ebgdl j}bi cg cf}c}ecg |b egltq|}ech qbaed|u( |od gb|ebg bj

~oehcg|o}b~u qoej|dl cgl vcq }ddzchtc|dl' Lt}egf |od gegd|ddg|o adg|t}u |od

qaedg|ejea ~oehcg|o}b~u ibzdidg| vcq eg|}bltadl eg |od TQ' E| vcq c }dq~bgqd |b

a}e|eaeqiq bj |od ~oehcg|o}b~ea ~}ca|eadq bj |od |eid cgl vcq egjhtdgadl mu |od gdv

qbaech qaedgadq bj ~quaobhbfu cgl qbaebhbfu3' C ic`b} a}e|eaeqi vcq |oc| ~oehcg|o}b~u

vcq ld|}eidg|ch |b |od }dae~edg|q mu }degjb}aegf |od abgle|ebgq e| c||di~|dl |b

dheiegc|d' Cgl}dv Ac}gdfed cgl @bog L' ]bakdjdhhd} vd}d egjhtdg|ech eg |od

3^cu|bg( ]bmd}| H'( cgl Ieaocdh ^' Ibblu' -\od Qbaech Oeq|b}u bj |od Ib}ch Eicfegc|ebg'- Tgld}q|cglegf

^oehcg|o}b~u0 E|q Idcgegf cgl Ieqqebg' Mhbbiegf|bg0 Eglecgc T^( =>>?' ^}eg|'


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3=

ldzdhb~idg| bj qaedg|ejea ~oehcg|o}b~u( cq |odu t}fdl |obqd dgfcfdl eg aoc}e|cmhd

ca|eze|edq |b q|b~ ca|egf bg dib|ebg cgl ei~thqd cgl |b q|c}| ca|egf bg oc}l dzeldgad(

ac}djth cgchuqeq( cgl ~hcggegf'= Ve|o |od c~~heac|ebg bj qaedg|ejea ~}egae~hdq |b |ode}

ldqe}d |b odh~ |obqd eg gddl |oc| ldqd}zdl odh~ b} |}thu gddldl e|( |odu oe}dl q|cjj

cgl ldzdhb~dl c quq|diepdl }dzedv ~}badqq bj c~~dchq( dzdg|tchhu a}dc|egf

~oehcg|o}b~ea jbtglc|ebgq |oc| ~}bib|dl }dqdc}ao eg|b |od actqdq bj qbaech ~}bmhdiq

cgl |od ldzdhb~idg| bj q|}c|dfedq |b }didlu qtao ~}bmhdiq( eg clle|ebg |b f}cg|egf

ibgdu' \oeq c~~}bcao |b ~oehcg|o}b~u abg|egtdq |b md ~c}| bj |od mcqeq bj bt} at}}dg|

gbg~}bje| jtglegf quq|di'

Ldzdhb~idg|q eg |daogbhbfu lt}egf |od |vdg|ed|o adg|t}u eg |od c}|q cgl

dg|d}|cegidg| egltq|}edq hdl |b c}|q b}fcgepc|ebgq qoej| j}bi c ~}b~}ed|c}u |b c

qtmqelepdl gbg)~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebgch ibldh' \od a}dc|ebg bj caadqqemhd cgl hbvd}

abq| jb}iq bj dg|d}|cegidg| cgl c}|q( qtao cq |dhdzeqebg cgl ibzedq( dx~cgldl |od

hdeqt}d |eid ca|eze|u b~|ebgq cgl }dle}da|dl leq~bqcmhd egabid cvcu j}bi |}cle|ebgch

c}|q( qtao cq ~hcuobtqdq' Ve|o |od ~b~thc}epc|ebg bj c}|q |oc| vd}d a}dc|dl ve|o |od

gdv |daogbhbfedq( }dicegegf ~}b~}ed|c}u c}|q b}fcgepc|ebgq ctledgadq mdacid

~}eic}ehu t~~d} ahcqq ~c|}bgq( gdadqqe|c|egf |od clb~|ebg bj c gdv ibldh bj

qtmqelepdl gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebg1' \oeq qoej| hdl |od vcu |b |od TQ ldzdhb~idg| bj c

~ht}cheq|ea jtglegf quq|di |oc| abgqeq|q bj fbzd}gidg|( ~}ezc|d /~}ezc|d jbtglc|ebgq

cgl eglezeltchq%( cgl ab}~b}c|d jtglegf qbt}adq'

\daogbhbfu abg|egtdq |b cjjda| ~oehcg|o}b~u' \od clzdg| bj |od eg|d}gd|( oefo

q~ddl eg|d}gd| caadqq( cgl |od ega}dcqd eg ld~dgldgau bg abi~t|d}q cgl ibmehd

ldzeadq ocq a}dc|dl gdv abiitgeac|ebg aocggdhq cgl dg|}u ~beg|q |b gbg)~}bje|

b}fcgepc|ebgq' \od eg|d}gd| ega}dcqdl |od eglezeltchy q caadqq |b egjb}ic|ebg cgl lc|c(

dheiegc|egf fdbf}c~oeach mbtglc}edq eg }dhc|ebg |b }dqdc}ao cgl egjb}ic|ebg qoc}egf'

\od cmehe|u |b dxaocgfd egjb}ic|ebg cgl lc|c ldzdhb~dl eg|b voc| eq abiibghu

=^cu|bg( ]bmd}| H'( cgl Ieaocdh ^' Ibblu' -\od Qbaech Oeq|b}u bj |od Ib}ch Eicfegc|ebg'- Tgld}q|cglegf

^oehcg|o}b~u0 E|q Idcgegf cgl Ieqqebg' Mhbbiegf|bg0 Eglecgc T^( =>>?' ^}eg|'1K}delhd}( @bog' -Hdzd}cfd Hbq|0 \od Gbg~}bje| C}|q eg |od ^bq|)Jb}l D}c'- Eg Ib|ebg Icfcpegd3: Jdm' 355:' EgIb|ebg Icfcpegd' G^A ^}blta|ebgq' Vdm' 34 Ba|' =>3>' 8o||~0""vvv'egib|ebgicfcpegd'abi"hbq|'o|ih7'


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31

}djd}}dl |b cq Vdm ='>( vdm c~~heac|ebgq |oc| jcaehe|c|d eg|d}ca|ezd egjb}ic|ebg

qoc}egf( eg|d}b~d}cmehe|u( tqd})adg|d}dl ldqefg( cgl abhhcmb}c|ebg' \od cmehe|u |b

dx|dgl cg eglezeltchq qbaech gd|vb}k ve|obt| |od }dq|}ea|ebg bj fdbf}c~ou( hdl |b |od

}deg|d}~}d|c|ebg bj |od gb|ebg bj abiitge|u' Vdm)mcqdl |daogbhbfedq vd}d

ldzdhb~dl |b chhbv eglezeltchq cgl b}fcgepc|ebgq |b dgfcfd eg eg|d}ca|ezd lechbftdq

bghegd |o}btfo vdmqe|dq |oc| chhbv tqd}q |b qoc}d abg|dg| cgl idlec' \od tim}dhhc

|d}i jb} |odqd ~hc|jb}iq eq qbaech idlec' Qbaech gd|vb}kegf( c jb}i bj qbaech idlec(

abiibghu }djd}q |b cg bghegd qd}zead b} vdmqe|d |oc| jbatqdq bg mtehlegf qbaech

gd|vb}kq b} qbaech }dhc|ebgq cibgf eglezeltchq b} b}fcgepc|ebgq' \od eg|df}c|ebg bj

qbaech idlec cq c zchel aocggdh bj abiitgeac|ebg eg |od bzd}chh q|}c|dfu bj c

gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebg vcq ltd eg ~c}| |b |od =>>? Bmcic aci~cefg' Qbaech idlec

vd}d qtaadqqjthhu tqdl cq c ~}eic}u |bbh eg dq|cmheqoegf e|q f}cqq}bb|q ege|ec|ezd cgl

jtgl}ceqegf aci~cefg'

\od ega}dcqd eg gdv aocggdhq bj abiitgeac|ebg |o}btfo qbaech idlec

~hc|jb}iq ocq mddg c aochhdgfd jb} icgu gbg~}bje|q' \od c~~}bcao cgl jb}ich

hcgftcfd tqdl eg |}cle|ebgch jb}iq bj abiitgeac|ebg eq gb| dcqehu clc~|dl |b qbaech

idlec ~hc|jb}iq' Qbaech idlec&q }bb|q c}d eg |od eglezeltchq tqd bj bghegd ~hc|jb}iq

cgl qd}zeadq |b dq|cmheqo cgl ~c}|eae~c|d eg bghegd abiitge|edq' Eg |oeq abg|dx|( |od

dx~da|dl hcgftcfd eq ~d}qbgcmhd( dgfcfegf( cgl egjb}ich' C qbaech idlec eldg|e|u

}dste}dq c q|}bgf bghegd eldg|e|u cgl c qbaech idlec -zbead- bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg' Jb}

icgu eglezeltchq bghegd( cg b}fcgepc|ebgq vdmqe|d cgl qbaech idlec aocggdhq c}d

|od je}q| eg|d}ca|ebg ve|o |od b}fcgepc|ebg' \od ~}eic}u qbaech idlec ~hc|jb}iq tqdl mu

gbg~}bje|q |b lc|d c}d Jcadmbbk( \ve||d}( Ubt\tmd( cgl Jheak}' \od cmehe|u cgl

vehhegfgdqq |b t~lc|d cgl abgqeq|dg|hu iceg|ceg qe|dq eq dx|}didhu ei~b}|cg|' Hcak bj

abgq|cg| c||dg|ebg |b cg b}fcgepc|ebgq qbaech idlec aocggdhq vehh oczd c gdfc|ezd

djjda| bg |od b}fcgepc|ebg' Qbaech idlec c}d ~hc|jb}iq |oc| chhbv jb} eg|d}ca|ebg cgl

lechbftd( eglezeltchq oczd |od cmehe|u |b ~}bib|d b} zbead gdfc|ezd b~egebgq bj cg

eg|d}ca|ebg ve|o cg b}fcgepc|ebg' \odqd cq~da|q bj qbaech idlec oczd actqdl

odqe|c|ebg ve|o icgu gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebgq( q~daejeachhu c}|q b}fcgepc|ebgq( |b


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3>4 |b C~}eh 3( =>33' \od ~}eic}u id|obl bj }dqdc}ao vcq |b abglta| eg|d}zedvq

ve|o ~}bjdqqebgchq ve|oeg dcao egq|e|t|ebg( mcqdl bg c stdq|ebggce}d a}dc|dl

q~daejeachhu jb} |oeq |odqeq( cgl cg cgchuqeq bj vdm mcqdl ~tmheac|ebgq mu dx~d}|q

ve|oeg |od jedhl bj qbaech idlec cgl gbg~}bje|q'


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34

Aoc~|d} 30 Bzd}c}aoegf \}dglq cgl At}}dg| Hcglqac~d

Eg |oeq aoc~|d} E vehh leqatqq |od bzd}c}aoegf |}dglq |oc| oczd egjhtdgadl |od

at}}dg| hcglqac~d bj bghegd ~oehcg|o}b~u' Eg =>>?( |od Bmcic aci~cefg vcq |od je}q|

|b eg|df}c|d qbaech idlec eg|b e|q bzd}chh q|}c|dfu' Qbaech idlec cgl bghegd abiitge|u

ldzdhb~idg| vd}d qddg cq dstch |b b|od} ld~c}|idg|q>? |b ibmehepd 31 iehhebg qt~~b}|d}q cgl

}ceqd c~~}bxeic|dhu ,64> iehhebg:' \od aci~cefg ega}dcqdl cvc}dgdqq bj |od

~bqqemehe|edq bj qbaech idlec cgl obv |daogbhbfu dzbhzdl cgl }dldjegdl |od gb|ebgq

bj abiitge|u'

Qbaech idlec ldzdhb~dl eg|b c |bbh |oc| ocq di~bvd}dl |od eglezeltch; |oeq

qdgqd bj di~bvd}idg|( |od ldqe}d |b oczd le}da| ei~ca| cgl mtehl }dhc|ebgqoe~q fczd

}eqd |b ae|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~eq|q' \odqd eglezeltchq tqd qbaech idlec cq c |bbh |b

ae}atizdg| |}cle|ebgch aoc}e|edq cgl fbzd}gidg| b}fcgepc|ebgq |b cjjda| aocgfd'

^d|d} Lde|p( bgd bj |od dc}hedq| ~}b~bgdg|q bj ae|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~u cgl jbtgld} bj

Qbaech Ca|ebgq( ldqa}emdq ae|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~eq|q cq -|}cgqjb}iegf ~oehcg|o}b~u j}bi c

3>' \od Dt}b~dcg Mtqegdqq ]dzedv' 3? Icu =>3>' Vdm' 34Gbz' =>3>' 8o||~0""vvv'dt}b~dcgmtqegdqq}dzedv'abi"2~93:=67'4

Kcg|d}( Md|o( cgl Chheqbg O' Jegd' \od Gd|vb}kdl Gbg~}bje|0 Abggda|egf ve|o Qbaech Idlec |b L}ezd

Aocgfd' Qcg J}cgaeqab0 @bqqdu)Mcqq( =>3>' ^}eg|':

Cckd}( @dggejd}( cgl Zea|b}ec Aocgf' -Bmcic cgl |od ^bvd} bj Qbaech Idlec cgl \daogbhbfu'- \odDt}~dcg Mtqegdqq ]dzedvIcu)@tgd =>3>' \od Dt}b~dcg Mtqegdqq ]dzedv' 3? Icu =>3>' Vdm' 34Gbz' =>3>' 8o||~0""vvv'dt}b~dcgmtqegdqq}dzedv'abi"2~93:=67'


16/70

3:

|b~)lbvg ~}badqq eg|b cg egze|c|ebg jb} |od f}cqq}bb|q |b q~dck t~ cgl ickd

qbid|oegf oc~~dg'-6 Od abg|egtdq |b ldqa}emd |oc| |od ae|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~u

ibzdidg|

}tgq bg |od }dqbt}adq cgl ~cqqebgq bj }dch ~db~hd' Gb bgd bvgq e|( mt|dzd}ubgd acg ~c}|eae~c|d''' \o}btfo qbaech gd|vb}kq( mhbfq( |dx|idqqcfdq( cgl diceh( vd jtgl bgd)bjj dzdg|q eg bt} hbach abiitge|edqcq vdhh cq bt} j}edglq ~}b`da|q cgl bt|q|cglegf eglezeltchq |}uegf |b djjda|~bqe|ezd aocgfd bg |od b|od} qeld bj |od vb}hl''' ae|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~u [eqY cle}da| a}e|estd bj abgqtid}eqi( }d~hcaegf b~~b}|tge|edq |b abgqtid ve|ob~~b}|tge|edq |b fezd mcak b} |ckd ca|ebg'-

?

