pesticide basics uses, exposures, types and acute effects

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Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

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Page 1: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Pesticide BasicsUses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Page 2: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Did you know? 5 million at risk population (U.S. EPA, 1992)

250-500 physician-diagnosed cases occur per 100,000 agricultural workers (Blondell, 1997).

Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are especially at high risk

84% of American households used pesticides, most commonly insecticides (Whitmore et al, 1992)

Homeowners use 5-10 lbs/acre/yr on their lawns and gardens, many x greater than farmers apply to corn and soybean fields (Robinson et al, 1994).

Page 3: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Did you know? Non -agricultural pesticide exposure as disinfectants

widespread: (e.g., pine oil cleaners, bathroom cleaning products, and cleaning materials for swimming pools).

Non-Ag Sector a concern = pest control, nurseries, greenhouses, and landscaping.

The medical profession uses disinfectants to sanitize and sterilize surfaces and instruments.

Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides most implicated for poisonings.

Water chlorination is one of the largest (by tonnage) uses of pesticides.

Page 4: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Where Are Pesticides Used?

Forests to control insects and under-story vegetation;

Landscapes, parks, and recreational areas to control weeds, insects, and disease pests;

Rights-of-way along railroads and under electric wires to control vegetation;

Houses, schools, and commercial and office buildings to control insects, rodents, and fungi;

Boat hulls to control fouling organisms;

Page 5: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Where Are Pesticides Used?

Aquatic sites to control mosquitoes and weeds

Wood products to control wood-destroying organisms

Food preparation areas to control insects and rodents

Human skin to kill or repel insects

Household pets to control fleas and ticks

Livestock to control insects and other pests.

Page 6: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Non Occupational Pesticide Encounters

• Accidental or intentional ingestion

• Food and water residues• Contaminated clothing• Treated wood/structures• Residues on animals/carpets• Garden residues• Termite control• Hazardous waste sites/spills

Page 7: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Agriculture Pesticide Applications

Aerial

Air blast sprayer

Enclosed cab

Backpack wand

Boom sprayer

Page 8: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Agriculture Jobs

Orchard thinner

Mixer loader

Flagger Picker

Page 9: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Professions Exposed to Pesticides

• Aerial equipment Aerial equipment maintenancemaintenance

• AgronomistsAgronomists• Building Building maintenance workmaintenance work• Emergency respondersEmergency responders• EntomologistsEntomologists• FirefightersFirefighters• ForestryForestry workers workers• Formulating end productFormulating end product• Greenhouse- nursery Greenhouse- nursery

workersworkers• Hazardous Hazardous waste waste workersworkers• LandscapersLandscapers• Livestock dippers and Livestock dippers and

veterinariansveterinarians

• Marina Marina workersworkers• Medical Medical personnelpersonnel• ParkPark workers workers• Plant pathologistsPlant pathologists• Research Research chemistrychemistry• SewerSewer work work• Storage/warehouse workStorage/warehouse work• Structural applicationStructural application• Transporting pesticidesTransporting pesticides• Treating Treating contaminated contaminated

workersworkers• Vector control workersVector control workers• Wood treatment workersWood treatment workers• Work on Work on highway highway or or

railroad rights of wayrailroad rights of way

Page 10: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Key Household Safety Points

1. Proximity2. Take home3. Garden4. Animals5. Recycle6. Decant7. Storage8. Disposal9. Child

play/daycare

“ Partly Trained Gorillas Always Run Down Streets Doing Cartwheels”

Page 11: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

Source: EPA Protect Yourself from Pesticides-Guide of Agricultural Workers

OP’s are readily absorbed:

Across the SKIN with skin contact

In the lungs with INHALATION of pesticide contaminated air/dust

In the gut by INGESTION of pesticide residue on food/dirt/dust

Page 12: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Risk Factors for Occupational Pesticide

Exposures Concentration of commercial

preparations > than diluted final product = greater risk

AG workers highest exposure risk in mixing, loading, applying, and flagging.

