1. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SN e i g h b o u r h o o d s N e g o t i a t i o n P a r a m e t e r sGather a set of knowledge to investigate the parameters thatenables spatial time-use adaptation among users to negotiatebetween public and private spaces in neighbourhoods.Promotor : Prof. Ir. Winy MaasCo-promotor : Ass. Prof. Dr. Ing. Henriette BierPhD candidate : YeeKee Ku1Research area : Architecture & Urban Design

2. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SC O N T E N TPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Research questions4.0 Research setup5.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, RotterdamPage no.2 3. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPart 1:Research frameworkPage no.3 4. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SCONTENTPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Research questions4.0 Research setup5.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, RotterdamPage no.4 5. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S5RESEARCH GAPBACKGROUND :SPATIAL ADAPTATION 6. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S6Spatial transformation refers, in this context, to thedynamics of a space that may change functionsinitiated by users or experts at different time.Spatial time-usage adaptation is a muchmore fluid respond to changing users needsand environment (esp. climatic factors/room temperature) within a space, wherethe changing process synchronised alongwith changing factors and time.Adaptation refers to the seamless process that evolves andembedded into the complex processes of human life,psychological needs for comfort and coherence throughthe change of spatial function in architecture and urbandesign scale (Mehaffy & Salingaros, 6AD).Negotiation is an interactive process whereuser or users behave conscious orunconsciously to the opposing spatial usewhere the boundary between public andprivate spaces overlapped or blurredtemporally or permanently.SPATIAL ADAPTATIONISSUES & BACKGROUND : ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS INVESTIGATIONDEFINATIONS: 7. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S7ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOODAS INVESTIGATIONRESEARCH GAP 8. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S8HIGHRISE / SKYSCRAPPER (PLANNED/ DESIGNED)Singapore / Hong Kong / China Based on utility purposes (positioning ofDIFFERENT NEIGHBOURHOOD FABRIC / CONFIGURATION PARAMETERSISSUES & BACKGROUND : ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS INVESTIGATION 9. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S9INNER CITY (PLANNED / DESIGNED)Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam Based on utility purposes (positioning ofDIFFERENT NEIGHBOURHOOD FABRIC / CONFIGURATION PARAMETERSISSUES & BACKGROUND : ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS INVESTIGATION 10. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S10INNER CITY HOUSING (PLANNED)Ypenburg, Netherlands / Cheras Housing, MalaysiaBased on utility purposes (positioning ofDIFFERENT NEIGHBOURHOOD FABRIC / CONFIGURATION PARAMETERSISSUES & BACKGROUND : ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS INVESTIGATION 11. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S11URBAN VILLAGES (UNPLANNED / NATURAL)Hutong Village, Beijing, China / Kampung Bahru, MalaysiaDIFFERENT NEIGHBOURHOOD FABRIC / CONFIGURATION PARAMETERSISSUES & BACKGROUND : ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS INVESTIGATION 12. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S12MEDITERENEAN TOWNS (UNPLANNED / NATURAL)Santorini, Greece / Capri, Italy / Based on utility purposes (positioning ofDIFFERENT NEIGHBOURHOOD FABRIC / CONFIGURATION PARAMETERSISSUES & BACKGROUND : ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS INVESTIGATION 13. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S13SLUMPS (UNPLANNED / NATURAL)Mumbia, India / Favella, Brazil Based on building conservation lawDIFFERENT NEIGHBOURHOOD FABRIC / CONFIGURATION PARAMETERSISSUES & BACKGROUND : ISOLATE NEIGHBOURHOOD AS INVESTIGATION 14. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S14INITIAL CASE STUDY:COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEENTAMPANIES HIGHRISE COMMUNITY(SINGAPORE) AND HUTONG URBANVILLAGE (BEIJING, CHINA) 15. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.15HUTONG VILLAGE. BEIJING, CHINAApprox. year 1800sTYPICAL HIGHRISE PLAN .SINGAPORESince 1960s TRANSITION SPACE : WIDE COURTYARD & WALKWAY SPACE NEGOTIABLE RULESCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS : QUALITY OF TRANSITION SPACES (SPATIAL QUALITY) TRANSITION SPACE : NARROW SHARED CORRIDOR SPACE HIGH CONTROLLED RULESCASE STUDY : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CONTROLLED HIGHRISE COMMUNITY (SINGAPORE) ANDURBAN VILLAGE (HUTONG, BEIJING, CHINA) Source of photos: Corbis Images 16. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.16HUTONG VILLAGE. BEIJING, CHINAApprox. year 1800sTYPICAL HIGHRISE PLAN .SINGAPORESince 1960s Transition space : wide courtyard andwalkway space Negotiable rules Undefined private space ( free extensionto courtyard space)COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS : QUALITY OF TRANSITION SPACES (PLANS)CASE STUDY : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN HIGHRISE HOUSING (SINGAPORE) AND URBAN VILLAGE(HUTONG, BEIJING, CHINA). Source of diagrams : URA (Singapore) Transition space : narrow shared corridorspace High controlled rules ( non-negotiable) Defined private space (guard throughownership) 17. