perth, australia

18th GeneralAssembly

PROCEEDINGS

18th Session of the General Assembly ofIUCN - The World Conservation UnionPerth, Australia28 November-5 December 1990

These Proceedings have been assembled by Hugh Synge, Chief Rapporteurto the General Assembly. Rapportage of individual sessions was providedby Steve Davis, Patrick Dugan, Lothar Gundling, Mark Halle, VernonHeywood, Aban Kabraji, Rob Malpas, Jeff McNeely, Cameron Sanders, JeffSayer, Simoii Stuart and Jim Thorsell, of the IUCN staff. Rapportage of the12 workshops was organized and coordinated by George Greene. HughSynge thanks them all for their painstaking work and also thanksDr Martin Holdgate, Delmar Blasco, Sheila Millar, Nicky Powell, EstelleViguet, Morag White and in particular Fiona Hanson for their continualcourtesy and help.

The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designationsemployed do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the partof IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, orconcerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries.

ISBN 2-8317-0066-3

IUCN - The World Conservation Union1196 Gland, Switzerland

Cover design by Reflet - Artwork for Business

PROCEEDINGS

18th Session of the General Assembly of

IUCN - The World Conservation UnionPerth, Australia28 November-5 December 1990

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

1991

Foreword

The General Assembly of IUCN is the principalforum in which delegates from all member organ-izations decide the policy of the World Conserva-tion Union. As such, it is a unique parliament forthe world conservation movement. It allowsgovernments, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations to debate the actionsthat should be taken to solve the world's grave andgrowing environmental problems. And becauseindividual members of IUCN Commissions andrepresentatives of partner international organiza-tions and non-member bodies are all free toparticipate as observers, the breadth of vision andexpertise in the Assembly is extremely wide,lending authority to its conclusions.

Since the inaugural meeting at Fontainebleau,France, in 1948, the General Assembly has met inBrussels, Belgium (1950); Caracas, Venezuela(1952); Copenhagen, Denmark (1954); Edinburgh,Scotland, United Kingdom (1956); Athens, Greece(1958); Warsaw, Poland (1960); Nairobi, Kenya(1963); Lucerne, Switzerland (1966); New Delhi,India (1969); Banff, Canada (1972); Kinshasa, Zaire(1975); Ashkhabad, USSR, (1978); Christchurch,New Zealand (1981); Madrid, Spain (1984) and SanJosé, Costa Rica (1988). It met in extraordinarysession in Geneva, Switzerland, in April 1977.

The 18th Session of the General Assembly washeld from 28 November to 5 December in Perth,Australia, at the kind invitation of the Common-wealth Government of Australia and the StateGovernment of Western Australia. The theme ofthe Assembly was "Conservation in a ChangingWorld". It was attended by 1156 participants from104 countries.

As these Proceedings indicate, the 18th Sessionof the General Assembly was particularly import-ant. It reviewed and redefined the Mission of IUCNas the World Conservation Union, emphasizingthat this must be the conservation of nature, for itsown sake and as the essential foundation of humanlife. It stressed that where nature was used by thehuman community, this must be done in a waythat was ecologically sound, ethically responsible,

and sustainable. It adopted a strategy for the workof the Union as a whole, linking the activities of thevoluntary networks of the six Commissions withthose of the permanent Secretariat. It endorsed apolicy of decentralization for the Secretariat, build-ing closer links with the members in countriesaround the world and ensuring that theprogramme of the Union met their needs,especially in conserving their natural environmentsand their resources, and using them sustainably. Itemphasized that in a world where the conservationmessage was becoming increasingly blurred andconfused, the central team in IUCN should beactive advocates for the collective vision of theUnion's membership. Through workshops, techni-cal discussions and plenary debates, a detailedprogramme of action was developed and endorsed.Over 75 resolutions and recommendations ontopics of global or national importance wereadopted.

These Proceedings—available, like all the docu-mentation of the General Assembly, in the threeofficial languages, English, French and Span-ish—are the first of its tangible products. But thereis much more to come. Virtually all the 12workshops held on 30 November and 1 Decemberwill produce books, programmes, strategies orother tangible outputs. The Secretariat will bepublishing a revised statement of the Union'smission and strategy, and will also make availablethe Triennial Programme as it emerged from Perth.

