pharmacy acquisition costs in songkhla province

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 – 453

Pharmacy Acquisition Costs in Songkhla Province

Somsak L., Surachat N. Prince of songkla University

November 2013

Abstract

Objective: To examine pharmacy

acquisition costs among community pharmacies in

Songkhla Province and to compare them with

wholesale prices. Methods: Drug acquisition costs

were collected by copying their receipts of a

period of seven months. Also, drug price

quotations were retrieved from wholesalers.

Studied drugs included all dosage forms. Unit

price of those drugs were calculated. Descriptive

analyses, including frequency counting,

percentage, mean, median, mode, and standard

deviation, were conducted. Results: Results

showed that only 12 (6.7%) pharmacies were

willing to participate in the study. The majority of

these pharmacies (83.83%) bought drugs from

wholesalers. Acquisition costs were composed of

two types, including actual purchasing costs and

wholesalers’ offered costs. All pharmacies could

use them as reference costs when they purchase

those drugs. From the comparison of drug

acquisition costs and median prices, results

showed that nine pharmacies could obtain the

majority of drugs at acquisition costs equal to the

median prices. Pharmacies at different locations

and with different ownerships could still obtain the

majority of drugs at the same median prices. On

the other hands, older and longer opening-hours

pharmacies could purchase at lower median prices

for their majority of drugs. Similarly, pharmacies

that had lower turn-over rate stocks could obtain

the majority of drugs at lower costs. There were

six pharmacies that could purchase drugs at lower

acquisition costs, even though the obtained

amounts were either lower or equal to those of

median costs. Results also showed that one

wholesaler offered drugs at median price while

other four Wholesalers sold drugs at price lower

than median prices. When pharmacy acquisition

costs were compared to wholesale median prices,

results showed that nine pharmacies could obtain

drugs at lower than median prices and three

pharmacies could purchase at the price lower than

wholesale prices (with same trade names)

Conclusion: Pharmacy acquisition costs could be

obtained and used as reference prices when drugs

were purchased.

Keywords: acquisition costs, wholesalers’ offered

costs, median prices, reference prices


Introduction

Pharmacy is a Health Services in Primary

Care Health System Thailand is a close

community. And is often the first choice of the

people, especially when the initial illness.

Thailand currently share a modern medicine man

for a second type is a modern drug (b a. 1), which

requires pharmacists to comply with a specified

time. And non-packaged drugs, dangerous drugs

or controlled substance (b a. 2) (1) in the year

2548 to 2555 found that the trend of market share,

or distribution of drugs through pharmacies. down

from 25 percent to 23 percent of all medications

(2) at the same time found that the tendency of the

drug has increased across the country from the

number 13 329 of the 15 864 (3) and has turned up

at the shop. monotherapy with either drug store

chain owned by a foreign company, and Thailand.

The competition in the business model is more

serious.

Potentially make a huge impact in the

long term to operate a single dose (4) Therefore,

the administration of a single dose to achieve the

goal. Help may be on the administration. The

theory of marketing mix (Marketing Mix: 4Ps),

which include (Product) at (Place), promotion

(Promotion) Price (Price) (5) found that the cost of

medicines (acquisition costs) are. The volume of

orders per vendor vendors, etc. (6) differences in

drug costs is one problem that entrepreneurs

pharmacies found during the operation.

In a effort to collect cost of hospital

medicine by exploring drug prices then prepared

for use as a reference source of information on

selected medicines. Drug procurement For

hospitals or departments of State Health Services

(7) the study on the cost of medicines in

pharmacies. The study found the United States

The style health insurance system in the United

States are paid back to the participating pharmacy

or a health insurance company in terms of cost

medicines that are dispensed to patients by

prescription. Cost is determined. The estimated

cost of the drug (estimated acquisition cost), which

is calculated from a survey of wholesalers is the

average selling price of the wholesaler (average

wholesale prices) - 10.5% (8), but this makes the

cost of medicines. the state refund is higher than

the actual purchase price of the drug. Since

September 2011 the government changed the way

it's a true drug cost (actual acquisition cost) from a

participating pharmacy and then set a reference

price for the reimbursement to pharmacies. Also

important in determining the disbursement.


However, the country still can not find a report on

the cost of medicines in the private sector before.

The information is important, as mentioned above.

The researcher is interested in the cost of

medicines in pharmacies. However, due to

resource constraints and to provide benefits to the

drug store in Songkhla for bringing drugs to the

actual cost. The researchers chose to study

pharmacy located in Songkhla. It has modern

medicine (b a. 1), 263 (3) and the procurement of

pharmaceutical drugs from the manufacturer or

wholesaler. However, no research or any agency

that collects data analysis or cost this drug before.

Thus, research. "Cost of medications in drug stores

offense" in order to benefit the drugstore operator

to provide a basis for the reference price as a tool

to negotiate drug prices. To lead to lower drug

costs and pricing for the next.

Research Methods

This research is a descriptive study

(descriptive study) studied drug derived cost

(acquisition costs) of the drug in Songkhla and

compare the offer price to the wholesaler

company. This retrospective survey data from July

2555 until January 2556 in order to keep a

sufficient amount of information and data is up to

date at the time of the study. In this research to

study a modern drug (b a. 1) in Songkhla. Without

education in modern medicine, especially

medicine packaged non-dangerous drug or

controlled substance (b a. 2) as a modern drug (b

a. 1), a drug that is more diverse. The researchers

then collected data only in drug stores such types

and selection criteria sample drug stores that have

a pharmacy medicine (b a. 1) with a single dose

(stand alone) who are willing to join in. study

respondents And if found to be a drug dealer or

wholesaler would be eliminated from the study.

