PhDr. Michal Vašečka, Ph.D.PhDr. Michal Vašečka, Ph.D.

Mgr. Radka KlvaňováMgr. Radka Klvaňová

SOC 710 SOC 710

2008/ 2009 - letní semestr2008/ 2009 - letní semestr

Pátek 15.5.2009Pátek 15.5.2009

14.00-15.10 14.00-15.10

Fakulta sociálních studiíFakulta sociálních studií

Masarykova Univerzita BrnoMasarykova Univerzita Brno

Národ a nacionalizmusNárod a nacionalizmus Západný model – východný model Západný model – východný model Kultursnation – Staatsnation (Meinecke)Kultursnation – Staatsnation (Meinecke) Civic – ethnic modelCivic – ethnic model Primordializmus – konstruktivizmus (Gellner)Primordializmus – konstruktivizmus (Gellner) Definícia kultúrna a voluntaristickáDefinícia kultúrna a voluntaristická Príčiny úspechu národnej mobilizácie v 19. Príčiny úspechu národnej mobilizácie v 19.

storočí (A. Smith) storočí (A. Smith) Národ ako imaginárna komunita (Anderson)Národ ako imaginárna komunita (Anderson) Etnicita a sociálna súdržnosťEtnicita a sociálna súdržnosť (Vertovec) (Vertovec)

Preconditions for Ethnic Preconditions for Ethnic MigrationMigration

  Preconditions Actor

1. Existence of nation-states host state and homeland

2. Divergence of nation-state and ethno-nation

homeland

3. Sense of co-ethnic belonging or ethnic identity

minority and homeland

4. Gates of entry and mechanisms of inclusion for co-ethnic population

homeland

5. Gates of exit for minorities host state

6. Incentive to migrate minority

Teritorizácia národnej Teritorizácia národnej identity identity

19. storočie – nacionálna doba – 19. storočie – nacionálna doba – nevyhnutnosť vybrať si z identítnevyhnutnosť vybrať si z identít

Po roku 1918 – opevňovanie sa v Po roku 1918 – opevňovanie sa v hraniciach národných štátovhraniciach národných štátov

Po roku 1945 – dokončenie budovania Po roku 1945 – dokončenie budovania homogénnych štátov v priestore strednej homogénnych štátov v priestore strednej Európy, reeimigráciaEurópy, reeimigrácia

Po roku 1989 – zjednocovanie „národa“ Po roku 1989 – zjednocovanie „národa“ ponad hranice národného štátu ponad hranice národného štátu (starostlivosť o tzv. krajanov)(starostlivosť o tzv. krajanov)

Rozpor s moderným chápaním občianstvaRozpor s moderným chápaním občianstva

DiasporyDiaspory

Etnické komunity odtrhnuté od pôvodnej Etnické komunity odtrhnuté od pôvodnej zeme, v dôsledku traumatického zážitku, zeme, v dôsledku traumatického zážitku, so snahou o návrat do krajiny pôvoduso snahou o návrat do krajiny pôvodu

Definícia diaspory:Definícia diaspory: Sú rozprášení po svete do minimálne 2 vzdialených miestSú rozprášení po svete do minimálne 2 vzdialených miest Udržujú si pamäť, vízie, resp. mýty o pôvodnej domovine Udržujú si pamäť, vízie, resp. mýty o pôvodnej domovine Domnievajú sa, že nie sú plne akceptovaní v krajine súčasného Domnievajú sa, že nie sú plne akceptovaní v krajine súčasného

pobytu pobytu Pôvodný domov považujú za svoj domov, do ktorého sa vrátia, keď Pôvodný domov považujú za svoj domov, do ktorého sa vrátia, keď

bude „správny čas“bude „správny čas“ Sú oddaní myšlienke obnovenia svojej domovinySú oddaní myšlienke obnovenia svojej domoviny Vedomie a solidarita je definovaná prostredníctvom pokračujúceho Vedomie a solidarita je definovaná prostredníctvom pokračujúceho

vzťahu s domovinou vzťahu s domovinou

Core group a out group Core group a out group (Alexander)(Alexander)

Národy založené skupinami, ktorých členovia Národy založené skupinami, ktorých členovia zdieľali určité vlastnosti a rysy, na ktorých sa zdieľali určité vlastnosti a rysy, na ktorých sa štrukturovala ich solidarita. Pozostatky štrukturovala ich solidarita. Pozostatky „jadrovej“ solidarity pretrvávajú.„jadrovej“ solidarity pretrvávajú.

