Pharmacognosy

Sherif S. Ebada, Ph.D.

Contact information:Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sherif S. EbadaPharmaceutical Chemistry Dept.Office hours:

Tuesdays and Thuresdays: 10:00 am–12:00 pmE-mail: ss_ebada@mutah.edu.jo

Lecture 10AB

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Oils and Fats

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Evening Primrose Oil (EPO)

• Origin: The fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Oenothera biennis, family Onagraceae

• G.S.: North America, Europe & Asia

• Preparation of the oil: Extraction with hexane

• Constituents:

High % of 2 essential unsat. Fatty acids:

• 70% cis-linoleic acid (LA)

• 10% esterified γ-linolenic acid (GLA)

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Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) Cont.

Mechanism of action:

• LA GLA PGE1

• GLA is not obtained in the diet

• Individuals with deficiency in the enzymatic conversion of LA to GLA

• Importance of PGE1 – As an anti-inflammatory– Immuno-regulatory– Vasodilator– Platelet aggregation inhibition– Cholesterol synthesis inhibition

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Uses of EPO

A dietary supply of GLA in cases of:

• Diabetic neuropathy.

• Rheumatoid arthritis.

• Atopic eczema.

• PMS (Postmenopausal syndrome).

• Coronary Heart diseases and hypertension.

• Affects bone metabolism.

Cosmetics.

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Castor Oil زيت الخروع

• Origin: Fixed oil obtained the cold expression of the seeds of Ricinuscommunis, family Euphorbiaceaedeprived of its testa

• G.S.: India, China, Brazil

• Constituents: Glycosides of ricinoleicacid, isoricinoleic acid, dihydroxystearicacid and stearic acids

• The oil is highly viscous

• Uses:– Purgation after food poisoning and in

preliminary intestinal examination– Oils, paints, varnishes

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Waxes• Solids, occasionally liquid substances, resembling fats

and oils in their physical characters but differing in chemical composition

• They are esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight monohydric alcohols

• They also contain free fatty acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons and sterols

• Have higher acid values and lower iodine values than fats

• Show higher melting points than fats

• Saponified by alcoholic alkalis

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Bees Wax• Origin: Obtained by melting and purifying

the honey comb of Apis mellifica and other bees

• G.S.: India, California

• Yellow and white beeswax

• Constituents:– 80% myricyl palmitate (myricin) and little

myricyl stearate; 15% free cerotic acid; aromatic substance cerolin, cholesteryl esters

• Uses:– Plasters–Ointments– Polishes

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Saccharin Substances

1. Purified Honey

2. Royal Jelly

3. Bee Propolis

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1- Purified Honey

• This is the saccharine substance deposited by the hive bee, Apis mellifeca and other species in the honey comb cells

• The flower nectar mainly consists of Sucrose Invertase Invert Sugar

• The best honey is obtained from clover, citrus and other flowers, which impart different flavors and qualities to honey

• G.S.: England, U.S. & India

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Honey (Cont.)• Constituents: Invert sugar, small amounts

of sucrose, dextrin, formic, citric, & tartaric acids, V.O, wax and pollen grains

• Also, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins and minerals

• Uses:1. In pharmacy as components of cough

mixtures, sedatives and expectorants2. Anti-microbial properties3. A source of energy & nutrition4. As a laxative, sedative5. Externally used in wounds, ulcers & burns6. Patients with heart and liver diseases7. In cosmetics & beauty products

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Honey- Adulteration

• By artificial invert sugar, sucrose and commercial liquid glucose

• Detected by the high amounts of chloride and sulphate anions.

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2- Royal Jelly

• The milky viscous liquid secreted by the salivary glands of hive bees to feed the queen bee.

• Constituents: Royal Jelly is a super nutrient• Contains vitamins A, C, D, E and mostly

rich in B vitamins

• 45% proteins including 8 essential amino acids

• 20% carb., 15% fat

• 1% Minerals: Cu, Ca, Fe, P, K

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Royal Jelly -Uses

1. Preparations administered internally or externally due to its strong anti-microbial properties to benefit skin and cell regeneration

2. Aids disease resistance and benefits immunity, increasing the RBCs count

3. Sexual tonic for both males and females

4. Lowers cholesterol

5. General tonic and dietary supplement (believed to counteract ageing)

6. Used in vision problems

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3- Bee Propolis• This is known as bee glue or bee natural sealant

• It is a resinous substance collected by bees and used as their first line of protection against attack by micro organisms or others.

Constituents: 50% resin, 20% beeswax, 10% V.O, 5% pollen, the rest is other organic and mineral matter

• Contains various vitamins, minerals and amino acids

Uses:

• Infections especially viral conditions, respiratory, digestive and circulatory disorders.

• Orthodontic aid.

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