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.17HUTONG VILLAGE. BEIJING, CHINAApprox. year 1800sTYPICAL HIGHRISE PLAN .SINGAPORESince 1960s TRANSITION SPACE : WIDE COURTYARD & WALKWAY SPACE NEGOTIABLE RULESCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS : QUALITY OF TRANSITION SPACES (SPATIAL QUALITY) TRANSITION SPACE : NARROW SHARED CORRIDOR SPACE HIGH CONTROLLED RULESCASE STUDY : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CONTROLLED HIGHRISE COMMUNITY (SINGAPORE) ANDURBAN VILLAGE (HUTONG, BEIJING, CHINA) Source of photos: Corbis Images 18. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.18HUTONG VILLAGE. BEIJING, CHINAApprox. year 1800sTYPICAL HIGHRISE PLAN .SINGAPORESince 1960s TRANSITION SPACE : WIDE COURTYARD & WALKWAY SPACE NEGOTIABLE RULES UNDEFINED PUBLIC SPACE (FREE USAGE : CHESS PLAYING,ETC)COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS : QUALITY OF TRANSITION SPACES (SPATIAL USAGE BY USERS) TRANSITION SPACE : HUGE CONCRETE WALWAY SPACE HIGH CONTROLLED RULES VERY DEFINED PUBLIC SPACE (USAGE AS WALKWAY ONLY,LOCKED LEGALLY)CASE STUDY : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CONTROLLED HIGHRISE COMMUNITY (SINGAPORE) ANDURBAN VILLAGE (HUTONG, BEIJING, CHINA). Source of photos: Corbis Images 19. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.19RESEARCH GAPExperts in practice often draw up or implementpolicies based on their interpretation of a visionaryplan for a city instead of understanding hownegotiation between private and public space takesplace and how communication rules emerge amongusers and experts.Lehnerer, A. (2009).Grand Urban Rules. English (Vol. 1, p. 272). 010 Publishers. 20. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S20RESEARCH GAPLACK OF UNDERSTANDING IN HOWNEGOTIATION IN BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLICSPACES AMONG USERS IN A NEIGHBORHOODNegotiation between Private and public spaces Among users In neighbourhoodsRESEARCH GAP 21. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.21RESEARCH SETUP 01 : ISSUES, BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH GAPSCONTENTPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Research questions4.0 Research setup5.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, Rotterdam 22. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S22RESEARCH QUESTIONS : MAIN AND SUB-QUESTIONSRESEARCH QUESTIONSMAIN QUESTION :WHAT ARE THE PARAMETERS THAT ENABLE USERSTO NEGOTIATE THEIR SPATIAL TIME USAGE INBETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACES IN THEIREXISTING NEIGHBORHOOD?SUB-QUESTIONS :What are the factors influencing thenegotiation parameters whichinfluenced the urban fabric of aneighborhood ? 23. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S23FINAL PRODUCTS & EXPECTED RESULTSKEY QUESTIONS What are the parameters that enables thenegotiation process to occur? What are the factors influencing the parametersmentioned above?BACKGROUND QUESTIONS How to understand the negotiation processmentioned above? What are the negotiation processes? 24. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.24RESEARCH SETUP 01 : ISSUES, BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH GAPSCONTENTPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Approach, strategies and proposal4.0 Research questions5.0 Research setup6.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, Rotterdam 25. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.25 26. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S26RESEARCH SETUP: HYPOTHESIS, MAIN AND SUB-OBJECTIVESHYPOTHESISThe negotiation parameters are temporal socialrules derived from users collective socialbehavior within different neighborhoodscontext.MAIN OBJECTIVESGather a set of knowledge throughobservations among users spatial time-useadaptation negotiations between public andprivate space in neighbourhoods.SUB OBJECTIVESInvestigate the parameters by mapping,simulating and verifying the parameters usingdynamic parametric modelling method. 27. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S27FINAL PRODUCTS & EXPECTED RESULTSFINAL PRODUCTS Generic parameters that enabled negotiationprocess mentioned above. Digitalised parametric model of spatial time-usenegotiation between public and private spaces inneighbourhoods selected as case studies. A set of knowledge of users negotiation processbetween public and private spaces in selectedneighbourhoods.EXPECTED RESULT Parameters are a set of dynamic collective socialrules that is temporal or permanent. 28. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S28RESEARCH RELEVANCE (PRECEDENT 1: PATTERN LANGUAGE TO SIM CITY)PATTERN LANGUAGE. 1975http://web.mit.edu/kkdb/www/newhome/spacefighter/Research methodology : Random observations on 200 buildingsand surroundings around UK, US, Japan, Mexico and etc.advantages Qualitative description on photosdisadvantages Selection of buildings location around the world is notmapped (unknown)SIMCITY. 