The researchers sent letters to modern

drug store (the unit. 1) that meet the selection

criteria, primarily in Songkhla for every

participant. The goal of the pharmacies that accept

the participant with the largest number. Then the

researcher back to the respondents participated in

the study. For storage of drugs in all forms of drug

administration. The Minister by the Medicines Act

2510 (Act No. 5 of 2530 drug), which contain

dangerous drugs, controlled drugs. Medicine pills

packaged drugs for external use and drug use only.

Because these drugs can be sold in modern

medicine (the unit. 1) and a variety of products.

Gives comprehensive information By requesting a

copy of a photograph showing the drug's cost,

including waybill. Receipt Or the price of other

forms of the drug stores have been supplied with


drugs. In addition, this study also collected

information from all companies offering

prescription drug wholesalers in Songkhla. By

asking for a confirmation in the form of an original

or copy data files electronically.

Then the researchers recorded data onto a

recordable design data is a record of sorts as

pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy size (number of

units) location of the operator. Apothecary shop

name During the operations, Circulation period of

the drug inventory And data entry costs by

purchasing drugs at pharmacies that contain

information about. The generic name of the drug

name, dosage form manufacturing, trade size,

price, unit price, number of purchase the seller's

name and date of purchase. The generic name of

the drug dosage form trade name manufacturers.

Quantity Price Seller's name and the date of the

bid.

Before analyzing the cost drugs. This

study has been calculated based on the price per

unit of dosage forms such as tablets for capsules

are packaged in foil panels. It is calculated as the

price per tablet or capsule. Potion or lotion bottle,

it is calculated as the price per milliliter. And

pharmaceutical creams or ointments, etc. It is

calculated as the price per gram. The data are

available individually or purchasing multiple times

within a period of seven months, it will use the last

day. The last price is a price that reflects the actual

prices the most current. The list of drugs that are

supplied by the POA in the confirmation. It is

costing the basis of the total amount of the

purchase price and the amount received from the

giveaway. Similarly, the cost of the drug

wholesaler company that has collected in the same

period. It will use the same criteria to the cost of

prescription drugs in the calculation of unit prices.

The research was based on data analysis

by descriptive statistics (descriptive statistics) to

compare the data of each participating pharmacy

research on data from wholesalers include the

mean, median and mode number of tables, the

standard deviation. The median cost of

prescription drugs and the cost of each store had

prepared the reference price of the cost of

purchasing drugs. It also conducted a cost

comparison drug. The data obtained from

pharmacies or procurement of information from

the offering price of the drug wholesaler. The way

to compare the cost of such drugs to the middle of

the two groups. Researchers led median cost of

medications. (Bid or selling drugs) used in the

comparative analysis. The basis of comparison is

as follows: 1) cost per unit dose. Is less than the

median 0.01 baht per unit is in comparison with

the less. The median cost of medications, 2) cost

drugs is equal to the median in all respects (set 2


decimal) that is in comparison with a value equal

to the median cost of medications 3) cost of drugs

per unit is greater than the median 0.01 baht. the

unit is in the group is greater than the median cost

of medications.

This study also presents the pharmacy is

divided into different groups by providing

information, an overview of the drug stores, the

majority of the drugs at cost price of drugs less

than or equal to the median cost of medications.

Researcher using criteria to determine the drug in

the same group. By segmenting an overview From

the list of the most common drugs. Each

benchmark that similarly grouped wholesaler will

be divided into different groups by presenting the

information as a whole is a wholesaler who mainly

sell medicines at cost drug that is less than equal.

or more than the median cost of medications.

Result

In the study, from modern medicine (b a.

1), the selection criteria of 179 stores Letter

participants were 12 shops and a letter back from

the pharmacy is not able to send a letter asking for.

partnership of three stores, or as a response to 6.70

percent after the data analysis. The study can be

divided into two parts, namely Part 1 Overview of

pharmacy and medicine procurement of drugs and

the cost of two drugs.

Overview of the pharmacy and purchase of

pharmaceutical drugs.

Table 1 shows the general information of

drug research participants. That is a small dose (1

unit) of 11 shops, a large dose (two units), the

number one restaurant, with locations spread

throughout the downtown area of six stores, and

outside of the six store when divided by. own

Found a drug store owner, a pharmacist and is

operating its own Number 9 of pharmacy owners,

not pharmacists, but hiring pharmacists who

practice the 3 shop, considering the period of

operation and during opening hours. Find a

pharmacy open new operations in the range of less

than or equal to 2 years, with a total of five stores

and drug stores that carry more than two years

with a total of seven stores and a pharmacy that

opened less than or equal to four. hours per day

with a total of five stores due to a drug that

pharmacists working in government or other

locations. Then open the pharmacy after work. The

drug, which pharmacists work all day without

working with a number of other places to shop and

seventh last term when considering the turnover of

pharmaceutical inventory of each drug.


Table 1. Overview of pharmaceutical research participants (N = 12 outlets).

The nature of the drug store (Number of store).