\od ae|epdg ~oehcg|o}b~eq|qy ldqe}d |b oczd le}da| dgfcfdidg| cgl egzbhzdidg|( hdl |b

|od }eqd bj qbaech idlec ~hc|jb}iq |oc| chhbvdl eglezeltchq |b ldzdhb~ le}da|

}dhc|ebgqoe~q |b actqdq' Icgu bj |odqd ~hc|jb}iq c}d jbtgldl bg |od eldc bj

a}bvlqbt}aegf( |od ca| bj bt|qbt}aegf |cqkq( |}cle|ebgchhu ~d}jb}idl mu cg di~hbudd

b} abg|}ca|b}( |b cg tgldjegdl hc}fd f}bt~ bj ~db~hd b} c abiitge|u |o}btfo cg b~dg

achh' \od tqd bj a}bvlqbt}aegf ocq dx~cgldl dx~bgdg|echhu ltd |od cmehe|edq bj Vdm

='> cgl |o}btfo |od tqd bj qbaech idlec( a}dc|egf b~~b}|tge|edq |b abhhcmb}c|d bg

q~daejea actqdq b} ~}bmhdiq ib}d dcqehu' Cg dxci~hd c}d |od Veke vdmqe|dq |oc| c}d

jbtgldl bg a}bvlqbt}aegf cgl chhbv f}bt~q bj eglezeltchq |b abhhda|ezdhu a}dc|d cgl

dle| |od vdmqe|d cgl e|q abg|dg|' Ibq| ~b~thc} eq |od bghegd dgauahb~dlec Veke~dlec'5

A}bvlqbt}aegf ocq chqb ldzdhb~dl cq |od jbtglc|ebg jb} c |u~d bj hdcld}qoe~

c~~}bcao -|oc| eq aoc}ca|d}epdl mu f}dc|d} b~dggdqq( |}cgq~c}dgau( ldadg|}chepdl

ldaeqebg ickegf( cgl abhhda|ezd ca|ebg- }djd}}dl |b cq vb}kegf vekehu/mcqdl bg |od

vdmqe|d'%3> Eg |d}iq bj vb}kegf vekehu( a}bvlqbt}aegf eq |od tqd bj qbaech idlec |bbhq

cgl |od caabi~cguegf gd|vb}k iegl)qd| |b dx~cgl |od cmehe|u |b caadqq gdv

6Lde|p( ^d|d}' -\oeq Eq Voc| ôehcg|o}b~u Hbbkq Hekd'- Vdm hbf ~bq|' Q|cgjb}l Qbaech Eggbzc|ebg]dzedv' Q|cgjb}l Adg|d} bg ôehcg|o}b~u cgl Aezeh Qbaed|u( 3? @thu =>>?' Vdm' >5 Qd~|' =>3>'

8o||~0""vvv'qqe}dzedv'b}f"b~egebg"dg|}u"|oeqReqRvoc|R~oehcg|o}b~uRhbbkqRhekd"7'? Lde|p( ^d|d}' -\oeq Eq Voc| ôehcg|o}b~u Hbbkq Hekd'- Vdm hbf ~bq|' Q|cgjb}l Qbaech Eggbzc|ebg]dzedv' Q|cgjb}l Adg|d} bg ôehcg|o}b~u cgl Aezeh Qbaed|u( 3? @thu =>>?' Vdm' >5 Qd~|' =>3>'8o||~0""vvv'qqe}dzedv'b}f"b~egebg"dg|}u"|oeqReqRvoc|R~oehcg|o}b~uRhbbkqRhekd"7'5 Qadc}ad( Lecgc( Fcm}edh Kcq~d}( cgl Odc|od} IaHdbl F}cg|' -Vb}kegf Vekehu'-Q|cgjb}l QbaechEggbzc|ebg ]dzedvQtiid} =>3>0 13)16' ^}eg|'3> Qadc}ad( Lecgc( Fcm}edh Kcq~d}( cgl Odc|od} IaHdbl F}cg|' -Vb}kegf Vekehu'-Q|cgjb}l QbaechEggbzc|ebg ]dzedvQtiid} =>3>0 13)16' ^}eg|'


17/70

36

~d}q~da|ezdq mu |c~~egf eg|b |od eldcq cgl dx~d}|eqd bj icgu eglezeltchq( }c|od} |ocg

}dhuegf bg cg dhe|d jdv33' Cg dxci~hd bj cg b}fcgepc|ebg |oc| ocq abimegdl

a}bvlqbt}aegf ve|o dx~d}|q ve|oeg q~daejea jedhlq eq Cqobkc&q Aocgfdickd}q

ege|ec|ezd' Aocgfdickd}q jbatqdq bg b~dg qbt}ad qbht|ebgq |b ~bhe|each ~}bmhdiq(

tqegf |ca|eaq qtao cq qbht|ebg abg|dq|q' 3=E| eq c qbaech gd|vb}k vod}d eglezeltchq

abhhcmb}c|d bg qbht|ebgq |b qbaech ~}bmhdiq' \od Aocgfdickd}q bghegd abi~d|e|ebgq

c}d cg b~dg achh jb} eggbzc|ezd eldcq |oc| c}d |odg ~}dqdg|dl |b |od gd|vb}k cq c vcu

|b fceg jddlmcak( abhhcmb}c|d( cgl dheae| }dzeqebgq mu |od hc}fd} abiitge|u' Dx~d}|q

ve|oeg |od q~daejea jedhlq qdhda| c f}bt~ bj jegcheq|q( |od veggd}q c}d aobqdg j}bi |od

gc}}bvdl f}bt~ mu |od hc}fd} abiitge|u'

\od abimegc|ebg bj a}bvlqbt}aegf cgl iea}b~c|}bgcfd( c quq|di eg vod}d |od

~tmhea le}da|hu qt~~b}|q |od vb}k bj b|od}q mu ickegf lbgc|ebgq bj cgu kegl bghegd( eq

kgbvg cq a}bvljtglegf' A}bvljtglegf ldqa}emdq |od abhhda|ezd abb~d}c|ebg bj

eglezeltchq vob gd|vb}k cgl ~bbh |ode} ibgdu |bfd|od} eg b}ld} |b qt~~b}| djjb}|q mu

b|od} ~db~hd b} b}fcgepc|ebgq' \o}dd dxci~hdq bj jb})~}bje| abi~cgedq cgl c

gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebg |oc| c}d jbtgldl bg |od eldc bj a}bvljtglegf c}d Keakq|c}|d}(

Kezc( cgl F}bt~bg' Dcao b}fcgepc|ebg tqdq |od a}bvljtglegf ibldh( mt| eq tgestd eg

e|q dxdat|ebg'

\od je}q| dxci~hd eq Keakq|c}|d}'abi( c jb})~}bje| abi~cgu( c jtglegf ~hc|jb}i

jb} c}|eq|q( ldqefgd}q cgl jehiickd}q jbtgldl eg C~}eh =>>5' Keakq|c}|d} eq c qbaech

gd|vb}k |oc| ocq cg b~dg achh jb} ~}b`da| ~}b~bqchq eg |od a}dc|ezd c}|q' Bg czd}cfd(

Keakq|c}|d} }ceqdq ,3 iehhebg eg ~hdlfdq c vddk( ve|o ,14 iehhebg ~hdlfdl bzd}chh( cgl

}d|cegq 4$ bj jtglq }ceqdl' \od Keakq|c}|d} abiitge|u abgqeq|q bj c~~}bxeic|dhu

:>>(>>> }dfeq|d}dl tqd}q cgl ocq odh~dl |b jtgl c~~}bxeic|dhu 4(>>> ~}b`da|q'

At}}dg|hu |od}d c}d =(4>> ca|ezd jtgl}ceqd}q cgl c~~}bxeic|dhu =4> |b 1>> gdv

33 Qadc}ad( Lecgc( Fcm}edh Kcq~d}( cgl Odc|od} IaHdbl F}cg|' -Vb}kegf Vekehu'-Q|cgjb}l QbaechEggbzc|ebg ]dzedvQtiid} =>3>0 13)16' ^}eg|'3=

-Voc| Oc~~dgq Od}d Aocgfdickd}q'- Aocgfdickd}q Aocgfdickd}q' Vdm' 3> Ic}' =>33'8o||~0""vvv'aocgfdickd}q'abi"voc|oc~~dgqod}d7'


18/70

3?

~}b~bqchq qtmie||dl c lcu'31 ^}b~bqchq c}d qa}ddgdl mu Keakq|c}|d}( |od qdhda|dl

~}b`da|q c}d dhefemhd jb} lbgc|ebgq jb} t~ |b 5> lcuq cgl itq| md jthhu jtgldl ve|oeg

|od fezdg |eid ~d}ebl' Ej |od jtgl }ceqegf fbch eq gb| }dcaodl( |od ~hdlfdl jtglq vehh

gb| md abhhda|dl cgl leq~d}qdl' Lbgc|ebgq c}d qbheae|dl |o}btfo ~dd})|b)~dd}

}djd}}chq |o}btfo |od tqd bj qbaech gd|vb}kq qtao cq Jcadmbbk' \od ibq| qtaadqqjth

~}b`da| |b lc|d ocq mddg |od \ek\bk+Htgc\ek ith|e)|btao vc|ao ke|q ~}b`da| ~}b~bqdl

mu Qab|| Vehqbg( |od jbtgld} bj Aoeacfb)mcqdl IEGEICH ldqefg q|tleb' \od ~}b`da|

}dstdq|dl lbgc|ebgq |b jtgl |od icgtjca|t}egf bj c v}eq|mcgl |oc| abgzd}|q cg C~~hd

Gcgb ldzead eg|b c ith|e)|btao v}eq|vc|ao( ve|o c jtgl fbch bj ,34(>>>' \od ~}b`da|&q

jtglegf ~d}ebl dgldl bg Ldadimd} 3:( =>3>( ve|o 31(43= lbgb}q cgl }ceqdl c |b|ch

bj ,5(333'8o||~0""fefcbi'abi"=>33">="3?"keakq|c}|d})a}bvl)jtglegf)oe|q)3i)c)vddk"7'33>' Vdm' >4 @cg' =>33' 8o||~0""vvv'keakq|c}|d}'abi"~}b`da|q"33>:43"|ek|bk)htgc|ek)ith|e)|btao)vc|ao)ke|q7'34

-Kezc ) Cmbt| Tq'- Kezc ) Hbcgq \oc| Aocgfd Hezdq' Vdm' 3= Jdm' =>33'8o||~0""vvv'kezc'b}f"cmbt|"jca|q7'


19/70

35

jtgldl c hbcg%'3: \od czd}cfd gtimd} bj hbcgq mu c Hdgld} eq :':6 cgl |od czd}cfd

|b|ch cibtg| hbcgdl ~d} Hdgld} /egahtldq }dhbcgdl jtglq% eq ,==1'4:' Kezc ~c}|gd}q

ve|o dxeq|egf iea}bjegcgad egq|e|t|ebgq( b}fcgepc|ebgq /kgbvg cq Jedhl ^c}|gd}q% |oc|

oczd dx~d}|eqd eg iea}bjegcgad cgl c ieqqebg |b chhdzec|d ~bzd}|u |oc| jcaehe|c|d Kezc

hbcgq bg |od f}btgl' Jedhl ^c}|gd}q leqmt}qd hbcgq cq qbbg cq |odu c}d gddldl'

\odu acg lb |oeq t~ |b 1> lcuq mdjb}d |od hbcg }dstdq| eq ~bq|dl bg Kezc&q vdmqe|d

b} 1> lcuq cj|d}' \od Jedhl ^c}|gd} abhhda|q dg|}d~}dgdt} q|b}edq( ~ea|t}dq cgl hbcg

ld|cehq cgl t~hbclq |odi |b Kezc' /Icgu Jedhl c}|gd}q }dste}d icglc|b}u qczegfq

cq ~c}| bj |od hbcg auahd eg b}ld} |b dgqt}d |oc| mb}}bvd}q }d~}dqdg| c fbbl hdglegf

}eqk cgl acg mtehl t~ acqo }dqd}zdq'% Hdgld}q acg jtgl ith|e~hd hbcgq( ve|o c

iegeiti bj ,=4 t~ |b |od |b|ch cibtg| bj cgu fezdg hbcg( mcqdl bg |od mb}}bvd}q

~}bjehd cgl mtqegdqq ~}b~bqch' \od Jedhl ^c}|gd} abhhda|q }d~cuidg|q j}bi mb}}bvd}q

cq vdhh cq cgu eg|d}dq| ltd cgl }d~b}|q |b Kezc ej c }d~cuidg| vcq gb| icld cq

qaodlthdl' \od jedhl ~c}|gd} qd|q |od eg|d}dq| }c|dq( |od eg|d}dq| eq tqdl |b abzd} |od

Jedhl c}|gd}&q b~d}c|egf abq|q' Kezc lbdqg&| aoc}fd eg|d}dq| |b e|q Jedhl ^c}|gd}q cgl

lbdq gb| ~}bzeld eg|d}dq| |b hdgld}q' Ej |od}d eq ch}dclu ibgdu eg |od Jedhl ^c}|gd}&q

caabtg|( b} bgad |ode} ~cuidg| eq }dadezdl( Kezc tqdq |odqd jtglq |b a}dle| |od

c~~}b~}ec|d hdgld}q ve|o |ode} hbcg }d~cuidg|q' Hdgld}q acg }d)hdgl |ode} jtglq |b

cgb|od} dg|}d~}dgdt}( lbgc|d |ode} jtglq |b Kezc /|b abzd} b~d}c|ebgch dx~dgqdq%( b}

ve|ol}cv |ode} jtglq zec ^cu^ch' /^cu~ch eq cg d)abiid}ad mtqegdqq chhbvegf

~cuidg|q cgl ibgdu |}cgqjd}q |b md icld |o}btfo |od Eg|d}gd|'%36 Iea}bjegcgad eq

gb| q~daejeachhu c~~heacmhd |b c}| itqdtiq( mt| ~c}|gd}qoe~q ve|o b}fcgepc|ebgq qtao

cq Kezc acg md it|tchhu mdgdjeaech |b mb|o b}fcgepc|ebgq'

