phases of water paul doherty. triple point 0.006 _ bar
TRANSCRIPT
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Phases of Water
Paul Doherty
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triple point0.006 _
bar
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Gas
Water vapor is invisible
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Water Gas ?Liquid drops are visible.
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Water vapor bubbles in a liquid are visible.
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At the triple point Solid, Liquid and gas exist together in equilibrium.
At the critical point gas and liquid become indistinguishable.
0.006_bar
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Sweat droplets on skin: evaporation, (not eqilibrium.)
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The vapor pressure above water is higher than above ice.
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Water Boiler
Reduce the presure on water and it will
boil at room temperature.
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BubblesPin = Pout + 4T/r
Pressure in a bubble increases as radius decreases.
Where T is the surface tension in N/m
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Surface tension is a result of the attractive forcs between molecules.
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Water FreezerFreeze water by lowering
the external pressurecausing boiling
and temperature reduction.
Boiling is a cooling process.
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Geyser
The temperature of the water
increases slowly.
The pressure can change at the speed
of sound. Creating an
eruption.
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Liquid water in contact with solid water
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Ice is a mineral, water is molten ice.
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Liquid Water Soid Water, iceless dense.
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Density of Water
Vs
Temperature and
Pressure
At 1 bar Ice floatson water
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To see an icebergFloat an ice balloon
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Ice
hexagonal crystal
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Electric dipole moment of water.red -
blue +
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Walking among large antarctic ice crystals
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Large antarctic ice crystal
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Ice takes on the structure of liquid water, near the surface at temperatures near 0 °C, this
makes ice slippery.
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Supercooled rain crystallizes when it hits a surface.
Without a nucleation site the homogenious nucleation temperature is -42C
Frezing is a warming process, freezing water releases heat.
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Watch Water Freeze
In this exhibit water is cooled below freezing and remains a liquid until a
“seed” causes ice crystal nucleation.
Then the entire liquid crystallizes.
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A 20 cm diameter snowflake.Supercooled water nucleated freezing into a hexagonal crystal.
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Water made from
lighter isotopes evaporates
more rapidly.
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Here, water is Solid Liquid and Gas in contact butNOT
in equilibrium
Yellowstone Norris Geyser Basin
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Mars atmosphere has places at the triple point of water
Here water ice has crystallized as snow on Mars. Image from the Viking Lander.
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Mars Phoenix Lander Water Ice
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Water Ice on Tempel 1
at -100C vaor pressure is 0.0014 Paat 20 C it is 2300 Pa
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Ice at -1 C hardness 1.5 Mohs scalehardness 4 at -44Chardness 6 at -80 C
ice carved granite in antarctica.
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It’s more complicated than that.
MOre of the phase diagram of water.
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On Europa Ice 3 may form.It is denser than liquid water.
A water ocean on Europa may be sandwiched between ice 1h on the top and ice 3 on the
bottom.
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Pluto Ice geology
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Pluto water ice in blue
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Enceladus
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Enceladus Geysers
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Titan Rivers
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Titan Hydrocarbon Lakes
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Titan SurfaceWater Ice Boulders
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Mars Salty water Streaks
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Mars Seasonal Water Flow
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Superheated water
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