Types of drug stores

Sales of modern medicine (and b. 1) 12

Pharmacy size

Pharmacy size 1 11

Pharmacy size 2 1

Location

In downtown of Hat Yai. 2

In downtown of Songkhla. 4

Around the outside Sadao District 5

Around outside Na Mom District 1

Ownership

Pharmacist 9

Not pharmacist 3

During the operations

Operations Less than or equal to 2 years 5

Established more than two years 7

Opening Hours

Opening less than four hours a day. 5

Opening more than four hours a day 7

Inventory turnover period of medication

About 1 month 10

About 2 months 2


Table 2 shows the number of items

pharmacies participant has purchased drugs from

the pharmacy of the study is called drug stores and

12 stores represented as drug A, B, C, D. , E, F, G,

H, I, J, K and L to prevent drug store to drug store

media participants. The data showed that the

number of procurement of medicines in

pharmacies participants each are different and can

be divided into groups by the number of items that

are different is that one is buying. many

medications Which counts more than 300 items to

the store is a second pharmacy drugstore B and J,

which has a number of drugs from the 311 and

326, or 15.47 per cent and 16.22 of the list of all

the medicines from drug stores everywhere. The

value of the drugs is Baht 260,571 and 253,432 or

23.07 percent and 22.44 percent of its medicines

from drug stores everywhere. The second group

had to buy a moderate amount. Count from 150 to

300 items in this group were found to have four

stores is drug A, drug C, drug stores H and drug

stores I have a number of medications ranging

from 152 to 251 transactions, representing a 7.56

percent to 12.49. the list of all the medicines from

drug stores everywhere. The drugs are worth

between 31,042 to 180,264 baht, from 2.57 percent

to 15.96 percent of its medicines from drug stores

everywhere. The fourth group to buy less. Which

counts more than 150 items to a sixth store is the

drug D, pharmacy E, pharmacies F, pharmacy G,

pharmacy K and drug stores L has a number of

drugs, ranging from 30 to 144 items, representing

the hundreds. 1.49 to 7.16 percent of the total

number of drugs from drug stores everywhere. The

drugs are worth between 21,558 and 113,596 baht,

from 1.91 percent to 10.05 percent of its medicines

from drug stores everywhere.

Also from the data in Table 2 reveals that

most drug stores participant. Having bought the

drug from a wholesaler in the amount of 1685,

representing 83.83 percent of the total number of

drugs from drug stores everywhere. The drugs are

worth 686,910 baht to 60.81 per cent of the value

of buying medicines from drug stores everywhere.

The purchase drugs directly from the

manufacturers will have only 325 or 16.17 percent

of the total number of drugs from drug stores

everywhere. The drugs are worth 442,628 baht,

accounting for 39.19 percent of the value of

buying medicines from drug stores everywhere.

But considering the details of the purchase drugs

from wholesalers. It may be a number of different

buy-out. Divided into groups according to the

number of drug wholesalers that sell to drug

stores. The group is one Wholesalers are buying

medication that many medications. Counting over

300 with one or more of the company Wang


Pharmacy Pharmaceuticals Optical

Limited. The 1221 list of drugs accounted for

72.46 percent of the total amount of drugs

purchased from wholesalers. The drugs are worth

471,110 baht or 68.58 percent of the total value of

drugs purchased from wholesalers. The second

group is a wholesale pharmacy to buy medicine

with a moderate amount. Count from 150 to 300,

with two of the pharma company Hoffmann. Ltd.,

and family medicine The number of drug items

166 to 218 of 9.85 to 12.93 percent of the total

amount of drugs purchased from wholesalers. And

is valued at between 53,516 to 133,327 baht to buy

drugs or 7.79 percent to 19.41 percent of its total

drug purchases from wholesalers. The third group

is the drug wholesalers are buying fewer

medications. Since fewer than 150 of which have

come down to two things, namely a drug store and

the pharmacist's center. The amount of the drug 24

to 56 percent, 1:43 to 3:33 in the number of all

medicines bought from wholesalers. The drugs are

worth between 4,460 to 24,497 baht, or 0.65 to

1.43 percent of the value of all medicines bought

from wholesalers.


Table 2 shows the number of drug research participants. Has purchased drugs from various pharmacies.

The number of drug procurement Total transactions Total trading value

DRUG STORES store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K storeL number percent baht percent

Wholesaler

Phamahof Co., LTD - 161 - - - - 2 - 1 - 2 - 166 8.26 133327 11.80

Wangbhesaj Co., Ltd 187 90 129 113 82 - 75 154 149 1 97 144 1221 60.75 471110 41.71

Krobkruaya 22 - 2 - 1 - 12 - - 181 - - 218 10.85 53516 4.74

Drug center - - - - - - 24 - - - - - 24 1.19 4460 0.39

Soonyabhesaj 36 - - - 18 - - - 1 - 1 - 56 2.79 24497 2.17

Total transactions (number) 245 251 131 113 101 0 113 154 151 182 100 144 1685

(percent) 12.19 12.49 6.52 5.62 5.02 0.00 5.62 7.66 7.51 9.05 4.98 7.16 83.83

Total trading value (THB) 96161 175463 103788 86491 27481 0 21558 31042 34577 43285 22678 44386 686910

(percent) 8.51 15.53 9.19 7.66 2.43 0.00 1.91 2.75 3.06 3.83 2.01 3.93 60.81

pharmaceutical companies

Zuellig Pharma Co., Ltd - - - - 2 15 - - - 18 - - 35 1.74 87413 7.74

DKSH (Thailand) Co., Ltd - - - - - 6 - - - - - - 6 0.30 10384 0.92

TNP Healthcare Co., Ltd - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 0.15 1515 0.13

NewLife Pharma Co., Ltd - 18 27 10 - - - - - - - - 55 2.74 65547 5.80

B. Rich (Thailand) Co., Ltd - - - - - - - - - 8 - - 8 0.40 4661 0.41

B L H Trading Co., Ltd - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 0.15 2204 0.20