Source: H Murphy - Cambodia

Page 13: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Occupational Risk Factors

• Pregnant Women: 1st trimester• Field workers entering sprayed field before re-

entry interval [REI] • Residuals on skin and clothes

– How to remove PPE– How to clean PPE– Showering after use

Page 14: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Evidence? Agriculture Risk Factors

• Indonesia:– Cocktail mixture of multiple products– Spray frequency– Skin contact > wet clothing– Use of toxic products (1a/Ib, II)

• Washington state: – Protective: Chemically resistant boots– Protective: Full face respirators – Risk: Mixing and loading pesticides– Risk: Cleaning equipment – Protective: Using a workplace locker for

PPE

Source: H Murphy - Indonesia

Page 15: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Preventing Pesticide Illness

Non-chemical Alternatives

Engineering Controls

Personal Protective Equipment

[PPE]

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

It’s the law

Page 16: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Risk factors for pesticide exposures

at home

• Migrant families > risk• Children’s vulnerability • Location near fields• Take home pathway • Pesticide storage and use in homes• Multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS)

Page 17: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Migrant Families

• Living conditions: quality and location

• Communication: language and literacy

• Immigration status• Access to health

care• Diet

Page 18: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Unintentional (Accidental)

• GI absorption from accidental

ingestion = acute poisonings

• Respiratory and dermal absorption

from surrounding environment

• Hand to mouth activity in children

Page 19: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Occupational

• Dermal is most important

• Inhalation is a common pathway

• Ingestion less common but can occur if not use gloves or poor hygiene

Page 20: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Intentional (Suicide/Homicide/Abuse)

• Ingestion is primary pathway

• Inhalation is another pathway, although primary agents of abuse in this manner are non-pesticide chemicals (aromatic solvents).

Page 21: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Agricultural vs. Non-Agricultural Cases of

Poisonings

Source: 2004 Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking (PIRT) Annual Report

19992000

20012002

2003

Agricultural

Non Agricultural

72

90

62

99

111

68

113

58

75

73

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

case

s

Page 22: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Occupational versus Non-Occupational Cases of

Pesticide Poisoning

Occupational

52%

Non-

Occupational

48%

Source: 2004 Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking (PIRT) Annual Report

Page 23: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Proportion of PoisoningsRanked 8th Cause of Poisonings = 102,754 cases in 2005 (4.2%)

Source: Watson WA. 2004 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System

Children Adults

Page 24: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

US: Intentional vs. Accidental

6 suicide attempts used pesticides out of 196,164

8%

84%Accidental

Suicide

Page 25: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

WHO Sentinel Surveillance

Country INDIA NEPAL INDONESIA THAILAND MYANMAR PHILIPPINESTime period 12 mo 6 mo 6 mo 6 mo 12 mo 10 moReporting sites 10 5 8 9 8 38Cases 1531 256 126 130 208 327Circumstances identified 95% 93% 96% 98% 94% 99%Intentional 89% 92% 43% 62% 86% 87%Accidental 5% 1% 16% 8% 8% 8%Occupational 6% 0% 37% 28% 0% 4%

Page 26: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Pesticide

Types of Pesticides

Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Rodenticides

‘cide = to kill

DisinfectantsFumigants

Page 27: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Pesticide Chemical Families

-grouping based on similarities-

1. Similar chemically (similar structure)2. Attacks pests in a similar way (toxicity)3. Common treatment + antidote

OrganophosphateOP

CarbamateC

PyrethroidPY

OrganochlorineOC

Chlorophenoxy Paraquat

Diquat

Page 28: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Pesticide Sample Label

Type of pesticide (used for?)Company nameBrand nameCommon/generic name (active ingredient)Chemical family (? atropine under 1st aid)Signal word (hazard level)

Page 29: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects
Page 30: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Pesticide Classification Table

# Type Company

Name

BrandName

CommonName

Chemical Family

SignalClass

1.

