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Floresta Atlântica e a Mudança do Clima no Nordeste do Brasil Dr. Marcelo Tabarelli Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [email protected]

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Page 1: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

A Floresta Atlântica e a Mudança do Clima no

Nordeste do Brasil

Dr. Marcelo TabarelliLaboratório de Ecologia Vegetal

Universidade Federal de [email protected]

Page 2: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Conteúdo• O que é a floresta Atlântica nordestina;• Que tipo de pressão a floresta está sofrendo;• Como a floresta responde as pressões

antrópicas;• Como as mudanças climáticas influenciam a • Como as mudanças climáticas influenciam a

resposta da floresta;• Qual o destino da biodiversidade e dos serviços

ambientais em função da resposta as mudanças;

• De que forma podemos mitigar os danos causados pelas ações antrópicas e preservar a biodiversidade e os serviços da floresta.

Page 3: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Esclarecimento

• Informações representam hipóteses de trabalho;

• Hipóteses baseados em estudos conduzidos na FAN;

• As hipóteses estão na fronteira do • As hipóteses estão na fronteira do conhecimento;

• São válidas para todas as florestas tropicais;

• Abordagem biológica no nível de ecossistema.

Page 4: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

A Floresta Atlântica

Page 5: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica nordestinaMatas Secas

• Aves

56.400 km2

Hiléia Sul-Bahiana

Fonte: IBGE (1995)

• Aves• Plantas Lenhosas• Anfíbios• Borboletas

Page 6: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica Nordestina

Page 7: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Sul-Atlântico nordestinas

Amazônico-nordestinas

Page 8: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica Nordestina

> 2000 plantas vasculares

418 espécies de avesParaíba

4,6% da área originalPernambuco

Page 9: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Diversidade subestimada

Aechmea gustavoi

Glaucidium mooreorum

Page 10: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

A Floresta Atlântica Nordestina é única!Nordestina é única!

Page 11: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

A pressão sobre a floresta

Page 12: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Source: Carlos A. Peres The Amazon region

Page 13: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Incêndios florestais

The Amazon region

Page 14: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Defaunação

Source: Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com

Page 15: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica Nordestina

• 1989-2000• 5,6% dos fragmentos desapareceram;• 11,4% dos fragmentos ficaram menores;• média 35,7% menores;• média 35,7% menores;• 10% da floresta remanescente

desapareceu;

Tabarelli & Silva em preparação

Page 16: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica NordestinaFloresta Atlântica Nordestina

Page 17: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Paisagens naturais

Perturbações antrópicas

Intensificação uso terra

Paisagens antrópicas

Cobertura florestal+ -

Page 18: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Resposta da floresta as perturbaçõesperturbações

Page 19: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

O destino das grandes árvores

Increased wind turbulance

Source: Laurance et al. 2000

Increased physiological stress

Page 20: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Colapso de biomassa e proliferação de pioneiras

Source: Laurance et al. 1997 Science

Page 21: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

60

80

100

Per

cent

age

of tr

ee s

peci

es

Forest edge

Forest interior

Proliferação de plantas pioneiras na floresta Atlântica

0

20

40

60

Pioneerspecies

Emergentspecies

Canopyspecies

Understoryspecies

Vertebratedispersedspecies

Ecological groups

Per

cent

age

of tr

ee s

peci

es

Source: Oliveira et al. 2004 Oryx

Page 22: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Extração de madeira e proliferação de pioneiras

Canopy cover

Page 23: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Exploração de madeira e proliferação de pioneiras

Page 24: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Incêndios e proliferação de pioneiras

Source: Ana Alencar

Page 25: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Habitat Fragmentation

Edgeeffects

Fire Logging Hunting

Forest structural collapseElimination of frugivores

Pioneerproliferation

Early-successional systems

Decline of shade-tolerant trees

Source: Tabarelli et al. 2008 Biotropica

Page 26: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Secundarização da floresta

Creation of forest edges

Old-growth

Edge-affected habitats

Retrogressive succession over time

Early-successional system

Page 27: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

The retrogressive succession as forest

response

Forest “secondarization” by

repeated fires

Source: Barlow J. & Peres, C.A. 2008. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B.

High mortality of large treesCollapse of forest structureBiomass collapseProliferation of pioneers and ruderasl

Page 28: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Forest dieback via a

The retrogressive succession as forest

response

Forest dieback via a combination of repeated

fires, logging, and drought

Source: Nepstad et al. 2008. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol.

High mortality of large treesCollapse of forest structureBiomass collapseProliferation of pioneers and ruderasl

Page 29: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

The retrogressive succession as forest

response

The receding forest edges

Souce: Gascon et al. (2000)

High mortality of large treesCollapse of forest structureBiomass collapseProliferation of pioneers and ruderasl

Page 30: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Agro-mosaicos na Floresta Atlântica Nordestina

Page 31: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

The remaining Atlantic forestA collection of secondary stands

Page 32: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

A intensidade da resposta (secundarização)

Page 33: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Mid-successional

Old-growth stage

+

-

Forest response to human disturbances

Matrix harshness

Old-growth taxa favoring

Pioneer favoring

Time after initial disturbance

Early successional

+Pioneer favoring

Page 34: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Mid-successional

Old-growth stage

+

-

Collection of forest products

Old-growth taxa favoring

Pioneer favoring

Forest response to human disturbances

Time after initial disturbance

Early successional

+Pioneer favoring

Page 35: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Mid-successional

Old-growth stage

Historical exposure to disturbance

+

-

Forest response to human disturbances

Occurrence of disturbance-adapted species

Occurrence of disturbance-adapted species

Time after initial disturbance

Early successional

Occurrence of disturbance-adapted species

Page 36: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

– Mudanças climáticas

Aquecimento Global!!