Hcq|hu( F}bt~bg eq c jb})~}bje| abi~cgu |oc| tqdq |od abhhda|ezd mtuegf ibldh(

mcqdl bg a}bvljtglegf' Jbtgldl eg Gbzdimd} =>>?( |od Aoeacfb mcqdl abi~cgu

|b lc|d ocq bzd} 4> iehhebg qtmqa}emd}q( =4 abtg|}edq eg |od F}bt~bg fhbmch gd|vb}k(

3:-Kezc ) Cmbt| Tq'- Kezc ) Hbcgq \oc| Aocgfd Hezdq' Vdm' 3= Jdm' =>33'

8o||~0""vvv'kezc'b}f"cmbt|"jca|q7'36

-Kezc ) Obv Kezc Vb}kq'- Kezc ) Hbcgq \oc| Aocgfd Hezdq' Vdm' 3= Jdm' =>33'8o||~0""vvv'kezc'b}f"cmbt|"obv7'


20/70

=>

qbhl == iehhebg F}bt~bgq eg Gb}|o Cid}eac cgl 14(:=>(465 vb}hlveld'3? F}bt~bg

~c}|gd}q ve|o hbach mtqegdqqdq |b bjjd} ae|u q~daejea ldchq( bgd ldch eq jdc|t}dl c lcu

~d} ae|u /|obtfo ith|e~hd ldchq icu md czcehcmhd jb} ~t}aocqd%' \od eglezeltch ldchq

c}d kgbvg cq F}bt~bgq cgl c}d bghu ca|ezc|dl vodg c ~}dld|d}iegdl iegeiti

gtimd} c}d qbhl' Qtmqa}emd}q c}d gb| aoc}fdl jb} |od F}bt~bg ~t}aocqd tghdqq |od

iegeiti gtimd} eq ~hdlfdl' Qtmqa}emd}q c}d icld cvc}d bj lcehu ldchq |o}btfo |od

vdmqe|d b} mu diceh mhcq| /cg diceh mhcq| eq cg dhda|}bgea icehegf( qdg| c| bgad |b c

hc}fd icehegf heq|%' F}bt~bg ~c}|gd}dl ve|o |od C}| Egq|e|t|d bj Aoeacfb( |od je}q|

gbg~}bje| c}| b}fcgepc|ebg ldch( cgl bjjd}dl bg Ctftq| =( =>>5 :>5' Vdm' >6 Ic}' =>33'8o||~0""eicfdq'mtqegdqqvddk'abi"qq">5"3>"3>35RaoeacfbReggbzc|ebgRcvc}lq":'o|i7'


21/70

=3

cgl ic~~egf |od lc|c fdbf}c~oeachhu' E| ocq mddg tqdl eg zc}ebtq qadgc}ebq }cgfegf

j}bi }d~b}|q bj gc|t}ch leqcq|d}q |b |}cakegf zebhdg| a}eid( |b ae|epdg }d~b}|egf eg

dhda|ebgq' Jbhhbvegf |od Oce|e dc}|ostckd eg dc}hu =>3>( cg Tqocoele ld~hbuidg| c|

\tj|q Tgezd}qe|u ~}bzeldl c ~hc|jb}i jb} cff}dfc|egf( |}cgqhc|egf cgl leqqdiegc|egf

egaeldg| }d~b}|q cgl }dstdq|q jb} cqqeq|cgad' => Tqocoele( cg b~dg)qbt}ad

^O^"@czcqa}e~| ~hc|jb}i jb} ic~ cgl |eid)mcqdl zeqtchepc|ebgq bj |dx| }d~b}|q( ocq

mddg tqdl ~}dlbiegcg|hu eg a}eqeq ic~~egf'

\od qdabgl dxci~hd( ibmehd fezegf( eq mcqdl bg iea}b~c|}bgcfd cgl chhbvq

eglezeltchq |b lbgc|d |o}btfo QIQ idqqcfdq' Ibmehd fezegf acid |b |od jb}dj}bg| eg

}dq~bgqd |b |od Oce|e dc}|ostckd bg @cgtc}u 3=( =>3>( caab}legf |b c abhhcmb}c|ezd

}d~b}| mu Abgzeb Ega'( Dlfd ]dqdc}ao Ega' cgl Qdc Aocgfd Q|}c|dfedq cg dq|eic|dl

:'4 iehhebg ~db~hd lbgc|dl zec |dx| lbgc|ebgq( bzd}chh lbgc|ebgq }dcaoegf

c~~}bxeic|dhu ,4> iehhebg' \od Gdv Ub}k \eidq }d~b}|dl |oc| |od Cid}eacg ]dl

A}bqq }ceqdl c~~}bxeic|dhu ,4 iehhebg zec |dx| idqqcfdq ve|oeg


22/70

==

t~ |b 5> lcuq' \od}d c}d |vb gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebgq eg |od Tge|dl Q|c|dq |oc| vb}k

ve|o |od ibmehd ac}}ed}q |b jcaehe|c|d ibmehd fezegf zec |dx| idqqcfd( Ibmehd Fezegf

Jbtglc|ebg( jbtgldl eg =>>6 cgl |od iFezd Jbtglc|ebg( jbtgldl eg =>>5' \ode}

~}eic}u }bhd eq |b qd}zd cq c |}tq|dl |oe}l ~c}|u /\\^% md|vddg ibmehd ac}}ed}q cgl

dhefemhd gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebgq' \od jbtglc|ebgq ~}bzeld zd}ejeac|ebg bj hdfe|eic|d |cx)

dxdi~| 4>3/a%/1% b}fcgepc|ebg |b ibmehd ac}}ed}q' \od leqmt}qdidg| ~}badqq eq

qeiehc} |b abiitge|u jbtglc|ebgq b} |}tq|q' \od 3>>$ bj |od lbgc|ebg fbdq j}bi |od

ac}}ed} |b |od \\^ cq c abg|}emt|ebg' E| eq }d~b}|dl mu |od \\^ bg e|q Dxdi~|

B}fcgepc|ebg |cx }d|t}g /E]Q 55>%' \od \\^ }d)f}cg|q |od c~~}b~}ec|d cibtg| |b |od

gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebg' Jddq cgl b|od} jca|b}q zc}u j}bi dcao b}fcgepc|ebg( Ibmehd

Fezegf Jbtglc|ebg }die|q 3>>$ bj |od lbgc|ebg |b |od }dae~edg| gbg~}bje| ve|oeg 1>

lcuq bj }dadezegf jtglq j}bi |od ve}dhdqq ac}}ed}q' \od Ibmehd Fezegf Jbtglc|ebg

aoc}fdq mcak abq|q jb} qob}|)abld abq|q( }d~b}|egf cgl idqqcfegf aoc}fdq le}da|hu

|b |od gbg~}bje| b}fcgepc|ebgq b} |ode} qt~~b}|egf qd}zead ~}bzeld}q bg c ~bq|)

lbgc|ebg mcqeq'== Ibmehd fezegf eq ahbqdhu }dhc|dl |b qob}|)|d}i lbgc|ebgq cgl

leqcq|d} }dhedj'

\od hcq| dxci~hd eq iea}bzbhtg|dd}egf' E| eq mcqdl bg a}bvlqbt}aegf( cgl

ldqa}emdq qichh zbhtg|dd} |cqkq |oc| acg md abi~hd|dl eg zd}u qob}| ~d}eblq bj |eid'

\od ldjege|ebg zc}edq mcqdl bg |od b}fcgepc|ebg' Mdg ]efmu( Aoedj |daogeach bjjead}

cgl ab)jbtgld} bj q~c}kdl'abi( ldjegdq |od jbt} aoc}ca|d}eq|eaq |oc| lejjd}dg|ec|d

iea}bzbhtg|dd}egf j}bi ze}|tch zbhtg|dd}egf cq0

3' Abgzdgedg|' E|&q zbhtg|dd}eqi |oc| je|q eg|b ubt} qaodlthd vodg ubtoczd |eid ) |u~eachhu /mt| gb| gdadqqc}ehu% zec cg eg|d}gd| abggda|dlldzead qtao cq c ibmehd ~obgd b} ~d}qbgch abi~t|d}' Eg ~}ca|ead( |bcaoedzd |oeq hdzdh bj abgzdgedgad( |od}d eq bj|dg gb |}cegegf b} zd||egfgdadqqc}u'

=' Me|d)qepdl' Zbhtg|dd} |cqkq c}d m}bkdg eg|b qichh/)eqo% ~edadq( qb |oc|ubt acg abi~hd|d c |cqk eg |od |eid |oc| ubt oczd czcehcmhd /voc|dzd}|oc| |eid icu md%'1' A}bvlqbt}adl' \od gbg~}bje| |oc| gddlq odh~ cqkq c hc}fd/)eqo% f}bt~jb} cqqeq|cgad' Iea}b)zbhtg|dd}q vob oczd |od |eid( eg|d}dq|( cgl qkehhq

==Zd}ahcq( Kc|}eg' -\dx|egf jb} Aoc}e|cmhd Lbhhc}q0 \od Ldjege|ezd Fteld |b Ibmehd Jtgl}ceqegf

IbmehdCa|ezd'b}f'- IbmehdCa|ezd'b}f' Ibmehd Ca|ezd( >< Jdm' =>3>' Vdm' 3? Ic}' =>33'8o||~0""vvv'ibmehdca|ezd'b}f"ibmehd)jtgl}ceqegf7'


23/70

=1

/eldchhu%( cgl vob icu md ~}dzebtqhu tgkgbvg |b |od gbg~}bje|( lb |odvb}k'>?' Q~c}kdl dq|eic|dq gdc}hu 1>>(>>> eglezeltchq oczd iea}bzbhtg|dd}dl jb}

gbg~}bje|q |o}btfo |ode} vdmqe|d' Eglezeltchq cgl gbg~}bje|q }dfeq|d} bg |od vdmqe|d(

gbg~}bje|q ~bq| -aochhdgfdq(- qichh ~}b`da|q( |b |od gd|vb}k' At}}dg|hu |od}d c}d =(4=?

aochhdgfdq ~bq|dl( }cgfegf j}bi hbfb ldqefg }dstdq|q( vdmqe|d a}e|estdq cgl

qtffdq|ebgq |b stdq|ebgq }dfc}legf obv |b b~|eiepd |od gbg~}bje|q vdmqe|d jb} bghegd

fezegf'=4 \od aochhdgfdq c}d b}fcgepdl mcqdl bg qkehhq }dste}dl cgl |od actqdq |oc|

|od b}fcgepc|ebgq cll}dqq( qtao cq dltac|ebg b} oticg }efo|q' ]dfeq|d}dl tqd}q c}d

fezdg aochhdgfd qtffdq|ebgq mcqdl bg |ode} qkehhq cgl eg|d}dq|q }dfc}legf actqdq'

\od tqd}q acg ~c}|eae~c|d eg cgu aochhdgfd cgl ~bq| cgqvd}q b} qtffdq|ebgq bg |od

vdmqe|d' Jb} egq|e|t|ebgq b} b}fcgepc|ebgq |oc| hcak qtmq|cg|ech zbhtg|dd}

b~~b}|tge|edq( iea}bzbhtg|dd}egf icu md cg b~|ebg |b dgfcfd ubtgf lbgb}q mdubgl

lbgc|ebg }dstdq|q'

\odqd c}d `tq| c jdv dxci~hdq bj |od bghegd ~hc|jb}iq |oc| oczd ldzdhb~dl

qegad =>>?( egjhtdgadl mu |od bzd}c}aoegf |}dglq' Cq qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu

abg|egtchhu dzbhzd( |od hcglqac~d eq abgq|cg|hu aocgfegf cgl dx~cglegf' Gdv

=1]efmu( Mdg' -C Ldjege|bg bj Iea}b)zbhtg|dd}egf'- Vdm hbf ~bq|'Q~c}kdl Mhbf' Q~c}kdl( ? Lda'

=>3>' Vdm' >< Lda' =>3>' 8o||~0""mhbf'mddx|}c'b}f"=>3>"3="c)ldjege|ebg)bj)iea}b)zbhtg|dd}egf'o|ih7'=6 Jdm' =>33'8o||~0""vvv'qd}zeadhdcld}'b}f"ze}|tch"voc|eq7'=4

-Cmbt|'- Q~c}kdl'abi ) Iea}bzbhtg|dd}egf mu \od Dx|}cb}legc}edq' Vdm' >6 Jdm' =>33'8o||~0""vvv'q~c}kdl'abi"cmbt|7'


24/70

=>?' \od b~~b}|tge|edq jb} eglezeltchq

|b dgfcfd eg gdv cgl gbg|}cle|ebgch vcuq oczd dx~bgdg|echhu ega}dcqdl ltd |b |od

cmehe|edq bj qbaech idlec cgl gdv |daogbhbfu' \odqd ldzdhb~idg|q eg |od bghegd

~oehcg|o}b~ea hcglqac~d c}d }djhda|ebgq bj |od at}}dg| qoej| eg |od fdgd}c|ebgch

~oehcg|o}b~ea ocme|q bj eglezeltch lbgb}q' \od qoej| |oc| eq baat}}egf eg ~oehcg|o}b~ea

ocme|q eq ltd |b |od ega}dcqdl dx~da|c|ebg bj |}cgq~c}dgau cgl |od ldzdhb~idg| bj

gdv abiitgeac|ebg aocggdhq'

\obtfo |od}d oczd mddg icgu ldzdhb~idg|q eg qbaech idlec( |od}d c}d

~}djd}}dl qbaech idlec ~hc|jb}iq |oc| c}d tgezd}qchhu tqdl' \od ibq| tqdl qbaech

gd|vb}kegf qd}zead eq Jcadmbbk( c jb})~}bje| vdmqe|d( hctgaodl eg =>>>4

cgl ~t}aocqdl mu Fbbfhd Ega' eg =>>:' Ubt\tmd chhbvq eglezeltchq |b t~hbcl( qoc}d(

cgl zedv zeldbq bghegd' Ubt\tmd tqd}q oczd t~hbcldl ib}d |ocg 31 iehhebg obt}q bj

zeldb cgl }dcaodl bzd} 6>> mehhebg ~hcumcakq eg =>3>'=6 C abiibghu tqdl ~ob|b)

qoc}egf vdmqe|d eq Jheak}( c jb})~}bje| abi~cgu( hctgaodl eg =>>33'8o||~0""vvv'ubt|tmd'abi"|"~}dqqRq|c|eq|eaq7'=?