These formal products are not all. A GeneralAssembly is, first and foremost, a forum for humancontact. Although there was far from unanimity ofview among those who met in Perth, all delegateswent away with new insights, new contacts and,I hope, a new sense of community and purpose.Certainly, all will have taken away a new under-standing of Australia and its environment, soclearly and at times so passionately presented to usby our generous Australian hosts.

Martin W. HoldgateDirector General

A Note of Thanks to the Host Country

The 18th Session of the General Assembly in Perthwas a memorable occasion. It was the best-attendedsession IUCN has ever held. It was highly produc-tive, in terms of the volume of work done, theexcellence of the workshops and special meetingsheld, and the spirit of unity and commitment thatcharacterized the debates. The World ConservationUnion left Perth with a clear mission, a vivid senseof purpose, unprecedented unity among itsmembers, and a demanding programme for thefuture.

None of this would have been possible withoutthe superb organization which characterized thewhole event. Perth provided a magnificent settingfor the General Assembly, both at the BurswoodConvention Centre and on the campus of theUniversity of Western Australia. The Host Countrywas generous in its financial support for the

meeting, and outstandingly efficient in the organ-ization that it provided.

The Union was greatly honoured by thepresence at the Opening Ceremony of the PrimeMinister, The Hon. R.J.L. Hawke AC, MP, thePremier of Western Australia, The Hon. Dr CarmenLawrence MLA, the Commonwealth Minister forthe Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism andTerritories, The Hon. Ros Kelly MP, and theMinister for the Environment in Western Australia,The Hon. Bob Pearce MLA. To them, to theirGovernments, and to the people of Australia whoreceived us so warmly, we record our heartfeltthanks.

M.S. Swaminathan, President, 1984-1990Shridath Ramphal, President, 1990-Martin Holdgate, Director General

Contents

Foreword 1

A Note of Thanks to the Host Country 3

Acknowledgements 7

Minutes of the 18th Session of the General Assembly 9

Decision 549: Amendments of 2 and 5 December 1990 to the IUCN Statutes of 49

5 October 1948 (as last amended on 4 October 1978)

Presentation on Conservation Policy and Practice in Australia* 53

Meeting on the IUCN Programme 1991-1993* 55

Reports from the Workshops 59Reports on Discussions with the Commission Chairs on the Composition and 85Activities of the Commissions in the Forthcoming Triennium

Annexes

1. Agenda adopted by the 18th Session of the General Assembly 91

2. List of Agenda Papers 94

3. Opening Address by the President of the World Conservation Union, 97Dr M.S. Swaminathan FRS

4. Opening Address by the Premier of Western Australia, 101The Hon. Dr Carmen Lawrence MLA

5. Opening Address by the International President of WWF - World Wide 103Fund for Nature, HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

6. Opening Address by the Prime Minister of Australia, 105The Hon. R.J.L. Hawke AC, MP

7. Statement on behalf of the Executive Director of the United Nations 108Environment Programme (UNEP), Dr Mostafa K. Tolba, by Mr WilliamMansfield

8. Message on behalf of the Director-General of the United Nations 111Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Dr FedericoMayor, by Dr Jane Robertson Vernhes, Division of Ecological Sciences

9. Message on behalf of the Director-General of the Food and Agriculture 113Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Mr Edouard Saouma, byMr Gil Child, Senior Forestry Officer

10. Greetings from Heads of State and International Organizations 116

These two events form the 18th Technical Meeting of IUCN*

11. Keynote Address: Conservation in a Changing World, by Professor 118Ralph O. Slatyer, Chief Scientist, Department of the Prime Ministerand Cabinet, Canberra, Australia

12. Keynote Address: Conservation Issues in Western Australia, by The 125Hon. Dr Carmen Lawrence MLA, Premier of Western Australia

13. Report by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate, on the Work 127of IUCN in 1988-1990

14. Review of IUCN's Programme 1988-1990, by Mr Anil Agarwal 130and Mr Adrian Phillips

15. Remarks by Mr Carl Tham, Director General of the Swedish 150International Development Authority (SIDA), on the IUCN Programme