BLHUA Co., Ltd - 4 4 5 - - - - - - - - 13 0.65 39207 3.47

Berlin pharmaceutical Co., Ltd - 9 - - - - - - - - - - 9 0.45 12222 1.08


The number of drug procurement Total transactions Total trading value

DRUG STORES store A store B store C store D store E store F store G

store

H store I store J store K Store L number percent baht percent

Biopharm Co., LTD - 8 - - - - - - 1 - - - 9 0.45 11682 1.03

Paiboonmed Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 0.05 220 0.02

Masalab Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 5 - - 5 0.25 2572 0.23

Millimed Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 9 - - 9 0.45 23655 2.09

Medline Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 12 - - 12 0.60 40707 3.60

Medicine supply Co., LTD - 14 35 1 - - - - - 60 - - 110 5.47 86056 7.62

Unison Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 16 - - 16 0.80 25171 2.23

Umega Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 0.10 942 0.08

Lamthong Co., LTD - 7 - - - - - - - - - - 7 0.35 7861 0.70

Vitthayasrom Co., LTD - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 0.15 1271 0.11

Sahaphat Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 11 - - 11 0.55 9635 0.85

FCP Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 0.10 5625 0.50

M&H Co., LTD 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 0.10 3825 0.34

GPO 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 4 0.20 253 0.02

Total transactions (number) 6 60 66 16 2 30 0 0 1 144 0 0 325

(percent) 0.30 2.99 3.28 0.80 0.10 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.05 7.16 0.00 0.00 16.17

Total trading value (bath) 4078 85108 76476 27105 2580 36234 0 0 900 210147 0 0 442628

(percent) 0.36 7.53 6.77 2.40 0.23 3.21 0.00 0.00 0.08 18.60 0.00 0.00 39.19

Total all transactions 251 311 197 129 103 30 113 154 152 326 100 144 2010 100.00

Total all trading value 100239 260571 180264 113596 30061 36234 21558 31042 35477 253432 22678 44386 1129538 100.00


Drug Acquisition Costs

Cost drugs used in this study used two

groups are one. The data were collected from

medical costs. Receipts from low-cost generic

drugs from all of the participants. The summary

details and pricing out the form baht per unit price

(price / unit) by bringing information to all. The

table records the cost of drugs purchased at

pharmacies by generic real strength, dosage form,

size, packaging units, the lowest price, the highest

average price, median price, mode of entry for

drug storage. The cost of drugs has also been sent

to the pharmacy participants. To use as a reference

price for the cost of the drug. The second source is

the research, collect items to sell all medicines.

The confirmation data for drugs is a form of

electronic files from major wholesalers in

Songkhla. Be summarized and calculated out in

the unit price as well as the cost of pharmacy.

Table 3 shows the results of comparing

the cost of prescription medications each

participant with a median cost of medications from

the pharmacy all participants. The group found

that the drug, when compared to the cost of a drug

is less than, equal to or greater than the median.

By considering the group as a whole. From the list

of the most common drugs. Each benchmark that

is the one drug that most can be bought at the cost

of drugs is lower than the median a second store is

drug stores B and pharmacy J, which has a number

of drugs, 131 and 126 items or ideas. 42.12 and

38.65 percent of the total number of drugs from

the pharmacy each. The value of the drugs is Baht

107,665 and 129,548 or 41.44 percent and 51.22

percent of its medicines from drug stores each.

The second group Pharmacy where most drugs in

the cost of drugs is the median has nine stores is

drug A, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,

pharmacies G, pharmacies H, pharmacy I, shop. K

and L, a drug store prescription drugs from 54

items to 105 items, representing a 41.63 to 60.39

percent of the total number of drugs from the

pharmacy each. The value of the drugs between

9989 to 66,762 baht, representing a percentage of

37.07 to 58.16 percent of its medicines from

pharmacies, each of the circle of pharmacy at the

most can be bought at the cost of drugs is high.

than the median with one store's pharmacy F,

which has a number of drug 12 list accounted for

40 percent of the amount of drugs from

pharmacies F, worth buying 15,193 baht

representing 51.93 percent of its medicines for all.

from pharmacies F


Table 3 compares the cost of prescription drugs, participants with a median cost of medications. (From the pharmacy all participants).

Compare Pharmacy

Acquisition cost vs Median drug cost store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L

Acquisition cost Drug item 77 131 58 30 25 10 26 18 35 126 12 17

< percent 30.68 42.12 29.44 23.26 24.27 33.33 23.00 11.69 23.03 38.65 12.00 11.81

Median drug cost Worth bying 31225 107665 55285 24262 6932 10935 4754 3062 9409 129548 2533 2870

percent 31.35 41.44 30.69 21.50 22.92 30.18 21.65 9.82 26.12 51.22 11.23 6.47

Mean -18.03 -17.11 -25.69 -20.87 -20.51 -7.64 -16.44 -24.34 -20.52 -19.22 -18.09 -16.20

Std.Dev. 22.46 20.94 23.78 19.66 20.01 10.45 14.76 16.1 20.49 25.42 17.48 17.46


= percent 41.83 34.09 41.63 53.49 56.31 26.67 47.79 60.39 57.23 36.81 60.00 50.69


percent 39.11 32.92 37.07 50.60 52.66 27.89 45.48 58.16 48.49 27.68 50.10 48.13

Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


> percent 27.49 23.79 28.93 23.25 19.42 40.00 29.21 27.92 19.74 24.54 28.00 37.50


percent 29.54 25.64 32.24 27.90 24.42 41.93 32.87 32.02 25.39 21.11 38.67 45.40

Mean 14.08 17.30 18.50 15.16 11.77 37.36 10.81 16.68 12.67 18.51 14.70 16.12

Std.Dev. 18.41 18.29 22.49 17.80 12.85 25.62 16.00 21.95 15.13 20.65 20.29 20.89


Table 4 shows the results of the

comparison, the median cost of medications. By

the nature of the drug. Found that most drug stores

in the downtown area with the purchase of

medicines in the median cost of a prescription

drug the suburban network. This is the kind of 38

drugs accounted for 36.19 percent of the total

amount of the drug, according to its location. The

drugs are worth 222,755 baht or 36.54 percent of

the value of all the medicines, according to its

location. Segmentation by type of ownership.