Qt||d}( @bog L' -4 Mehhebg|o ^ob|b T~hbcldl |b Jheak} ) AGG'- Jdc|t}dl C}|eahdq j}bi AGG' AGG( =>Qd~|' =>3>' Vdm' >6 Jdm' =>33' 8o||~0""c}|eahdq'agg'abi"=>3>)>5)=>"|dao"jheak}'4'mehhebgR3R~ob|b)qoc}egf)qe|d)jheak})jcadmbbk2Rq9^I0\DAO7'


26/70

=:

vdmqe|d b} ~c}| bj c vdmqe|d |oc| chhbvq eglezeltchq |b a}dc|d }dfthc} dg|}edq bj

abiidg|c}u( ldqa}e~|ebgq bj dzdg|q( b} t~hbcl b|od} tqd})fdgd}c|dl ic|d}echq cgl

tqtchhu chhbvq zeqe|b}q |b abiidg| bg dg|}edq' C jb}i bj mhbffegf |oc| eq chqb tqdl eq

iea}bmhbffegf( voeao lejjd}q j}bi mhbfq eg |oc| abg|dg| hdgf|o eq qob}|d}' \od ibq|

~b~thc} iea}bmhbffegf qd}zead eq \ve||d}( c jb})~}bje| abi~cgu |oc| hctgaodl eg =>>6(

chhbvq tqd}q |b |vdd|( c |d}i }djd}}egf |b |od ~bq| bj c iea}bmhbf abgqeq|egf bj t~ |b

3 aoc}ca|d}q bg |b |od \ve||d} vdmqe|d' \ve||d} eq dq|eic|dl |b oczd bzd} =>>

iehhebg tqd}q vb}hlveld'=5

Cq qbaech idlec ~hcuq c lbiegcg| }bhd eg cg eglezeltchq lcehu hejd( |od gb|ebgq

bj abiitge|u cgl ~}djd}}dl id|oblq bj abiitgeac|ebg oczd dx~cgldl' \od eg|d}gd|

ocq f}cg|dl c f}dc|d} hdzdh bj caadqq |b egjb}ic|ebg cgl a}dc|dl c f}dc|d}

dx~da|c|ebg bj |}cgq~c}dgau' \oeq qoej| eq iceghu qddg md|vddg |od fdgd}c|ebgch

ocme|q bj Ic|t}d lbgb}q /eglezeltchq mb}g eg 35% cgl Fdgd}c|ebg U lbgb}q /eglezeltchq mb}g

md|vddg 35?3)3553%( chqb kgbvg cq Iehhdggech lbgb}q' Caab}legf |b \od Gdx|

Fdgd}c|ebg bj Cid}eacg Fezegf( c q|tlu }dhdcqdl eg Ic}ao =>3>( |od abimegdl

dq|eic|dl lbgb}q bj Fdgd}c|ebg _ cgl U c}d |vead |od dq|eic|dl Ic|t}d lbgb} ~bbh

cgl 3> iehhebg f}dc|d} |ocg |od dq|eic|dl Mbbid}q /eglezeltchq mb}g md|vddg 3533' 8o||~0""vvv'mma'ab'tk"gdvq"mtqegdqq)3=??5>


27/70

=6

Dq|eic|dl^b~thc|ebg

Dq|eic|dl $Fezegf

Dq|eic|dlGtimd} bjLbgb}q

Czd}cfdAbg|}emt|ebgq"Udc} ,

Dq|eic|dlCggtchAbg|}emt|ebgq

Ic|t}dq 15'>I 65$ 1>'?3I ,3>:: ,1='6M

Mbbid}q 6?'>I :6$ 4='=4I ,5>3 ,I 4?$ 14'5:I ,65: ,=?':M

Fdg U 43'>I 4:$ =?'4:I ,13>%'Dc}hu Qefgch bg Ibmehd

^oehcg|o}b~u =>3> [Voe|d ~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""vvv'abgzeb'abi"bt})}dqdc}ao


28/70

=?

Ubtgfd} lbgb}q ~}eic}u qbt}ad bj egjb}ic|ebg cmbt| cg b}fcgepc|ebg eq vdm mcqdl(

cq qddg eg |od aoc}| mdhbv; jb} Fdgd}c|ebg U lbgb}q |od gbg~}bje|q vdmqe|d eq |od

~}eic}u qbt}ad bj egjb}ic|ebg }dfc}legf |ode} |b~ gbg~}bje|q' Jb} Fdgd}c|ebg _(

dicehq"d)gdvqhd||d}q cgl vdmqe|d c}d chibq| dstch |b iceh( tghekd Ic|t}d lbgb}q

vod}d iceh eq |od ~}eic}u jb}i bj egjb}ic|ebg( ve|o diceh"gdvqhd||d}q c jc} qdabgl'1=

\b|ch Fdg U Fdg _ McmuMbbid}q

Ic|t}dq

Iceh 16$ =:$ 1?$ 1:$ 3>\cmhd 10 \b~ Aoc}e|u Egjb}ic|ebg Aocggdhq mu Cfd Qdfidg|

Caab}legf |b Iehhdggech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33( c qt~~hdidg| |b |od =>3> Iehhdggech

Lbgb}qq|tlu( |od ~}djd}}dl vcu bj Fdgd}c|ebg U |b hdc}g ib}d cmbt| cg

b}fcgepc|ebg eq |o}btfo vdm qdc}aodq( diceh abiitgeac|ebgq j}bi |od b}fcgepc|ebg(

~dd} dglb}qdidg|( cgl Jcadmbbk'11 Chqb( |od ic`b}e|u bj ubtgfd} lbgb}q je}q|

hdc}gdl bj |ode} |b~ aoc}e|edq |o}btfo icegq|}dci idlec( vb}l bj ibt|o cgl ~dd} |b

~dd} dzdg|q1< di~ocqepegf |od ei~b}|cgad bj ith|e)aocggdh abiitgeac|ebg jb}

ubtgfd} lbgb}q cgl |od ei~b}|cgad bj c gbg~}bje|q vdmqe|d cgl qbaech idlec

~}dqdgad( cq e| ocq mdabid c kdu dg|}u ~beg| jb} ~b|dg|ech lbgb}q cgl qt~~b}|d}q'

1=Abgzeb Ega( Dlfd ]dqdc}ao Ega( cgl Qdc Aocgfd Q|}c|dfedq' /=>3>%' Dc}hu Qefgch bg Ibmehd

^oehcg|o}b~u =>3> [Voe|d ~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""vvv'abgzeb'abi"bt})}dqdc}ao11

@bogqbg F}bqqgeakhd + Cqqbace|dq cgl Caoedzd' /=>33%' Iehhdgech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 [Voe|d~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|13> [Voe|d ~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""vvv'abgzeb'abi"bt})}dqdc}ao


29/70

=5

Cgb|od} kdu jeglegf j}bi |od Iehhdggech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 eq |oc| Fdgd}c|ebg

U vcg|q |b jegl ib}d egjb}ic|ebg cmbt| |od b}fcgepc|ebgq ieqqebg cgl oeq|b}u cgl |b

hdc}g cmbt| |od b}fcgepc|ebg&q jegcgaech abgle|ebg bg |ode} vdmqe|d' \odu chqb vcg|

|od b}fcgepc|ebg |b ~}bzeld fezegf fteldq |oc| dx~hceg obv |ode} qt~~b}| vehh ickd c

lejjd}dgad( cq vdhh cq hdc}g ib}d cmbt| zbhtg|dd} b~~b}|tge|edq' Fdgd}c|ebg U

lbgb}q ~}djd}}dl id|obl bj lbgc|ebg eq bghegd fezegf( |od |b~ ib|ezc|ebgq jb}

lbgc|ebgq c}d c abi~dhhegf ieqqebg b} actqd( ~d}qbgch abggda|ebg b} |}tq| eg |od

hdcld}qoe~( cgl j}edgl( ~dd}( b} jciehu dglb}qdidg|' Eg |d}iq bj lbgc|ebgq( ?=$ bj

Fdgd}c|ebg U }dq~bgldg|q vd}d zd}u b} qbidvoc| hekdhu |b lbgc|d |b b}fcgepc|ebgq

|oc| ldqa}emd |od q~daejea ~t}~bqd jb} |od lbgc|ebg }dstdq| cgl ?=$ qcel |odu vbthl

fezd ej |od b}fcgepc|ebg q~daejedq vod}d |od ibgdu vehh md fbegf'14 \oeq ldqe}d jb}

ib}d egjb}ic|ebg eq le}da|hu }dhc|dl |b |}tq| eg |od hdcld}qoe~ bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg' ?$ qcel |odu vbthl q|b~ fezegf |b cg b}fcgepc|ebg |oc| |odu

abthl gb| |}tq|' 1:\oeq qdgqd bj |}tq| eq fcegdl |o}btfo dglb}qdidg|q mu j}edglq cgl

jciehu idimd}q( oczegf id| |od b}fcgepc|ebgq hdcld}qoe~( cgl |od b}fcgepc|ebgq

cmehe|u |b }d~b}| obv jegcgaech qt~~b}| ickdq c lejjd}dgad' Jca|b}q |oc| cjjda|dl |oeq

qdgqd bj |}tq| c}d ej lbgb}q lel gb| tgld}q|cgl obv |ode} lbgc|ebg vcq ickegf cg

ei~ca|( ej |od b}fcgepc|ebg cqkdl jb} qt~~b}| |bb j}dstdg|hu( cgl ej |odu lel gb| jddh c

~d}qbgch abggda|ebg ve|o |od b}fcgepc|ebg'16

Ldzdhb~egf c qdgqd bj ~d}qbgch abggda|ebg cgl dgfcfdidg| ve|o ~b|dg|ech

lbgb}q eq c abgq|cg| eqqtd jb} gbg~}bje|q' C jb}i bj dgfcfdidg| |oc| Fdgd}c|ebg U

lbgb}q oczd c ~bqe|ezd }dq~bgqd |b( eq zbhtg|dd}egf( 65$ bj }dq~bgldg|q zbhtg|dd}dl

eg =>3>( ??$ bj |odi zbhtg|dd}dl c jdv |eidq c udc}'1? Gdc}hu ochj bj |obqd vob

14@bogqbg F}bqqgeakhd + Cqqbace|dq cgl Caoedzd' /=>33%' Iehhdgech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 [Voe|d

~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|1:

@bogqbg F}bqqgeakhd + Cqqbace|dq cgl Caoedzd' /=>33%' Iehhdgech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 [Voe|d~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|16

@bogqbg F}bqqgeakhd + Cqqbace|dq cgl Caoedzd' /=>33%' Iehhdgech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 [Voe|d~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|1?

@bogqbg F}bqqgeakhd + Cqqbace|dq cgl Caoedzd' /=>33%' Iehhdgech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 [Voe|d~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|


30/70

1>

zbhtg|dd}dl dx~da|dl |b zbhtg|dd} eg =>33 cgl cq itao cq |odu lel eg =>3> cgl 16$

dx~da|dl |b zbhtg|dd} ib}d'15 \obqd vob lel gb| zbhtg|dd} eg =>3> }d~b}|dl |oc| e|

vcq ltd |b c hcak bj |eid( mt| gdc}hu ochj qcel |odu vd}dg&| cqkdl |b zbhtg|dd}' \od

~}djd}}dl jb}i bj zbhtg|dd}egf eq ve|o jciehu cgl j}edglq b} eg b}fcgepdl f}bt~q bg

bgd)|eid ~}b`da|q cgl b~~b}|tge|edq |oc| bjjd} ~}bjdqqebgch dx~d}|eqd' C kdu jeglegf eg

|od }d~b}| eq |oc| Fdgd}c|ebg U lbgb}q |oc| fczd |od hc}fdq| cibtg| /,3>>>+% vd}d

chqb |obqd vob zbhtg|dd}dl bgad b} ib}d c vddk' \obqd vob c}d tgcmhd |b

zbhtg|dd} b} lbgc|d hc}fd cibtg|q c}d vehhegf |b tqd |ode} ~d}qbgch gd|vb}kq |b

ega}dcqd cvc}dgdqq bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg |odu qt~~b}|' Caab}legf |b |od =>3>

Iehhdggech Lbgb}qq|tlu( cmbt| qdzdg bt| bj |dg bj |od }dq~bgldg|q qcel |odu vbthl

md vehhegf |b abiitgeac|d ve|o j}edglq cgl jciehu cmbt| vcuq |b fd| egzbhzdl eg |od

b}fcgepc|ebg cgl c~~}bxeic|dhu |od qcid gtimd} vd}d vehhegf |b cqk b|od}q |b

zbhtg|dd}'33%' Iehhdgech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 [Voe|d

~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|

@bogqbg F}bqqgeakhd + Cqqbace|dq cgl Caoedzd' /=>33%' Iehhdgech Lbgb}q ]d~b}| =>33 [Voe|d~c~d}Y' ]d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|3> Iehhdgech Lbgb} Q|tlu [Voe|d ~c~d}Y']d|}edzdl j}bi o||~0""iehhdggechlbgb}q'abi"}dqdc}ao"}d~b}|


31/70

13

abzd}dl mu \od Fhbmd * Iceh( AMA( AGG( Fhbmch Zbeadq( \od Ao}bgeahd bj

^oehcg|o}b~u( cgl Icqocmhd' Eg =>>6( I}' Coidl vcq egq~e}dl mu c ~}dqdg|c|ebg

fezdg mu L}' @djj}du L' Qcaoq( dabgbieq| cgl ct|ob} bj \od Dgl bj ^bzd}|u( |b

ve|ol}cv j}bi qaobbh( hestelc|d oeq qczegfq( cgl q|c}| -\od Tgath|t}dl }b`da|'- I}'

