perubahan mental pada dewasa dan lansia
DESCRIPTION
Kaidah-kaidah perilaku manusiaAzas Eklektik Holistik---zoon politiconInteraksi biologik-lingkunganPerkembangan perilakuPengendalian dan modifikasi instinkRelativitas sosial-budayaPengendalian melalui concrete dan abstract thinkingTRANSCRIPT
PERUBAHAN MENTAL PADA DEWASA DAN LANSIA
HUMAN BEHAVIOR (PERILAKU MANUSIA)Normal & abnormal behavior
INTRODUCTION
The philosophy of human behaviorcomprehension of humanism
behavioral science
Kaidah-kaidah perilaku manusiaAzas Eklektik Holistik---zoon politicon
Interaksi biologik-lingkunganPerkembangan perilaku
Pengendalian dan modifikasi instinkRelativitas sosial-budaya
Pengendalian melalui concrete dan abstract thinking
Perilaku (behavior)Mode adaptasi terhadap lingkungan (fisik-sosial-budaya)Berakibat adaptif (normal) atau maladaptive (abnormal)
State atau manifestDitentukan oleh kepribadian (personality)
Personality - karakter- individual specific- trait atau inherent
PERSONALITY BEHAVIOR
BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL BASE OF BEHAVIOR
Biological base :
SISTEMATIKA GENESIS PERILAKUAdrenalin fight or flightGABAmental mechanismMental mechanism - represi - sublimasiSerotoninDopamin
PERANGKAT KERAS PERILAKU
FUNGSI PENDORONG (instinctual, nafsu) (biologic)
SISTEM REWARD MESOLIMBIK
Jaras dopaminergik (Dopaminergic pathway)-ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens (NAc). Pusat pemuasan dorongan instink- agresifitas - seksualitas - dorongan makan-minum - dan sebagainya.
FUNGSI PENGENDALI (NALAR)(biologic & environmental)
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
*Reality thinking abilityreality judgmentfungsi akal (executive: antisipasi-planning-prediksi-kordinasi)
**Abstract judgment abilityabstract judgmentfungsi budi (moral-mulia hina-baik jahat-indah buruk-enak tidak enak)
*+ ** Penalaran & ImajinasiFUNGSI PENUNJANG-PENGHAMBAT PERASAAN
(emosi)
Limbic system
Amygdala and Hippocampus
AmygdalaFundamental for instant self preservation. -fear and anxiety stage of alertness flight or fight.
HippocampusMemory phenomenalong-term memory -compare the conditions of a present threat with similar past experiences, thus enabling it to choose the best option, in order to guarantee survival.
MANIFESTASI NORMAL/ABNORMALITAS (Maslow)
Theodore R. Bundy
MASLOW DEFINITION OF NORMAL BEHAVIOR
1. Ability to adapt to external environment, but still able to cling to unique identity of the self.
2. Inner happiness or sadness based on reality
3. Logical and realistic
4. Able to function in a social setting
5. Tolerance but still belief in one unique belief or faith
6. Able to honour one self but still able to honour others
7. Bring happiness to others, but still able to refuse others
8. Ability to manifest inclination in proportional which result in adaptation
Standard perilaku dan Universal Behavioral Trait
Area: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Area 1: sangat putih perilaku sangat ideal (dianjurkan oleh nilai-nilai sakral)Area 2: putih perilaku baik (dianjurkan Universal Behavioral Trait)Area 3: abu-abu perilaku dapat ditolerir (relativitas sosial-budaya)Area 4: abu-abu tua perilaku tidak dapat ditolerir (relativitas sosial-budaya)Area 5: hitam perilaku buruk (ditolak Universal Behavioral Trait)Area 6: hitam kelam perilaku sangat buruk (ditolak oleh nilai-nilai sakral)
Zoon politicon Socio-cultural relativityFAILUREPREJUDICE
Mankind are the same everywhere while they are different in everything
BEHAVIORAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
1.Eric Ericson Epigenetic Theory2.The development of logic according to Jean Piaget3.IQ and EQ
Erik Erikson Epigenetic Principle
INTRODUCTION
Living thing------growth & development
Basic concept-----growth-------measure--------absolute value Based on measuring -----development---------assessment---------relative value Based on comparisonGrowth-----physical-----ex.womenhoodDevelopment--------behavior-----a very nice and feminine girlOccurs in stages
EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE
Development occurs in sequential, clearly defined stagesSpecific issue in each stageIssues in each stage must be resolvedDevelopment can proceed smoothly
Successful resolution failed in a particular stageAll subsequent stages reflect that failure
Maladjustment of:
Physical growthCognitive developmentSocial developmentEmotional development
THE END IS THE MIRROR OF BEGINNING
Erik Erikson Stages of Life Cycle
1.Basic Trust versus Mistrust (birth-1 year)
Need for instant satisfaction, TRUE LOVE
Resolved-----Strong Basic trust, believe in others, hopeful attitude, self confidence, trustful personalityUnresolved-------suspicious, can’t control urge
2.Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) learning to walk, feed it self, talk, TOILET TRAININGneed for firm outer control, first discipline, in love----autonomyto much outer control------shameto much punishment, harsh discipline----self doubt
3.Initiative versus Guilt (3-5 years)
initiative arises in relation to tasks for the sake of activityguilt arises on contemplated goalmimic adult worldsibling rivalryresolution through social role identificationI am a boy, she is a girl. I play with a toy gun, she plays with a doll
4.Industry versus Inferiority (6-11 years)
building, creating, accomplishingneed of systematic intruction for fundamentals of technologysense of inadequacy and inferiority if child despairs of tools, skills, and status among peers---socially decisive age---LEADER or FOLLOWERIMPORTANCE OF SKILL DEVELOPING, TOYS, BOOKS etc.
5.Identity versus Role Diffusion (11 years-end of adolescence)
develop ego identity, peer group identity, group loyaltyappearance, hero worship (see M-TV)unresolved-----role confusion---going astray
6.Intimacy versus Isolation (21-40 years )
to love, to work, to nurture others, to be responsible for othersresolved-----intimacy, loyalty, responsible, lovingunresolved---isolation, view that others are dangerous
7.Generativity versus Stagnation (40-65 years)
work for the future generation, productive, creativity, concern and responsibility for others, striving to left some thing good for future generation after death---GENERATIVITY
Unresolved-----self concern, isolated
8.Integrity versus Despair (more than 65 years)
Integrity---sense of satisfaction that life has been productive and worthwhile-----I WILL SLEEP IN PEACE, AND IF THE TIME CAME, I HAVE LEFT SOMETHING USEFUL FOR POSTERITY. THANK’S GOD FOR THIS LIFE
Despair----what have I done in the past---FEARFUL OF DEATH POST POWER SYNDROME
CONCLUSION
1.Growth and development occur in stages2.Each stage has it’s own specific issues which must be resolved3.Unresolved issues in certain stage will hamper the next stages
4.Growth and development failure
JAN PIAGET. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC
Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)Reflect
Object permanenceSchema of permanent object
Symbolization insitu
Preoperational thought stage (2-7 years)Egocentric thinking
Magical thinkingphenomalistic causalityAnimistic thinkingSemiotic function
Symbolization
Concrete operation stage (7-11 years)Operational thoughtSyllogistic reasoningRules and exception
ConservationReversibility
Concept of quantity->measuring
IQFormal operation stage (11 years-end of adolescence)
Hypothetico-deductive thinkingAbstract thinking, deductive reason, define concept,
systematically
IQ + EQ
PLASTISITAS OTAK
SEL NEURON 11 TRILIUN
DENDRIT
AXON
HIDUP KESEHARIAN 20% AKTIF MEMBENTUK JARAS
BERTAMBAH USIA TUA
APOPTOSIS
TIDAK AKTIF KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF BERKURANG
LONG TERM MEMORI UTUH
STRESORAKTIF
DENDRIT BERUBAH JADI AXON
JARAS BARU TERBENTUK
KEMAMPUAN MENTAL TIDAK BERKURANG
BELAJAR HANYA BERHENTI BILA MASUK LUBANG 2 X 2
ALZHEIMERNEUROFIBRILARY TANGLE
JARAS BARU TIDAK TERBENTUK