pfc miguel martinez garcia-denche

7/26/2019 PFC Miguel Martinez Garcia-Denche

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Departamento de Ingeniera Elctrica

PROYECTO FIN DE CARRERA

ANLISIS DE FNCIONA!IENTODEL "RPO !OTOR#ALTERNADOR

MG 138A-F

ANLISIS DE A$ER%AS YPROPESTA DE SOLCIONES

Autor: !ig&el !artne' "arca#Denc(e

Tutor: Armando Fom)ella C&e*ta

Legans, Diciembre de 2010


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Ttulo: ANLISIS D !"N#I$NA%INT$ DL &'"($ %$T$')ALT'NAD$'%&1*+A)! ANLISIS D A-'.AS / ('$("STA D S$L"#I$NS

Autor: %iguel %artne &arca)DenceDirector: Armando !ombella #uesta

L T'I"NAL

(residente:

-ocal:

Secretario:

'ealiado el acto de de3ensa 4 lectura del (ro4ecto !in de #arrera el da 55 de 5555555 de 2055 enLegans, en la scuela (olitcnica Su6erior de la "ni7ersidad #arlos III de %adrid, acuerda

otorgarle la #ALI!I#A#I8N de

-$#AL

SECRETARIO PRESIDENTE


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RES!EN

ste traba9o es un estudio sobre el gru6o motor)alternador &%A; modelo MG 138A-F deMITSUBISHI Se a6lica la teora de mn, intensidad,6otencia, 6rdidas Adem


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ANLISIS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL GRUPO MOTOR-ALTERNADOR MG 138A-F. ANLISIS DE AVERAS Y PROPUESTA DE SOLUCIONES

NDICE DE CONTENIDOCAPTULO 1. INTRODUCCIN Y OBJETIVOS...........................................................7

1.1 INTRODUCCIN.....................................................................................................................71.2 OBJETIVOS..............................................................................................................................8

1.3 FASES DEL DESARROLLO....................................................................................................81.4 MEDIOS EMPLEADOS...........................................................................................................91.5 ESTRUCTURA DE LA MEMORIA.........................................................................................9

CAPTULO 2. ISTORIA DE LOS SERVICIOS AU!ILIARES ENLOCOMOTORAS..............................................................................................................1"

2.1 LA LOCOMOTORA DE VAPOR...........................................................................................102.2 LAS PRIMERAS LOCOMOTORAS ELCTRICAS............................................................112.3 LA LOCOMOTORA DISEL.................................................................................................122.4 EL NUEVO IMPULSO A LA TRACCIN ELCTRICA.....................................................132.5 TRENES DE LTIMA !ENERACIN.................................................................................14

CAPTULO 3. LOCOMOTORAS #UE USAN GMA MG138A-F................................1$3.1 LA LOCOMOTORA 2"9........................................................................................................1"

3.1.1 #ISTORIA DE LA LOCOMOTORA 2"9.......................................................................1"3.1.2 CARACTER$STICAS DE LA LOCOMOTORA 2"9.2.................................................17

3.1.2.1 EL SISTEMA MEC%NICO.................................................................................................183.1.2.1.1 LOS BO!IES..............................................................................................................18

3.1.2.2 EL SISTEMA ELCTRICO................................................................................................213.1.2.2.1 EL CIRCUITO PRINCIPAL DE POTENCIA.............................................................213.1.2.2.2 EL CIRCUITO DE SERVICIOS AU&ILIARES.........................................................233.1.2.2.3 EL CIRCUITO DE CONTROL...................................................................................25

3.1.2.3 EL SISTEMA NEUM%TICO..............................................................................................2"3.1.2.4 EL PUPITRE DE CONDUCCIN......................................................................................27

3.2 LA LOCOMOTORA 251........................................................................................................293.2.1 #ISTORIA DE LA LOCOMOTORA 251.......................................................................293.2.2 CARACTER$STICAS DE LA LOCOMOTORA 251.....................................................30

3.3 TABLA DE COMPARACIN DE LAS LOCOMOTORAS 2"9.2 ' 251.............................31CAPTULO %. EL GRUPO MOTOR-ALTERNADOR MG 138A-F.............................33

4.1 DESCRIPCIN !ENERAL....................................................................................................334.2 MOTOR C.C............................................................................................................................33

4.2.1 EL ESTATOR...................................................................................................................334.2.1.1 CARACTER$STICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS........................................................................34

4.2.2 EL ROTOR......................................................................................................................354.2.2.1 CARACTER$STICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS........................................................................3"

4.2.3 ES(UEMA ELCTRICO................................................................................................384.3 EL !ENERADOR S$NCRONO..............................................................................................39

4.3.1 EL ROTOR......................................................................................................................394.3.2 ESTATOR.........................................................................................................................404.3.3 ES(UEMA ELCTRICO................................................................................................41

4.4 SISTEMA MEC%NICO..........................................................................................................414.4.1 CONJUNTO CARCASA ) ESTATOR............................................................................414.4.2 CONJUNTO EJE ) ROTOR...........................................................................................42

4.5 RE!ULADORES....................................................................................................................434.5.1 EL AFR............................................................................................................................434.5.2 EL AVR............................................................................................................................44

4." LAS CAR!AS.........................................................................................................................44

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4.7 EL ARRAN(UE......................................................................................................................454.8 PROTECCIONES....................................................................................................................4"

CAPTULO &. ANLISIS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO....................................................%75.1. MOTOR C.C. ' AFR..............................................................................................................47

5.1.1 LA FUER*A ELECTROMOTRI*..................................................................................475.1.2 EL CIRCUITO MOTOR..................................................................................................485.1.3 EL PAR MOTOR.............................................................................................................505.1.4 LA POTENCIA DEL MOTOR........................................................................................515.1.5 EL FLUJO MA!NTICO...............................................................................................51

5.1.5.1 REACCIN DE INDUCIDO..............................................................................................545.1." RESISTENCIAS A TEMPERATURA DE FUNCIONAMIENTO.................................545.1.7 FUNCIONAMIENTO SIN RE!ULACIN...................................................................5"

5.1.7.1 CURVA PAR+VELOCIDAD................................................................................................5"5.1.8 EL RE!ULADOR AFR ' EL FLUJO E&TERNO.........................................................57

5.1.8.1 FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL AFR........................................................................................585.2 EL !ENERADOR SINCRONO ' EL AVR............................................................................"0

5.2.1 FUNCIONAMIENTO EN VACIO.................................................................................."05.2.2 FUNIONAMIENTO EN CAR!A ' LA REACCIN DE INDUCIDO........................."1

5.2.2.1 LA CA$DA DE TENSIN EN EL !ENERADOR.............................................................."35.3 LAS PRDIDAS ' LA EFICIENCIA ENER!TICA.........................................................."5

5.3.1 LAS PRDIDAS DEL MOTOR C.C.............................................................................."55.3.2 LAS PRDIDAS EN EL AFR........................................................................................."55.3.3 LAS PRDIDAS EN EL !ENERADOR........................................................................"55.3.4 PRDIDAS EN EL AVR................................................................................................."55.3.5 LAS PRDIDAS MEC%NICAS.....................................................................................""5.3." LA EFICIENCIA DEL !MA..........................................................................................."75.3.7 TABLAS DE PRDIDAS ' EFICIENCIA....................................................................."7

5.4 C%LCULO DE MA!NITUDES............................................................................................."95.5 RESULTADOS........................................................................................................................72

CAPTULO $. ANLISIS DE AVERAS Y PROPUESTA DE SOLUCIONES............7&".1 PROCESO DE REPARACIN...............................................................................................75".2 IDENTIFICACIN DE AVER$AS.........................................................................................7"".3 CORTOCIRCUITO ENTRE ESPIRAS EN EL DEVANADO S#UNT.................................79

".3.1 CARACTER$STICAS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL DEVANADO S#UNT............79".3.2 CARACTER$STICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS DEL DEVANADO S#UNT......................80

".3.2.1 PROCESO DE BOBINADO...............................................................................................81".3.3 DEFINICIN DE LA AVER$A.......................................................................................82

".3.3.1 ENVEJECIMIENTO DEL AISLANTE...............................................................................82

".3.4 AN%LISIS DE LA SECCIN TRANSVERSAL DE UNA BOBINA AVERIADA.......83".3.5 LA TEMPERATURA DE FUNCIONAMIENTO...........................................................85".3." LA VIDA DEL AISLANTE.............................................................................................88".3.7 ESTUDIO SOBRE LA RESISTENCIA DEL COBRE...................................................89

".3.7.1 C%LCULO DE LA RESISTENCIA DEL COBRE..............................................................89".3.7.1.1 C%LCULO DE LAS LON!ITUDES DE #ILO DE COBRE.....................................90".3.7.1.2 LA CALIDAD DEL COBRE.......................................................................................93

".3.7.2 LA RESISTENCIA DEL COBRE EN DEVANADOS S#UNT NUEVOS.........................94".3.7.3 MEDIDAS REALI*ADAS EN BOBINAS NUEVAS LISTAS PARA MONTAR..............98

".3.8 IMPACTO DE LA RESISTENCIA DEL COBRE EN LA TEMPERATURA DEFUNCIONAMIENTO...............................................................................................................98".3.9 COSTES.........................................................................................................................100

".4 PROPUESTA DE SOLUCIONES.........................................................................................102

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CAPTULO 7. CONCLUSIONES..................................................................................1"&7.1 CONCLUSIONES SOBRE EL AN%LISIS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO...............................1057.2 CONCLUSIONES SOBRE EL CORTOCIRCUITO ENTRE ESPIRAS EN EL DEVANADOS#UNT........................................................................................................................................1057.3 FUTURAS ACTUACIONES................................................................................................10"

GLOSARIO DE T'RMINOS..........................................................................................1"7GLOSARIO DE SMBOLOS..........................................................................................1"8BIBLIOGRAFA..............................................................................................................11"

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NDICE DE FIGURASF,-/ 1 !MA.....................................................................................................................................7F,-/ 2 S/, 1700 M*A /. 61..............................................................................................10F,-/ 3 S/, 27" RENFE /. 619..........................................................................................11F,-/ 4 E:; !M!....................................................................................................................12

F,-/ 5 S/, 333 RENFE /. 63............................................................................................13F,-/ " E:; ,V...................................................................................................................15F,-/ 9 S/, 102 RENFE /. 619..........................................................................................15F,-/ 10 S/, 2"9.2. F?@?-/ /. 67.......................................................................................17F,-/ 11 S/, 2"9.2. D,;,? /. 67...................................................................................18F,-/ 12 S/, 2"9.2. E= ?-, /. 67..........................................................................................18F,-/ 13 S/, 2"9.2. B@,?/ = ?-, /. 67..........................................................................19F,-/ 14 S/, 2"9.2. E:,? /@?/ 1 /. 67...........................................................................19F,-/ 15 S/, 2"9.2. E:,? /@?/ 2 /. 67...........................................................................20

F,-/ 1" S/, 2"9.2. S, /,;/, 1 /. 67....................................................................20F,-/ 17 S/, 2"9.2. S, /,;/, 2 /. 67....................................................................20F,-/ 18 S/, 2"9.2. S, /, /. 67...................................................................21F,-/ 19 S/, 2"9.2. B// @/, /. 67............................................................................21F,-/ 20 S/, 2"9.2. C,/,@? /,,= /. 67...........................................................................22F,-/ 21 S/, 2"9.2. P@-/? /. 67......................................................................................22F,-/ 22 S/, 2"9.2. %/?= =G...............................................................................................23F,-/ 23 S/, 2"9.2. C,/,@? H,=,/ /. 67.....................................................................24F,-/ 24 S/, 2"9.2. P,@/ ?, /. 67....................................................................27F,-/ 25 S/, 2"9.2. C?;,?/ /,,= /. 67....................................................................28F,-/ 2" S/, 2"9.2. B=?: @/= /. 67................................................................................28F,-/ 27 S/, 2"9.2. I,?/ =


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F,-/ 49 A//:............................................................................................................................45F,-/ 50 E:; = =,, ,?;,@?..........................................................................47F,-/ 51 M?@?/ ?= ?=@?/....................................................................................................48F,-/ 52 E:; ;?@?/.................................................................................................................49F,-/ 53 M?@?/. F=? ;-


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NDICE DE TABLAST= 1 S/, 2"9.2. C?;? =? /G,,? H,=,/................................................................25T= 2 S/, 251. C?;? =? /G,,? H,=,/...................................................................31T= 3 C?;/, = =??;?@?/ 2"9.2 251......................................................................31T= 4 M?@?/. F.M.M. = ? G?...................................................................................53

T= 5 F=? = ? G?...................................................................................................53T= " M?@?/. F.M.M. = ? = /-..........................................................................55T= 7 M?@?/. F.E.M. = ? = /-...........................................................................55T= 8 M?@?/. R = ? = /-.................................................................................55T= 9 M?@?/. R = ? G?.........................................................................................5"T= 10 M?@?/. F.M.M. H@/ =? ? G? = /-...........................................58T= 11 M?@?/. F.M.M. H@/ =? ? G? = /- 2.....................................58T= 12 F,?;,@? AVR........................................................................................................."2T= 13 F,?;,@? AVR........................................................................................................."2T= 14 P?@, @/@ = ? G?.............................................................................""T= 15 P


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CAPTULO 1. INTRODUCCIN Y OBJETIVOS

1.1 INTRODUCCIN

U ()*+, ,,)-/0)/,) !MA ;:, =


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2"9 251 /?, Renfe Operadora.S ?@ 3.000 V ?//,@ ?@, @/, /??/,? 380 V ?//,@ =@/ @/,, 50 #*.