16. Remarks by the Treasurer, Mr R.C. Steele, on introducing the Accounts 152and Auditors' Reports for 1987-1989

17. Report of the Finance and Audit Committee 154

18. Progress Report by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate, on the 156New Headquarters for IUCN

19. Remarks by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate, on the Mission, 158Objectives, Approach, Governance and Strategy of IUCN

20. Mandates for the IUCN Commissions 1991-1993 162

21. Statement by Mr Ken Piddington, Director, Environment Department, 179World Bank, on IUCN Collaboration in World Bank Programmes

22. Report of the Programme Committee 181

23. Speech by Sir Shridath Ramphal on accepting the Presidency of 184the World Conservation Union

24. Presentations on behalf of Indigenous Peoples 186

25. Presentations at the Session on the UN Conference on Environment 192and Development

26. Remarks by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate, on IUCN's 198Contribution to the Work of the UN Conference on Environment andDevelopment

27. Citations for the Conferral of Honorary Membership of the World 200Conservation Union

28. Citation for the Award of the John C. Phillips Memorial Medal for 202Distinguished Service in International Conservation to ProfessorMohamed Kassas

29. Citations for the Peter Scott Awards for Conservation Merit by 203the Species Survival Commission

30. Citations for the Fred M. Packard International Parks Valour and 205Merit Awards by the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas

31. Citations for the Tree of Learning Awards by the Commission on 207Education and Communication

32. Presidential Address by the President Elect of the World 209Conservation Union, Sir Shridath Ramphal

33. Closing Address by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate 213

34. Farewell Address by the President of the World Conservation Union, 215Dr M.S. Swaminathan FRS

List of Participants 219

List of Staff 265

Acknowledgements

IUCN wishes to express its grateful appreciation tothe following institutions which supported theparticipation of delegates from developingcountries:

American Committee for International Conser-vation

Australian Department of the Arts, Sport, theEnvironment, Tourism and Territories

Australian Department of Foreign Affairs andTrade

Australian Department of Primary Industriesand Energy

Australian International Development Assis-tance Bureau (AIDAB)

Canadian International Development Agency(CIDA)

Danish International Development Agency(DANIDA)

Departement federal des affaires etrangeres,Switzerland

Finnish International Development Agency(FINNIDA)

German Foundation for International Develop-ment

High Commission of the Netherlands, Pakistan

International Tropical Timber Organization(ITTO)

Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, France

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands

Overseas Development Administration (ODA),United Kingdom

Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway

Service de la Recherche, des Etudes et duTraitement de l'Information sur l'Environne-ment, Ministere de l'Environnement, France

Swedish International Development Authority(SIDA)

Swedish Society for Conservation of Nature(SNF)

The Ford Foundation, India

Tinker Foundation

United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), Pakistan

United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

United States Agency for International Develop-ment (USAID)

World Wide Fund for Nature - International

World Wildlife Fund and Conservation Founda-tion, United States

The Union thanks DANIDA, ITTO, Ministere del'Environnement (France), the Tinker Foundationand USAID also for their support of the workshopsheld at the General Assembly.

The Union also wishes to express its thanks to thefollowing organizations for their support:

Chicago Zoological Society

Commission of the European Communities

United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization (UNESCO)

World Resources Institute

7

The National Organising Committee expresses itsgratitude for the support provided by the followingorganizations:

Sponsors

Sigma Data

Qantas Airlines

Telecom Australia

Ashton Tate

Jaymac

Suppliers

Alpha Media Sales P/L

Airport Publications (WA) P/L

Air Programs International

Ansett Air Freight

Ansett Australia

Arts Workshop

Ashley Newick

Australian Associated Press

Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Australian Construction Services

Australia Post

Australian Protective Service

Budget Rent A Car

Burswood Resort Casino

Canberra Laminated

Canon

Comcar

Computer Pals Across The World

Economy Rent-A-Plants

Exhibition By Design P/L

Feature Tours

Film Australia

Furniture Hire and Sales Australia

Motorola Communications

Netcomm (Aust.) P/L

Paul Gadenne Enterprises P/L

Philips Components P/L

Protea Place - Maggie Edmonds

Rank Xerox (Australia) P/L Copy ServiceDivision

Reeces Hire

Sheraton Perth Hotel

Stott and Hoare

Tour Hosts P/L

Transcontinental Coachlines

University of Western Australia

Wayne Stubbs

West Ocean Marketing

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY8

Opening Ceremony (89th Sitting)