Každá core-group potrebuje out-group Každá core-group potrebuje out-group Spoločenskú inklúziu migrantov možno merať Spoločenskú inklúziu migrantov možno merať

pomocou kontinua medzi občianskosťou pomocou kontinua medzi občianskosťou (sprostredkované, menej emocionálne, (sprostredkované, menej emocionálne, vedome budované väzby) a primordialitou vedome budované väzby) a primordialitou (preferencia rasových, teritoriálnych, (preferencia rasových, teritoriálnych, príbuzenských, náboženských väzieb) príbuzenských, náboženských väzieb)

5 možných postojov k 5 možných postojov k migrantskej skupine zo strany migrantskej skupine zo strany

„core-group“„core-group“ Rasistický segregacionizmusRasistický segregacionizmus - upiera menšine schopnosť - upiera menšine schopnosť

sa kultúrne adaptovať, nežiada to po nej a odmieta jej členom sa kultúrne adaptovať, nežiada to po nej a odmieta jej členom zapojenie sa do širšej spoločnosti. zapojenie sa do širšej spoločnosti.

Kultúrny segregacionizmusKultúrny segregacionizmus - odlišujúce rysy nie sú - odlišujúce rysy nie sú vnímané striktne iba ako dané, ale aj ako sociálne skonštruované vnímané striktne iba ako dané, ale aj ako sociálne skonštruované

Rasistický paradoxRasistický paradox - menšiny sú považované za - menšiny sú považované za neasimilovateľné a väčšina by ich nikdy neprijala. Napriek tomu sú neasimilovateľné a väčšina by ich nikdy neprijala. Napriek tomu sú však k asimilácii, či integrácii vyzývané, alebo priamo nútené však k asimilácii, či integrácii vyzývané, alebo priamo nútené

Liberálny asimilacionizmusLiberálny asimilacionizmus - je univerzalistický - je univerzalistický a inkluzivistický, napriek tomu sa nevyhýba rôznym nepriaznivým a inkluzivistický, napriek tomu sa nevyhýba rôznym nepriaznivým efektom asimilacionizmu. efektom asimilacionizmu.

Liberálny pluralizmusLiberálny pluralizmus - je postojom, ktorý akceptuje - je postojom, ktorý akceptuje možnosť rozvíjať svojbytnosť u každého jedného politického možnosť rozvíjať svojbytnosť u každého jedného politického spoločenstva za predpokladu, že rešpektujú základné ústavné spoločenstva za predpokladu, že rešpektujú základné ústavné slobody a práva všetkých obyvateľov a že žiadna z nich sa slobody a práva všetkých obyvateľov a že žiadna z nich sa neuzavrie do tej miery, že by nenechala priestor pre vnútorný neuzavrie do tej miery, že by nenechala priestor pre vnútorný nesúhlas, zmenu príslušnosti, či individuálne kontakty medzi nesúhlas, zmenu príslušnosti, či individuálne kontakty medzi skupinami. skupinami.

Zmeny, ktoré prináša Zmeny, ktoré prináša globalizáciaglobalizácia

Zhora – národný štát má limitujúce Zhora – národný štát má limitujúce možnosti ovplyvňovať migračné toky možnosti ovplyvňovať migračné toky

Zvnútra – objavovanie sa a Zvnútra – objavovanie sa a posilňovanie nových a partikulárnych posilňovanie nových a partikulárnych identít, fragmentarizácia triednych identít, fragmentarizácia triednych identít, „imaginárna komunita“ je identít, „imaginárna komunita“ je vystavená výzvevystavená výzve