L G/ = !MAMG 138A-F ? =@? ?@ /Renfe Operadora @@? ?/ =//, ?@ /?= ,@/;@, ,@=,? ?;? ?/ = ,;@?

?;/,= : /?G? =? /G,,? ?;/,= : : ,@//;,? ? : /. E@ @/? ? = ;?@,G, ?;// = ,?;,@? = !MAMG 138A-F /?G/ = ?@,= : ? @ ?;/, = ?=, G/ / : / ,=;@ ;?/ /G,,? ;?/ ?@.

E= ;@,;,@? =? G=? //?G,/,? Renfe Operadora /=,K? ?/ =Direccin General de Fabricacin y Manteniiento !"#$GR!A = / =: ,?. L //, ?/@ = !MA = : @/@ @ @,? ?;? @?= ; ;:, =


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1.% MEDIOS EMPLEADOS

L /?,=, @? ,? ?,= -/, = /-,@/? ,@? = !"#$GR!A. E @ ;=? ; =? ,-,@ ,@/;@?

M*0), 6(6/0 T)9),

P/ = =?/, = ;;?/, ;=? =? ,-,@ /?-/; ,?/;@,?

O++O::64.,)( C/04/ = =?/, @= -/,. M/0/;/ = =?/, -/,. #4// = =?/, =? :; ,-/.

1.& ESTRUCTURA DE LA MEMORIA

E @ /@? /G /,, =? @=? : ?;? @ @/?.

E = @=? 1 H? :Q ,@/?, = /?@? ? =? ?@,G? = = //?==? =? ;,? ;=? = @/@/ = ;;?/,.

E = @=? 2 /,, =? ;,? ;=? / =,;@/ =?/G,,? H,=,/ =??;?@?/ =? =/-? = ,@?/, = //?//,= EQ,=? =??;?@?/ G?/ ,


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CAPTULO 2. ISTORIA DE LOS SERVICIOS

AU!ILIARES EN LOCOMOTORAS

L ;/ =,;@/ =? /G,,? H,=,/ ,? ,- ,? /?G/ = ;,;@ /- @,=,K / = @/, ?/ ? = ,@?/, =? /G,,? H,=,/ @; =,- = ,@?/, = @/, = //?//,= : ? = G?/ = ,


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/ @ ? / ,/ ?;/,;,? ? G?. E = /? G? = =;@?/-? // = G? / @?/ ,?? ?/ = G?/ /?@ = =/.E = ? = /? ?/ ,/ ?;/,;,? = =;@? /-? ;@/ = /, / ?;/?/ ,?? @;,


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L @, @/, 1.500 3.000 V / @, ; =G / =,;@/ =?:Q? =;@? : ?@,@ =? /G,,? H,=,/ : = /?=; @ ?;? / = @, G=?/ ?. E@ /?=; /?=G, ? -/? ;?@?/-/?/ ? !M!. E= !M! ,/ : = / = !MA @/@ ;?@?/

?//,@ ?@, ,? ?/ = -/?/ ?//,@ ?@,. A: ? /, : @,G? =??;?@?/ ? !M!.

E@ = :; ,? =??;?@?/ ? !M! =? G=?/ @, ??/,@@,G?

E= !M! =,;@ ,/@;@ =? G@,=?/ = ?;/?/ ? ?; G?,? , = /? ?/ ,/ ?;/,;,? ? ?/ G? ; /- = @/.

L @/ /??/,? /- ? ? @, @,=,K / = ,=;,, /= ,/,@? ?@/?= / = ?;/?/ H,=,/.

!/, ?H, =? H@/;? = =??;?@?/ / @, 1.500 3.000 V =? G-?. D @ ?/; / = ==; = @/ : /?// =@/ @/G


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L ,-,@ ?@?-/ ;@/ =??;?@?/ ,; G @, 3.000 V /? =,;,/ = @,- =@/,,,? 1.500 V /. 61. A : ?? ?? G ? /G,,? = =??;?@?/ 1.500 V ?;/ G =??;?@?/ 3.000 V = /, 2"9 250 251 252 253.

E @? =? /G,,? H,=,/ /,/ @ -/, =??;?@?/ ?/@ -/

13

Figura =: erie 333 de R$"F$ 6ref. 739

Figura : $'uea di>'el


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?G. L /, 2"9.2 1980 = /,;/ =??;?@?/ =,;@/ =? /G,,?H,=,/ ? ?//,@ =@/ @/,, -/, = !MA ?/@;@ = ;?=? MG138A-F : = ?@? = @,?. M @/ @;,


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E@ @?=?- /;,@ ?@/?=/ = /, = ,/,@? H,=,/ / ;?// =/,;,@?. P?/ ;=? ? = @/ @/ ,?? = ;,@ , / = /


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CAPTULO 3. LOCOMOTORAS #UE USAN GMA

MG138A-F

E EQ ?=? ? /, =??;?@?/ @,=,K? @,=,K = !MA MG 138A-F@ ? = 2"9 /, =@ = 251. A ?@,, /; =? @?,@/,? = /@/@, = =??;?@?/ = /, 2"9 251.

3.1 LA LOCOMOTORA 2$=

3.1.1 ISTORIA DE LA LOCOMOTORA 2$=

L =??;?@?/ = /, 2"9 /? :,/, ?/ RENFE @/ =? Q? 1973 1985; /, = = /, @/,?/ 279 289 /? ;??@, 3.000 V = /,279 289 / ,@, 3.000 V1.500 V. L ?@/, @ =??;?@?/ /- = ;/ Q?= *on'truccione' y auCiliar de ferrocarrile'*AF = /@;, = ;/, e'ting?ou'e .A.= /@ =


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L /,/ 2"9.0 2"9.5 = ?? ?;? /, = /, 2"9.2 2"9." ?;? /, =@. T? @ /, /,? ,G/ ;?,,,? =?=/-? =? Q? ?/;? G /, ?;? = 2"9.4 ? = 2"9.9 /. 63.

L /, ; /=G@ ?/ ;/? ?/ / !MA = /, 2"9.2. E =

/H,;? /@? /, /@/@,. S @/@ =??;?@?/ G/@,= : ,? @,=,K @?? =? ;,@? @/ /? @/?/@ ;/ @/ / : = @=, ?=? @,=,K / = @/?/@ ;/.

3.1.2 CARACTERSTICAS DE LA LOCOMOTORA 2$=.2

S @/@ =??;?@?/ @,? B+B : ,-,, : ==G ? ?-, ? ? ?/?-,. E@ // / ,/=/ @, 3.000 V ? ,


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3.1.2.1 EL SISTEMA MEC%NICO

E= ,@; ;,? ,G,,/ ,=;@ ? = =? ?-,. L =@/@/ /@-=/ : =/- = = ;:, = , ?,.

E =? ?-, @/ = ?;=, = ,@; ;,?.

3.1.2.1.1 LOS BO!IES

C ?-, @, ? ;?@?/ :,? /,. L /@?/

;,;@ = ;?@?/ =? . A; =? ?-, ?@, =? =;@? ,.

L? ,@? //? @ ,@? / ?=@/ / =@ = / ? ==??;?@?/ ,@ ;?/ -// ?/ ;=? /? ;/-,.

18

Figura 11: erie 2;.2. Dien'ione' 6ref. 749

Figura 12: erie 2;.2. $l bogie 6ref. 749


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B/6,) 0 ;,(6E= @,?/ = ?-, = @/@/ : ?@, @?? =? =;@?.

E>*6+, )*4,)E= /K? @/, @/;,@ =? @/G


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S6/ *+69E @? = , ,@,-,/ ? @,? = , /,;/, =, /,. L , /,;/, ;?/@,- G,/,? @/ = =

@,?/ = ?-,. E @?@= ?;? ?? ;== ?/ ?-,.

L , /, ;?/@,- = G,/,? @/ = @,?/ = ?-, = . S?;? 4 ;== 2 ;?/@,-?/ G/@,= @,? ,/=,? 2 ;?/@,-?/

?/,K?@= ;?/@,-?/ @,=K? ? @,/@?.

20

Figura 1=: erie 2;.2. $uipo reductor 2 6ref. 749

Figura 1: erie 2;.2. u'pen'in priaria 1 6ref.749 Figura 14: erie 2;.2. u'pen'in

priaria 2 6ref. 749


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B/))/ )/4469L // @/, = ;,;? ?/ = = @/;,@ =? /K? @/, /? = ?-, = . S ,? ? =H,= ;? H@/;? / ? ,=,/ =

,@; ,.

3.1.2.2 EL SISTEMA ELCTRICO

P ,@,-,/ @/ ,@; =


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3.000 V /?// = ,/,@? @/;, = / : @/;,@ = ?//,@ =? /= 0 V ? = ?//,@ ,/ @,//. L / =;@? ;G,= ?@ =,/,@? @/G


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D6?*,) @)/))+6,E= ,@?/ = =;@? /-? /,/ = ,/,@? @ ==?.

A);,0 4,/4,)E= /?= ?@@?/ =G ;,;? ? G/, ?,,?. S- = ?,,

?@ ? ?@ /,@, /, =? ;?@?/ @/, / : ,? G=?, ?@/. S @/@ = ,@; ?@/?= = G=?, = =??;?@?/.

M,,) )/4469L? ;?@?/ @/, ? ? ;?@?/ ?//,@ ?@,. S @/@ ;?@?/ ?= ;?@?/ ? ? G? ,,? ? ,@?/. S /@/@, H? ?@,, /. 6"

P?@, 1.550 >W T, 3.000 V C?//,@ ?;,= 550 A V=?, -,/? 950 /..;. C?//,@ ;H,; 750 A

I))*+,) +*/ / 6))/E= ,@//@?/ @ @,// /;,@ ?/ @,// = ,/,@? =@ @, / /=,K/@/? ;@,;,@? ? //,.

3.1.2.2.2 EL CIRCUITO DE SERVICIOS AU&ILIARES

S- = =,;@, ,/,/ @/ = =, : =,;@,/@;@ 3.000 V .. = /@? /G,,? H,=,/ : =,;@ 380 V.. -/, = !MA.

C/0:/4469 4/;6/L =, ?,- -/, /,@, =


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L/ )S @/@ ?H, @/ = =??;?@?/ = @/. A= ?=/ = =??;?@?/ = @/@ ?H, /??/,? = @/ 3.000 V -/=;@ / = =, = @/. A:@=;@ @ =,, @ ? : = /, 2"9.2 /;?= H=,G;@@/ ;/.