Delegates to the General Assembly were greeted by songs sung by thechildren of the Nedlands Primary School and welcomed by the Minister forthe Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories, The Hon. RosKelly MP. After the Australian National Anthem and the showing of ashort film about the work of IUCN, addresses were given by:

The President of the World Conservation Union, Dr M.S.Swaminathan FRS (Annex 3)

The Premier of Western Australia, The Hon. Dr Carmen LawrenceMLA (Annex 4)

The International President of WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature,HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (Annex 5)

The Prime Minister of Australia, The Hon. R.J.L. Hawke AC, MP(Annex 6)

The Deputy Executive Director of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP), Mr William Mansfield, read a statement on behalf ofDr Mostafa K. Tolba, the Executive Director of UNEP (Annex 7).

Call to Order and Introduction to the Work of the GeneralAssembly (90:1)*

The President, Dr Swaminathan, called the General Assembly to order at11.30 hours. Ms Pam Eiser, IUCN Regional Councillor and Chair of theGeneral Assembly Steering Committee, explained the arrangements and theproposed rules of procedure.

Adoption of the Agenda (90:2)

Agenda Paper GA/18/90/1

Decision 530 The Agenda for the General Assembly was adopted as outlined in Annex 1.

Minutes of the 18th Session ofthe General Assembly

* Sitting and Agenda numbers are hereafter given in parenthesesthroughout. The Sitting Number is before the colon; the AgendaNumber is after it.

9

Adoption of the Rules of Procedure (90:3)

Decision 531 The Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly were adopted.

Appointment of General Assembly Committees (90:4)

Decision 532 The following Committees were proposed by the President and appointedby the General Assembly. Delegates listed below were invited to serve onthe Committees.

a) Credentials Committee

Ms JoAnne DiSano (Chair) (Australia)Dr Nelson Andrade (Venezuela)Dr Ranjen Fernando (Sri Lanka)Mr Alain Gille (France)Hon. Thenjiwe Lesabe (Zimbabwe)Professor Velimir Pravdic (Yugoslavia)Ms Julia Tucker (Committee Secretary, IUCN)

b) Resolutions Committee

Dr Don McMichael (Chair) (Australia)Dr Pius Amaeze Anadu (Nigeria)Mr Ken Brynaert (Canada)Dr Wolfgang E. Burhenne (Germany)Dr Parvez Hassan (Pakistan)Mr Michael McCloskey (USA)Professor Norma Crud Maciel (Brazil)Dr Cosme Morillo (Spain)Ms Isabelle Paillet (France)Dr Duncan Poore (UK)Ms Enik6 Szalay-Marzso (Hungary)Dr Mark Collins (Committee Secretary, IUCN)

c) Finance and Audit Committee

Syed Babar Ali (Chair) (Pakistan)Dr Martin Edwards (Canada)Mr Henry Nsanjama (Malawi)Dr Juan Sevilla (Ecuador)Mr Samar Singh (India)Mr Jorgen Wenderoth (Germany)Ms Heather Morgans (Committee Secretary, IUCN)

d) Programme Committee

Dr Walter Lusigi (Chair) (Kenya)Dr Eric Edroma (Uganda)Dr Elsa Escobar (Colombia)

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Dr Vladimir Flint (USSR)Dr Jay Hair (USA)Dr Ashok Khosla (India)Dr Reuben Olembo (Kenya)Mr Adrian Phillips (UK)Professor Wang Sung (China)Dr Danny Elder (IUCN)Mr Jeffrey McNeely (Committee Secretary, IUCN)

Messages from Cooperating Organizations (90:5)

Dr Swaminathan reported that messages of goodwill had been receivedfrom UNESCO and FAO (Annexes 8 and 9 respectively; there are greetingsfrom the President of Costa Rica and from two additional internationalorganizations in Annex 10.)