Imigranti – výzva pre sociálnu kohéziu Imigranti – výzva pre sociálnu kohéziu moderných národných štátov moderných národných štátov

Potreba redefinície národných Potreba redefinície národných identít identít

Potreba prejsť od etnicko-kultúrnej ku Potreba prejsť od etnicko-kultúrnej ku právno-politickej definíciiprávno-politickej definícii

Jurgen Habermas – ústavný Jurgen Habermas – ústavný patriotizmus ako možnosť prekonania patriotizmus ako možnosť prekonania pasce rasistického paradoxupasce rasistického paradoxu

Dimenzie moderného Dimenzie moderného občianstvaobčianstva(Brubaker) (Brubaker)

EgalitárneEgalitárne Demokratické Demokratické Sociálne podmienenéSociálne podmienené PosvätnéPosvätné Kultúrne podmienenéKultúrne podmienené Výnimočné, jediné možnéVýnimočné, jediné možné

Nationalized Citizenship in Nationalized Citizenship in Central European CountriesCentral European Countries

Modern national states create a „coctail“ Modern national states create a „coctail“ of civic and ethnic traditions of civic and ethnic traditions

V4 countries are rather ethnically defined V4 countries are rather ethnically defined with many differences in constitutional with many differences in constitutional codifications of a nationcodifications of a nation

Citizenship in V4 is a mixCitizenship in V4 is a mixtture of ius soli ure of ius soli and ius sanguini principles, but understood and ius sanguini principles, but understood rather in ethnic terms: rather in ethnic terms:

- - Modes of acquisition of citizenshipModes of acquisition of citizenship - - Ex-patriots policiesEx-patriots policies Lack of thinking in terms of post-national Lack of thinking in terms of post-national

citizenship citizenship

B. V4 constitutional B. V4 constitutional codificationscodificationsof a nationof a nation

Citizenship in V4 is a mixCitizenship in V4 is a mixtture of ius soli and ure of ius soli and ius sanguini principles, but understood ius sanguini principles, but understood rather in ethnic termsrather in ethnic terms..

1. 1. Civic Codification (Czech republic) Civic Codification (Czech republic) 2. Patriotic mixture of ethnic and civic 2. Patriotic mixture of ethnic and civic

codifications (Poland)codifications (Poland) 3. Civic codification combined with 3. Civic codification combined with

externally focused ethnic codification externally focused ethnic codification (Hungary) (Hungary)

4. Ethnic codification that defines 4. Ethnic codification that defines sovereignty of a „volk“ as a participation sovereignty of a „volk“ as a participation and cooperation between ethnic majority and cooperation between ethnic majority and minorities (Slovakia)and minorities (Slovakia)

Modes of Acquisition of Modes of Acquisition of NationalityNationality

Birthright-based modes of Birthright-based modes of acquisition at birthacquisition at birth (ex-lege or non- (ex-lege or non-automatic)automatic)

Ius sanguinis at birth :Ius sanguinis at birth :

1. Acquisition by person born to nationals of 1. Acquisition by person born to nationals of country Acountry A

Modes of Acquisition of Modes of Acquisition of NationalityNationality

Birthright-based modes of Birthright-based modes of acquisition at birthacquisition at birth (ex-lege or non- (ex-lege or non-automatic)automatic)

Ius soli at birth :Ius soli at birth :

1. Acquisition by person born in country A 1. Acquisition by person born in country A 2. Acquisition by persons who are foundlings, by 2. Acquisition by persons who are foundlings, by

persons born in country A with unclear nationality or persons born in country A with unclear nationality or persons born in country A who would otherwise be persons born in country A who would otherwise be statelessstateless

Modes of Acquisition of Modes of Acquisition of NationalityNationality

Modes of acquisition after Modes of acquisition after birthbirth (ex-lege or non-automatic)(ex-lege or non-automatic)

Birthright-based modes :Birthright-based modes :

1. Ius sanguini after birth: acquisition by 1. Ius sanguini after birth: acquisition by persons whose relevant parent were persons whose relevant parent were country A nationals at the time of their birth country A nationals at the time of their birth