G)*+, ,,) /0)/,) GMAC?G/@,?/ /?@@,G? ?/ = = =,;@ = /@? /G,,? H,=,/ ? ?//,@=@/ @/,, 380 V. S @/@ = ;?=?MG 138A-F? G=?/ ?;,= /. 6"

P?@, 170 >W T, @/ 3.000 V T, =, 380 V V=?, -,/? 1.500 /..;.

G)*+, ,,) 4,+),)S? ? -/? , / /, 9 / = ,/,@? ;@,? /,,=. C-/? @, ;?@?/ /?? ? G=?/ ?;,= ? /. 67

P?@, ?;,= 185 >W T, ?;,= 380 V N ?=? " F/, ?;,= 50 #K

G)*+, ,,) 560/,) 0, ,,) )/4469S? ? -/? ? ?/ ;?@?/ @/,. S , /??/,?/ //,-/, =? ;?@?/ @/,. C -/? @, ;?@?/ /?? ? G=?/ ?;,= ?/. 67

P?@, ?;,= 185 >W

24

Figura 23: erie 2;.2. *ircuito de auCiliare' 6ref. 749


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T, ?;,= 380 V N ?=? 4 F/, ?;,= 50 #K

G)*+, ,,) 560/,) 0/ )646/ +)646+/0

L /,@, ? =;@? : @/?/; /- =W T, ?;,= 380 V N ?=? 4 F/, ?;,= 50 #K

R46:64/,) ? ;/)/

L /- = @/ ?,= -/, /@,,?/ ,??. L @/ @,?;,= 72 V /. 67 =,;@ = ,=;,, = ?;/?/ H,=,/ = ,/,@? ?@/?= /,,=;@ =;@? =@/,? /=


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S,@; ?;,,. R,?

L? ,@; -/,. ASFA #?;/ ;/@?

A:==? =;@? : ?@/?= /;?@? = ;:,,@ /,,=;@ /=*6+, ASFA A*46, S/0 ? F)/, A*9/64,S @/@ = ,@; -/, /,,= = =??;?@?/. S ?;? =? ,-,@=;@?

T?-/?/ ? ?/ G=?, A@ ? @?/ =,K U, @/=

L =,K ? /@? =@/,? ,@? = G ? ,?/;, ?/ = ,@, = G =,/ ? = ;H,; G=?, /;,@,. C? = =??;?@?/

?/ ,; =,K = @?/ =,K = @ ,?/;, = G =, @/=. L , @/= ?;/ = Q= = @?/ ? = = ?/ G=?, , = =??;?@?/ G ; /,? =? /;,@,? = :,? ASFA @ ?/ =/? = @/.

E0 >*6+, ,;) *),S @/@ ,@; =@/,? : -/ : = ;:,,@ @ ?,@ @??;?;@?. C ;,@? = ;:,,@ =/ ?@ , @? ? ?// = ,@;@ ?/ = /? = @/.

R0 ? 4,/4,)L @/ /??/,? = /- / H,@/ =? ;/?? /=


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C6)4*6, *64, ))5/R, ,/ = ,/,@? /,,= = ?;/?/ H,=,/. A=,;@ =? @-/? =,@?/ H@///,?.

T*;)/ :), /*,64, TFAR, ,/ = ,/,@? /,,=. S @/@ = @/ : ?@/?= = /? ;@,?.P/??/,? = /, / ;/ = K@ /? ?@/ = /.

E= ;:,,@ @, ?@/?= = /, @ @/ ?/ ;,? ;,=?/,@? ,. A; =? ,@; -/, ASFA #?;/ ;/@? @;,


34/116


E= =;@? ; ,;?/@@ = /-=?/ @/, /?. E@ ,?;,@? ?

?/; G?=@ ?@/?= ,/@;@ = /?= ?@@?/ =G.E = ?;,?/ /,,= @/ ; ?@/? ,?;,@?

E= ;? ,G/, = ;/ ;/ @/. E= /-=?/ ,@, @/,. S @/@ =,;,@?/ ?//,@ : =

=/, = =??;?@?/. M? @? ;?. S,/G / /,/ = ;? ;-* 4)/0

S @/@ = ,@//@?/. D = =?: @/= ?@/?= S, @-/?. C,///@/ = ,@?/. A//: = !MA. A//: =? ?;/?/. O@/? C=,/? = @...

28

Figura 2=: erie 2;.2. *obinador principal 6ref. 749

Figura 2: erie 2;.2. &loue central 6ref. 749


35/116


P/0 664/,)D = = ,,?/ ?@/?= = /,,= ;-,@ =


36/116


P/ = /, 251R$"F$ , G?=G/ ?,/ = ,Q? M,@,,. E@/ 1982 1984 /,,/? = 30 , : ??/; @ /,. L ? /,;/ =??;?@?//? ?@/, ?/ = /?, ;/ M,@,, E=@/, C?/?/@,?. D


37/116


E= !MA @,=,K? = ;,;? ;?=? = MG 138A-F ?/ =? @@? @;,


38/116


C @/ : = ,/, = ?;? /G,,? H,=,/ /=@,G;@-/ 9" >W = /, 2"9.2 233 >W = /, 251 ;@? = 143X;,@/ : = ?@, @/, ;@ 50X 3.100 >W 4."50 >W. E@? = ?;? = //,-/, = /,@, /? /? /?@@,? : =

251 ?@ @/ G@,=?/ 31 >W @?@= 93 >W ;,@/ : = 2"9.2?;/@ //,-/, ? = /,@, /,,= @/? G@,=?/ 55 >W @?@= 22 >W.

32


39/116


CAPTULO %. EL GRUPO MOTOR-ALTERNADOR

MG 138A-F

E= ?@,G? @ @=? /,,/ = /@/@, = !MA ;?=? MG 138A-F.L? ,-,@ /@? ? = /=@? = /?,=, =, ,?/;,?@, = ?;@? 68 ?/ = !MA MG 138A-F.

%.1 DESCRIPCIN GENERAL

E= !MAMG 138A-F@ ,Q? / @// ? @, @/ @/ 2.000 3."00 V .. -// @, =, @/ 342 399 V /, =, = /-? 45 525 #K. P/ -// @? G=?/ =, ==G ?/-=?/ =@/,? = AFRA@?;@, F/: R-=@?/ = AVR A@?;@,V?=@- R-=@?/.

E= !MA MG 138A-F ,G,,/ ;?@?/ .. -/?/ /?? ,@;;,? /-=?/.

%.2 MOTOR C.C.

S @/@ ;?@?/ .. ?= ?=@?/ H,@, ?;@. S G=?/?;,= ? 170 >W 3.000 V 57 A 1.500 /..;.. C?;? =:,/ ;:, =


40/116


A=/?/ =? ?=? /,,= //?== =? G? ,@?/ =?. E= MG-138A-F @/? G? ,@?/ P?/ =? @ = G? )6 = G?* ,@= ;?@?/ .. ?/ ?@/? =? @ = G? /665, =

G? *)/465, : ?@ = /-=?/ AFR / =,/ = ?@/?= G=?,. E= G? ,@,G? , =? = ;,; ,/, : =? G? @ /, ;,@/ : = @/@,G? , =? = @,? ?@?.

P?/ =@,;? = @@?/ @, G? ?;, G? ?;@,.

4.2.1.1 CARACTER$STICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS

L? ?? ?=? @/? /,,= @/? H,=,/ @ /,? ? /?=;, G @?/,==? = /. L ,-,@ ,-/ ,? /=,K /@,/ =

,;,? : ;/ = ?;@? 68 = ,-= : = /@? ,-/ @ @=?.

L ,-,@ ,-/ //@ = ?=?, =? G? = @@?/

34

Figura 35: $'tator. Fotograf,a

Figura 31: Motor c.c.. lano 69


41/116


A=/?/ = ?=? /,,= //?== ;/ ?


42/116


4.2.2.1 CARACTER$STICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS

E0 40, /(64,E= =? = /?@?/ G =? = . E@ ?/;? ?/ ,K /? = ,=,,? : ?/; "1 // / =?/ =? ? G? ,,?. E = ,-,@ ,-/

/, = ,;,? // = ,? @/ //.

E0 5//, 6*46,E= ,,? =? = // = =? ,?,, ?=. C // @,? K? = K? 1 / = ,,? 1 = K? 2 / = ,,? 2. C K? @, ?= " ,? ,-/ 35. E @?@= @?@= 24 ?@?/ ?/ //.

A;? ,,? ? ,


43/116


= ?=@?/ ,-= = ;/? ,? /. 69.

D= 4.2

S, ;/-? @/? ?=@?/ @, 3"5 =- : @ ,-= ? ;=. C?

@? ?/ : , ;/@ ,/ ? G? =// /. 69. A /@,/ ?/ ; : = ;/? @?@= ,? SY3"5.

E= ? ,/ =- =- P

=D1

2=

3"51

2=182'eccione' 4.3 ,-= H//=? ,? : =-

E= ? // // P1 /

1= R2p

="14=15O24~15ranura'=90'eccione' 4.4

D? 2 = ;/? ?=? @ ? ,-= 4.

E= ? @/ =- // P2 /

2=1

2 =

182902 =4"'eccione' 4.5

L ,-,@ ,-/ /@ =// @? -/,;@ ?/ ;,? :;/@-=/

L - ,/ G/ =- @ = : ;,K = /,;/ K= = @// /?? ?@, ,G;@ @ ?;=@/ @? =,?. L =@,; ,/ : / = ;/? 3"5 / ? ;,K = /,;/ /// = G? @/ / ? 182 G=@.

C,04,) ? 4,;600/

37

Figura 3: Motor c.c.. Di'po'icin ondulada


44/116


C?;? ,? ? ?=@?/ ;? ? ,


45/116


L /@/@, =? G? ;/? ,/ /,@, ;,

H? = @= 1 = H? 1. L? G=?/ = /,@, M!R3 M!R4 M!FRR7 ' R" @/ = @= 3 = H? 1.

#,@=;@ ;?@?/ .. = G? @ ?@ /==? = ;?@?/. E@ ? = / ? ?=@?/ ?,= ?@/=? /==? ?=? ?=@?/.

%.3 EL GENERADOR SNCRONO

E = H@/;? ?@? = ;?@?/ @/ = -/?/ /??. L? G=?/ ?;,=

= -/?/ /?? ?

P?@, /@ S 1"0 VA T, = V 380 V C?//,@ = I 243 A F/, 50 #* F@?/ ?@, 085

A= ,-= : = ;?@?/ = -/?/ /?? @, /?@?/ @@?/ @? @ ?= G? ,@?/ = /?@?/ = G? ,,? = @@?/.

%.3.1 EL ROTOR

E0 40, /(64,E= =? ;-


46/116


L // ? @/ ?;?-


47/116


D5//, /9)64,L? G? @@/,? ? @/ ? ?/ . L /@/@, @? G?

?@/ = @= 2 = H? 1.

%.3.3 ES#UEMA EL'CTRICO

L ,-,@ ,-/ //@ = ?H, =? =;@? = -/?/ /??

L L L? =? G? ,,? ? .L = G? H,@,.

L? G? ,,? = @@?/ ?@ @/== ?/,? @?; / == @/?. E= G? H,@, ?@ = AVR / = /-=, = @,

%.% SISTEMA MECNICO

%.%.1 CONJUNTO CARCASA ESTATOR

41

Figura


48/116


L / = @@?/ ?/; = ?@? ,? = -/?. S ? @?@= 1.805 >-. L/ ? ?/; ,=/, @ /?G,@ @ / ,, = =? =@/=@ ,/@? / /;,@,/ = =? ,/ : -/ = G@,=?/.

A; = / @, /@/ : /;,@ = ? =? ?=@?/ =? ,==?/?K@. E@ /@/ @, ?;? , = ,=,@/ = =?/ ;@,;,@?.

%.%.2 CONJUNTO EJE ROTOR

L? ? /?@?/ = = ?/;? ?=? ?@?. E@ ?@? -,// G=?, 1.500 /..;. /@ = ,?;,@?. S /,,= /@/@, ?

P? 1.085 >-. L?-,@ 1"7 ;. D,;@/? =? ;?@?/ 450 ;;. D,;@/? =? -/?/ 479 ;;.