Decision 533

Membership Admissions and Welcoming of New Members(90:6, 91, 94)


Dr Swaminathan welcomed the delegates of Honduras, Mali, Monaco,Nicaragua, Portugal and the United States of America, which had joined asState members during the triennium. Later, he was pleased to announcethat Burkina Faso and Guatemala had joined as State members during theAssembly, bringing the total of State members to 65.

The Director General, Dr Martin W. Holdgate, introduced his report onmembership. During the triennium IUCN had gained 141 new membersbut had sadly lost 64 members by withdrawal and suspension. Overall,dating from 1978, 84 members had been suspended and a further 37 wereliable for suspension, in both cases due to non-payment of dues. He askedthe General Assembly to consider the serious problem arising from theinability of many members, particularly in developing countries, to paydues in Swiss francs. This hampered the expansion of the membership inregions where the Union most needed to strengthen its presence and tohelp the establishment of environmental institutions. He suggested thatwhere IUCN ran externally funded projects, members might be permittedto pay locally, in national currency, the Union then retaining the Swissfranc equivalent from project funds. Another option would be to securesponsors who would pay members' dues.

The Assembly authorized the Director General to pursue these and othersolutions to the problem of the non-payment of dues.

Dr Holdgate reported that some members had objected to the admissionto membership by the Council of two organizations, the ForestryCommission of Tasmania and the Fur Institute of Canada. Since these

Minutes 11

objections were sustained, the issue would be decided by the GeneralAssembly. A paper had been circulated to delegates (Addendum 1 toGA/18/90/2).*

The Wilderness Society (Australia), the Australian ConservationFoundation, the Asociacion Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza(ANCON, Panama) and Greenpeace International then explained theirreasons for objecting to the admission of the Forestry Commission ofTasmania. These were on the grounds that the practices of the Commissionwere deeply damaging to the forests of Tasmania and that logging by theCommission was not sustainable. In reply the Commission stated theircommitment to conservation, outlined their legal requirement to conserveflora and fauna, and summarized the status of forest protected areas inTasmania. It was agreed to accept their suggestion to have a workinggroup open to all participants to discuss the matter further. Dr DuncanPoore was appointed as Chair.

After the group had met, Dr Poore reported that there had been a frankexchange of views, but that major differences of opinion remained on thefuture policies of the Forestry Commission of Tasmania and on theinterpretation of the IUCN mandate in this regard. Accordingly a vote wasinevitable.

The Australian Conservation Foundation and the Wilderness Society(Australia) explained their objections to the admission of the Fur Instituteof Canada, on the basis that they—the two objecting organizations—opposethe commercial utilization of wildlife. Defenders of Wildlife (USA) alsoobjected, claiming that the primary purpose of the Fur Institute of Canadawas to promote the exploitation of fur-bearing animals. The Instituteargued that it was supported by indigenous peoples' trapping organiza-tions, that animal populations were well managed and that in 300 years oftrapping no species had become endangered. The International Associationof Fish and Wildlife Agencies (USA) supported the admission of the FurInstitute, as did Ducks Unlimited Canada and, in a later sitting, theCanadian State member delegation.

The Director General reminded delegates that the World ConservationStrategy supported the sustainable utilization of wildlife provided that thisdid not endanger the species, or populations of the species, nor damage theecosystem. He suggested the General Assembly had to resolve the issue ofprinciple before addressing the admission of the Institute. The wholequestion of sustainable use of wildlife would be considered in a workshop(reported on pages 72-73). However, discussions in the workshop andinformally did not lead to withdrawal of the objections, and so a vote wascalled. Written ballots were held on both contested admissions.

Decision 534 In the 97th Sitting, the Election Officer, Mr Richard Steele, announced that

* The actions described in this section of the proceedings were spreadover several days but are all reported here for clarity.


Decision 535

neither the Tasmanian Forestry Commission nor the Fur Institute ofCanada had achieved the two-thirds majority of votes in both Category A(States and Government Agencies) and Category B (Non-governmentalorganizations) that, under Article II of the Statutes, were required for themto be admitted as members.

