PHARMACOLOGYHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:2735 BC PAN TSAO CHINESE MATERICA MEDICA2500 BC AYURVEDA, Dravyaguna

1900 BC EGYPT ‘PAPYRI’700 BC BABYLONIAN CLAY TABLET450 HIPPOCRATES MODERN MEDICINE1753 ALLOPATHY19TH CENTURY HANNEMAMM HOMEOPATHYPharmacology is science dealing with drugsDrug is a substance used for diagnosis, prevention, cure of diseasesBranches: Pharmacopoeia: official code of drugsPharmacognsy I.P Indian pharmacopoeiaPharmacy B.P BritishPharmokinetics U.S.P united states Therapeutics Non-official compendia :Toxicology United States dispensary(USD)Chemotherapy AMA drug evaluationPharmacogenetics Clinical pharmacology Biopharmaceutics

• NATURE & SOURCES OF DRUGSAnimal:insulin, heparinPlant:digoxin, atropine, castor oilMineral:liquid paraffin, magnesium sulphateSynthetic:cetrizine, aspirin, paracetamolMicroorganism: penicillin, bacitracinBiotechnology:human insulin, cancer drugs• ENTRY OF DRUGS INTO BODYLocal application:ointments, powder,pessary in vagina, suppository into rectumEnema:liquid drug into rectumEnteral/Oral route(PO): enteric coated, time releasedParenteral route: other than oral• Inhalations:nasal spray• Injections:intradermal, subcutaneous(SC), intramuscular(IM),

intravenous(i.v),Intraarterial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal,intraarticular• Transcutaneous:iontophoresis, inunction,jet injection, skin patches• Transmucosal: sublingual, transnasal, transrectal• New drug delivery system: ARV• Intrvitreal• Epidural

Vitamins & there food sourceVitamins Name Food source

Vit A Retinol Dark coloured vegetable, liver, eggs

Vit B1 thiamine Peanuts milk, liver

Vit B2 Riboflavine Milk & green vegetable

Vit B6 Pyridoxine Fish, liver ,yeast

Vit B12 Cyncaobalamin Milk, eggs, liver

Vit c Ascorbic acid Citrus fruits & veg

Vit D Calciferol Liver oil, milk, egg, yolk

Vit E Alpha tocopherol Wheat oil, cereals, egg yolk

Vit K Phynandoieine Spinach , cabbage

Drug classification

• Analgesics:used as pain releiver/antiinflammatory/antipyreticsopoid-morphine/codeine/pethidine/pentazocineNon-opoid(NSAID)non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs:acetyl

salicylate/paracetamol/phenylbutazone/indomethacin/diclofenac/ibuprofen/Naproxen/mefenamic acid/piroxicam• Anesthetics :General:sevoflurane,propofol,halothane, ether,nitrous oxideLocal:lidocaine, xylocaine, prilocaine• Antibiotics: chemical substances used for killing bacteria/fungi/parasiteAnti-bacterial:penicillin, amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavuanic acid,cefadroxil,

cephalexin,cefuroxime,cefixime,cefpodoxime,ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin,moxifloxacin,meropenem,tazobactum,streptomycin

Ant-tubercular:isoiniazid, rifampicin, ethambutolAntifungal:clotimazole, flucanozole, ketaconazole, amphotericin BAntiviral: acyclovir, pencylovir, femicyclovir• Anticoagulants:prevents clotting of blood, used in thrombosis, embolisme.g: heparin, coumarin,warfarin,clopidgrel, ,streptokinase, urokinase• Anticonvulsant/antiepileptic:prevent convulsion, e.g phenytoin,

carbamazepine, sodium valporate, diazepam

• Antidepressant:cure depression, e.g amitriptiline,

• Antidiabetes:

• Antihistamines: block histamine released during allergic reaction, loratadine,levocetrizine,fexofenadine, rupatadine

• Cardiovascular drugs:act on heart & b.v

• Cardiotonic:↑heart pumping e.g. digoxin, dopamine

• antiarrythmatics/antifibrillatory:abnormal contraction of cardiume.g. quinidine, beta blockers like propanolol, lignocaine

• Antianginal:cardaic pain during rest/movement e.g iso sorbitrate,nitroglycerine

• Anthypertensive:↓ B.P.e.g clonidine, methyldopa,hydrothiazide,propanolol

• Anticholestrol/lipid lowering drugs e.g atrovastin

Drugs

• Nebulization• Bronchodilators:

Aminophylline,terbutaline,salbutamol• Antihistamines: cetrizine,rupatadine,opatadine• Corticosteroids:hydrocortisone, prednisone• Expectorants:guaifenesin, potassium iodide• Mucolytics: acetylcysteine• Antitussives: dextromethorphan

• metered dose inhalers (MDIs)• Spacer device

Drugs associated with GIT• Antacids• Antisecretories/PPI(proton pump inhibitor)

omeparazole, esmperazole, rabeprazole,panaprozole

• Antispasmodics:diclomine, mefanic acid,trenaxmic acid, atropine, belladona

• Digestants:• Antiemitics:metachlorpramide,

domperidon,odansteron• Cathartics and

laxatives:bisacodyl,phenolphalein,psyllium husk