S ? = / ?/ ;,? /?;,@? /?,==? @,? NU.

A; = ==G ?=? G@,=?/ / = //,-/, = -/?.

42

Figura


49/116


%.& REGULADORES

L? /-=?/ ? ? = AVR = AFR. S @/@ ? ,?,@,G? =@/,

=-,.

4.5.1 EL AFR

E= AFR @/ / : = /, =, ?@@ 50 #K / ==? ;@/ = +/?@?/ -,/? 1.500 /..;.. S ?@ = =, = -/?/ =@/ = /, =, =? = ;?@?/ ?/ ;,? =? G? ,@,G? @/@,G? / ,=,/ G=?,.

S ?@ = @/? = =, = -/?/ ? ?= ?@,G?. P/,;/?/ ?@/ = G=?/ = /, : ?@/?=/ -? / /?G/ /- =? G? = ,/,@? ?@/?=.

L ,-,@ ,-/ ;@/ ?/; ; /;, = ?;?,, = AFR

S @/@ ? /@,,?/ ;??,? ;, ? ?@/?=? ?@/,? ?@,/,@?/ ? ?//?,@ ,?? =,/ ,/=, ??/ /@,=,K/ = @,.

43

Figura


50/116


%.&.2 EL AVR

E= AVR @/ / @/ @, =, ?@@ 380 V. S =,;@ = =,= -/?/ =@/ = @, ?@/?= = ,@, = G?

,@?/ = -/?/.

L ,-,@ ,-/ ;@/ ?/; ; /;, = ?;?,, = AVR

S @/@ /@,,?/ ;??,? ? ?;=@ ?@/?=? ?;@? ?/ ?@,/,@?/ ? ,?? ??/ / @,=,K/ = @,. E= ,/,@? ?@/?= ?@ = @/ = /@,,?/ ?.

%.$ LAS CARGASE= !MA =,;@ =? /G,,? H,=,/ = =??;?@?/. D , @/@ =/, 2"9.2 ? = 251 =,;@ /- ?@/.

E = ? = =??;?@?/ 2"9.2 = !MA ;,,@// ?@, 9" >W G/@= 1.

L? /G,,? H,=,/ = =??;?@?/ 251 @, ?;? @?@= 233 >W G/ @=2. P?/ ==? ==G ? !MA ? ;,,@/ ?@, 2332 Y 11"5 >W.

44

Figura


51/116


%.7 EL ARRAN#UE

A ?@,, G /,,/ = /?? //: = !MA. S, @? /?? ?@/ ,/@;@ =? 3.000 V @/, =K/ ? ,? ?//,@

; =G? ?/ ? //: =?? ;,@ ? /,@,. P?/@? /@ = //: = /- @ ?@.

E= /?? //: = ,-,@

1. S ?/ = //: = !MA ;,@ ,@//@?/ ?//?,@ ,@? =, ?,. D,? ,@//@?/ /=,K = ,-,@ ,?

EH,@ = /=< ?@@?/ M!L : ?@ = !MA. EH,@ = /=< ?@@?/ M!PE / =,;@/ = G? H,@, =

=@/?/ ? @, @/. C?@ = @;?/,K?/.

2. E 22 -? = @;?/,K?/ ?/ =/ = /,;/ /,@, ;,@ =

?@@?/ M!1.

3. E =? ,-,@ 22 -? = @;?/,K?/ ?/ ? ,? A=/ = - /,@, ;,@ = ?@@?/ M!2. EH,@/ = /=< !R1 / ?@/ = AVR : /-= = ?//,@ H,@,.

T/ @ /?? = !MA @/ ,?? 380 V 50 #K. U GK //? ?@/ = /-.

45

Figura


52/116


%.8 PROTECCIONES

E = @?/? = !MAMG-138A-FH,@ /, =;@? : /?@- = -/? ? : /?/ ==? ? ,;/G,@?. E@? =;@? ?

E0 :60),P/?@- @?? = ,/,@? /,,= ?@, ;?@?/ @/, = !MA ?/,?,? @, ?//,@.

R0 ,;)66/V = =? ?@,. S @/@ /=< : =@ , @@ ?//,@ ?/@?,/,@?.C? =@ ?/ ,/@;@ = /@/ = ,@?/.

G)*+, 6,,C@/? ,?? /, = =? ?@, ,;, = ? ?//,@ = @,?

?@//,?. S ?=? / =?:/ = ,?;,@? = ;?@?/ .. ?;? -/?/ @/ / @,.

P),4469 ,;)50,46/S @/@ :Q? -/?/ @?;


53/116


CAPTULO &. ANLISIS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO

E @ @=? G =,/ =? ??,;,@? @/,? ?/ ,/,@? ;:,=


54/116


S?/ =? ? G? ,,? /? ? /K =@/?;?@/, /

$1=@111 $2=@222 5.2

A;? ?=@?/ ?@ /, ,-/ 38 : = /K =@/?;?@/,K @?@= =; ; /K =@/?;?@/,

$=$1$

2=@

1

1

1@

2

2

2 5.3

C?;? G,? = /@? 4.2.2.1 =? ? ,,? ? ,


55/116


R'1 = ; = /,@, M!R3 M!R4 = /,@, = ,,? 1 H? 1

R'1=0O7152O8"30O43=4O01 5.7

R'2 = G=?/ = /,@, = ,,? 2 ; = /,@, =? G? ?;@, ?;, /,

R'2=0430"1=104 5.8

R'? = ; = /,@, M!FR = /,@, = G? @

R'?=812575=1.387 5.9

L ,? /=@? @ :; ?

I=!R'1!!'? R'2$ 5.10

!'?R'?=I!R'1$/2 5.11

R?=G,? = ,@; ? ,? ? ,-,@ I I

!=

I1R'2R'?

$/22R'2R'?

R'1R'2R'1R'2

R'?

5.12

E , @@ /@? /? @,? @ = ,-,@ ,-=

49

Figura =2: $'uea otor


56/116


R'2

R'?=1O04

1.387=7O5104

R'2R'1R'?

=104401

1.387 =3103

L-? ?,= /,/ @? @


57/116


#=@2!

@2!!'?=@!

!'?2@ 5.19

E= @


58/116


=1

R"i!i 5.25

D? R = /,@, ;-tico


59/116


E /,;/ =-/ ==? = /K ;-@?;?@/,K /@,/ =? G=?/ ?//,@H? 2 =? ;/? G=@ H? 1 = , 5.29

A; -/, = , 5.5 : @=$/ = , 5.13 :$=I!R' . L G=?, = /?@?/ ?@/ /@,/ = /, = =?

-/?/ - = , /. 611

=f4

2p5.30

D? 2 = ;/? ?=? = -/?/ @/? ? 2Y4.

A=,? = ,? 5.5 5.13 5.30

L ,-,@ -/, //@ = ;-,@ @ : /??/,?= = =? , = .;.;. "i!i @= 4. C? "i!i /? @ @;,


60/116


P G/ ?;? = =? / =,=;@ ? = /K ;-@?;?@/,K @ =? 3.500 AG=@


61/116


A /@,/ = .;.;. = ,? 5.31+34 ?@/ = @


62/116


P @,;/ : = /,@, @ @;/@/ ,?;,@? ? 1.595] @@ /,?/ =? 1.387 ] ?//?,@ 20 C. E@? ? ;@? =15 X.

D ?/ =@ @,=,K/ @? G=?/ /,@, / ?@,/ ? = =,, ,?;,@?.

&.1.7 FUNCIONAMIENTO SIN REGULACIN

E= ;?@?/ : @,;? ==G G? ?;@? ,/ G? /, ?@/?@. E ;?@?/ .. : ? ==G = G? @ ?@? = @? ,@/;,? =.;.;. ==/ ? = ,-,@ ,

"!="'?I

R'?"'e! 5.3"

E = ? = ;?@?/ = !MAMG 138A-F? H@;@ ,? = ?H, =@? ,@/;,? = G? @. L .;.;. / ?/ = G? @ ,

= ?//,@ /,,= G


63/116


@, 3.000 V

^^ IY60170^^ UY3000_?171^^ NIY1.45_U)5.85_I

^^ >,Y2.085E+3_NI)8.40"^^ TY>,._I^^ RY".05^^ WYU.>,+R_T.>,.`2^^ =?@TWa=a

S /@,? @? ?;? / = @,? 2.000 2.500 3."00 V. A?@,, ;@/ = -/, /=@@

D = ,-/ 55 G/ ?;? = ;?@?/ ,?/ = /-? 105 189 /- ::,G= 33 "0 #K = =? -/?/. P/ : @? ? = AFR @/ :@/.

&.1.8 EL REGULADOR AFR Y EL FLUJO E!TERNO

E= AFR =, =? H@/? ?/ ;,? =? G? ,@,G? @/@,G?. A= =,/

=? H@/? = , 5.38 :

=I

BeCt

R'BeCt

2# 5.39

' = G=?, -,/? : =@/.

A= ;@/ = =? ;@ = ..;. = ?//,@ /,,= ,;, ?, /? ,;,, = / = G=?, -,/? /. 611. D ;/ ,G/? ,;, = =? ;@ = G=?, -,/?.

57

Figura ==: Motor. *ur)a par-)elocidad 'in regulacin


64/116


A : = AFR / =,/ ?//,@ = G? ,@,G? / / = G=?, =,/ ?//,@ = G? @/@,G? / ,/=.

5.1.8.1 FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL AFR

E= AFR =@/ = /, = =? -/?/ : /??/,?= =G=?, -,/? @ ?/ = G? ,@,G? ? = @/@,G?.

P/ @,/ = ?;?/@;,@? = AFR ? =? ? G? = /- =H? 2. E = ,-,@ @= H? = ?//,@ =? G? = /,

L? G? ,@,G? @/@,G? @, @? ?@//,? : G ?@/ ==-, : = AFR /;,@ ?//,@ ?/ ;? ,;=@;@. L? ,/@? : = AFR?=? @,G G? = ?//,@ = ?@/? ?//,@ ,, ?/ = /,K? =

/@,,?/.

L? : ,@/ / = @,? ? = ?//,@ ,? = .;.;. @?@= = ,@,G ;? =@/@,G /


65/116


L /G : ?/; =? @? =? : ?/ ==;/ /G ,?;,@? =AFR. E= AFR @/@ ;@/ = ;:, -,/? 15708 /- 50 #K ? =;:, @/ -,/? ; G=?, =, ?//,@ = G? ,@,G? ///=. C? -,/ ;?/ G=?, =, ?//,@ = G? @/@,G? /=//=.

S /?H,;? = /G = ,-/ 5" ? = ,-,@ ,?

S, 158O57 rad/'eg "!AFR=384O14"0.912O7 A )uelta 5.40S, 1535415857 rad/'eg "!AFR=0 A )uelta 5.41

S, 153O54 rad/'eg "!AFR=345O7953.093A )uelta 5.42

59

Figura =: *ur)a AFR

(&! (*% (*! (!% (!! (% (! (,% (,! ('%

-($!%%)%%%

-($%%%)%%%

-!%%)%%%

%)%%%

!%%)%%%

($%%%)%%%

($!%%)%%%

$%%%)%%%

#elocidad


66/116


&.2 EL GENERADOR SINCRONO Y EL AVR

S @/@ -/?/ /?? ?G,?= ? =? G? ,,? ?@? @/== = = G? ,@?/ ?@/?=? ?/ = /-=?/ AVR.

E= G? ,@?/ @/ = /?@?/. A= =,/ ?//,@ ?@, ?/


67/116


F : , ;? ;-


68/116


D? F/ /== = ?//,@ = IL FT /,=/ = ..;. EL. T??=? ? = H? 2 ? ? @?/ ?@, 085 =? : :,G= -=?

=arco'eno 0O85=31O79 K 5.50

T,? @ @ @?/ ?@, = .;.;. /, ,,? /@ @? = .;.;. H,@,. P/ ?;/ @ @? = AVR =, ; ?//,@ = G? H,@,. E@? /,/ =? ,/@ ? 3.000 V

A ;, : = ?//,@ = IL ;@ = AVR @@ ;?/ @, =

"2

Figura 1: Generador. Diagraa )ectorial

#abla 12: Funcionaiento A(R

#abla 13: Funcionaiento A(R

&! &,% &,! &'% &'! &1% &1!