Dr Swaminathan opened discussion on the suspension of the rights ofmembers for non-payment of dues (Addendum 2 to GA/18/90/2).

It was agreed with regret that the 37 members which had arrears of twoyears or more (as listed in the paper) would have their remaining rightssuspended after 31 March 1991 if they had not paid their outstanding duesby then or if the Director General had not been able to secure a sponsor oran offsetting contribution from project funds.

Special Presentations (91:1, 91:2)

A keynote address, Conservation in a Changing World, was delivered byProfessor Ralph O. Slatyer AO, FRS, Chief Scientist at the Department ofthe Prime Minister and Cabinet of Australia (Annex 11).

An audio-visual presentation was made on nature and conservation inWestern Australia and was followed by an address on conservation issuesin the State by The Hon. Dr Carmen Lawrence MLA, Premier of WesternAustralia (Annex 12).

Reports of the Credentials Committee (91:3, 94:1, 96)

The Chair, Ms JoAnne DiSano, presented three reports. In each, she statedthat all credentials received had been reviewed. Most were in order but bythe end of the Assembly 21 had still not been accepted, due to lack of anofficial seal or letter, or to arrears of dues.

The final calculation of potential votes, presented in the third report,was as follows:

Category A (governmental) members:

Category B (non-governmental) members:

144 votes (of the totalpossible 189 votes)

2% votes (of the totalpossible 502 votes)

It was thus evident that in both categories the quorum (50 per cent of thetotal possible vote) was reached.

Of the Category B votes, 52 related to 26 international NGOs, as each ofthem is allocated two votes.

Under the Statutes, the votes of non-governmental organizations fromany one country may not exceed 10 per cent of the total possiblenon-governmental vote. Accordingly, the vote for each of the 61 United

Minutes 13

States non-governmental members was adjusted to 0.82. The Committeeapproved the credentials presented by 39 NGOs from the United States, sogiving them 32 votes in all. This resulted in a corrected Category B vote of289 in total.

The Director General's Report on the Work of IUCN sincethe 17th General Assembly (Costa Rica, February 1988) (91:4)

Agenda Papers GA/18/90/3, GA/18/90/4

The Director General introduced and reviewed the highlights of theTriennial Report 1988-1990. His short review is presented as Annex 13.(The paper on the follow-up to the resolutions of the 17th GeneralAssembly was also considered at this time.)

Mr Adrian Phillips presented the critical review of IUCN's achieve-ments in the triennium, prepared by Mr Anil Agarwal and himself(General Assembly Information Paper No. 2, reprinted here as Annex 14).In discussion, delegates expressed concern that the paper had only beencirculated to them two days beforehand, making it very difficult toincorporate the conclusions into resolutions and other documents submit-ted to them for approval. They asked that this be redressed next time.Dr Holdgate confirmed that since the General Assembly papers had to becirculated well in advance, it had not been possible to take the review intoaccount in preparing the draft Programme document now before theAssembly.

At the invitation of the President, Mr Carl Tham, Director General of theSwedish International Development Authority (SIDA), commented on theIUCN Programme from the perspective of an aid agency and outlined theconclusions of a study commissioned by SIDA on the structure andorganization of IUCN (Annex 15). Dr Swaminathan recorded IUCN's warmthanks to SIDA, who were one of the largest single contributors to IUCN'swork, to applause from the Assembly.

Many delegates complimented the Director General on the improve-ments in the structure, management and work of IUCN since the lastGeneral Assembly, but one member believed that IUCN had notmaintained the same vigour of leadership in nature conservation as it hadin the past. The following points were made in discussion:

• the Union should have a clear focus and should develop a reasonabledefinition of the outer limits of its activities;

• a continuous system of peer review was needed, in addition to themuch valued critical reviews each triennium;

• the decentralization of IUCN was welcomed and more Regional andCountry offices should be established, especially in Latin America;


Decision 536

• communication with the members should be improved, in ways thatmeet the needs of users and give more information but on less paper!Output in Spanish was most important, as a key to developing IUCN'swork in Latin America. Regional newsletters would be especiallyappreciated;

• work on environmental law was especially important at present and theEnvironmental Law Centre was a unique resource that was muchappreciated;

• the Union should do more to promote membership and to informgovernments about its work. A new brochure was badly needed.