Coidl ldqa}emdq \od Tgath|t}dl }b`da| cq -gb| cg b}fcgepc|ebg( aoc}e|u( b}

cgu|oegf jb}ich' E|q iu tg~hcggdl( tgdx~da|dl( cgl tgath|t}dl `bt}gdu |b ickd

|od vb}hl c md||d} ~hcad bgd idcgegfjth lejjd}dgad c| c |eid' E lb |oeq mu |}uegf |b

md c m}elfd)ickd}' E mdhedzd vd acg tqd |od vdm cgl |daogbhbfu vd ch}dclu oczd |b

le}da|hu abggda| ve|o |obqd eg gddl cgl odh~ eg c vcu |oc|q |cgfemhd jb} dzd}ubgd'-(>>> aoehl}dg |o}btfo c

hbgf)|d}i odch|o vb}kd} ~}bf}ci' I}' Coidlq ocq q|c|dl |oc| oeq -fbch eq |b odh~

}ceqd cvc}dgdqq mu qoc}egf iu q|b}u ve|o b|od}q ['''Y E chqb ob~d |oc| iu ~}b`da| acg

aocgfd |od abgzd}qc|ebg bg fhbmch ~bzd}|u'-33'

8o||~0""tgath|t}dl'abi"cmbt|"7'


32/70

1=

~hc|jb}i od q|c|dq -ej ubt hekd voc| ubt qdd( ubt acg lbgc|d' Mt| q~}dclegf |od vb}l

eq `tq| cq /ej gb| ib}d% ei~b}|cg|'-33'

8o||~0""tgath|t}dl'abi"cmbt|"7'


33/70

11

eg|d}ca|ebg( dgfcfdidg| cgl qt~~b}|' Qbaech idlec jb} qbaech fbbl eq f}cqq}bb|q

b}fcgepegf( jtgl}ceqegf cgl ei~ca| eg |od lefe|ch vb}hl'-33">1"3


34/70

1>>( IbIC mdacid |od qbhd ab}~b}c|d idimd} bj 'Q'3'

IbIC ahbqdl e|q Jej|u)|oe}l Q|}dd| eg Icgoc||cg hbac|ebg bg Icu =3( =>>=( cgl

b~dgdl IbIC SGQ eg Hbgf Eqhcgl Ae|u( Stddgq( bg @tgd =5( =>>=' IbIC SGQ

qd}zdl cq |od mcqd bj |od Itqdti&q dxoeme|ebg ~}bf}ci cgl b~d}c|ebgq |o}btfo

Qd~|dimd} =6( =>>(>>> qstc}d jdd| bj gdv

cgl }dldqefgdl q~cad cgl 3=4(>>> qstc}d jdd| bj fchhd}u q~cad' \od ^dffu cgl

Lczel ]bakdjdhhd} Mtehlegf bg |od vdq|d}g ~b}|ebg bj |od qe|d obtqdq |od iceg

dxoeme|ebg fchhd}edq( cgl \od Hdveq M' cgl Lb}b|ou Athhicg Dltac|ebg cgl ]dqdc}ao

Mtehlegf' \odqd |vb mtehlegfq j}cid |od dghc}fdl Cmmu Chl}eao ]bakdjdhhd} Qath~|t}d

Fc}ldg'


37/70

16

IbIC&q abhhda|ebg egahtldq bzd} 34>(>>> ~ceg|egfq( qath~|t}dq( l}cvegfq(

~}eg|q( ~ob|bf}c~oq( c}aoe|da|t}ch ibldhq cgl l}cvegfq( cgl ldqefg bm`da|q' IbIC

chqb bvgq c~~}bxeic|dhu ==(>>> jehiq cgl jbt} iehhebg jehi q|ehhq( cgl IbIC&q Hem}c}u

cgl C}aoezdq( |od ~}died} }dqdc}ao jcaehe|edq bj |ode} kegl eg |od vb}hl( obhl bzd}

1>>(>>> mbbkq( c}|eq| mbbkq( cgl ~d}ebleachq( cgl dx|dgqezd eglezeltch jehdq bg ib}d

|ocg 6>(>>> c}|eq|q' Lt}egf |od =>3> jeqach udc} /JU3>( @tgd 1>( =>>5)@tgd 1>(

=>3>% IbIC caste}dl c |b|ch bj :6: vb}kq cgl ldcaadqqebgdl = vb}kq'

IbICq b~d}c|ebgch dx~dgqdq vd}d ,341(?4>> ve|o gd| cqqd|q |b|chegf

,3(>>?(564(>>>( iceg|cegdl c qaodlthd bj ibld}g cgl abg|di~b}c}u c}| dxoeme|ebgq

cll}dqqegf c veld }cgfd bj qtm`da| ic||d}( idletiq( cgl |eid ~d}eblq( Lt}egf JU3>

IbIC dxoeme|dl IbIC ~}bzeldq c abi~hd|d ~}bf}ci bj

ca|eze|edq eg|dgldl |b cqqeq| mb|o |od fdgd}ch ~tmhea cgl q~daech qdfidg|q bj |od

abiitge|u eg c~~}bcaoegf cgl tgld}q|cglegf |od vb}hl bj ibld}g cgl

abg|di~b}c}u c}|' Eg clle|ebg |b fchhd}u |chkq( hda|t}dq( cgl qui~bqec( IbIC bjjd}q

ca|eze|edq jb} ~c}dg|q( |dcaod}q( jciehedq( q|tldg|q( ~}dqaobbhd}q( mehegftch zeqe|b}q(

cgl ~db~hd ve|o q~daech gddlq' IbIC&q Hem}c}u cgl C}aoezdq abg|ceg |od hdclegf

abgadg|}c|ebg bj }dqdc}ao ic|d}ech bg ibld}g c}|( cgl dcao bj |od at}c|b}ech

ld~c}|idg|q iceg|cegq c q|tlu adg|d} czcehcmhd |b q|tldg|q( qaobhc}q cgl

}dqdc}aod}q'

3>'

IbIC0 Cmbt|' =>3>' 34 Ic}' =>33 'o||~0""vvv'ibic'b}f"cmbt|"

4>-IbIC Cmbt| IbIC'- IbIC \od Itqdti bj Ibld}g C}|' Itqdti bj Ibld}g C}|' Vdm' 3: Ic}'

=>33' 8o||~0""vvv'ibic'b}f"cmbt|"7'


38/70

1?

Lt}egf JU3> IbIC&q |b|ch c||dglcgad }dcaodl 1(313(=1?( cg ega}dcqd bj

=4>(>>> zeqe|b}q eg JU>5'43 IbIC&q eq b~dg qex lcuq c vddk cgl fdgd}chhu ahbqdl bg

\tdqlcuq' \od at}}dg| fdgd}ch clieqqebg jddq c}d qobvg eg \cmhd :'

Jdd

Clth|q ,=>

Qdgeb}q /:4 cgl bzd} ve|o EL% ,3:

Q|tldg|q /jthh)|eid ve|o zchel EL% ,3=

Aoehl}dg /3: cgl tgld}% J}dd /lbdq gb| c~~hu |b aoehl}dg eg f}bt~q%

Idimd} J}dd

Ftdq| bj Idimd}q ,4

Q~daech dxoeme|ebgq( ctleb ~}bf}ciq( jehiq( cgl fchhd}u |chkq c}d egahtldl eg |od ~}ead bj clieqqebg'

\cmhd :0 IbIC Fdgd}ch Clieqqebg Jddq

\od ega}dcqdl c||dglcgad jeft}dq c}d c||}emt|dl |b ega}dcqdl |bt}eqi eg |od dc}hu ochj

bj =>3> cgl |b hdgf|oed} }tgq jb} dxoeme|ebgq'4= \b~ |o}dd c||dgldl dxoeme|ebgq eg

JU3> vd}d Ibgd|&q Vc|d} Hehedq( voeao c||}ca|dl?46(1?: zeqe|b}q( |od \ei Mt}|bg

dxoeme|ebg( voeao c||}ca|dl ?3>(433 zeqe|b}q( cgl c }d|}bq~da|ezd bj |od vb}k bj

~d}jb}icgad c}|eq| Ic}egc Cm}cibzea( voeao c||}ca|dl 4:3(0 C=6'

\od Vchh Q|}dd| @bt}gch' Lbv @bgdq * Abi~cgu( Ega'( =5 @tgd =>3>' Vdm' 34 Jdm' =>33'4=

B}ldg( D}eac' -IbIC C||dglcgad Oe|q ]dab}l Oefo'- \od Vchh Q|}dd| @bt}gch=5 @tgd =>3>0 C=6'\od Vchh Q|}dd| @bt}gch' Lbv @bgdq * Abi~cgu( Ega'( =5 @tgd =>3>' Vdm' 34 Jdm' =>33'41

^dq( @czedv( cgl Diehu Qoc}~d' -Dxoeme|ebg * Itqdtiq C||dglcgad Jeft}dq =>3>'- \od C}|Gdvq~c~d}C~}' =>330 =1)1>' \od C}| Gdvq~c~d}' \od C}| Gdvq~c~d}( =5 Ic}' =>33' Vdm' 4 C~}'=>33'43>0 C=6'\od Vchh Q|}dd| @bt}gch' Lbv @bgdq * Abi~cgu( Ega'( =5 @tgd =>3>' Vdm' 34 Jdm' =>33'


39/70

15

Idimd}qoe~ Ac|dfb}edq Jdd

Q|tldg| ,4>

Gc|ebgch"Eg|d}gc|ebgch ,:>

Eglezeltch ,64

Ltch ,3=>

Jciehu ,34>

Jdhhbv ,1>>

Qt~~b}|egf ,4>>

Qtq|cegegf ,3(>>>

^c|}bg ,3(4>>

Mdgdjca|b} ,=(4>>

Qtq|cegegf ,4(>>>

Ic`b} Mdgdjca|b} ,3>(>>>

Cll bg Mdgdje|q0 Jehi ^htq ,3>>

\cmhd 60 IbIC Idimd}qoe~ Hdzdhq

Eg =>>5( IbIC abi~hd|dl cg dx|dgqezd vdmqe|d }dldqefg |oc| vcq q|c}|dl

|o}btfo cg bt|qeld je}i cgl abi~hd|dl eg)obtqd' Cq Aoec}c Md}gcqabge( }b`da|

Icgcfd} eg Lefe|ch Idlec c| IbIC q|c|dq( |od ib|ezc|ebg jb} |od vdmqe|d }d)m}cglegf

vcq |od -gddl |b ~}dqdg| |od itqdti cq hdqq ct|ob}e|c|ezd( hdqq cmbt| |od mtehlegf

cgl ib}d cmbt| |od ~db~hd cgl abggda|ebg md|vddg zeqe|b}q cgl c}|'-44 \od

ei~b}|cgad bj qbaech idlec cgl gdv |daogbhbfu eq dx~}dqqdl |o}btfobt| IbIC&q

b}fcgepc|ebg j}bi |od Le}da|b} |b \}tq|dd hdzdh |o}btfo zc}ebtq lefe|ch idlec cgl

|daogbhbfu abiie||ddq |oc| egahtld mbc}l idimd}q cgl dxdat|ezd q|cjj' Egzdq|idg|

eg qbaech idlec cgl gdv |daogbhbfu ocq mddg eg|df}c|dl eg|b |od bzd}chh q|}c|dfea

~hcg' At}}dg|hu( qbaech idlec cgl gdv |daogbhbfu ldzdhb~idg| cgl iceg|dgcgad eq

44Md}gcqabge( Aoec}c' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 6 Ic}' =>33'


40/70

obtqdl eg Lefe|ch Idlec /obtqdl eg Egjb}ic|ebg \daogbhbfu% cgl ic}kd|egf'

Idd|egfq }dfc}legf IbIC&q qbaech idlec eldg|e|u cgl gdv |daogbhbfu ldzdhb~idg|

c}d c||dgldl mu |od A}dc|ezd Le}da|b} b} Lefe|ch Idlec( |od Lefe|ch Ic}kd|egf

icgcfd}( Ic}kd|egf cgl Abiitgeac|ebg Le}da|b}( Aoedj Egjb}ic|ebg Bjjead}( cgl

Jegcgad q|cjj idimd}q' Iceg|dgcgad bj qbaech idlec eq |od }dq~bgqemehe|u bj bgd jthh)

|eid di~hbudd( |od Lefe|ch Ic}kd|egf Icgcfd}( ve|o |od qt~~b}| bj |od Lefe|ch Idlec

|dci' \od Lefe|ch Ic}kd|egf Icgcfd} iceg|cegq IbIC&q qbaech idlec lcehu t~lc|dq

cgl ~bq|q( }dste}egf c~~}bzchq bghu jb} abg|dg| |oc| icu md lddidl abg|}bzd}qech'

\od Lefe|ch Idlec |dci( 5 jthh)|eid di~hbuddq( eq chqb }dq~bgqemhd jb} iceg|cegegf(

}dqdc}ao cgl ldzdhb~idg| bj gdv |daogbhbfu eg abhhcmb}c|ebg ve|o |vb di~hbuddq

j}bi Ic}kd|egf cgl Ldzdhb~idg|' IbIC ocq mdftg e|q cgchuqeq bj Jcadmbbk(

timb( Keakq|c}|d} eg |d}iq bj ldzdhb~idg| cgl jtgl}ceqegf( mt| qddq |odqd ~hc|jb}i

cq abg|}bzd}qech'4:

IbIC oe}dl dg|}egqea( c qbaech idlec abgqth|egf je}i( |b odh~ ldzdhb~ |od

bzd}chh qbaech idlec q|}c|dfu' Caab}legf |b dg|}egqea( IbIC vcq ceiegf |b tqd qbaech

idlec |b mbbq| e|q eg|d}gc|ebgch ~}dqdgad( cgl ickd qtmq|cg|ezd abg|}emt|ebgq |b |od

dxeq|egf( bgfbegf abgzd}qc|ebgq cmbt| c}| |oc| c}d baat}}egf bghegd' \b lb qb(

dg|}egqea vb}kdl ve|o IbIC |b ldzdhb~ cg bzd}c}aoegf q|}c|dfu( cgl ~}bzeldl

dle|b}ech ldzdhb~idg| bj |od mhbf Egqeld"Bt|'46 Egqeld"Bt| eq |od IbIC"^'Q'3 mhbf

|oc| jdc|t}dq }dfthc} abg|}emt|ebgq j}bi IbIC q|cjj' At}}dg|hu IbIC ~c}|eae~c|dq eg

defo| bghegd abiitge|edq( ocq ldzdhb~dl c obtqd ibmehd gd|vb}k cgl |od Egqeld"Bt|

mhbf' Ibicq bghegd abiitge|edq cgl |od |b|ch gtimd} bj jcgq b} jbhhbvd}q c}d

qobvg eg \cmhd ?'