1980.Built generic city in virtual worldhttp://www.kaisersrot.ch/kaisersrot-02/Welcome.htmladvantages Utilise generative grammar to build a city Create generic formed citydisadvantages Predictable parameters where every city created are thesame.SOFTWARE ANALYSIS 29. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S29QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIONPhotos, Diagrams, Sketches Based on utility purposes (positioning ofunderground services and fire engine access) Influence natural light and ventilation on facade Control building footprint Indirectly control building massCATEGORY : URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINESHeight control Based on building conservation law Influence Pariss skyline Control plot ratio Indirectly control densityEXAMPLE OF RESEARCH FINAL OUTCOME (PRECEDENT 1: PATTERN LANGUAGE) 30. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S30RESEARCH RELEVANCE (PRECEDENT 2: GRAND URBAN RULES TO KAISEROFT)GRAND URBAN RULES, 2009http://web.mit.edu/kkdb/www/newhome/spacefighter/Advantages Gather all findings: urban rules / parameters in the world Easy to understand 3d pictorial cataloguesdisadvantages unconclusiveKAISERSORT (ETZH) 2010.Design your own neighborhoodhttp://www.kaisersrot.ch/kaisersrot-02/Welcome.htmladvantages Design is generated by a collection of intelligent objectswith changeable parameters Optimize land use = distribution of plot layout / pattern Achievable specific objective as a final outcome Assist decision making.disadvantages Difficult to define parameters of good / high quality ofspace 31. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S31CATEGORY : UNIFORM BUILDING-BY-LAWBuilding setback Based on utility purposes (positioning ofunderground services and fire engine access) Influence natural light and ventilation on facade Control building footprint Indirectly control building massCATEGORY : URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINESHeight control Based on building conservation law Influence Pariss skyline Control plot ratio Indirectly control densityEXAMPLE OF RESEARCH FINAL OUTCOME (PRECEDENT 2: GRAND URBAN RULES) 32. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S32LIMITATIONS Isolate a small fragment of neighbourhood to focus onnegotiation in neighbourhood scale may not explain theconnection with the reality of a whole dynamics of urbancomplex system. Users behaviour and urban environment changes rapidly thusinfluencing the changing negotiation process beinginvestigated here. Therefore, it is crucial to find out thefactors contributing to the negotiation process and notCONTRIBUTIONS A set of parameters which may be use for further researchesin the field of: Design tool / framework Software simulation / Applications Games 33. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.33CONTENTPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Approach, strategies and proposal4.0 Research questions5.0 Research setup6.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, Rotterdam 34. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S34 35. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.35PART 2 :OBSERVATION STAGE 36. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.36RESEARCH SETUP 01 : ISSUES, BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH GAPSCONTENTPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Approach, strategies and proposal4.0 Research questions5.0 Research setup6.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, Rotterdam 37. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.37 38. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.38SELECTION OF CASE STUDY AROUND THE WORLD 39. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.39CONTENTPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Approach, strategies and proposal4.0 Research questions5.0 Research setup6.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, Rotterdam 40. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.40OBSERVATION FORM 41. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.41RESEARCH SETUP 01 : ISSUES, BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH GAPSCONTENTPart 1 : Research framework2.0 Background, issues and research gaps3.0 Approach, strategies and proposal4.0 Research questions5.0 Research setup6.0 Time planPart 2 : Observation stage6.0 Selection of case studies7.0 Instrument : Observation form8.0 Pilot study 01 : Middleland, Rotterdam 42. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.42 43. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D SPage no.43 44. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S44 45. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S45CONCLUSION The parameters contribute to an understanding of emergentprocess in existing neighbourhood. A set of knowledge about existing users negotiation processin between public and private spaces, will be able tocontribute to other following researches to furtherunderstand the negotiation patterns, rules and etc also inbuilding games or applications in the future.CONTRIBUTIONS A set of parameters which may be use for further researchesin the field of: Design tool / framework Software simulation / Applications Games 46. P h D T I T L E : N E G O T I A T I O N P A R A M E T E R S I N N E I G H B O U R H O O D S46The end