The General Assembly approved the Director General's report byacclamation and expressed their gratitude to him and to the staff for thework they had done.

Highlights of the achievements of the IUCN Commissions(92:1)

Introducing this item, the President drew attention to the published reportsof the Commission Chairs that form Part II of the Triennial Report1988-1990.

Dr George Rabb, Chair of the Species Survival Commission (SSC),introduced his report. He, and the President, thanked especially theGovernment of Oman for their generous gift of US$ 1,000,000 to The PeterScott Memorial Appeal, to be used to support the work of the Commission.The Zaire State member delegation thanked IUCN, and in particular SSCfor their help in saving the northern white rhino in Garamba, and theDirector General for visiting the Park and encouraging the project there.

WWF-Switzerland expressed concern about the relative role of ex situ asopposed to in situ conservation in the work of the Commission, and wascritical of the proposed removal of some Javan rhinos from the wild for acaptive breeding programme. Dr Rabb replied that a meeting involving allconcerned parries, including WWF, would take place in 1991 to discussoptions for the conservation of Asian rhinos.

Mr Harold Eidsvik, Chair of the Commission on National Parks andProtected Areas, introduced his report and drew attention to theforthcoming IV World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas(Caracas, Venezuela, February 1992) for which the Commission had leadorganizational responsibility. He emphasized that this was not just aCommission event, but a major gathering that would involve all of IUCN.

Dr Swaminathan drew attention to the Commission's report ThreatenedProtected Areas of the World and suggested that a task force could be set upto draw attention to this critical problem.

Dr José Furtado, Chair of the Commission on Ecology, introduced his

Minutes 15

report. A delegate felt that the Commission had been playing a diminishingpart in the work of the Union for the last decade, despite heroic efforts bythe Chair, and argued that this be reversed.

Dr Wolfgang Burhenne, Chair of the Commission on EnvironmentalPolicy, Law and Administration, introduced his report and mentioned anupdate to it (for the period March 1990 to November 1990) that had beencirculated to delegates. In reply to a question, Dr Burhenne said that theCommission now had funds to help ASEAN countries develop nationallegislation to implement the ASEAN Convention.

Professor Peter Jacobs, Chair of the Commission on SustainableDevelopment, introduced his report.

Mr M.A. Partha Sarathy, Chair of the Commission on Education andTraining, introduced his report.

The following general points were made in the discussion:

• there should be more cross-sectoral work involving several Commis-sions. In reply, Dr Swaminathan and Professor Jacobs gave someexamples, including the Inter-Commission Task Force that had laid thefoundations for the IUCN Sahel Programme. Dr Holdgate mentionednew proposals in the paper on the structure and mandates of the IUCNCommissions (GA/18/90/10) and the numerous informal links betweenCommission members;

• the Commissions should be more involved in the regional work ofIUCN (it was noted that some Commissions were organized on aregional basis);

• there should be better communications between the Commissions andIUCN members, and Commission newsletters should be circulated tomembers. Several Chairs replied that they would be happy to circulatenewsletters to IUCN members who requested them, but that it would bewasteful to send all newsletters to all members automatically;

• the Commission Chairs should respond to the comments made on theCommissions in the critical review, in particular the comments aboutwhere the work of the Commissions had been least effective.

The Pakistan State member delegation suggested that the work of theCommission on Ecology, the Commission on Education and Training andthe Commission on Sustainable Development needed to be strengthened inPakistan.

Accounts and Auditors' Reports for 1987-1989 (92:2)


The Treasurer, Mr Richard Steele, introduced the report on the finances ofIUCN 1988-1990, which he and the Director General had prepared. A


Decision 537

deficit of SFr 1.8 million on unrestricted funds at the beginning of thetriennium had been turned into a position where income and expenditurewere now in balance, the unrestricted reserve funds stood at nearly SFr 2million, financial procedures were now adequate, and Council had agreedto a repayment schedule that would eliminate the internal debt by 19%.His remarks are given as Annex 16.