Insecticide

Gowen Supracide

methidathion

OP(Organophospha

te)

Danger-PoisonIb

Page 31: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

COMPANY BRAND COMMON TYPE FAMILY SIGNAL Who

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Pesticide Labels

Bayer Temik Aldicarb Insecticide Carbamate Danger-poison la

Verdicon Sevin Carbaryl Insecticide Carbamate Caution ll

UCP Alliance Thiodan Endosulfan Insecticide Organochlorine Warning ll

Bayer Guthion Azinophos methyl Insecticide Organophospate Danger-poison lb

Dow Dursban Chlorpyrifos Insecticide Warning ll

Syngenta Gramoxone Paraquat Herbicide Paraquat Danger-poison ll

Helena Weed Rhap 2, 4-D Herbicide Chlorophenoxy Danger-poison ll

DuPont Asana Esfenverlate Insecticide Pyrethroid Warning lV

Bayer Captan Captan Fungicide Danger-poison

Max Roundup Glyphosate Herbicide Caution U-IV

II

Dow Dithane Mancozeb Fungicide Caution U-IV

Cerexagri-Nisso Ziram Ziram Fungicide Danger III

Exercise: Classifying Pesticides

Organophospate

Page 32: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

How toxic is it?

Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

Page 33: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

Page 34: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

LD50

Lethal dose = Amount of chemical it takes to kill 50% of an experimental population

Page 35: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

Page 36: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Adapted from Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

DANGER/POISON = extremely toxic by ingestion DANGER = extremely toxic high potential for skin and eye irritation

*

*

Page 37: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Source: Richards, Kerry Penn State University Extension Service

Page 38: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Insecticides• ChE Inhibitors:

– Organophosphates – n-methyl carbamates

• Pyrethroids– Pyrethrins (ocloresin extract of chrysanthemum) – Pyrethroids (the synthetic derivative)

• Organochlorines (e.g. DDT)• DEET• Boric Acid• Fluorides• Nicotine • Arsenicals

Page 39: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Herbicides

• Chlorophenoxy herbicides (e.g. 2-4D)

• Paraquat and diquat• Pentachlorophenol and

dinitrocresol (wood preservatives)• Copper chromium arsenate

( decks, fences, and children’s wood playground sets – d/c 2003)

Page 40: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Fungicides

• Hexachlorobenzene• Thiram • Maneb• Methylmercury compounds

Page 41: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Fumigants

• Cyanide • 1, 3-dichloropropane• Metam sodium• Methyl bromide• Naphthalene• Phosphine gas (from

aluminum phosphide)

Page 42: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Rodenticides

• Warfarin-related compounds: – Warfarin – Coumarins – Brodifacoum – Difenacoum (so-called

“super warfarins”)

• Others: – Thallium– Zinc phosphide– Sodium fluoroacetate

Page 43: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Disinfectants• Agents used for sanitization and

sterilization in the home and hospital• Registered as pesticides by the U.S. EPA• Examples include

– Alcohols – Chlorhexidine – Hypochlorites – Iodines – Phenols – Pine oil

Page 44: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects
Page 45: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

General central nervous system • Fatigue• Dizziness• Headache• Tremors• Ataxia • Convulsions (uncommon w/carbamate)• LOC (uncommon w/carbamate)• Coma (uncommon w/carbamate)

From muscle over stimulation: • Muscle weakness• Muscle cramps• Muscle fasciculations

From gland over stimulation: • Salivary gland- excessive salivation• Sweat gland- excessive sweating• Lachrymal gland-excessive eye tearing

From organ over-stimulation: • Eyes • Gastrointestinal

• Pulmonary

•Blurred vision (constricted pupils)• Stomach cramps• Nausea• Vomiting• Diarrhea• Chest tightness• Wheezing• Cough• Runny nose

Organophosphates: 30”-240 & Carbamates: 15”-30

Page 46: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

PyrethroidsPyrethroids: are irritants to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The symptoms last from 1-2 hours. Systemic toxicity from inhalation or dermal absorption is low.

Normal use: * Paresthesias (cyno pyrethroids) * Shortness of breath (wheezing)* Mucous membrane irritation (throat nose)* Skin itching

If ingested: • Loss of consciousness/coma • Seizures (cyno-pyrethroids)

High doses: • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Excessive saliva • Muscle fasciculation • Ataxia

• Irritability: to sound ~ touch

Cyno-pyrethroids: fenverlate, flucythrinate, fluvalinate cypermethrine, deltapermethrin,

Page 47: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Organochlorines: 10 - 480

lipophylic The nerves stimulating

glands are not affected so you will NOT see:

• excessive salivation• excessive sweating• excessive eye tearing (or over-stimulation of

small muscles like)• twitching eyelids

CNS Effects• Muscle Weakness• Dizziness• Headache• Numbness • Nausea/vomiting• LOC• Seizures• Tremors• Ataxia • Anxiety/restlessness• Confusion

Page 48: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

ParaquatParaquat is very toxic to the skin and mucous membranes. Particles are too large to get deep into the lungs*, but once in the blood it collects in the lungs. If ingested high case fatality rate.