Found that most pharmacy owners, a pharmacist

with the purchase of medicines in the median cost

of a drug is a drug that is not owned by a

pharmacist. This is the kind of 38 drugs accounted

for 38.38 percent of the total number of drug-

based ownership group. The drugs are worth

155,232 baht or 25.46 percent of the value of all

the medicines group ownership. It was found that

most drug stores that opened more than two years

of buying drugs on the median cost of medications

under the drug store opened less than two years.

This is 40 kinds of medicines accounted for 36.36

percent of the total number of drugs by the time

operations. The drugs are worth 165,239 baht or

27.11 percent of the value of all the medicines,

duration of operation. per day This is the kind of

42 drugs accounted for 39.25 percent of the total

number of drug groups during opening hours. The

drugs are worth 264,413 baht or 43.37 percent of

total drug spending by all groups during opening

hours. Month This is the kind of 51 drugs

accounted for 48.57 percent of the total amount of

drug administered according to the current period

inventory. The drugs are worth 346,830 baht or

56.89 percent of the value of all the medicines,

pharmaceutical inventory turnover period.

Table 5 shows the results of the

comparative cost drugs from wholesalers with a

median cost of medications. Segmentation can find

a wholesaler on the benchmark cost of drugs is

less than, equal to or greater than the median. By

considering the group as a whole. From the list of

the most common drugs. Each benchmark is that

one group. Most wholesalers sell drugs at prices

lower than the cost of drugs, the median cost of a

drug is the fourth company The amount of the

drug from 11 to 80 or from 36.70 to 45.83 percent

of the total number of drugs from wholesalers

each. With a turnover of between 2,183 to 51,582

baht, from 38.69 to 48.95 percent of the total

turnover of each of the wholesaler. The second

group is a wholesaler that most pharmacies in the

cost of drugs is the median cost of medications is

one namely Wang Pharmacy Pharmaceuticals

Optical Co. Ltd., which has a number of drugs 647

or ideas. 52.99 percent of the total number of

drugs from pharmaceutical companies, Wang

pharmaceuticals Optical limited with turnover of

225,010 baht or 47.76 percent of the total turnover

of the Palace Pharmacy Pharmaceuticals Optical

limited.


Table 4 compares the median cost of medications. By the nature of the drug.

General characteristics Compare the median cost of medications. Differences median cost of medications.

of pharmacy Drug item percent Worth Buying percent Mean Std.Dev

Loacation downtown < district 37 35.24 219893 36.07 -19.61 25.35

downtown = district 38 36.19 222755 36.54 0.00 0.00

downtown > district 30 28.57 166965 27.39 18.84 20.63

Ownership Pharmacist < Not pharmacist 31 31.31 178744 29.32 -15.19 24.02

Pharmacist = Not pharmacist 38 38.38 155232 25.46 0.00 0.00

Pharmacist > Not pharmacist 30 30.30 275637 45.22 18.76 16.80

During the operations Established more than 2 years < Less than or equal to 2 years. 40 36.36 165239 27.11 -15.50 17.18

Established more than 2 years = Less than or equal to 2 years. 36 32.73 171724 28.17 0.00 0.00

Established more than 2 years > Less than or equal to 2 years. 34 30.91 272650 44.73 10.74 14.04

Opening hours more than 4 hours a day. < less than 4 hours a day 42 39.25 264413 43.37 -22.90 21.85

more than 4 hours a day. = less than 4 hours a day 37 34.58 123585 20.27 0.00 0.00

more than 4 hours a day. > less than 4 hours a day 28 26.17 221615 36.35 14.94 22.27

Rotation period About 2 months < About 1 month 51 48.57 346830 56.89 -20.28 21.81

Of inventory About 2 months = About 1 month 23 21.91 69526 11.40 0.00 0.00

About 2 months > About 1 month 31 29.52 193257 31.70 22.15 23.79


Table 5 compares the acquisition cost from wholesalers with a median cost of medications. (From the pharmacy all participants).

Compare Wholesalers

Acquisition cost vs Median drug cost Pharmahof Co., Ltd. Wang Co., Ltd. Krobkruaya Drugcenter Soonya

Acquisition cost Drug item 76 227 80 11 22

< percent 45.78 18.59 36.70 45.83 39.29

Median drug cost Worth bying 51582 79404 21106 2183 11519

percent 38.69 16.85 39.44 48.95 47.02

Mean -11.13 -20.48 -7.28 -16.2 -11.71

Std.Dev. 17.72 21.66 14.63 15.15 17.91


= percent 28.31 52.99 33.03 20.83 35.71


percent 31.33 47.76 28.67 12.44 30.64

Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


> percent 25.90 28.42 30.28 33.33 25.00


percent 29.98 35.38 31.89 38.61 22.34

Mean 24.07 15.37 17.28 9.97 16.05

Std.Dev. 19.75 19.58 22.95 14.02 18.27


Table 6 shows a comparison of the effects

of the drug on the number of participants, the

median price. The group found that the drug, when

compared to the amount of the purchase is less

than, equal to or greater than the purchase of a

median. By considering the group as a whole.