4:Md}gcqabge( Aoec}c' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 6 Ic}' =>33'

46-Vb}k0 IbIC'- Dg|}egqea Q|}c|dfea Qbaech Idlec Abiitgeac|ebgq' Dg|}egqea' Vdm' =4 Ic}' =>33'

8o||~0""dg|}egqea'abi"7'


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< Hekdq 31(


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IbIC ocq ldzdhb~dl ith|e~hd ibmehd c~~heac|ebgq /c~~q%( tqegf |od M}bbkhug

Itqdti cq c }djd}dgad ~beg|' IbIC&q mcqea abgad~| jb} |ode} c~~q eq ickegf IbIC

caadqqemhd( |b md cmhd |b -ac}}u |od itqdti eg ubt} ~bakd|'-:3 \od hbgf)|d}i fbch jb}

ibmehd c~~q eq |b ickd dqqdg|ech egjb}ic|ebg dcqed} |b caadqq' IbIC ocq ldzdhb~dl

ith|e~hd c~~q |c}fd|egf ibmehd cgl |cmhd| C~~hd cgl Cgl}bel ldzeadq' \od ibmehd

ldzead c~~q c}d Zegadg| zcg Fbfo \od Q|c}}u Gefo| }dhdcqdl C~}eh =>3>( jb} ,3> eg abg`tga|ebg ve|o |od Cmq|}ca| Dx~}dqqebgeq| Gdv

Ub}kdxoeme|ebg( cgl |od IbIC Mbbkq }dhdcqdl Ic}ao =>33' \od IbIC CM D_ GU

c~~ jdc|t}dq oefo)}dqbht|ebg eicfdq bj qdhda| vb}kq j}bi |od ab}}dq~bglegf

dxoeme|ebg( clle|ebgch egjb}ic|ebg cmbt| |od c}|eq|q cgl Gdv Ub}k Ae|u oeq|b}u( zeldbq

bg kdu vb}kq( fhbqqc}u bj |d}iq( cgl clle|ebgch egjb}ic|ebg cmbt| |od dxoeme|ebg cgl

dxoeme|ebg ~tmheac|ebgq' IbIC Mbbkq bjjd}q oefo)}dqbht|ebg qci~hdq bj IbIC

~tmheac|ebgq( egahtlegf ~tmheac|ebgq gb hbgfd} eg ~}eg|( ve|o |od b~|ebg |b ~t}aocqd

lefe|ch zd}qebgq'

IbIC cq cg egq|e|t|ebg( ocq jthhu eg|df}c|dl qbaech idlec cgl e|q ei~b}|cgad

cq c abiitgeac|ebg aocggdh( voeao eq }djhda|dl eg |ode} }dm}cgldl vdmqe|d' \od

qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu q|}c|dfu eq c }djhda|ebg bj |od m}cgl cgl |od tgestd

zbead bj |od egq|e|t|ebg' Cq I}' Qci}d q|c|dl -|oeq eq gb| cmbt| mhcgkd|egf ~db~hd ve|o

ic}kd|egf idqqcfdq ['''Y \oeq eq cmbt| qoc}egf abg|dg| |oc| ubt} abiitge|u eq

:>Mt}gd||d( Chhdf}c( cgl Zea|b} Qci}c' -IbIC&q \ckd bg Qbaech Idlec ) Cg Eg|d}zedv ve|o Mt}gd||d *

Qci}c'- Eg|d}zedv mu ]dmdaac K}ctqd)Oc}led' Vdm hbf ~bq|' ]dmdaac K}ctqd)Oc}led Qbaech Idlec(Vdm ='>( cgl |od C}|q' =1 Lda' =>>5' Vdm' 34 Ic}' =>33'8o||~0""c}|q'|u~d~cl'abi"ctledgadvb}kq"ibic"7':3

Md}gcqabge( Aoec}c' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 6 Ic}' =>33'


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'

\od EIC eq cibgf |od 3> hc}fdq| dgauahb~dlea c}| itqdtiq eg |od Tge|dl Q|c|dq'

]dabfgepegf |od egod}dg| abggda|ebgq md|vddg c}|( ldqefg cgl gc|t}d( |od EIC

abi~hdx dgabi~cqqdq 34= ca}dq bj fc}ldgq cgl f}btglq' \od EIC f}btglq c}d

abi~}eqdl bj |od EIC itqdti cgl BhljedhlqHehhu Obtqd * Fc}ldgq( c oeq|b}ea

Abtg|}u ^hcad D}c dq|c|d' Cl`cadg| |b |od EIC f}btglq eq 3>> Ca}dq0 \od Ze}fegec M'

Jce}mcgkq C}| * Gc|t}d ^c}k( voeao vehh md bgd bj |od hc}fdq| abg|di~b}c}u c}| ~c}kq

eg |od Tge|dl Q|c|dq' \od EIC abi~hd|dl c ic`b} dx~cgqebg ~}b`da| eg Icu =>>4'

\od abgq|}ta|ebg clldl 3:>> qstc}d jdd| |b |od Itqdti cgl egahtldq }dgbzc|ebg

bj 5>(>>> qstc}d jdd| bj dxeq|egf q~cad' \b caabiiblc|d ic`b} |}czdhegf

dxoeme|ebgq( |od dx~cgldl Itqdti vcq bt|je||dl ve|o |od gdv 3>(>>> ~htq)qstc}d)

jbb| Ahbvdq Q~daech Dxoeme|ebg Fchhd}u bg |od Itqdtiq je}q| hdzdh( |b|chegf

c~~}bxeic|dhu =4>(>>> qs j| bj ldleac|dl fchhd}u q~cad'

\od EIC ieqqebg eq |b qd}zd |od a}dc|ezd eg|d}dq|q bj e|q abiitge|edq mu

jbq|d}egf dx~hb}c|ebg bj c}|( ldqefg( cgl |od gc|t}ch dgze}bgidg|' \od EIC ~}bib|dq

|odqd eg|d}dq|q |o}btfo |od abhhda|ebg( ~}dqdg|c|ebg( eg|d}~}d|c|ebg cgl abgqd}zc|ebg

bj e|q c}|eq|ea( oeq|b}ea( cgl dgze}bgidg|ch cqqd|q':1 \od EIC abhhda|ebg jdc|t}dq ib}d

:=Mt}gd||d( Chhdf}c( cgl Zea|b} Qci}c' -IbIC&q \ckd bg Qbaech Idlec ) Cg Eg|d}zedv ve|o Mt}gd||d *

Qci}c'- Eg|d}zedv mu ]dmdaac K}ctqd)Oc}led' Vdm hbf ~bq|' ]dmdaac K}ctqd)Oc}led Qbaech Idlec(Vdm ='>( cgl |od C}|q' =1 Lda' =>>5' Vdm' 34 Ic}' =>33'8o||~0""c}|q'|u~d~cl'abi"ctledgadvb}kq"ibic"7':1

-Cmbt| |od Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}|'- Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}| Ibld}g( Cj}eacg * Jegd C}|(Fc}ldgq' Vdm' 34 Ic}' =>33' 8o||~0""vvv'eicitqdti'b}f"cmbt|7'


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> vb}kq bj Cj}eacg( Cid}eacg( Cqecg( Dt}b~dcg( abg|di~b}c}u( cgl ldqefg

c}|q' \od abhhda|ebgq egahtld ~ceg|egfq( qath~|t}d( jt}ge|t}d cgl ldqefg bm`da|q( ~}eg|q(

l}cvegfq cgl ~ob|bf}c~oq( cq vdhh cq |dx|ehdq cgl abq|tidq' \od EIC&q

abg|di~b}c}u c}| ~}bf}ci ocq c veld }cgfd bj ~}bf}ciq( j}bi qe|d)q~daejea

egq|chhc|ebgq |b gdv casteqe|ebgq |b |od b}fcgepc|ebg bj ic`b} |}czdhegf dxoeme|ebgq cgl

qaobhc}hu ~tmheac|ebgq' Eg JU3> |od EIC caste}dl c |b|ch bj 16< vb}kq':> ~tmhea ~}bf}ciq cgl > |bt}q dcao udc}( }dcaoegf ib}d |ocg

34(>>> zeqe|b}q' Eg =>3> |od |b|ch itqdti c||dglcgad }dcaodl >5)=>3> Cggtch ]d~b}|' Eglecgc~bheq( EG0 Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj

C}|( =>3>' Jegcgaech Egjb}ic|ebg0 Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}|' 34 Ic}' =>33'8o||~0""vvv'eicitqdti'b}f"cmbt|"clieg)egjb}ic|ebg"jegcgaech)egjb}ic|ebg7

:4^dq( @czedv( cgl Diehu Qoc}~d'-Dxoeme|ebg * Itqdtiq C||dglcgad Jeft}dq =>3>'- \od C}|

Gdvq~c~d}C~}' =>330 =1)1>' \od C}| Gdvq~c~d}' \od C}| Gdvq~c~d}( =5 Ic}' =>33' Vdm' 4 C~}'=>33'::

-Lcqombc}l Qd}edq0 =>>5 B~d}c|egf Dx~dgqdq'- Lcqombc}l Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}|'Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}|( 33 @tgd =>3>' Vdm' >? C~}' =>33' 8o||~0""lcqombc}l'eicitqdti'b}f"7':6

-EIC Idimd}qoe~'- Lcqombc}l Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}|' Eglecgc~bheq Itqdti bj C}|( >: @thu=>3>' Vdm' >? C~}' =>33' 8o||~0""lcqombc}l'eicitqdti'b}f"7'


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( , ej ~t}aocqdl bghegd

Qtq|cegegf ,3>>( ,54 ej ~t}aocqdl bghegd

Cqqbaec|d 34>( ,3 ej ~t}aocqdl bghegd

Clzbac|d ,=4>( ,= ej ~t}aocqdl bghegd

^c|}bg ,4>>( , ej ~t}aocqdl bghegd

\cmhd 50 EIC Idimd}qoe~ Hdzdhq

\od EIC ieqqebg |b qd}zd |od a}dc|ezd eg|d}dq|q bj e|q abiitge|edq mu jbq|d}egf

dx~hb}c|ebg bj c}|( ldqefg( cgl |od gc|t}ch dgze}bgidg| cgl |od tqd bj |daogbhbfu eq

ab}d |b |od EICq q|}c|dfea ~hcg cgl jthjehhidg| bj |ode} ieqqebg' Cq Idf Hejjeak(

Cqqeq|cg| Le}da|b} bj tmhea Cjjce}q( q|c|dl -qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu c}d

dqqdg|ech |b |od EICq abiitgeac|ebg cgl abiitge|u dgfcfdidg| ~}eb}e|edq'-:? Eg

=>>5( |od EIC vdmqe|d vdg| |o}btfo c }d)m}cglegf ~}badqq |b m}egf |od f}c~oea

eldg|e|u bj |od EIC ib}d eg hegd ve|o |od abg|di~b}c}u( ldqefg)jbatqdl ieqqebg' Cq

vdhh cq |b egab}~b}c|d |o}dd gdv zdgtdq ve|oeg |od EIC0 \od \bmu /:>> qdc| |odc|d}%(

3>> Ca}dq0 \od Ze}fegec M' Jce}mcgkq C}| * Gc|t}d ^c}k( cgl Iehhd} Obtqd cgl

Fc}ldg' \od f}c~oea Eldg|e|u vcq ldzeqdl bt| bj obtqd' EIC di~hbudd |}cegegf( cq

vdhh cq abiitgeac|ebg ~beg|q cgl ic|d}echq vd}d lbgd eg obtqd' Eg =>3>( |od EIC

vdmqe|d vcq t~lc|dl eg obtqd( |b -md ib}d jtga|ebgch jb} tqd}q(-:5 aocgfdq vd}d

egjb}idl mu cg EIC abglta|dl vdm qt}zdu' \od gddl jb} c ib}d }bmtq| abhhda|ebgq

qdc}ao( ega}dcqdl Vdm='> ac~cae|u( cgl egab}~b}c|ebg bj m}cgl aocgfdq vd}d chqb

actqdq jb} |od vdmqe|d t~lc|d'6>

\od EIC eg|df}c|ebg bj qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu |ckdq ~hcad |o}btfobt|

|od b}fcgepc|ebg' \od Le}da|b} cgl ADB eq cg clzbac|d bj |daogbhbfu( cgl ca|ezd eg

:?Hejjeak( Idf' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 3 C~}' =>33'

:5Hejjeak( Idf' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 3 C~}' =>33'

6>Hejjeak( Idf' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 3 C~}' =>33'


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47/70


48/70


49/70

>4( |od IAC `begdl gegd b|od}

itqdtiq |b mdabid bgd bj |od Itqdtiq eg |od ^c}k( c abhhda|ezd bj Aoeacfb

ath|t}ch egq|e|t|ebgq ~c}|echhu q~bgqb}dl mu |od Aoeacfb c}k Leq|}ea|' Bgd bj |od

gc|ebg&q hc}fdq| jcaehe|edq ldzb|dl |b abg|di~b}c}u c}|( ve|o chibq| qdzdg |eidq |od

qstc}d jbb|cfd bj |od itqdti&q ~}dzebtq jcaehe|u( |od IAC ocq q~cad |b egq|chh

|di~b}c}u dxoeme|ebgq cgl vb}kq j}bi |od abhhda|ebg qeith|cgdbtqhu' \od mtehlegf

chqb fezdq |od IAC c |d}}cadl bt|lbb} qath~|t}d fc}ldg; c itqdti q|b}d jb} mbbkq

cgl ldqefg bm`da|q; c acj cgl q~daech dzdg|q c}dc; c 34(>>>)zbhtid c}| hem}c}u; cgl

|od Icud} Dltac|ebg Adg|d}( egab}~b}c|egf q|tleb)ahcqq}bbiq( c q~cad qte|cmhd jb}

qui~bqec cgl ~d}jb}icgadq( cgl c 1>>)qdc| |odc|d}'

\od IAC abhhda|ebg egahtldq =(4>> bm`da|q |oc| }d~}dqdg| zeqtch c}| j}bi 3533'


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4>

~ob|bf}c~ou( cgl vb}k mu Aoeacfb)mcqdl c}|eq|q' \od abhhda|ebg }cgfdq eg idlec

j}bi ~ceg|egf( qath~|t}d( cgl ~ob|bf}c~ou |b egq|chhc|ebg cgl zeldb' \od IAC chqb

ocq bzd} 1(>>> dxci~hdq eg e|q abhhda|ebg bj c}|eq|q mbbkq' Eg JU3> |od IAC caste}dl