%

!

(%

(!

%

!

f


69/116


-/?/ /,? =,? ; ?//,@ H,@, I. E= ?@,G? : FT?,;, /;K "3 A = ..;. ;@- 390 V.

L ,-,@ , /-/, =,= = ,-/ 13

!e=0O"23I%249O8 A 5.51

U@,=,K? = ? 3.000 V = /- = H? 2 G ,/ = :;-/,? = .;.;.. E= ?@,G? ,/ = /=, @/ = .;.;. F / = ?//,@ = IL. P/ ==? ,@ = ?//,@ H,@, = @?/ ?@, ?/ := .;.;. @?@= @? "3 A / -// ..;. 390 V.

U ?//,@ = 243 A /? .;.;. /, ,,? 1449 A.L /=, @/ = .;.;. /, ,,? F/ = ?//,@ = IL/

Fr=14.49243

!%=00"!% 5.52

5.2.2.1 LA CA$DA DE TENSIN EN EL !ENERADOR

C? ,/= ?//,@ = ?/ =? G? = -/?/ /? @,

$%I%= !% .'g3 5.53

L ,;, *- ?;,, @/ /,@, ,@, /, =-/?/

.'g=R'gL'gi 5.54

"3

Figura 2: Generador. *Hlculo de la reaccin deinducido

@


70/116


L /,@, R-= ?;? ?@/ = @= 2 = H? 1 0017 ] : @;/@/ 20C ?/ : = /,@, ;@ ? = ;:, @ ,?;,@?. A= ? ?/ ==/ = /,@, ,?;,@? @,;? :;@/ = ;,; /??/, : = ,,? = ;?@?/ ==? = /@? 5.1."

,/ 20 X. E= /=@? R- Y002 ].

P/ ==/ &- G @,=,K/ G? =? @? = ? 3.000 V = /-.R?=G,? = , 5.53 -/,;@

L'g= 20O19

3243=0O048 5.55

L ,;, = -=? ,;, /

.'g=0O020O048i .'g=0O0220O0482=0O052 5.5"

=?1002

0052="74 K 5.57

C? = @, ; :Q ?;/, ? = ..;. P /?=G/= /?=; ? ,? @/,-??;


71/116


I%= $% I%'g!%3?=009!%?"74?1fp 5.58

D? = @?/ ?@,. L @, = ?/ = -/?/ ==/ @,=,K? = , 5.58

I%=390!%0O09E?"7O4aco'fp 5.59

&.3 LAS P'RDIDAS Y LA EFICIENCIA ENERG'TICA

E @ /@? /@ @=/ = ?/;= : , = /, = ,,,.

&.3.1 LAS P'RDIDAS DEL MOTOR C.C.

C? = ,-/ 52 ,/ ,=;@ = /, ?/ @? ?= =;?@?/

eot=!2R'!'?

2R'?=!2"O05!'?

21.595 5."0

&.3.2 LAS P'RDIDAS EN EL AFR

L /, = AFR / ? = /, = ,/,@? ?@/?= = /, =?G?. E // : = /, = ,/,@? ?@/?= ;

?,= /,/=.

L /, =? G? ,@,G? @/@,G? ? /, ?/ @? ?=

eAFR=''ad=!''2R''!ad

2R ad 5."1

R'' Rad ? = /,@, =? G? @/@,G? ,@,G? ?@// = H? 1.

eAFR=''ad=!''23O52!ad

23O9 5."2

&.3.3 LAS P'RDIDAS EN EL GENERADOR

L /, = -/?/ ? = /, ?/ @? J?= =? G? ,,?

egen=3!%2R'g=00"!%

25."3

&.3.% P'RDIDAS EN EL AVR

A= ,-= : ? = AFR G /,/ = /, = ,/,@? ?@/?= : =


72/116


= H? 1

eA(R=!e2Re=!e

25O34 5."4

&.3.& LAS P'RDIDAS MECNICAS

P/ ==/ =


73/116


-/, //@ = /, ;, == /@ = G=?, -,/?

P G/ : =


74/116


L ;?/ ,,, =? ? 3."00 V ?/@;@ = ? = /- 23 = ,,, 824 X. L ;?/ ,,, =? ? 2.000 V ?/@;@ = ? ?//- = ,,, 589 X.

C@? ;?/ = @, @/ ;?/ / / = ?//,@ /,,= = ;?@?/ ?, ;?/ =


75/116


&.% CLCULO DE MAGNITUDES

C? =? ?@? //?==? @ @=? G /??/ ;


76/116


L /, = -/?/ = AVR ==/ ? = ,? 5."3 5."4 /@,G;@

egeneA(R=!%20O0"!e

25O34=2."00 5.79

S6/ 464,E = /@? 5.3.5 G,? : @,;/ = /, ;,

eec=9.041 .

L/, ,,)

L ?@, =


77/116


71

#abla 22: *Hlculo de agnitude' lado generador

#abla 23: *Hlculo de agnitude' lado otor

FnsaEo

% %)'! )' ) &)*' &1% &1() %)&( *1 1$%*(

% %)'! )' )! !)%' &1% &1() %)&( *1 1$%*(

% %)'! )' )& ')*( &1% &1% % *1 1$%*(% %)'! )' ) (%)( &1% &1% % *1 1$%*(

*!$&1 %)'! (%)& (%) ()( &'*)* &' %)*( 1!% 1$%*(

*!$&1 %)'! (%)& (% &)(1 &'*)* &'!) %)( 1!% 1$%*(

*!$&1 %)'! (%)& 1), )&' &'*)* &'!) %)( 1!% 1$%*(

*!$&1 %)'! (%)& 1)! ') &'*)* &'!) %)( 1!% 1$%*(

'1$!%% %)'! (*)( (*)& (), &,')* &'% %)* $!& 1$%*(

'1$!%% %)'! (*)( (*) ()%( &,')* &'% %)* $!& 1$%*(

'1$!%% %)'! (*)( (* %)*( &,')* &'%)' %)& $!& 1$%*(

'1$!%% %)'! (*)( (&)! *)( &,')* &' %)1* $!& 1$%*(

(&&$%'! %)'! (,)* (')' ,)& &,& &,% %)'( !$%( 1$%*(

(&&$%'! %)'! (,)* ('), )'( &,& &,() %)*' !$%( 1$%*(

(&&$%'! %)'! (,)* (') )&( &,& &, %), !$%( 1$%*((&&$%'! %)'! (,)* (') *)! &,& &,* %), !$%( 1$%*(

(*!$%%( %)'! (')! %) ')&& &,() & ()*& !$',* 1$%*(

(*!$%%( %)'! (')! % ,)*( &,() & ()*& !$',* 1$%*(

(*!$%%( %)'! (')! (1)' )*' &,() &' %)'' !$',* 1$%*(

(*!$%%( %)'! (')! (1)! !)%* &,() &,% %)&* !$',* 1$%*(

4ot$Gemand$


78/116


&.& RESULTADOS

E @ /@? H? =? :; = ,? = ?=,? = @=? ;?? /;

LADO MOTOR

E:; ;?@?/

R,@, @;/@/ ,?;,@?

RY"05 ] R1Y480 ] R2Y125 ] RY1.595 ]

E, = /K =@/?;?@/,K $=@ V

E, = ?//,@ /,,= !=I$

R'A

E, = ?//,@ = G? @ !'?=I/2!R'1R' /2

R'?A

E, / ;,? #=@!!'?

2B N;

E, ?@, ;?@?/

E , = ?//,@ otor=I!R'!

I!R'I

4R'? W

E , = ..;. otor=I$

R'$

$I4R'?

W

E,? = /G @/, = =?

%9I$' / vuelta B=4O759103 "!


79/116


F.M.M. ?/@ ?/ = ;?@?/ "!otor=145I585! A G=@

E, / G=?, , /-=,

= I3023103I91 "053023103I912# /-

C/G ,?;,@? = AFR

15857rad/'eg "!AFR=38414"0.9127A )uelta 153O54158O57rad/'eg "!AFR=0 A )uelta 153O54rad/'eg "!AFR=3457953.093A )uelta

LADO GENERADOR

E:; -/?/

F..;. $%=390(

C?//,@ H,@, =, ?/ = AVR , = @, =

!e=0O"23I%249O8 A

F.;.;. @?@= F#= Fe Fr="O3A

F.;.;. /, ,,? Fr=0O0"!% A

R,@, /, R'g=0O02

I@, /, R'g=0O048

I;, /, -=? ,;, .'g=0O052 ="7O4 K

T, =? ?/ I%=390!%0O09E?"7O4aco'fp V

73


80/116


LAS P'RDIDAS Y LA EFICIENCIA ENERG'TICA

P/, = ;?@?/ eot=!2"05!'?

21.595 W

P/, = AFR eAFR=!''2

3O52!ad2

3O9 W

P/, = -/?/ egen=!%20O0" W

P/, = AVR eA(R=!e25O34 W

P/, ;, 50 #K eec=9.041 W

E,,, /-


81/116


CAPTULO $. ANLISIS DE AVERAS Y

PROPUESTA DE SOLUCIONES

E= ?@,G? @ @=? ,,/ = G/ : / = !MA MG 138A-F / =,, = ; ,;?/@@ /??/ ?=,? / /,/ = ,;@? ?;,? @.

$.1 PROCESO DE REPARACIN

L //,? = !MAMG 138A-F /=,K %a &a'e de Manteniiento !ntegral

de Madrid-(illa)erde : =@ / //, == ?;? = !"#$GR!A. E @ /@? G H=,/ = /?? //,.

E /,? ,@,-,/ @/ ? @,? //,?

R+/)/46, +)565,. S : = -/? ? == ==? //G,/ G/. I=

T?/? //? ?=@?/. E:,=,/? = /?@?/. S@,@, ?,==. E-/ /?;,@?.

R+/)/46, 4,))465,. S ? = -/? @, =- G/. E @? = ?/,? : /? / ?//-,/ = ==? -/=;@

/? @,@,/ = =;@? Q?.

D/@ = /?? //, = /?= /==/ /, ?;@?. E@? = //, ? ?;@? ?//?,@

1. P)6/469 P / =:,/ @==/. E = /,@, , , = -/? / G,? /// V,==G/ ,/ , @, =- G/ ? , = @? =//, /G@,G. S ?;@? ?//?,@ = I?/; /,@,.

2. T)/+,) S H@/ = !MA = =??;?@?/ @/?/@ = @? : @/ @ = @==/ V,==G/ , ?;@?.

3. D,/ E= -/? ==- = @==/ ;?@ ,/ H@/ = /?@?/ =,@/,?/ = / , ?;@?.

4. R+/)/469 4/)4// S /? = //, = @@?/ = / /== = F, //, /.

5. R+/)/469 6*46, S /? = //, = /?@?/ ?=@?/

/== = F, //, ,,?.

75


82/116


". M,/ 0 ()*+, S ?= /?@?/ / , ?;@?.7. E/?, ),/6, S /?/ = -/? 1.500 /G?=,? ;, =

@;/@/ =? /?;,@? /== = ?;@? F, ? /?;,@?.

8. S/06/ 0 ()*+, S = ?;/?,? ,= /== = ?;@?

F, ,, =MG 138A-F.

T/ = //, =? ?;@? -/ /-,@/? = /-,@/? ,= //,? 1"8 -/? E/? = Q? 2.000 @ M/K? = 2010. !/, @/-,@/? ?,? /=,K/ @ @/?.

$.2 IDENTIFICACIN DE AVERAS

E= /,;/ ? ,@,,/ = G/ : / = !MA MG 138A-F.P/ ==? =,K? =? ,?/; /,@, 33 -/? ?-,? = K/. E = H? 3

H? = /=@? = : ? = ;/? -/? = /,@, =G/ @@. A: 4 ,@; ;/, ?/ @,? ,@/ = !MA = ;,;? ;?=? @?? =? ? =MG 138A-F.