From the list of the most common drugs. Each

benchmark is that one group. Most of the drug can

be bought for less than the median. The number of

buy less of the median with one shop is pharmacy

K, which has a number of drugs seven items

representing 58.33 percent of the total list of all

medications from the pharmacy K, worth buying

967 baht cent. 38.16 percent of the value of buying

drugs from pharmacies K of the second group.

Most of the drug can be bought for less than the

median. The total purchase amount of the median

has five stores is drug A, drug stores G,

pharmacies H, pharmacy I and drug stores L which

has a number of drugs, from 8 to 37, representing

a percentage of 44.44. 56.25 of the total number of

individual pharmacies. The number of purchases

over the amount of the median are six things the

drug B, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,

pharmacies F and drug stores J, which has a

number of drugs, from 8 to 75 or. since 40 to 80

percent of the total amount of each drug. The

value of the drugs between 3437 to 110,202 baht,

or equivalent to 49.59 percent from 94.94 percent

of its medicines from drug stores each.

Table 7 shows the results of comparing

the cost of pharmaceutical drug research

participants with a median sales price of medicine.

The group found that the drug, when compared to

the cost of a drug is less than, equal to or greater

than the median. By considering the group as a

whole. From the list of the most common drugs.

Each benchmark is that one group. Pharmacy

where most drugs in the cost of drugs under the

median price for the drug has nine stores is drug

A, drug B, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,

pharmacies F. , pharmacy, G, J, drug stores and

pharmacies I have a number of drugs from 91 to

147 items, representing a 37.74 to 49.49 percent of

the total number of drugs from the pharmacy each.

The value of the drugs between 6472 to 114,242

baht, or equivalent to 33.41 percent from 47.79

percent of its medicines from drug stores each.

The second group Pharmacy, mainly to buy drugs

at cost price of drugs as the median price

pharmacy has three outlets are pharmacies H, drug

stores K and drug stores L which has a number of

drugs from 43 to 68 entries representing. from

42.96 to 46.58 percent of the total number of drugs

from the pharmacy each. The value of the drugs

between 8842 to 16,964 baht, equivalent to 39.91

percent from 44.41 percent of its medicines from

drug stores each


Table 6 compares the number of pharmacies participants. The acquisition cost under the median cost of medications.

compares the number of purchase Pharmacy

Acquisition cost less than the median cost of medications. store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L

number of purchase Drug item 17 10 6 3 7 0 10 5 8 15 7 5

< percent 22.08 7.63 10.34 10.00 28.00 0.00 38.46 27.78 22.86 12.00 58.33 31.25

number of the median. Worth bying 5930 4759 2324 1115 1284 0 1337 1131 1498 4049 967 886

percent 18.99 4.42 4.20 4.60 18.53 0.00 28.12 36.92 15.92 3.13 38.16 30.86

Mean -20.38 -18.71 -13.21 -9.98 -19.61 0.00 -18.28 -17.79 -22.35 -7.38 -11.89 -18.00

Std.Dev. 18.94 19.47 9.15 5.66 15.90 0.00 16.55 16.83 17.14 7.38 9.07 10.20


= percent 48.05 35.11 20.69 20.00 32.00 20.00 53.85 44.44 48.57 37.60 8.33 56.25


percent 35.86 24.50 18.45 16.73 31.89 5.51 65.40 30.33 28.72 11.81 14.17 56.60

Mean -13.15 -11.50 -20.27 -33.58 -13.27 -21.16 -16.37 -22.72 -17.99 -12.66 -7.14 -18.06

Std.Dev. 17.90 16.65 18.70 24.49 15.64 0.48 14.53 13.71 18.80 16.79 0.00 22.17


> percent 29.87 57.25 68.97 70.00 40.00 80.00 7.69 27.78 28.57 50.40 33.33 12.50


percent 45.15 71.08 77.35 78.67 49.59 94.49 6.48 32.75 55.36 85.07 47.67 12.54

Mean -14.83 -17.06 -24.28 -20.60 -26.11 -9.01 -7.74 -33.47 -23.60 -21.77 -31.66 -8.52

Std.Dev. 16.84 17.77 21.30 19.20 21.50 11.38 7.50 18.06 21.97 20.09 24.10 11.52


Table 7 compares the drug acquisition cost with a median bids price of medication. (From wholesalers)

Compare drug acquisition cost Pharmacy

with a median bids price store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L


< percent 40.27 49.29 40.34 38.84 43.62 42.86 37.74 29.45 41.73 49.49 30.61 25.93

Median bids price Worth bying 35960 114242 56881 36289 10676 11311 6472 8315 13668 99505 5656 7287

percent 40.10 47.79 34.42 33.45 38.60 37.30 33.41 28.19 41.17 44.89 25.53 17.83

Mean -15.00 -14.77 -19.42 -16.57 -14.78 -6.49 -12.60 -12.38 -18.00 -15.46 -15.72 -13.31

Std.Dev. 17.99 15.53 18.54 17.36 18.57 8.28 15.70 15.56 18.82 17.78 19.49 15.86


= percent 34.51 26.95 37.50 35.54 36.17 21.43 36.79 46.58 36.69 28.96 43.88 42.96


percent 31.27 23.81 34.69 38.89 31.39 12.59 37.28 44.41 33.05 22.36 39.91 41.50

Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


> percent 25.22 23.76 22.16 25.62 20.21 35.71 25.47 23.97 21.58 21.55 25.51 31.11


percent 28.63 28.40 30.89 27.66 30.01 50.11 29.30 27.40 25.78 32.75 34.56 40.67

Mean 20.63 19.25 19.50 25.51 26.52 27.11 31.03 24.59 23.47 19.69 20.29 28.83

Std.Dev. 19.01 18.71 17.84 19.41 21.71 17.16 21.81 17.76 19.45 20.34 18.35 20.18


Table 8 compares the acquisition of participant with a median bids price of medication from wholesalers. (With the same trade name).

