• Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases

• Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on living system

• Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living system

• Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs• Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to

drugs because of genetic variations

Pharmacokinetic

ADME:Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism, ExcretionADME will be changed by Pregnancy

Therapeutic index = LETHAL DOSE / THERAPEUTIC DOSE

TI of Digoxin,Warfarin and Lithium is very smallSo they are very Dangerous

• Pharmaceutic : Disintegration and Solubility• Elixir > Suspension > Cap > Tab > Matrix tab > Enteric coated

• Pharmacokinetic• Absorption , Distribution , Metabolism ,Excretion ADME• Absorption from intestine > Skin • Absorption from sublingual > subdermal• Non ionized > Ionized• Route of dug administration :• Enteral : Gastrointestinal tract• Parenteral : Subcutaneous, Intramuscular,Intravenous,Intrathecal• Pulmonary• Topical

• Distribution Plasma protein : Albumin , sulfunamide Binding : Warfain 99%,Cimetidine 20% Competition : Aspirin and Warfarin ( Bleeding ) Hypoproteinemia : Liver failure Adipose tissue : Accumulation ( Thiopental ) Bone : Tetracycline ( Browning of the teeth ) Blood brain barrier : Anesthetics Placental barrier : Anesthetics , Steroids

• Bioavailabiliy : Intravenous dose / Administered dose

• Excretion :Kidney : Ionized drugs > non ionized drugsAlkalinization ( Phenobarbital ) BicarbonateAcidification ( Amphetamine ) Vitamin C CG.I.Tract : MorphineLungs : AnestheticsSaliva : Dermatitis ( some intravenous drugs )Mammilary glands : pH= 6.5 Morphine

Affinity : Drug binding to its receptor

Efficacy : Effects after drug binding

Potency : Capability of drugs in similar doses Lid4 Pril 1

Physiologic Ant : two receptors Histamine,Salbutamol

Pharmacologic Ant: one receptor acetylcholine,Atropine

Chemical Ant : Without recepter Fe,desferoxamine

Competetive Ant: Acetylcholine,Atropine

Non competetive Ant : Phanoxybenzamine

Partial agonists : Their efficacy is less than full agonist

Loading dose = Volume of distribtion ×Total concenration

Therapeutic index = LD 50 / ED50 Digoxin

• Predictable adverse effects• Age : Infants and old patients , Chloramphenicol

• Body mass : Infants ( per KG )

• Sex : Fat and water ratio ( male and female )

• Time of administration : With meal Aspirin

• Idiosyncrasy: unusal responses to drugs

• Tolerance : Disappearance of effect Morphine

• Tachyphylaxis : Rapid tolerance Local anesthetics

• Dependence : Physical,Psychological Morphine

• Tincture : Preserved from light , Belladona• Syrup : Sweet, Hydroxyzine• Elixir : Addition of some materials,Acetaminophen• Suspension : Shaking before using,Furazolidone• Lotion:With alchohol,Kalamine• Ointment : Semisolid shape , • Cream : With water , • Pill,Dragee : Unfavorable pills• Ovule : Vaginal , Clotrimazole• Suppository : Indomethacin

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