E = ,-,@ @= H? =,@ = G/ ?@/ @?@= 12

S /=,K? :Q ,G@,-, @==/ ?/ = @/=K = ?, = /?,;,@? //, @ G/. E= ?;@? 614 @;,


83/116


614.C,4*46/

D-@ =/? = ?,==. P /?,/ =?.P),466,

T?/? /@,,? = ?=@?/. S =,;, ?=@?/ ; H@/

= G=G = ?/; ,?/;.ANILLOS DESGASTADOSD:66469K

E= ,==? = =? = -/?/ @;,


84/116


E=,;,/ = = ?/G=?, ? ?//-.L,;,/ = /,, -/, @,@,/ =? =;@? Q?.

RODAMIENTOS DEFECTUOSOSD:66469

C? = ? = @,;? =? /?;,@? G -@? ,? = /,,.C,4*46/V,/,? H,G.S?,? ,?@,?.

P),466,S@,@, /?;,@?.

INDUCIDO #UEMADOD:66469

S @/@ ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ = G? ,,?.

C,4*46/S?/,@, = ;?@?/. P /?,/ =? /. 614.P),466,

S@,@, = G? /?,?.

P/ =,,/ = G/ ?/ ,;?/@, ? ?/, ?//, /,,

E= ,-,@ ,-/; ;@/ = ?/@ : = ?//? G/

78

#abla 2=: A)er,a' ordenada' por repeticione'

A,ERAS

22

9R?;,@? @?? 5I,? /,G? 3C?=@?/ -@? 3D/,G, = 2A,==? -@? 2I,? :;? 1

1C;? =@/?/ :;? 1P?=? H,=,/ /,G? 1

1

N

C?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ = G? @

F=?

E@@?/ /,G?

P?/@?,== /,G?


85/116


C?;? G/ ?/@ ; =@? =? / ?= G/ el cortocircuito entre

e'pira' en el de)anado '?unt? 4314 X. C? @? /?,=, @ = G/ :-/ ; ?@. E @ @/? G @// = @,? el cortocircuito entre e'pira'en el de)anado '?unt G @/@/ ?;// = @/=K = G/ ? = ?@,G? ?@// ?=,? : /K = /, ? = : /,@.

$.3 CORTOCIRCUITO ENTRE ESPIRAS EN EL DEVANADO SUNT

E= ?@,G? @ /@? @,/ = ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ = G? @G/,-/ = /??/ ?=,?. A@ ?;K/ @,/ = G/ ?G,??/ = /@/@, ,?;,@? ?@/@,G G? @.

$.3.1 CARACTERSTICAS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL DEVANADO SUNT

E= G? @ G ;?@? ?/ =? ?=? /,,= = @@?/ ?/ ,/ : = G? @@/,? ; ,;?/@@ : / = -/? = =? ;-


86/116


E = @=? 5 ==; R = ; = /,@, = ?/ : =@ ///, == ?;? R?/ ; = /,@, = ?@,;@/? M!FR ?@? /,.

R'?=RcobreMGFR ".1

68 @= : = /,@, = ?/ 20 C = G? @ 812 ] , =G=?/ = ?@,;@/? M!FR 575 ] G=?/ : = @=, ,- G,-@.

L /@/@, ,?;,@? = G? @ ?

D // /K ;-@?;?@/,K ? 2.313I

R'?=4.350A )uelta G/

, 5.37 / = ?//@? ,?;,@? = -/?.

S ?@ @, R'?MGFR

R'?I/2=9"0V ?//,@ ?@,. U

@, ; =G @,? @ : = ;,/ @/ = /,@, =?/.

D G/ =?/ ?9"0

2

R'?MGFR=903W .

P/ =? ==? ,@? //, @,=,K? = @, ?;,= = ;?@?/ UY3.000 V R @;/@/ ,?;,@? 1.595 ] == = /@? 5.1.".

$.3.2 CARACTERSTICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS DEL DEVANADO SUNT

P/ @,/ =? /:,,@? ,?;,@? = /@? @/,?/ = G? @@, = ,-,@ /@/@, ?@/@,G

E@ ?@/,? ? ,=? ?/ ; ,? 07 ;; ,;@/? / : =/,@, =G ;,,;,K/ = ,@, = /,.

T, ;/? ,/ ; =G? 4."35 G=@ / // /@ =?? ? ,@,.

L=G ? @,? ,=;,@? = ,=;,@? @,// = ,=;,@? @/ ,/. E=

,=;,@? @,// /? = ?, ?;? APTON. E= ,=;,@? @/ ,/?,@ ;=@? ?=,


87/116


A /@,/ = ,?/;, = ?;@? 68 ?@/,? =? = ?@? : @ = H? 4.

L ,@/,, = ,/ @/? = ?, G, =,;,@? ?/ = /?? /,, ?,. C? ?@/ ?, ,@@ : = ,/, @, = ;,; @/ ,/ ?@,- /. 615 @ ;/ = ,=;,@? @/,/ / ; ,? = ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ , /? ;? -/G.

E= ,-,@ /@? /, ?;? ?@/ ?,.

".3.2.1 PROCESO DE BOBINADO

E= ,=? ?/ /,/@? ,=@ /?== ?/ ;?=. U GK ?;=@@? = G=@ , /@,/ = ;?=. 615 /, = ;/ ?,/ G? @@/,?

Ina )e/ ontado el carrete con ?ilo e'altado adecuado.... cuidado'aente 'e )anponiendo capa' 'in ue ?aya ?ilo' cru/ado'....

P?/ ;=? = /,;/ ;,K ? ?=?? ,/ ,; ?@/. P/ : ? ,=? /K? = - ;,K //, @/;, ?. A,G;@ G ?=?? ; .

81

Figura 4: *onEunto de bobina' inductora'.

Figura 8: roce'o de bobinado


88/116


C?;? G/ ?,? @ ;/ ? ,=? /K?. L ,-/ "8 ;@/= / =? ,=? ?@,-? ?/@ @/G/=. C?;? G/ ; =@ =;/ = : /? = ?/@?,/,@? @ /=,? ? = ?/; : ?@/ = ?,.

$.3.3 DEFINICIN DE LA AVERA

U ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ ,-,, : = ,=;,@? @/ ? ? ; ,/ /,? /?, ,=@ / :Q ?//,@ : =@ ,/ ?@/.

T/ = /,;/ ==? = ,=@ = K? @ ;,K =@/ = ?/@?,/,@? /?- =/?/ /. 61".

E= /=@? ,;,@? ,;,, = ;/? G=@ @,G =/,@, = ?/ ?/ =? @@? ;@? = ?//,@ = G?.

C?;? = ;/? G=@ ,;, = ?//,@ ;@ = /K ;-@?;?@/,KFYIbN ? G @ = ;?@?/ ,? @? ? ?/;=, ?/ @ /K =G/ ? @@ /@ = ;/. S, ;/-? = ;@? = ?//,@ @/ ,/;@? = /, ?/ @? J?= = @;/@/ ,?;,@?.

A= /?? ?/ = = ,=@ ,/ /?, == = ?? ?;?5466,.

".3.3.1 ENVEJECIMIENTO DEL AISLANTE

U ,=@ G ? @ ?;@,? ,/@? @/


89/116


E) /;6/0. T= ?;? ; ,;/K ? ?,= /,? :;,. E) 464,. D,? /K @/- ;-


90/116


P G/ ? K? ?/@?,/,@?

ONA 1L K? 1 ; /@ @/ =? ,=? ?/ ,/ = ,=@. E@ ;,, @/,?/? = ,=@ ?/ =? @@? ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/.

E= ?/@?,/,@? ?/; = /@ @/ ? ?/. P/ H=,/ @ ;? G ///,/ = ;=? = ,-/ "8. S, = ?, = ,-/ "8 = =,

@, 14 V @/ = ,/ 1 = 14 = @, / ,?/;;@

D? ,/ ?@,- = ;,; @, @, 1 G?=@,? ?/ =? @@?= ;? =


91/116


A=/?/ = = = ?/@?,/,@? ; ?G= @ K? = ?//@ ?=?/ ; ?/?.

E@? ,-? ,, : = ?/@?,/,@? = K? 2 @ ; GK? : = = K? 1.

L K? 2 @/ / = @/? -?;


92/116


P/ @,/ ?;? G/ = @;/@/ ? = =?/ -/? @,=,K? = ? = /- = H? 2 = , 5.14

R'?=I/2!R'1R'/2

!'?=

I/21O775!

!'?".3

L /,@, = ?/ = /,@, @ ;? = /,@, = ?@,;@/?M!FR - = , ".1

Rcobre=R'?MGFR=R'?575 ".4

L ,-,@ , //@ = G/,, = /,@, ? = @;/@/ /. 617Rcobre=R20120#20 ".5

D? d20 = ?,,@ @;/@/ = ?/ : @, G=?/ 000393 C +1 /.617. L-? ?,= ??/ = @;/@/ = ?/ /@,/ /,@, ,;/: ??K = /,@, 20 C : = ? = G? @ 812 ].

#=R cobre/R201

2020 "."

C?;? G;? = @;/@/ ,?;,@? ?,= @/ =? "47 C =? 842 C.

P?/ ?@/? =? = =?/ -/? / ,-= = /, ?/ @? J?=

8"

#abla 2: R'? en el en'ayo de plena carga

#abla 24: Rcobre en el en'ayo deplena carga

#abla 28: #eperatura delcobre

Ten*in (,! Corriente (A!

$%%% 1' %)!*% ($!1),

$!%% ' %),(! ($!,1)*

&$%%% !! %)''! ($!'*)

&$%% *!)! ()%'% ($!1()1

I*?unt (A! R *?unt (>!

($!1), 1!*),

($!,1)* ($%%*)*

($!'*) ($%%1)

($!1()1 ($%()1

R *?unt (>! Rcore (>!

1!*), *),

($%%*)* '%)&

($%%1) '()1

($%()1 '*)

Rcore (>! T (C!


93/116


=!'?unt2 Rcobre ".7

L ,-,@ -/, //@ = @;/@/ , = =?/ -/?

L? /=@? ? ?/ ? = , ".1 #=R#$RM!*A : = @;/@/

? ;@ /??/,?=;@ ? = =?/ -/?.

E = @=? 4 G,? : = ==G ?=? G@,=?/ / //,-// = -/? ?/; : = @/;,, =?/ @ ?/ ?G, ?/K

#= 1

0con)O ".8 /. 621

D? #?G = ?,,@ ?G, : G/,/ , = G=?, -,/?= G@,=?/.

0con)=

#20".9

C?;? ,K? = @=? 5 G ==/ = G=?, -,/? /@,/ = /,

= -/?/ ? = , 5.30 =f4

2p.

87

#abla 2;: *alor en el en'ayo de plena carga

Figura 4: #eperatura-*alor generado

%% *%% %% '%% ($%%% ($%% ($*%%

%

(%

%

&%

*%

!%

%

,%

'%

1%


94/116


L ,-,@ -/, //@ ?;? G/ @ ?,,@ ?G, ? = G=?, -,/?

L /G /= ? / =,= /? = ,@/G=? ?,/? /?H,;/ ? =,-,@ , =,=

0con)=2057300" ".10

$.3.$ LA VIDA DEL AISLANTE

C@? ;?/ = @;/@/ ,?;,@? ;?/ / = G, = ,=@ G,G/. 61" = ,-,@ /?H,;, / /,/ = G/,, = G, = ,=@? = @;/@/

%a )ida de una bobina di'inuirH un =5N por cada auento de 15K* en lateperatura e' una buena aproCiacin...

618 ?/ ? @ /?H,;,

%a generalente aceptada Prule of t?ub e' ue la )ida de un ai'lante 'e reduce ala itad por cada auento de 15 K* en la teperatura de funcionaiento.

E@ H/, :,G=@ / = ,-,@ ,

(=2#10 (

0".11

88

#abla 35: *oeficiente de con)eccin-(elocidad de giro

Figura 44: *oeficiente de con)eccin-(elocidad de giro

(*% (*! (!% (!! (-% (-! (,%

%

*

-

'

(%

(

(*

(-

('

%

5


95/116


D? V0 = G, = ,=@ @ = ;@? @;/@/.