Compare drug acquisition cost (trade name) Pharmacy

with a median bids price store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L


< percent 44.93 58.30 40.97 31.31 41.05 85.00 41.90 24.82 40.30 70.49 37.23 28.47


percent 55.60 56.49 37.63 30.18 39.79 79.96 43.35 23.57 47.30 73.19 34.38 22.97

Mean -8.07 -7.18 -9.22 -6.58 -9.58 -7.26 -6.06 -8.72 -6.43 -5.75 -7.78 -7.48

Std.Dev. 14.61 7.55 16.77 5.95 14.87 8.32 6.57 15.21 6.26 8.66 14.86 14.84


< percent 51.69 35.87 56.25 66.95 55.79 5.00 52.39 73.05 55.22 19.13 60.64 67.15


percent 41.22 29.85 58.35 68.49 56.26 2.11 52.57 75.18 50.66 18.17 64.69 74.57

Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


< percent 3.38 5.83 2.78 1.74 3.16 10.00 5.71 2.13 4.48 10.38 2.13 4.38


percent 3.18 13.66 4.02 1.33 3.95 17.93 4.08 1.25 2.04 8.64 0.93 2.46

Mean 14.25 6.35 4.02 6.21 2.75 5.46 4.53 6.50 3.36 5.30 4.17 2.97

Std.Dev. 15.12 5.86 2.99 4.07 0.30 2.38 1.12 1.92 2.91 4.55 1.18 1.94


Table 8 shows the results of comparing the

cost of prescription drugs at participating pharmacies

research bids from wholesalers. By analyzing the drug

with the same trade name. The group found that the

drug, when compared to the cost of a drug is less than,

equal to or greater than the offering price of the drug.

By considering the group as a whole. From the list of

the most common drugs. Each benchmark is that one

group. Pharmacy, mainly to buy drugs at cost price of

drugs less than your pharmacy has three stores are

drug B, drug stores F and drug stores J, which has a

number of drugs from 17 to 130 items, representing

the hundreds. 58.30 to 85.00 percent of the total

number of drugs from the pharmacy each. The drugs

are worth between 21,954 to 104,190 baht, or a

percentage from 56.49 to 79.96 percent of its

medicines from drug stores each. The second group

Pharmacy, mainly to buy drugs at cost medicines bid

pharmacies are nine store is drug A, drug C,

Pharmacy D, pharmacy E, pharmacies G, pharmacies

H, pharmacy, I. , pharmacy drugstore K and L, which

has a number of drugs from 53 to 107, or from 51.69

to 67.15 percent of the total number of drugs from the

pharmacy each. The drugs are worth between 10,691

to 76,410 baht, or equivalent to 41.22 percent from

75.18 percent of its medicines from drug stores each.

Discussion

The proportion of participant feedback.

Found that a small number of pharmacies that are

willing to provide low-cost drugs. This may be due to

the pharmacy business is highly competitive. Thus,

the cost of drugs, which is a very important

relationship requires trust and one of the researchers.

To prevent media information about the male

participants and affect business operations. The drug

can not be sent away. There could be many reasons,

such as the drug is unclear. Store out of business, or

other reasons, can not send an invitation to join the

study.

The study found that the procurement of

pharmaceutical drugs in Songkhla province who

participated in this research. The most popular

medicines from wholesalers, accounting for 83.83

percent of total procurement of medicines from

pharmacies. The study is based on expected future

events and are subject to a number of factors such as

location, close to all pharmacy wholesalers. Making it

possible to deliver drugs to the pharmacy quickly.

Maya Unlimited order quantities. Making it possible

to prescribe requirements that are actually sold. And

the type of drug and diverse. Do not allow pharmacies

to buy drugs from multiple sources to multiple needs.

The purchasing directly from the manufacturer of the

drug may be greater in some places. There may be

reasons of demand and type of drugs are different.

Prices are reasonable, and more.

The cost of medicines in this research from

the price of the purchase of the drug in the time frame

studied. Which can be used as reference for the

procurement of drugs. So, after collecting and


analyzing data and drug costs. The research data

delivery cost medicines to pharmacies that participate

in this project, without disclosing the name of the

drug, according to the data of the main objectives laid

down. In order to remedy the participant or do not

provide a basis for reference in deciding to buy drugs.

Can negotiate drug prices. Reduce administrative

costs, and reasonable pricing.

Information from comparative cost of each

dose of the drug with a median cost of prescription

drugs that were actually purchased. Found that most

drug stores (9 stores) to buy drugs at a cost equal to

the median cost of medications administered. The

reason may be due to the drug, each of the

participants, most buying drugs from wholesalers.

Making drug costs in line with the median cost of

medications. However, there are some medications

that can be bought in drug costs lower than the

median cost of medications. The drug can be

purchased for less than the median cost of

medications. Considering the business perspective, it

is a powerful drug to drug administration and a cost

advantage in the race. Compared with other drugs, a

lot of the pharmacies to buy medicines at prices

higher than the median cost of prescription drug cost

may be more advantageous. Compare low cost drugs

To consider to improve and make more effective the

next administration.