2. Ius soli after birth: acquisition by persons 2. Ius soli after birth: acquisition by persons born in country Aborn in country A

Modes of Acquisition of Modes of Acquisition of NationalityNationality

Modes of acquisition after Modes of acquisition after birthbirth (ex-lege or non-automatic)(ex-lege or non-automatic)

Basic residence-based modes :Basic residence-based modes :

1. Residence-based acquisition by persons 1. Residence-based acquisition by persons with a certain period of residence in with a certain period of residence in country A without any other special status country A without any other special status

2. Socialization-based acquisition by 2. Socialization-based acquisition by persons raised in country Apersons raised in country A

Modes of Acquisition of Modes of Acquisition of NationalityNationality

Modes of acquisition after Modes of acquisition after birthbirth (ex-lege or non-automatic)(ex-lege or non-automatic)

Family relation-based modes Family relation-based modes

(automatic or non-automatic):(automatic or non-automatic): 1. Transfer of nationality to spouses of nationals of country A (spousal transfer)1. Transfer of nationality to spouses of nationals of country A (spousal transfer) 2. Transfer of nationality to children of persons who are now, but were not 2. Transfer of nationality to children of persons who are now, but were not

nationals of country at the child´s birth, or whose nationality at that time is nationals of country at the child´s birth, or whose nationality at that time is irrelevant (filial tranfer)irrelevant (filial tranfer)

3. Transfer of nationality to adopted children of nationals of country A3. Transfer of nationality to adopted children of nationals of country A 4. Transfer of nationality to other relatives of nationals of country A4. Transfer of nationality to other relatives of nationals of country A 5. Transfer of nationality to relatives (spouse, child, grandchild) of former or 5. Transfer of nationality to relatives (spouse, child, grandchild) of former or

deceased nationals of country Adeceased nationals of country A 6. Extension of acquisition to spouses of foreign nationals who acquire 6. Extension of acquisition to spouses of foreign nationals who acquire

nationality of country A (spousal extension)nationality of country A (spousal extension) 7. Extension of acquisition to children of foreign nationals who acquire 7. Extension of acquisition to children of foreign nationals who acquire

nationality of country A (filial extension)nationality of country A (filial extension) 8. Extension of acquisition to other relatives of foreign nationals who acquire 8. Extension of acquisition to other relatives of foreign nationals who acquire

nationality of country Anationality of country A

Modes of Acquisition of Modes of Acquisition of NationalityNationality

Modes of acquisition Modes of acquisition after birthafter birth (ex-lege or non-(ex-lege or non-automatic)automatic)

Afinity-based modes:Afinity-based modes: 1. Reacquisition by former nationals of country A1. Reacquisition by former nationals of country A 2. Acquisition by special nationals with restricted ci2. Acquisition by special nationals with restricted cittizenshipizenship 3. Acquisition by persons with nationality of country B3. Acquisition by persons with nationality of country B 4. Acquisition by persons with cultural affinity to country A 4. Acquisition by persons with cultural affinity to country A

(special ethnicity, mother-tongue, or religion)(special ethnicity, mother-tongue, or religion) 5. Acquisition by persons who acted as nationals of country A in 5. Acquisition by persons who acted as nationals of country A in

good faith and/or were presumed to be country A´s nationals for good faith and/or were presumed to be country A´s nationals for some time some time

6. Acquisition by persons with other special connections to country 6. Acquisition by persons with other special connections to country AA

Modes of Acquisition of Modes of Acquisition of NationalityNationality

Modes of acquisition Modes of acquisition after birthafter birth (ex-lege or non-(ex-lege or non-automatic)automatic)

Other targeted modes:Other targeted modes: 1. Acquisition by recognized refugees1. Acquisition by recognized refugees 2. Acquisition by stateless persons or persons with uncler nationality 2. Acquisition by stateless persons or persons with uncler nationality 3. Acquisition by persons with special achievements for country A3. Acquisition by persons with special achievements for country A 4. Acquisition by persons in the public (military or non-military) 4. Acquisition by persons in the public (military or non-military)

service of country Aservice of country A 5. Acquisition by persons with special financial assets and/or who 5. Acquisition by persons with special financial assets and/or who

invest money in country A invest money in country A 6. Other modes of acquisition 6. Other modes of acquisition