14 vb}kq cgl dxoeme|dl 31 |di~b}c}u dxoeme|ebgq' \od IAC&q JU3> b~d}c|ebgch

dx~dgqdq vd}d ,36(6?6(= vd}d Hbq| cgl Jbtgl( voeao c||}ca|dl

3:6(>6= zeqe|b}q( ]dvegl0 356>q |b 355>q Vb}kq j}bi |od IAC Abhhda|ebg( c||}ca|dl

3>3(?( cgl Dc}|ovb}kq0 ]bmd}| Qie|oqbg( Qci Lt}cg|( cgl Ic}u M}bffd}(

c||}ca|dl 55(> zeqe|b}q'6< \od |b|ch c||dglcgad c| |od IAC eg JU3> }dcaodl

1=?(4>4 zeqe|b}q cgl IAC idimd}qoe~ }dcaodl c |b|ch bj 6(6>3 idimd}q' \od IAC

idimd}qoe~ hdzdhq c}d qobvg eg \cmhd 3='


Q|tldg| /ve|o zchel EL% ,1>

Qdgeb} ,

Bt| bj \bvg ,:>

Eglezeltch ,:>

633' Vdm' 4 C~}'=>33'


51/70

43


Obtqdobhl ,64

J}edgl ,34>

Abg|}mt|b} ,=4>

Cqqbaec|d ,4>>

Clzbac|d ,3(>>>

Ae}ahd Jdhhbv ,3(4>>)=(>) >>) 5(555

Ae}ahd Ftc}cg|b} ,3>(>>>) 333'

8o||~0""vvv'iacaoeacfb'b}f"egjb}ic|ebg"cmbt|'~o~2~cfd9cm|7'6:

Chhdg( Kce|heg' -IAC Gdv Zeqebg'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 35 C~}' =>33'66

-IAC Gcidq @cidq Fbffeg Le}da|b} bj Ldqefg( ^}eg|( cgl Lefe|ch Idlec'- C}|lcehu'b}f' @bqdZehhc}}dch' Vdm' : @cg' =>33'


52/70

4=

At}}dg|hu( |od IAC&q Ldqefg( tmheac|ebgq( cgl Lefe|ch Idlec /L^LI% ld~c}|idg| eq

eg |od ~hcggegf q|cfdq bj ldzdhb~egf c gdv eldg|e|u |oc| vehh egahtld |od ldzdhb~idg|

bj c gdv vdmqe|d |b }djhda| |oc| gdv eldg|e|u( voeao vehh md egjb}idl mu ctledgad

}dqdc}ao' \od at}}dg| IAC vdmqe|d egab}~b}c|dq hegkq |b qbaech idlec ~hc|jb}iq; |od

hbbk cgl zeqtch c~~dch bj |od vdmqe|d eq eg |od ~}badqq bj mdegf t~lc|dl eg obtqd'

L^LI eq chqb }dq~bgqemhd jb} ibmehd c~~heac|ebgq |oc| c}d at}}dg|hu eg |od ~}dheiegc}u

q|cfdq; |od ~hcggegf ~}badqq ocq gb| mdftg'6?

Lt}egf |oeq |}cgqe|ebg ~d}ebl |od IAC&q bghegd ~}dqdgad eg qbaech idlec

~hc|jb}iq eq qddg cq c zchtdl abiitgeac|ebg |bbh' IAC&q bzd}chh qbaech idlec

q|}c|dfu abgqeq|q bj jbt} fbchq( |b ~}bzeld |od ctledgad ve|o abg|dg|( abg|dx|(

abggda|ebgq( cgl abg|egte|u' Cq Aocp Bhc`eld( Cqqbaec|d Le}da|b} bj Ic}kd|egf cgl

Qbaech Idlec( q|c|dq0

Vd gddl |b bjjd} stche|u abg|dg| cmbt| |od a}dc|ezd ~}badqq( |odIAC&q ~}bf}ciiegf( cgl |od hc}fd} c}| vb}hl''' abg|dx| |oc| odh~q~db~hd tgld}q|cgl |od abg|di~b}c}u c}| vb}hl cgl |od dxoeme|ebgq vdqobv eg bt} fchhd}edq' Vd vcg| |b abggda| |odi qb |oc| |odu acgoczd leqatqqebgq cibgf |odiqdhzdq cmbt| |od |b~eaq vd eg|}bltad(cgl vd vcg| |b ~}bzeld abg|egte|u qb |oc| |odqd leqatqqebgq gb| bghuoc~~dg zec bt} qbaech gd|vb}kq( mt| abg|egtd bgqe|d cq vdhh'

65

IAC&q qbaech idlec aocggdhq c}d iceg|cegdl mu |vb jthh)|eid di~hbuddq eg |odAbiitgeac|ebgq cgl Abiitge|u Dgfcfdidg| /AAD% ld~c}|idg|; |od Abb}legc|b}

bj Ic}kd|egf cgl Qbaech Idlec cgl |od Cqqbaec|d Le}da|b} bj Ic}kd|egf cgl Qbaech

Idlec' \odu c}d }dq~bgqemhd jb} }dqdc}aoegf qbaech idlec zdoeahdq |oc| c}d

c~~}b~}ec|d jb} IAC |b ~c}|eae~c|d eg( ~hcggegf bj abg|dg| |oc| }djhda|q IAC&q zeqebg(

cgl dxdat|egf cgl iceg|cegegf IAC&q Jcadmbbk cgl \ve||d} caabtg|q' IAC&q

Jcadmbbk ~bq|q c}d d)icehdl |b AAD cgl Dle|b}ech ~}eb} |b ~bq|egf' \od IAC }djd}q

|b ~dd} b}fcgepc|ebgq qbaech idlec djjb}|q |o}btfo \ve||d} cgl Jcadmbbk' \od IAC

~c}|eae~c|dq eg < bghegd abiitge|edq cgl c mhbf( |od bghegd abiitge|edq cgl |od |b|ch

gtimd} bj jbhhbvd}q cgl jcgq c}d qobvg eg \cmhd 31'

6?Vcimbhl( Qc}co' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' 1> Ic}' =>33'

65Bhc`eld( Aocp' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' =< Jdm' =>33'


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41

Bghegd Abiitge|u

Jcadmbbk* 35(41< Aodak)Egq

Jbt}qstc}d* =>>? Jbhhbvd}q =(=?6: \b|ch Aodak)Egq

\ve||d}* < zeldb t~hbclzedvq

4> zeldb t~hbclq 33> aocggdh qtmqa}emd}q

cq bj C~}eh =>33

\cmhd 310 IAC Bghegd Abiitge|edq

Qbaech idlec ldzdhb~idg|q cgl abg|dg| c}d egjb}ichhu leqatqqdl bg c lcehu mcqeq'

Eldcq cgl vddkhu Jcadmbbk ~bq|q c}d ~}dqdg|dl lt}egf |od AAD vddkhu idd|egfq

jb} jddlmcak( idd|egfq c}d c||dgldl mu idimd}q bj AAD( L^LI( cgl Zeqe|b}q

Qd}zeadq ld~c}|idg|' \od mhbf eq le}da|hu }dhc|dl |b |od Ic}k M}cljb}l ^}b`da|( cg

dhdidg| bj Ic}k M}cljb}l&q IAC c}|eq| }dqeldgau' \od mhbfq abg|}emt|ebgq }cgfd

j}bi IAC di~hbuddq( c}|eq|q( cgl ~c}|eae~cg|q bj |od Ic}k M}cljb}l ^}b`da|'

\od IAC ocq abi~hd|dl |vb bghegd cggtch jtgl c~~dch aci~cefgq jb} JU>5

cgl JU3>( cgl eq at}}dg|hu eg |od ~}badqq bj ldzdhb~egf cg JU33 aci~cefg' \od

aci~cefgq baat}}dl lt}egf |od >> mu c~~}bxeic|dhu 4> lbgb}q' Lbgc|ebg

cibtg|q vd}d c iegeiti bj ,3>; |od lbgb}q gcid b} |od gcid bj cg eglezeltch |odfej| vcq icld eg obgb} bj c~~dc}dl bg |od vchh bj IAC&q ze}|tch fchhd}u' \od

qbheae|c|ebgq jb} |od aci~cefg vd}d lbgd ~}eic}ehu |o}btfo d)icehq cgl clzd}|eqegf eg

|od IAC D)gdvqhd||d}q' \od aci~cefg chqb ocl c f}cqq}bb|q dhdidg| |oc| egzbhzdl

?>Chhdg( Kce|heg' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' =3 Jdm' =>33'


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45 Ze}|tch Vchh Aci~cefg

\od JU3> aci~cefg&q abgad~| vcq cg eg|d}ca|ezd -Ze}|tch Ibmehd(- egq~e}dl mu

|od Chdxcgld} Achld} cgl Abg|di~b}c}u C}|0 Jb}( Mchcgad( @budxoeme|ebg |oc| vcq

a}dc|dl eg obtqd' \od aci~cefg }ceqdl c~~}bxeic|dhu ,=(4>> mu c~~}bxeic|dhu 5>

lbgb}q' Eglezeltchq icld c lbgc|ebg bg cg IAC iea}bqe|d zec cu^ch( |od iegeiti

lbgc|ebg cmbt| vcq ,4' Jb} dcao lbgc|ebg |od lbgb} abthl atq|biepd cg bm`da|(

qepd( qoc~d( cgl abhb} |oc| vcq |odg ct|bic|eachhu clldl |b |od ze}|tch ibmehd'

Jcadmbbk mclfdq |oc| }dqdimhdl |od eglezeltchq atq|biepdl bm`da| vd}d chqb

a}dc|dl cgl lbgb}q vd}d dgabt}cfdl |b ~bq| egjb}ic|ebg bj |ode} lbgc|ebg bg

Jcadmbbk' Cq Iq' Chhdg q|c|dl |od ibmehd vcq -|edl eg ve|o |od IAC&q dxoeme|ebg

~}bf}ciiegf cgl |}edl |b }dcao ctledgadq ve|o cg eg|d}ca|ezd cgl ~hcujth dhdidg|'-?3

\od qbheae|c|ebgq jb} |od aci~cefg vd}d lbgd |o}btfo Jcadmbbk( d)icehq( cgl

clzd}|eqdidg| eg |od IAC&q D)Gdvqhd||d}' Chqb( abi~t|d} q|c|ebgq vd}d hbac|dl

?3Chhdg( Kce|heg' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' =3 Jdm' =>33'


55/70

44

|o}btfobt| |od IAC |b dgabt}cfd lbgc|ebgq bgqe|d' Dxoeme| = eq cg dxci~hd bj |od

bghegd JU3> aci~cefg'

Dxoeme| =0 IAC JU3> Ze}|tch Ibmehd Aci~cefg

\od JU33 aci~cefg( voeao eq qaodlthdl |b baat} lt}egf |od hcq| 33 jeqach udc}( eq egq~e}dl mu |od Ic}k M}cljb}ldxoeme|ebg cgl \od Ic}k

M}cljb}l ^}b`da|'?= Mb|o hbach cgl gc|ebgch jtgl}ceqegf aci~cefgq vd}d }djd}dgadl

lt}egf |od ldzdhb~idg| bj |od aci~cefg' Q~daejeachhu( Jcadmbbk b}edg|dl jtgl}ceqegf

aci~cefgq( |od C}| Egq|e|t|d bj Aoeacfb -Clb~|)C)Lb|- aci~cefg( |od @bjj}du Mchhd|

cggtch jtgl c~~dch( cgl Abhhcmb}ca|ebg&q ic|aoegf fej| aci~cefg' \od aci~cefgq

~}eic}u |c}fd| ctledgad eq |od IAC Jcadmbbk ctledgad( ~}dlbiegcg|hu Aoeacfb

}dqeldg|q' \od aci~cefg vehh jdc|t}d c qdabgl zeldb a}dc|dl eg obtqd( |od

abgad~| jbatqdq bg IAC&q }bhd ve|oeg |od ae|u bj Aoeacfb' Eglezeltchq vehh md cmhd |b

ickd bghegd lbgc|ebgq |o}btfo |od IAC vdmqe|d cgl |od lbgb}q gcid vehh c~~dc}

bg |od vdmqe|d' Eg clle|ebg( cg egadg|ezd jb} bghegd lbgc|ebgq lt}egf |od aci~cefg

vcq ldzdhb~dl ve|o |od fbch bj m}egfegf bghegd lbgb}q bgqe|d' \od qbheae|c|ebgq jb}

?=\od ct|ob} bj |oeq |odqeq eq at}}dg|hu |od Eglezeltch Fezegf eg|d}g c| |od IAC }dq~bgqemhd jb} ldzdhb~egf cgl

celegf eg |od abb}legc|ebg bj |od JU33 bghegd cggtch jtgl aci~cefg'


56/70

4:

|od aci~cefg vehh md |o}btfo Jcadmbbk( \ve||d}( \od Ic}k M}cljb}l ^}b`da|mhbf( d)

icehq( cgl |od IAC D)Gdvqhd||d}'