C?;? = ;/? G/ ,G/;@ /??/,?= = G, = ,=@

A=2#10A0 ".12

L @/@-, / =/-/ = G, = G? @ /,/ = ;/? G/ // /,/ = @;/@/ ,?;,@?.

$.3.7 ESTUDIO SOBRE LA RESISTENCIA DEL COBRE

S ?,/? /,? /=,K/ @,? ?/ = /,@, = ?/ : @,/@;@ = ?//,@ = =?/ -/? = @;/@/ ,?;,@?.

".3.7.1 C%LCULO DE LA RESISTENCIA DEL COBRE

A: H,@ G=?/ @=,? / = /,@, = G? @ = /@? G? G ==/ = /,@, = ?/ /@,/ =? =? = ?@? H?4 = ??, ,

Rcobre=%

".13

L /,@,G, e = =, = ?/

Q1724108

n ".14

D? 1724 10+8]; = G=?/ ,@/,?= / = /,@,G, = ?/ /. 617 = =, = ?/ @@? ?/ ?. C?;,? ".13 ".14

Rcobre=1724108 %

n ".15

L? G? =? = G ==/ = /,@, = ?/ ? = @ = ,@,G? = @/@,G?. E= ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ ?=? /? = G? @ /? =??@/? ? G? G / @,= ; =@.

E = H? 1 ?@// = , ,=? ?/ = ;/? ,/ G?

89

Figura 48: eccin y nJero de )uelta'

Gevanado Seccin


96/116


".3.7.1.1 C%LCULO DE LAS LON!ITUDES DE #ILO DE COBRE

E @ /@? == = =?-,@ =? G? /@,/ = =? H? 4 =;/? G=@ / ?/ =,/ = , ".15.

DEVANADO SUSTRACTIVOE = ,-,@ ,-/ G/ = ?,, = G? @/@,G? ?=?/? G/

D,? = ?,, = ,/ @/? = ?, =?-,@ G/,/ = ,/H@/,?/ / ; =/- : = ,@/,?/. L =?-,@ ,/ , H// , ,@, , = / ,@/ = ?,

li=225921322S78Tdi =1.2722Sdi ".1"

L =?-,@ ,=? ?/ ?, = ; = =?-,@ @? = ,/: ?@,

%bobina

= li "1.2722S di "1.272 di" 2S ".17D? NY177 G=@.

di"

= H/, = ,@, ;, = ,/ = / ,@/. P/ ==/ =

,@, ;, /,? @,/ = -?;@/ = , = ?,

90

Figura 4;: *Hlculo de longitude'. De)anado 'u'tracti)o 69


97/116


L ,@, ;, @/;, =@/ H / = ;,@ = ,@, ;H,; =@/

ded.C=daCC

2 ".18

L ;, = = ,@, ;, @? / = ,@, ;, = ?,

dedia

= 1Abobinad

aCC

2daCdC ".19

".19 :,G= ==/ = @/? -?;


98/116


E= ;/? ,/ ?, / /??/,?= , =,? = /-= @/

"rect=

Arect

A total"

274427442713/2

177=154O2 )uelta' ".20

"tri= Atri

A total" 2713/2

27442713/2177=228 )uelta' ".21

S G/,, : "rectT"tri " .

B,;6/ )4(*0,L ,@, ;, = /@-=? /

dedia= 12744044 27

2

2dC27 /2=13O5 ".22( =-,;@ :,G= = ;,@ .

L-? = =?-,@ @?@= ,/ @/? = /?

%rect"rect1.272Tdedia2S=2092 ".23

B,;6/ )6(*0,L ,@, ;, = @/,-=?

dedia= 12713/2013 27/13C

2

2 dC273 =9 ".24L-? = =?-,@ @?@= ,/ @/? = @/,-=?

%tri

"tri1.272Tdedia2S=30O3 ".25

L ; = ? =?-,@ ? = =?-,@ @?@= ?, : ;=@,=,? ?/@/? = =?-,@ = G? ?;=@?

%'u't=4%rectT%tri =958 ".2"

DEVANADO ADITIVOE= /?? -,? ,? = ;,;? : / = ?, @/@,G. E= /=@? ,= ,?

%ad=4%rectT%tri =1.031 ".27

92


99/116


DEVANADO SUNTE= /?? -,? ,? = ;,;? : / = ?, @/@,G. E= /=@? ,= ,?

%'?=4%rect-%tri =17.711 ".28

".3.7.1.2 LA CALIDAD DEL COBRE

S- = , ".15 ?=? /@ ,,/ : =, = ?/ @,=,K/ / ==/ =/,@,. L IEC !nternational $lectrotec?nical *oi''ion ?/;@,G 2008@= ? G=?/ //, ]; / = /,@, ,=? ?/ ,/@ ,;@/?. L @= IEC / = /,@, = ?/ /?- = H? 5.A: =? ,;@/? @/,K? ?/ = ?/;@,G ? ? H@;@ =? ;,;?

,/ = =, = ?/ /@,/ ,;@/? /?

A=,? = , ".15 = =?-,@ == =? ,;@/? = H? 1 ==, : @= = IEC 2008 =? G? @ ,@,G? @/@,G?

EH,@ ,/, @/ =? G=?/ ==? =? @=,? ?/R$"F$. # :@/ @ : @? =@,;? /? @=,? 1980 ? ==-/? =? /,;/?!MA // : = =, = ?/ / ,/,?/. S, =,;? = ,".15 ?@;? : = =, = ?/ ?//?,@ =? 812 ] = G?@ 977 X.

E@ = /,@, , = ;?/ = =, = ?/ @/ @? = @;/@/ ,?;,@? = G? @.

93

#abla 31: !$*. *alidade' del cobre

Ca"i0a0 (!

=16!

#abla 32: Re'i'tencia' del cobre calculada'

De;ana0o Di6etro(66! Ca"i0a0 (!

%), (,$,(( (%%)'% 9:9!

S?unt

#abla 33: *alidade' del cobre 1;85-2558

De;ana0o%== )#=

Ca"i0a0 (! Ca"i0a0 (!

(%%)'% ,',)(( 1,)'% '()%%

Re*i*' (>! Re*i*' (>!

S?unt


100/116


".3.7.2 LA RESISTENCIA DEL COBRE EN DEVANADOS S#UNT NUEVOS

C? @ @,? /@ G/,-/ = = /,@, = ?/ ? = : @/ =?G? G?. E = H? " ;@/ =? G=?/ /,@,G? ;,? 22G? G? @?;? 22 , //, /. S ,= =? G=?/

=? G? @ ,@,G? @/@,G?.

E = ,-,@ -/, ;@/ =? G=?/ /,@,G? ?@/? / =? G?@

D = -/, @/ @== ,;?/@@ A?=@;@ @?? =? G=?/ @/ ?/ ? = G=?/ //, @,=,K? ?/ R$"F$ 812 ] = ;?/ ?/? = G=?/ ==? 787 ].

U H=,, ?/ : =? G=?/ ? @ ? ?/ / = @;/@/ ;,@ ,/ : = ;, ? ;? 20 C. P/? = , //, / ? ,?/;, ?/ = @;/@/ ;,@ ?/ =? : / ?/ ?@,/= @,? ///,? =? G=?/ ;,? / =? G? ,@,G? @/@,G?.

S, =? G=?/ = /,@, = ?/ = G? @ /? ? ,? @;/@/ ? =? G=?/ ;,? / =? G? ,@,G? @/@,G? :@;,


101/116


RbRaRb25Ra25 ".31S G @/@/ ;?@// @ =,=, @/ = G? ,@,G? = @/@,G?.

RESISTENCIA DEL DEVANADO ADITIVO VS SUSTRACTIVOA=,? ".31 =? G? ,@,G? @/@,G?

Rad

R''Rad25R

''25 ".32

A?/ ?,= ==/ = /@ @/,. P/ =? G=?/ R20 R20 @,=,K/ =?G=?/ @=,? ?/ RENFE @= 33 ? =? ==? - = =, /?@

?/ = IEC @= 34

P/ ?;/?/ @ =,=, = /@, @,=,K? =? G=?/ = H? "

95

Figura 8


102/116


E = H? " =-? =? G=?/ @, ? ,;= ;,@/ : ?@/? ==G @?=? ,;=. E ?,= : ,@/;@? ;, : ,;= /,, ?@/? : ? ,;= ? : ,=? ? = ,@/;@? ;, ? ,;= = /?= /? = ,/ ?=? ,;=. E= /?? = / =,@/;@? ;, = = /@, ,@= = @==/. P/?;/?/ @? =,;,? = -/, =? G=?/ ??? / ,?/?? ?=?/? -/, = H? ". L -/, :

A?/ ;? ? @? @?? =? ; ,- =/;@ = /@. E@? ?@? : ? ,- = @, G ?,// H, ?=?/? ;// = H? ". A /@,/ ?/ G /@/ =? G=?/ ?=?/? -/, ";, ;// 2 ;, ?@, = @,? ? 14 ;, =-/ 22.

S/?,? =? G=?/ @/,? ,-/ 84 =? ;,? ,-/ 8" ?= -/,

9"

Figura 8=: Aditi)o )' u'tracti)o. (alore' edido'

&)& &)* &)! &) &), &)' &)1

&)

&),

&)'

&)1

*

*)(

*)

Sustractivo

/ditivo

Figura 8: Aditi)o )' u'tracti)o. (alore' edido' 629

&)& &)* &)! &) &), &)' &)1

&)

&),

&)'

&)1

*

*)(

*)

Sustractivo

/ditivo


103/116


L /@ @/, - =? G=?/ @=,? ?/ RENFE @ ?? = =

;, , ;/-? = /@ - =? G=?/ ==? /? , ? =;,.

L H,@, =,=, = ;, @/ = G? ,@,G? @/@,G? ,;=,: @;,


104/116


".3.7.3 MEDIDAS REALI*ADAS EN BOBINAS NUEVAS LISTAS PARA MONTAR

L ,-,@ @= ;@/ = /,@, @/? ?, @ G ;, @==/ @;/@/ 29 C. D /?// : G? @ ?/;? ?/ @/?

?, /, =-? = ; = @/? ?, ;, :,G= = G??;=@?.

A=,? = , ".5 ==/ = /,@, 20 C

R20=

R29

1TU20V#=

791O2

10O003939=7"4O2 ".33

L /,@, ?@, ,/,?/ =? 78711 ] : / ;,/ - = G=?/ ==? ?/ ? = ?=,? = /@? @/,?/. L , H=,, / @;? :0/ 66, 0 60, 4,;) , , 4,))4/.

E= ,;@/? 07 ;; @ ? @/ @/? =? @/ = IEC ? /@ ,= ?@//=? ?;? =? ,;@/? @/. C = ?,,=, : = ?, @


105/116


S @,;? @;/@/ ,?;,@? 82 C - =? /=@? =/@? ".3.5 / =? /,;/? ==? @,;/ = /,@, = ?/

E, ".5 Rcobre=R201000393#20

' = G ?//,@ : ,/=/ ?/ = G?

E, 5.14 ".1 !'?=I/2!R'1R' /2

R'?=

3.000 /2551775Rcobre575

E@ ;@? = ?//,@ @ @, ? @? ?/ =? ;@/ =,-/;@ ==?/ -/? = ?/

E, ".7 =!'?unt2 Rcobre

' ?/ ?@/? =? /? ;@? = /K ;-@?;?@/,K "'?!'?=4."35!'?unt

L .;.;. ;@/ 4.2"44.102=1"2A )uelta .

E = ? 3.000 V = /- = ;?@?/ @/ -,/? G=?, 15237 /- = AFR ?/@ .;.;. @/@,G +40" A G=@. P/ ?;/ = = .;.;. = AFR /,?/ ;@? = ?//,@ = G? @/@,G?

