pharm intro power point
DESCRIPTION
clinical pharmacologyTRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTORY PHARMACOLOGY PRESENTATIONBY
DR. ABDULRAHMAN BELLO (DVM , MSc)
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
Sokoto, Nigeria.
E-mail:[email protected]. +234(0)8039687589.
07-Aug-14Dr.A Bello,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 1
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PharmacologyIntroduction
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Key TopicsHow are drugs described and referenced?What are the relevant drug laws and
regulations?What are the factors affecting how drugs are
given?What are some of the key terms?
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Drug DescriptionsNamesSourcesFormsReference MaterialsComponents of Drug Profiles
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Drug NamesChemical Name: 2-(diethylamino)-2’,6’-
acetooxylid monohydrochloride monohydrate.
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NotParticularlyUseful!
NotParticularlyUseful!
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Drug NamesGeneric Name: lidocaine hydrochlorideOfficial Name: Lidocaine Hydrochloride, USPBrand (Trade) Name: Xylocaine®
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MuchMoreUseful
MuchMoreUseful
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Drug ReferencesUSPPDRDrug InsertsNursing Drug ReferencesPocket Field GuidesDigital Guides
Jeff’s Pharmacology Reviewhttp://www.templejc.edu/ems/drugs/
PharmIndex.html
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Components of a Drug ProfileNamesClassification
(including prototype)Mechanism of ActionKineticsIndicationsContraindications
Side EffectsInteractionsRoutes of
AdministrationDosageHow SuppliedSpecial
Considerations
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Drug LawsPure Food and Drug Act of 1906Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Durham-Humphrey AmendmentsComprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and
Control Act of 1970
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Controlled SubstancesSchedule I High abuse potential with risk of
severe dependence; no medical use.
Schedule II High abuse potential with risk ofsevere dependence. Some medicalindications
Schedule III Moderate abuse potential with riskof moderate to low physicaldependence and/or highpsychological dependence.
Schedule IV Low abuse potential with limitedrisk of dependence.
Schedule V Lowest abuse potential with limiteddependence risks.
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State and Local Laws‘Scope of Practice’ LawsResponsibility vs Authority of Medical
Direction
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Drug StandardizationAssaysBioequivalenceBioassayUSP is the official standard
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Research and DevelopmentKey points from FDA handout
Purpose?What are controls? What are the phases? What is an IND? An NDA?Why is skepticism important?
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Handout Source: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/newdrug/testing.html
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Six Rights of Medication Administration
Right MedicationRight DoseRight TimeRight RouteRight PatientRight Documentation
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Pregnancy ConsiderationsIncreased maternal HR, CO and blood volume
May affect absorption, distribution, effectiveness
Drugs may cross placentaDrugs may cross into breast milkTertatogens
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Pregnancy CategoriesA: controlled studies in pregnancy (<1 %).B: animal studies show no risk; Inadequate
human data.C: animal studies show risk, inadequate
human data.D: human data show risk, benefit may
outweigh risk.X: animal or human data positive for risk.
Use unwarranted.
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Pediatric Considerations Oral absorptionThinner skin ( topical absorption) Plasma protein concentration
Free protein-bound drug availability Extracellular fluid in neonateAltered metabolic rates Elimination/metabolismBSA/weight based dosing important!
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Geriatric Considerations Oral absorption Plasma protein concentration Muscle mass, body fat Liver/renal functionMultiple drugsMultiple diseases
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Some TerminologyReceptor affinityEfficacy1° vs. 2nd
messengersUp vs. down
receptor regulationAgonist vs.
antagonist-lytic vs. -mimetic
Inhibition (antagonism)Competitive vs.
noncompetitive vs. irreversible
Allergic reactionIdiosyncrasyTolerance
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More TerminologyCross toleranceTachyphylaxisCumulative effectDependenceDrug interactionsSummation (1+1=2)
Additive effect
Synergism (1+1=3)PotentiationInterference
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Basics of Drug ClassificationKnowledge groupingPrototype drugPredictive value
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Drug ClassificationBy chemistry
electrolytesBy mechanism
Beta blockersbenzodiazepines
By diseaseantihypertensivesAntiemetics
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ResourcesClinical Pharmacology 2000
http://cp.gsm.com/default.aspUniversity of Kansas Medical Center
http://www.kumc.edu/AMA-MSS/study/pharmacology.htm
Infomed Online!http://www.infomed.org/index-e.html
Mosby’s GenRX http://www.genrx.com/genrxfree/Top_200_2000/
Top_200_2000.html
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ResourcesHardin MD (Meta-Directory)
http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pharm.html
Top 200 Prescription Drugshttp://www.rxlist.com/top200.htm
Medline Plus: Consumer Information on Prescription Drugshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
druginformation.htmlFDA Online (Testing Drugs in People)
http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/newdrug/testing.html
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