\od IAC eq at}}dg|hu eg |od iellhd bj c ic`b} |}cgqe|ebg eg |od dzbht|ebg bj e|q

eldg|e|u( ve|o |od gdv zeqebg cgl |od gdv Le}da|b} bj L^LI' \od IAC ocq c qbaech

idlec q|}c|dfu( mt| qb jc} hcakq c leq|ega|ezd egq|e|t|ebgch zbead' \od hcak bj c q|}bgf

qbaech idlec ~}dqdgad cgl zbead ocq ~}dzdg|dl c q|}bgfd} }dq~bgqd |b |od bghegd

cggtch jtgl aci~cefgq' Dx~d}eidg|c|ebg eg bghegd jtgl}ceqegf ocq hcel c q|}bgf

jbtglc|ebg jb} |od hbgf)|d}i cgl ocq qd| c ~bqe|ezd |bgd' \od JU>5 aci~cefg vcq

qtaadqqjth cq e| vcq |od je}q| c||di~| mu |od IAC jb} cg bghegd jtgl}ceqd}( |od

aci~cefg vcq dxdat|dl mdjb}d |od IAC&q clb~|ebg bj c Jcadmbbk ~cfd' \od JU>5

Ze}|tch Vchh aci~cefg chhbvdl |od IAC |b fctfd |ode} ctledgad eg|d}dq| eg bghegd

lbgc|ebg mu IAC idimd}q cgl ~c|}bgq( cq vdhh cq \}tq|dd egzbhzdidg|' \o}btfo

|od aci~cefg e| vcq }dchepdl |oc| }dabfge|ebg bg |od IAC vdmqe|d bj lbgb}q vcq c

q|}bgf egadg|ezd' \od JU3> Ibmehd aci~cefg vcq qtaadqqjth eg |d}iq bj dx~cglegf

|od lbgb} mcqd c~~}bxeic|dhu |vead |eidq |ocg |od ~}dzebtq udc}' E| chqb f}cg|dl c

f}dc|d} ldf}dd bj dgfcfdidg| ve|o lbgb}q chhbvegf |odi |b atq|biepd ~edadq cgl

~bq| egzbhzdidg| bg Jcadmbbk( mt| |od abi~hdxe|u bj |od 1)Leidgqebgch ibmehd(

ega}dcqdl eg hbcl |eid cq |od ibmehd dx~cgldl' \od hbcl |eid vcq jbtgl |b md c

ic`b} ld|d}}dg| jb} lbgb}q' \o}btfo bmqd}zc|ebgq mu IAC q|cjj bj lbgb}q tqegf

bgqe|d abi~t|d}q |b lbgc|d( icgu eglezeltchq ege|ec|dl |od lbgc|ebg ~}badqq( mt| lel

gb| abi~hd|d |od ~}badqq ltd |b |od hbgf vce| jb} |od ze}|tch ibmehd |b hbcl' Mcqdl bg

|oeq egjb}ic|ebg JU33 aci~cefg vcq qei~hejedl( }dqth|egf eg c zeldb abi~bgdg|' E| eq

cg eldch |eid jb} |od IAC |b }ddzchtc|d e|q qbaech idlec fbchq cgl ldzdhb~ c

leq|ega|ezd zbead cgl bghegd eldg|e|u'


57/70


58/70

4?

dg|}u ~beg| jb} ibq| lbgb}q cgl ~c|}bgq cgl ej |oeq ~beg| bj caadqq eq efgb}dl e| vehh

f}dc|hu cjjda| |od b}fcgepc|ebg eg |od hbgf)|d}i' Cg eqqtd jb} icgu b}fcgepc|ebgq eq

|od hdcld}qoe~q hcak bj tgld}q|cglegf bj qbaech idlec eg fdgd}ch( |oeq acg actqd

leq|}tq| eg |od ~b|dg|ech bj qbaech idlec' Cq ve|o chh ldzdhb~idg|q eg |daogbhbfu |od}d

eq c hdc}gegf at}zd |oc| vehh gddl |b chqb md cll}dqqdl( abg|egtegf dltac|ebg eq

dx|}didhu ei~b}|cg|'

Qdabgl bmq|cahd eq obv qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu eq zedvdl cgl tqdl

ve|oeg |od egq|e|t|ebg' Cg dxci~hd eq |od EIC( e| ocq dx|dgqezdhu eg|df}c|dl |daogbhbfu

cgl qbaech idlec eg|b |ode} bzd}chh q|}c|dfea ~hcg cgl ~d}adezd e| cq c kdu |bbh eg

jthjehhegf |ode} ieqqebg' Qbaech idlec eq obtqdl eg zc}uegf ld~c}|idg|q eg dcao bj |od

|o}dd egq|e|t|ebgq( q~daejeachhu eg IbIC e| eq obtqdl eg Lefe|ch Ic}kd|egf( eg |od EIC e|

eq obtqdl eg |od ^tmhea Cjjce}q"Abiitgeac|ebgq ld~c}|idg|( cgl eg |od IAC e| eq

obtqdl eg |od Abiitgeac|ebgq cgl Abiitge|u Dgfcfdidg| ld~c}|idg|' De|od} eg

ic}kd|egf( b} abiitgeac|ebg( qbaech idlec eq tgestd eg |oc| e| eq c a}bqq)

ld~c}|idg|ch abiitgeac|ebg aocggdh; e| }dste}dq eg~t| cgl tqd j}bi chh ld~c}|idg|q

|b md jthhu djjda|ezd cgl dgfcfegf' \obtfo qbaech idlec eq obtqdl eg c q~daejea

ld~c}|idg|( ith|e~hd ld~c}|idg|q c||dgl idd|egfq abgad}gegf qbaech idlec eg chh

|o}dd egq|e|t|ebgq' Cq qtffdq|dl mu Idf Hejjeak( qbaech idlec cgl |od itqdtiq

vdmqe|d oczd ldzdhb~dl eg|b dx|dgqebgq bj |od itqdti cgl qobthl md |}dc|dl eg |od

qcid abg|dx| cq zeqe|b}q qd}zeadq'?1 ^d}qbgchhu( E zedv qbaech idlec cq c ath|ezc|ebg

|bbh cgl cg dx|dgqebg bj zeqe|b} qd}zeadq' E| eq leq|ega| eg e| ac~cmehe|edq cgl gddlq |b md

|}dc|dl cq qtao' E| lbdq gb| je| eg |od |}cle|ebgch ld~c}|idg| ac|dfb}edq eg itqdtiq

cgl e|q }bhd vehh gddl |b md }deg|d}~}d|dl( dq~daechhu ve|o |od ldzdhb~idg|q bj bghegd

jtgl}ceqegf |oc| jt}|od} mht} |od hegdq' Cq abg|egtegf dltac|ebg eq ei~b}|cg| jb} |od

hdcld}qoe~( e| eq dstchhu ei~b}|cg| jb} |od chh ld~c}|idg|q |b tgld}q|cgl |od }bhd cgl

tqd bj qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu ve|oeg |od egq|e|t|ebg'

\od qdabgl jca|b} eq |od egq|e|t|ebgq qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu q|}c|dfu'

Ve|o bghegd ~oehcg|o}b~u cgl q~daejeachhu qbaech jtgl}ceqegf ega}dcqegf eg ~b~thc}e|u(

?1Hejjeak( Idf' -Bghegd ^oehcg|o}b~u'- \dhd~obgd eg|d}zedv' =: C~}' =>33'


59/70

45

cg egq|e|t|ebg itq| ldzdhb~ c q|}c|dfu |oc| eg|df}c|dq ath|ezc|ebg( jtgl}ceqegf cgl

bzd}chh abiitgeac|ebg fbchq' \od qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu q|}c|dfu gddlq |b

cll}dqq icgu jca|b}q( qtao cq |od bzd}chh zbead( |bgd bj |od hcgftcfd( ~d}adezdl

m}cgl bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg( adgqb}qoe~ ~bheau( qob}|)|d}i cgl hbgf)|d}i fbchq' \od

q|}c|dfu q|c|dq |od ~c}cid|d}q bj |od }bhd cgl tqd bj qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu

ldzdhb~idg| ve|oeg |od f}dc|d} bzd}chh q|}c|dfea ~hcg' \od ldjegdl ~c}cid|d}q itq|

md ahdc}( mt| chhbv jb} |od cmehe|u bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg |b fezd t~ c ad}|ceg cibtg| bj

abg|}bh bg e|q vdmqe|d cgl qbaech idlec aocggdhq' Qbaech idlec vcq a}dc|dl |b chhbv

jb} eglezeltchq |b qoc}d tqd})fdgd}c|dl abg|dg|' E| eq }bb|dl eg |od eglezeltchq cmehe|u

|b abhhcmb}c|d cgl dx|dgl |ode} qbaech gd|vb}kq mdubgl fdbf}c~oea mbtglc}edq( e| eq

qddg cq ~d}qbgch cgl }dhc|ebgqoe~ mcqdl' Egq|e|t|ebgq acggb| aocgfd |od tqd bj

qbaech idlec |b caabiiblc|d |ode} ldqe}d jb} |od cmehe|u |b oczd q|}ea| abg|}bh bzd}

|ode} idqqcfd b} m}cgl' Cq Zea|b} Qci}c q|c|dl( -|oeq eq gb| cmbt| mhcgkd|egf ~db~hd

ve|o ic}kd|egf idqqcfdq ['''Y \oeq eq cmbt| qoc}egf abg|dg| |oc| ubt} abiitge|u eq

eg|d}dq|dl eg cgl chhbvegf |odi |b qoc}d e| ve|o b|od}q' \oeq acg egahtld fezegf

caadqq |b |od vb}kq eg ubt} itqdti( b} qoc}egf gdvq cmbt| c}| bt|qeld ubt}

itqdti ['''Y E|&q chqb cmbt| dgfcfegf ~db~hd eg abgzd}qc|ebg'-?< C q|}bgf qbaech

idlec ~}dqdgadq fbdq mdubgl |od caatithc|ebg bj jbhhbvd}q b} jcgq( e| eq |od cmehe|u

bj cg b}fcgepc|ebg |b dgfcfd eglezeltchq ve|o |od hbgf)|d}i fbch bj abgzd}|egf bghegd

j}edglq |b bgqe|d ~c|}bgq'

Abg|egtch dgfcfdidg| eq |od ibq| lejjeath| cq~da| bj qbaech idlec cgl

}dste}dq hbgf)|d}i iceg|dgcgad' ]dfc}lhdqq bj |od gtimd} bj di~hbuddq ldleac|dl

|b iceg|dgcgad e| vehh gb| md dgbtfo |b }dq~bgl |b dzd}u eglezeltch vob abiidg|q

bg c ~bq|( |vdd|( d|a' Cg b}fcgepc|ebg itq| md cmhd |b ~}eb}e|epd cgl ldzdhb~ c hdzdh

bj }dq~bgqd |oc| eq c~~}b~}ec|d jb} |ode} b}fcgepc|ebg' \oeq acg chqb md c~~hedl |b |od

abg|dg| |oc| qoc}dl |o}btfo |odqd abiitgeac|ebg aocggdhq' Abg|dg| cgl idqqcfd

?33'8o||~0""c}|q'|u~d~cl'abi"ctledgadvb}kq"ibic"7'


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:>

eq ld~dglcg| bg |od qepd bj |od b}fcgepc|ebg cgl |od leq|ega| fbchq bj qbaech idlec

ve|oeg |od egq|e|t|ebg' Cg b}fcgepc|ebg qtao cq IbIC eq cg eg|d}gc|ebgchhu }dabfgepdl

m}cgl cgl itq| ldzdhb~ abg|dg| |oc| fbdq mdubgl ega}dcqegf cvc}dgdqq bj e|q

m}cgl' Cg b}fcgepc|ebg qtao cq |od IAC eq c qichhd} egq|e|t|ebg |oc| eq eg |od iellhd

bj c |}cgqe|ebg cgl vehh qbbg gddl |b jbatq e|q idqqcfegf bg |od gdv m}cgl cgl

eldg|e|u' \od IAC vehh oczd |od cmehe|u |b }d~dc| |od qcid idqqcfd ve|o |od fbch |b

ega}dcqd cvc}dgdqq bj |od b}fcgepc|ebgq gdv m}cgl jb} cg dx|dgldl ~d}ebl bj |eid'

\od dq|cmheqoidg| bj c ahdc} qbaech idlec cgl |daogbhbfu q|}c|dfu cgl |od

qt~~b}| bj |od b}fcgepc|ebgq hdcld}qoe~ cgl egzdq|idg| a}dc|d c jbtglc|ebg |oc| vehh

chhbv cg b}fcgepc|ebg |od cmehe|u |b dx~d}eidg| ve|o qbaech jtgl}ceqegf cgl bghegd

aci~cefgq' Ve|o chh |daogbhbfu |od}d eq c hdc}gegf at}zd( dx~d}eidg|c|ebg eq

gdadqqc}u jb} cg b}fcgepc|ebg |b tgld}q|cgl obv e|q q~daejea ctledgad ~}djd}q |b

dgfcfd cgl |b voc| ldf}dd' \od EIC dx~d}eidg|dl ve|o hbv)ei~ca| jb}iq bj bghegd

lbgc|ebgq |o}btfo ~}bib|ebg eg |ode} qbaech gd|vb}kq cgl vdmqe|d' \od IAC eq chqb

abg|egtchhu clc~|egf |ode} bghegd cggtch jtgl aci~cefgq mcqdl bg |ode} dx~d}edgad

|otq jc}' \od Voe|gdu Itqdti bj Cid}eacg C}|( vob gb}ichhu lb gb| caad~| bghegd

lbgc|ebgq( }dadg|hu dx~d}eidg|dl ve|o |ode} je}q| bghegd cggtch jtgl aci~cefg( voeao

vcq |od c}|eq| ~}b`da| cgl zeldb fcid Aheakeq|cg' \od fcid vcq ~}bib|dl zec

Jcadmbbk( \ve||d}( |ode} vdmqe|d( cgl heie|dl bghegd clzd}|eqegf' \od |o}dd fbchq jb}

|od ~}b`da| vd}d |b }ceqd cvc}dgdqq bj |od Voe|gdu Cggtch Jtgl( |b }ceqd }dzdgtd(

cgl |b |dq| |od iea}blbgc|ebg ~hc|jb}i cq c zecmhd qbt}ad bj }dzdgtd jb}

jtgl}ceqegf'?4 Cq K}eq|dg Ldggd}( |od Le}da|b} bj Idimd}qoe~ cgl Cggtch Jtgl c|

|od Voe|gdu( q|c|dl |oc| vd ocl >> tgestd ~cfd zedvq cgl }dadezdl lbgc|ebgq

eg cibtg|q }cgfegf j}bi ,3 t~ |b ,4>>( icgu bj |odi j}bi lbgb}q vob vd}d

abi~hd|dhu gdv |b |od Voe|gdu [Y \od}d eq ahdc}hu c ~hcad jb} ~oehcg|o}b~ea iea}b)

lbgc|ebg bghegd; hekd icgu b|od} egq|e|t|ebgq( vd c}d vb}kegf oc}l |b fd| |od bt|}dcao

cgl |od dx~d}edgad }efo|?: \od}d c}d gb }thdq b} fteldhegdq |oc| vehh ftc}cg|dd c

?4Ldggd}( K}eq|dg' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' >? Ic}' =>33'

?:Ldggd}( K}eq|dg' -\odqeq Stdq|ebggce}d'- D)iceh eg|d}zedv' >? Ic}' =>33'

8/6/2019 Philanthropy and Social Media: Integrating New approaches

philanthropy and social media: integrating new approaches into the contemporary art museum

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