? =,-/;@ = G=?, ? /@? = G=?, ?/,-,=

E, 5.42 "!AFR=345O7953.093 ="!AFR53.093

34579

99

#abla 3: Re'i'tencia del cobre a 82 K*

#abla 34: *orriente '?unt

#abla 38: *alor generado

#abla 3;: F...

Di*eo ori2ina" '( ($%(%

Situacin actua" ,*) 1!%

Rco (>! a %= C Rco (>! a %C

Di*eo ori2ina" ($%(% %)''!

Situacin actua" 1!% %)1%

Rco (>! a %C I *?unt (A!

(!Di*eo ori2ina" ($%(% %)''! ,1%)1Situacin actua" 1!% %)1% '%*)*

Rco (>! a :%C I *?unt (A!

Di*eo ori2ina" %)''! *$(%

Situacin actua" %)1% *$*

I *?unt (A! (NI!*? (A;ue"ta!


106/116


C?;? = G@,=?/ G ?=? = @ ;,? = G=?, -,/? /?G?/

/, = ?,,@ ?G,

E, ".10 0con)=2O057300O"

' = @;/@/ ,?;,@? = G? @ ==/

E, ".9 #= O

0con)20

E@ ;@? @;/@/ ? /@? = ,Q? ?/,-,= 87O881O7="O1K* /,/

= G, = G? @ - = , ".11(

(0=2

#10 =0"" . E ,/ = G, =

,=@ G? @ / ,;,,? 34 X.

O =,? = , ".12AA0

=2#10 =152 E= ;/? G/ / ;@?

52X.

$.3.= COSTES

E= /?? : ?==G G/ ?/ ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ = G? @ =

,-,@

1. T/?/@ ,2. D;?@ = -/? = =??;?@?/3. R/,4. M?@ = =??;?@?/5. T/?/@ G=@

S @,;? =? ,-,@ ?@

100

#abla


107/116


E= =/? @ = ,/? : /?,/ = =??;?@?/ ;,@/ @ / =-? ,/? : ,/. E= ?@ ?//,? ?/ ,= = ,@=,? = :,?/,? / : @/ ?//,?.

E =- ?,? = G/ ; = ,;?G,=,K, = =??;?@?/ /?G? /,,? @? @? = H=?@, @? : = @? /? =;/ ? = ?,-,@ , ??//? ?/ /@ ?@/ =??;?@?/ = /@/? = ==- = /-. N? @,? @ @? ?@ ?/ / /?,=,?@/@= ,;@ = =/? @ : H,@ /;= / ,;@/ =;@?/ =? ?@ ;/? ,,, H=?@, /,?/ = @?.

S /=,K? ,G@,-, ?/ = /?? //, = G? @,=? @,;? ;/? ?//,? /,?

L? ?@ @?@= /

E@/ E/? = Q? 2.000 M/K? 2.010 /?,? 22 G/ ?/ ?/@?,/,@? = G? @ =? 33 -/? ?-,? ;@/. EH@/?=? @ ,/ =? 1"8

!MA @?@= 221"833=112a)er,a' L? : :,G=

112a)er,a'1025 a+o'

=109a)er,a'

a+o.

101

#abla


108/116


E= ?@ @?@= : -/ = G/ = ?@ G/ ;=@,=,? ?/ = ;/?

G/ 109a)er,a'

a+o 22."25

Wa)er,a

=24"."12W

a+o

$.% PROPUESTA DE SOLUCIONESP/ G?=G/ = G? @ ,?;,@? ?/,-,= = ?//,@ I @ G?=G/ G=?/ 0885 A. E@? ?,= /-=? = ?@,;@/? M!FR ?@? /, =G? @ ? G=?/ @= 575 ].

E= M!FR @ ?/;? ?/ G /,@, 100 ] 400 W . E ?,=G/,/ = /,@, ?/ ;,? = =@, ?H, ? ?/ ;,? = ?///. L/,@, ;H,; @= 900 ].

E @ /@? /@ ==/ = G=?/ = : @/ = ?@,;@/? M!FR@,? @ = /,@, = ?/ ;, 7"42 ].

S, ;,;? : = ?//,@ I@ @? 0885 A @? = .;.;. = AFR =

G=?, -,/? = ?,,@ ?G, G?=G/ G=?/ = ,Q? ?/,-,=

NIAFRY+40" A G=@ ZY15237 /- #?GY1282 WC

E= =?/ -/? / , ".7

O=!'?nut2 Rcobre=0O885

2Rcobre ".34

D? = /,@, = ?/ G/,/ , = @;/@/ , ".5

Rcobre=R20120#=7"421000393# ".35

102

Figura ;5: otencietro MGFR 6ref. 79


109/116


L , ".9 #= O

0con) ?;,/ ? = , @/,?/

Rcobre=7"421000393

1282

".3"

C?;,? = ,? ".34 ".3"

0O8852Rcobre=

Rcobre

7"4O21

12O82

0O00393".37

D ".37 ?,= / R?/ Rcobre=93"

P/ : = ?//,@ = G? @ @- G=?/ 0885 A / /,?

/,@, , 5.14

R'?=I/2!R'1R'/2

!'?=

3.000/25517750885

=1.585 ".38

' = ?@,;@/? M!FR / /-=/ , ".1

MGFR=R'?untRcobre=1.58593"="49 ".39

E ?=, @,? @ =? G=?/ @= /,@, = ?/ 7"42 ] =

G=?/ = ?@,;@/? M!FR /,? / : ,/= ?//,@ 0885 A 3.000V = /- $%= .

C? @ ;?,,, = G @;/@/ ,?;,@? / , ".9

#=

0con)20=

!'?unt2 Rcobre

1282 20=771 K* ".39

L? : ? ,/, 107 C ? /@? = ,@, @= 878 C

;@? = G, (

(0=2

10O710

=2O1 . E ,/ ?/ =,/ = G, = G?

@ ? =? : :,G=@ /,/ = G/ = ;,@AA0

=2107

10 =048 .

E = ,-,@ @= H? = @;/@/ ,?;,@? =? ?@ - =,/@ ,@,? = ,Q? ?/,-,= = ,@, @= = ;?,,,

103


110/116


L ,;,, = /,@, = ?/ = G? @ = @=,/,,= , ;/-? /@? = G=?/ = ?@,;@/? M!FR "49 ] ?G/@,/ ,,? ,=? /@? = ,@, ?/,-,=.

104

#abla


111/116


CAPTULO 7. CONCLUSIONES

7.1 CONCLUSIONES SOBRE EL ANLISIS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO

D/@ = @=? " A=,, AG/ P/?@ S?=,? ///, G/,?,? = ,? ?@, = @=? 5 A=,, F,?;,@? ;, @ ,? / ,? ,;?,= ==-/ = ;,; ?=,?.

E ,,@,G = =,, ,?;,@? ,? /,? = =,, G/ =,-= : ;=? / /?=G/ = ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ = G? @

@, ?@,= / ?;// /?=G/ ?@/ G/ = !MAMG 138A-F.

7.2 CONCLUSIONES SOBRE EL CORTOCIRCUITO ENTRE ESPIRASEN EL DEVANADO SUNT

E= ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ = G? @ = G/ ; /@, /? 43 X = G/ @?@= : / = !MA MG 138A-F. !/, = ?/@ @/G/= ?, ,-/ 72 G,@? : = ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ /? = K?@/? ?/ ?;,, @/


112/116


7.3 FUTURAS ACTUACIONES

C?;? ?, =? =,, ?=,? @ @/? = J@/ I-,/ K? !"#$GR!A /?,? =?// ,?/; ? ?@? ?;?=?-/ =?

/=@? ?@,? / //,,/ = ;,? = G=?/ = /,@, M!FR @? = =??;?@?/ : ,?/?/ !MA. P?/ ?@/ /@ = G ?=,,@/ ,?/; =? =@,;? /,@ ?, / : ?,/; =? /;@/? ,Q? ? =? :@ /=;@ @/?.

10"


113/116


GLOSARIO DE T'RMINOS

AFR R-=?/ A@?;@,? F/,.

ASFA A,? SQ= F/? A@?;@,?.

AVE A=@ V=?, EQ?=.

AVR R-=?/ A@?;@,? V?=@.

C./. C?//,@ A=@/.

C.4. C?//,@ C?@,.

F... F/K E=@/?;?@/,K.

F... F/K M-@?;?@/,K.

GMA !/? M?@?/+A=@/?/.

GMG !/? M?@?/+!/?/.

IEC C?;,, ,@/,?= =@/?@


114/116


GLOSARIO DE SMBOLOS

A N;/? G/ = Q? ?/ ?/@?,/,@? @/ ,/ = G? @.

6/ D,@, = ,/ ;, = / ,@/ = ?,. U,Mil,etro';;

E F/K =@/?;?@/,K. U, (oltio'VEL F/K =@/?;?@/,K = = -/?/. U, (oltio'V

F F/K ;-@?;?@/,K = G? H,@,. U,Aperio' (ueltaA G=@

F) F/K ;-@?;?@/,K /, ,,?. U,Aperio' (ueltaA G=@

F F/K ;-@?;?@/,K @?@= = -/?/. U,Aperio' (ueltaA G=@

: F/, = =? -/?/. U,0ert/io'#K

:+ F@?/ ?@, = /-.

4,5 C?,,@ ?G, = G? @. U, (atio'XGrado' ent,grado'WC

I C?//,@ /,,= = ;?@?/. U,Aperio'AI/ C?//,@ = G? ,@,G?. U,Aperio'A

I C?//,@ = G? H,@,. U,Aperio'A

IL C?//,@ = = =? -/?/. U,Aperio'A

I C?//,@ = G? /,. U,Aperio'A

I C?//,@ @. U,Aperio'A

I C?//,@ = G? @/@,G?. U,Aperio'A

C?@@ = ;?@?/ ... U, Nf;AfW

( C?@@ = -/?/. U, VAf#K

L L?-,@ ,=? ?/. U,Metro;

N N;/? ,/ = G? @.

N/ N;/? ,/ = G? ,@,G?.

N N;/? ,/ = G? @/@,G?.

N N;/? ,/ = G? /,.

NIAFR F/K ;-@?;?@/,K / ?/ = AFR. U,Aperio' (ueltaA G=@

NI,,) F/K ;-@?;?@/,K / ?/ = ;?@?/ , AFR. U,Aperio' (ueltaA G=@NITOT F/K ;-@?;?@/,K @?@= = ;?@?/. U,Aperio' (ueltaA G=@

C=, = ?/.

P/ P?@, ; ?/ = /-. U, (atio'W

P P?@, ;?@?/. U, (atio'W

PAFR P


115/116


P4 P


116/116


BIBLIOGRAFA

61 M. D?=?/ M?/? B/-? P. !?/ Gu,a 0i'trica del Ferrocarril E=@ EQ1993

62 #.I. A/gRailay #raction E=G,/198"

63 A. M@/? M. C? J . L. O/?QK $l Gran %ibro de la' %ocootora' $'pa+ola' R,?2003

64 Fic?ero #>cnico. %ocootora' de l,nea RENFE 1978

65 %ocootora' el>ctrica' 2; y 2=2 para 'er)icio' de larga di'tancia V L,/ 519 2008.

6" %ibro de in'truccione' de locootora' el>ctrica' 2;.2 W@,-? S.A..

67 *ur'o para locootora' 2;. De'cripcin general RENFE

68 D$L.2555.=52.51 RENFE

69 J. J. MK? O//-?Manteniiento de Huina' el>ctrica'V.1 P/,? 2002.

610 D$L.2555.=52.52 RENFE

611 J F/,= M?/MHuina' el>ctrica' M!/g+#,== 2003.

612 J F/,= M?/ $lectroagneti'o y circuito' el>ctrico' C?=-,? I-,/? ;,?= /@? 1995.

613 C?/@ C/@ *ur'o oderno de Huina' el>ctrica' rotati)a'. #oo !(. MHuina' ',ncrona' yotore' *.A. de colector E,@?/,= RG/@ctrica'V.2 P/,? 2002.

61" !. C. S@? E. A. B?@/ I. C=/@ #. D,/, $lectrical in'ulation for rotating ac?ine' IEEP 2004

pfc miguel martinez garcia-denche

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