Understanding of Citizenship in Understanding of Citizenship in CEECEE

Citizenship can be thick and thinCitizenship can be thick and thin Answers to challenges to modern Answers to challenges to modern

citizenship brought by globalizationcitizenship brought by globalization1. Citizenship traditionalism;1. Citizenship traditionalism;2. Convergence across states toward 2. Convergence across states toward

postnational membership spostnational membership scchemes;hemes;3. De-ethnization of citizenship.3. De-ethnization of citizenship. De-etnicized citizenship in CEE De-etnicized citizenship in CEE -- what does what does

it mean?it mean?

Paradox of the globalized Paradox of the globalized eraera

Appearance and strengthening of new Appearance and strengthening of new and particular identities, and particular identities, fragmentarization of class identities, fragmentarization of class identities, „imaginative community“ is facing „imaginative community“ is facing serious challengeserious challenge

But – banal nationalism and tribal But – banal nationalism and tribal understanding of citizenship are understanding of citizenship are preventing to move toward post-national preventing to move toward post-national citizenship (Yasemin Soysal, Keith citizenship (Yasemin Soysal, Keith Faulks, Stephen Castels, Alastair Faulks, Stephen Castels, Alastair Davidson) Davidson)

Developments in EU-15 and EU approach toward Developments in EU-15 and EU approach toward minorities not helpful to possible changes in CEEminorities not helpful to possible changes in CEE

Focus on legal protection of minority Focus on legal protection of minority rightsrights Shift from multicultural policies to Shift from multicultural policies to individual civic integrationindividual civic integration Significant differences in integration Significant differences in integration policies among EU-27policies among EU-27 One-dimensional integration policies of One-dimensional integration policies of marginalised minorities in most of EU-27marginalised minorities in most of EU-27

How to continue with integration How to continue with integration policies? policies?

Continuation of todayContinuation of today´́s policies is useless as far as s policies is useless as far as inclusion of minoritinclusion of minoritiies into the „core“ part of es into the „core“ part of respective nations in CEE is concerned.respective nations in CEE is concerned.

1. 1. Inter-ethnic relations toward minorities matter Inter-ethnic relations toward minorities matter more than any integration policy.more than any integration policy.

2. Integration policies toward minorities are being in 2. Integration policies toward minorities are being in place more because of existence of a pressure place more because of existence of a pressure from outside the country than due to interest of from outside the country than due to interest of officials or public.officials or public.

3. The most important question remains whether 3. The most important question remains whether minorities minorities in in CEE CEE have where to integrate without have where to integrate without full assimilation.full assimilation.

What should be done? How to What should be done? How to Overcome Historical Determinism in Overcome Historical Determinism in

CEE?CEE? Need of transfer from ethno-cultural to legal-Need of transfer from ethno-cultural to legal-

political definition of nations in CEE, or to shift political definition of nations in CEE, or to shift from cultural definition of from cultural definition of a nation a nation to voluntaristic to voluntaristic one? one?

Need of redefinition of the core solidarity based on Need of redefinition of the core solidarity based on ethnicity to core solidarity based on modern ethnicity to core solidarity based on modern citizenship.citizenship.

Need to move toward post-national citizenship.Need to move toward post-national citizenship. Need to define clearly short-term and long-term Need to define clearly short-term and long-term

goals of policies toward minorities.goals of policies toward minorities. Need to understand inclusion multidimensionaly, Need to understand inclusion multidimensionaly,

not only in its economic dimension.not only in its economic dimension. Need to support particular and universalistic Need to support particular and universalistic

identities that are in place.identities that are in place. Challenge - how to „sell“ constitutional patriotism Challenge - how to „sell“ constitutional patriotism

(Jurgen Habermas) to people who are locked in (Jurgen Habermas) to people who are locked in the cage of banal nationalism? the cage of banal nationalism?