For cost reasons or factors that make it

different medications. Part be explained by the results

of comparative analysis, the median cost of

medications by various drug stores. Such as the

duration of the operations that the pharmacy

operations for more than two years. With the purchase

of medicines in the median cost of medications under

the drug store operations less than two years. This

may be due to the drug store to open its long duration.

Rather than experience in pharmacy management.

Enabling selective drug Procurement of drugs and

drug cost management more effective drug stores

recently opened joint venture did not last long. Also

found at drug stores open for more than four hours a

day. With the purchase of medicines in The median

cost of medications under the drug store opened less

than or equal to four hours per day. May be due to the

drug store opened less than four hours per day

pharmacists. Will work in the public sector or another

location, then open pharmacy after work. The drug,

which pharmacists work all day without work other

places. The time in the opening over. The list of

medications and drugs may have many more items.

Affect the ability to select drugs. Drug procurement

more efficient. In addition, pharmacies with

medication inventory turnover two months. With the

purchase of medicines in the median price of a lower-

cost drugs pharmacy with medication inventory

turnover a month. Which could explain the purchase

of medicines in a long time, more of the drug resulted

in the type and amount of purchasing drugs

differently. Administration of the drug inventory

turnover period is over. The median cost of

prescription drugs can be purchased at the store, so it


is different. It also found that a different location, such

as a drug store, a drug store downtown to suburban

nature and ownership between different owners who

are not pharmacists and pharmacists. Do not have to

buy the median cost of different drugs. This may be

because participants pharmacy research facility in

Songkhla province, which was not very large. Make a

difference in the cost of drugs resulting from the

transport segment and do not vary much.

This study found that the source of supply or

drug wholesaler, it affects the cost of different drugs.

By wholesalers to pharmacies at a price equal to the

median cost of a drug company. Wang Pharmacy

Pharmaceuticals Optical Co. because pharmacies

participating research mainly buy from wholesalers of

(percentage of 72.46 of buying drugs from

wholesalers all) makes the cost of drugs reflected.

most of it is equal to the median cost of medications.

The other four wholesalers found that most of the

drugs sold at prices lower than the median cost of

medications. Maybe the reason is that drug pricing

strategies. Pharmacy, they may be trying to buy drugs

from stores other than the major popular buy is

original. This may be considered together with other

factors such as payment terms and so on.

In addition, data from a comparison of the

number of pharmacies participating in the research.

The amount of purchasing medicines on time, it

affects the cost of different drugs. Which is based on

the principle that if a retail purchase price of the

product will be at a reduced price. So buyers can be

purchased for less than the median cost of

medications. The purchase amount is equal to or less

than the median cost of medications. Such buyers are

businesses that are cost-effective. Considering the

pharmacies participating in this research. Where the

participant can buy drugs at prices lower than the cost

of drugs, the median cost of medications. Find a

pharmacy for about half of all drug stores (6 stores) to

buy drugs in amounts less than or equal to the median

cost of medications. This may be due to its ability to

negotiate the purchase of medicines participants each

are different. As a result, the management of

procurement of medicines each drug does not need to

keep a lot of inventory. It held that the drug was more

effective cost management. However, the limitations

of the available data in this study can not determine

the cause or factors affecting the bargaining power

now.

It was found that the pharmacy number nine

most stores can buy drugs at prices equal to or lower

than the cost of drugs, the median price for the drug.

Show that the offered price of wholesale prices may

not reflect the true cost of drugs. Probably because the

wholesaler's offering price is the only price that

wholesalers set up to sell drugs. When the drug may

be uncertain in the bargain, trading with each drug. As

a result, the cost of drugs is different. Although

comparing the cost of prescription drugs at

participating pharmacies research bids from

wholesalers. View a list of drugs that have the same

trade name. It was discovered that most pharmacy to


buy drugs at the offering price of the drug

wholesaler's true. I found some drug stores (3 stores),

you can buy less than the offering price of

pharmaceutical wholesaler in the same trade name.

One reason is probably due to the cost of each

prescription medicines that are purchased from other

vendors that are not based on a single source

wholesaler. Drug costs have caused the price

difference. Or may be due to the offering price of

wholesale prices wholesalers are just set up to sell

drugs. When the drug may be uncertain in the bargain,

trading with each dose of the drug has resulted in cost

difference.

Result

This study also suggests that. A survey cost

medications from pharmaceutical drugs with the

purchase of real references prepared using median is

the middle value. And the cost of each prescription

drug. It is different with the seller to bid clearly. The

cost of drugs has been reported from drug stores to

reflect the cost of the drug entirely. And using a

reference price from the cost of actually purchasing

the drug is extremely useful for assembling the

selected drug. Drug procurement Vendors from

various sources affect the efficiency of the drug

administration.

Suggestion

This research has some limitations regarding

the selection of the sample. This is the only example

in Songkhla. Future studies should provide more

comprehensive. Also, in general, the cost medicines

will have to be adjusted regularly. To use as a

reference price for the drug is needed to improve the

price at all times. If cooperation from drug stores or

pharmacies, as well as the exchange of information,

cost drugs. It is helpful to have the power to bargain

with drug procurement and supply management cost

medicines better.

The researchers believe that this study

contribute to the administrative costs of medicine and

business relationships of a single dose of offense to

operate more efficiently. While the drug in Thailand is

changing with the expansion of pharmacy chains

nationwide more. To create a good relationship

between the drug alone together would be good for

competition and survival of the business in the future.

acknowledgment

Researchers would like to thank all pharmacy

operators. Please take the time for cooperation and

information documents helpful to the research. To

thank Faculty of Pharmacy University The

scholarships Type thematic fund The research was

done well.


References

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