• Skin: • dryness, cracks• erythema • blistering• ulcerations

• Nails: • discoloration• splitting nails• loss of nails

• Respiratory tract: • cough• nosebleeds• sore throat

• Eyes: • conjunctivitis • ulceration, scarring, blindness

• Ingestion: • lung fibrosis (stiff lungs)• multi-system organ failure,

specifically • respiratory failure• kidney failure

Page 49: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

DEETDIETHYLTOLUAMIDE

• Few toxic cases - given the widespread use

• Toxic if ingested• Children: toxic encephalopathy w/ heavy

use on large surface area on kids (+ ETOH - isopropyl or ethyl)

• Dermal problems: tingling, irritation, desquamination, contact dermatitis, exacerbate pre-existing skin dz

• Kids: use 5-6.5% formulations

Page 50: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Boric AcidAnts, Cockroaches in Residences

“broiled lobster appearance”

Page 51: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Boric Acid Respiratory tract irritant

Moderate skin irritant

Historic antibacterial: poisonings from burn compresses, diaper powder, irrigation solutions

Targets: GI tract, skin, vasculature, brain

Chronic ingestion more toxic than acute (13 ½ life)

Absorption: via gut and abraded skin

Page 52: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Fluorides

• Transformed in stomach to corrosive hydrofluoric acid: thirst, nausea-vomiting,

diarrhea, abdominal pain• Fluoride ion reduces extra-cellular fluid

concentrations of Ca+ and Mg hypocalcemic tetany

• Cardiac arrythmias- shock 2ndary to fluid/electrolyte imbalances, hypokalemia and the fluoride itself

• CNS H.A. muscle weakness, stupor, seizures and coma

Page 53: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Focus on OP’s

Children at risk for neurodevelopmental

problems

Most commonly used insecticide in agriculture

Common cause of poisoning

Page 54: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Normal Electrical Nerve Impulse Transmission

nerve cell

muscle cell

Once acetylcholine is broken, it can no longer transmit electrical nerve impulses.

Electrical nerve impulses stop and the muscles and glands are quiet

Electrical nerve impulse coming from nerve cell stimulates the body to produce acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine acts as a bridge transmitting the electrical charge to the muscle cell.

Muscles and glands contract.

After electrical nerve impulse transmission is completed, the body produces cholinesterase.

Cholinesterase breaks up acetylcholine into acetate and choline.

acetate

choline

Page 55: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Organophosphate-Carbamate Disruption of Electrical Nerve Impulse Transmission Therapeutic Effect of Atropine

nerve cell

Atropine relieves the over stimulation of the muscles and glands by reducing the amounts of acetylcholine.

The effect only lasts 15 minutes. Therefore the dose must be repeated until the organophosphate binding effect has worn off.

If an organophosphate (Op) or carbamate is present, they bind with cholinesterase. [This is an irreversible effect with an Op but not with a carbamate]

The bound cholinesterase cannot penetrate acetylcholine to break it up.

The body continues to produce acetylcholine unimpeded.

This results in a build up of acetylcholine with continuous electrical nerve impulse transmission and over stimulation of muscle and glands.

muscle cell

Electrical nerve impulse

acetate

choline

cholinesterase

organophosphate

atropine

Page 56: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Signs and Symptoms in Adults

• Miosis• Blurring

Eye CNS Lungs GI Glands Muscle Heart

Exercise: Body Mapping

• Fatigue• Dizziness• Headache• Tremors• Ataxia • Seizures• LOC• Coma • Insomnia• Mental Δ

TightnessWheezingCoughRhinorrhea

Abd. crampsNauseaVomitingDiarrhea

Drooling

Sweating

Tearing

Weakness CrampsFasciculations

Tachy

Brady

BP

↓ BP

Page 57: Pesticide Basics Uses, Exposures, Types and Acute Effects

Signs of Pesticide Poisoning in Children

Lethargic sleepy

Seizures

Coma

Can be confused with the flu