Page 37: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Mid-successional

Old-growth stage

+

-

Environmental extremes

Forest response to human disturbances

Old-growth taxa favoring

Pioneer favoring

Time after initial disturbance

Early successional

+ Pioneer favoring

Page 38: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Eventos climáticos extremos tendem a intensificar a

secundarização da florestasecundarização da floresta(impacto na escala de ecossistema)

Page 39: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Destino da biodiversidade e dos serviços ambientaisdos serviços ambientais

Page 40: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Spe

cies

rich

ness

dive

rsity

Bio

mas

s

Prim

ary

prod

uctiv

ity

Forest regeneration

Early succ. Mid-successional Late successional

Ecosystem functioning across forest regeneration/retrogressive succession

Time after disturbance

Spe

cies

rich

ness

Fun

ctio

nal

Bio

mas

s

Prim

ary

prod

uctiv

ity

Retrogressive succession

Page 41: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Bio

dive

rsity

ret

entio

n

+

Eco

logi

cal s

ervi

ces

Nee

d fo

r m

anag

emen

tE

cono

mic

val

ue o

f for

est

Soc

ial a

nd c

ultu

ral d

iver

sity

Land-use intensification

>90% < 50% < 30% < 10%

Intact FragmentedVariegated Relictual

Bio

dive

rsity

ret

entio

n

-

Eco

logi

cal s

ervi

ces

Nee

d fo

r m

anag

emen

tE

cono

mic

val

ue o

f for

est

undisturbed

disturbed

Forest cover

Soc

ial a

nd c

ultu

ral d

iver

sity

Landscape type

Page 42: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)
Page 43: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Base Biotecnológica

Page 44: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)
Page 45: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Água

Page 46: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)
Page 47: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Paisagens antrópicas = ambientes frágeis

Page 48: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica Nordestina(Centro Pernambuco)

• Tipos de vegetação Área (km 2) Vegetação remanescente (km 2)

% do total % do total

• Formações pioneiras 2.922,88 (5.1%) 614,74 21,03

• Áreas de tensão ecológica 19.715,18 (34,9) 665,89 3,37

• Fl. Estacional semidecidual 16.045,06 (28,4) 803,72 5,00

• Fl. Ombrófila densa 6.141,02 (10,8) 280,35 4,56

• Fl. Ombrófila aberta 11.576,74 (20,52) 832,92 7,19

• Total 56.400,88 3.197,62 5,66

• Fonte: SOS Mata Atlântica/SNE (1993)

Page 49: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)
Page 50: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Sistema de UCs

• Número reduzido de unidades (60, 0,3%);• Unidades pequenas (< 500 ha);• Não implantadas (> 90%);• Concentradas na região metropolitana de • Concentradas na região metropolitana de

Recife (40);

Page 51: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Tabela 2. Número de espécies e subespécies de aves em diferentes categorias de distribuição geográfica e de ameaça de extinção nas cinco usinas de açúcar com maior riqueza de aves no Centro Pernambuco.

Categorias/Usinas1 Cruangino. (%)3

Frei Caneca

Santo Antônio Serra Grande

Trapiche

Distribuição geográfica

endêmica floresta Atlântica 8 (28,5) 17 (60,7) 9 (32,1) 21 (75,0)14

(50,0)

endêmica Centro Pernambuco 18 (66,6) 22 (81,4) 13 (48,1) 22 (81,4)19

(70,3)18 (66,6) 22 (81,4) 13 (48,1) 22 (81,4)

(70,3)

Ameaçadas de extinção

Ministério do Meio Ambiente 20 (50,0) 26 (65,0) 16 (40,0) 28 (70,0)22

(55,0)

BirdLife 7 (33,3) 11 (52,3) 5 (23,8) 13 (61,9)10

(47,6)

Total 26 40 23 45 33

Page 52: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica Nordestina está submetida a um processo severo de

secundarização que deverá se agravar com as mudanças climáticas globais

Tabarelli et al. (2008) Biotropica

Page 53: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

• Espécies ameaçadas

Fonte: Adriano Paglia CI-Brasil

Page 54: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Floresta Atlântica Nordestina

Page 55: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

E o caminho a seguir...

Page 56: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Ampliar Proteção

Page 57: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Restaurar a Floresta

com Alta Diversidade

Biológica

Page 58: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Restaurar para...

• Ampliar o tamanho dos fragmentos;• Mitigar efeitos de borda;• Aumentar a conectividade biológica;• Controlar invasoras e pioneiras;• Controlar invasoras e pioneiras;• Recuperar o potencial de prestação de

serviços ambientais ;• Recuperar habitats chaves como as

florestas ciliares;• Ampliar a cobertura florestal.

Page 59: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Corredores de biodiversidade

Page 60: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

O aquecimento global pode ajudar a floresta remanescente,

sua biodiversidade e seus sua biodiversidade e seus serviços!!!

Page 61: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Agradecimento!

Page 62: PES COURSE - RECIFE (Atlantic forest and climate change in Brazil’s northeast region / MARCELO TABARELLI)

Obrigado!!