The Chair of the Finance and Audit Committee, Syed Babar AH,welcomed the great improvement in the finances, accounting andmanagement of IUCN. He reported that the Committee was in favour ofthe General Assembly electing the Treasurer (a change to the Statutesaccepted later, see page 26) and on behalf of the IUCN Council proposedthe candidature of Mr Don Person as the next Treasurer. The full report ofthe Committee is attached as Annex 17.

In reply to a question on how the unpaid dues were estimated in theaccounts, Mr Michael Cockerell, Assistant Director General, Management,explained that accruals accounting was used but only for membershipdues; all other income was accounted for on a cash basis, i.e. as it wasreceived.

Following a recommendation by the Finance and Audit Committee, theGeneral Assembly approved the Financial Report 1988-1990, whichincluded the accounts and auditors' reports for 1987-1989, and recorded itsspecial appreciation to Mr Steele and Mr Cockerell.

New Headquarters for IUCN (92:3)

Dr Holdgate reported on progress in constructing a new Headquartersbuilding for IUCN, in Gland, Switzerland (Annex 18). Thanks to mostgenerous support from the Swiss Confederation, the Canton of Vaud andthe Commune of Gland, a site and SFr 17.5 million had been madeavailable for the Union and construction of the building would start in1991, for occupation before the end of 1992.

He and the President appealed to members, especially State members, toconsider financing the fitting out and furnishing of parts of the building, insuch a way that their names could be associated with particular featuresand that national traditions of craftsmanship might be reflected. Donationsof paintings and works of art would be particularly welcome.

The Swedish State member delegation announced that Sweden woulddonate 1 million Swedish Crowns to the furnishing of the new building. Ina later sitting, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (Jordan)announced that it would donate a range of traditional Jordanianhandicrafts, the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation andDevelopment (Saudi Arabia) that it would donate funds towards furnish-ing the building, the French State member delegation that France wouldlike to help with the library and Archives, and the US Fish and Wildlife

Minutes 17

Service that it would provide furnishing for the Ramsar ConventionSecretariat, which shares offices with IUCN. State member delegations forthe Netherlands, Denmark and Finland said that their Governments hopedto make donations. These generous offers were accepted with gratitude bythe Director General and applauded loudly by the Assembly.

In concluding, to applause by the delegates, the President thanked theSwiss authorities most warmly and noted in particular the Union'sgratitude to Professor Pierre Goeldlin, the representative of the SwissConfederation and of the Canton of Vaud on the IUCN Council. He alsothanked the President of WWF-International for WWF's agreement to paySFr 1.75 million in consideration of IUCN's vacating the World Conser-vation Centre.

The Mission, Objectives and Approach; Governance; andStrategy for the World Conservation Union in the 1990s (92:4,continued in 93; 97:3a; 97:3b)

Agenda Papers GA/18/90/6, GA/18/90/7, GA/18/90/8, GA/18/90/9

The Director General introduced the Agenda Papers on these topics. Hisremarks are attached as Annex 19.

In a lengthy debate in which many members participated, the followingbroad points were made:

• the statement on IUCN's Mission was critically important. Somemembers emphasized that the Mission should refer to conserving naturefor its own sake, not just for its value to humankind; they sawsustainable development as one of IUCN's Objectives, not as part of itsMission Statement. Others stressed the importance of not excludingsustainable development from IUCN's Mission Statement, arguing thatnot only was conservation near-impossible in developing countrieswithout considering sustainable development at the same time, but thatthe omission would be an affront to human dignity in poverty-strickencountries;

• the proposed slogan—"To build harmony between humanity andnature"—would be inappropriate to followers of Islam, who believedhumanity was part of nature. "Harmony within nature" was suggestedas a shorter and better version;

• IUCN's Objectives, especially its proposed "World Objectives for2000 AD" (GA/18/90/9, para 5), could be stated in a more challengingand visionary way;

• IUCN should take serious note of the results of the critical review, byAnil Agarwal and Adrian Phillips, and these results should beincorporated into the four Agenda Papers; the India State member


delegation suggested that a specific mechanism was needed by whichthe conclusions of the Review were endorsed and incorporated in draftresolutions;

• many delegates believed that IUCN should pay more attention to theneeds of developing countries, especially those who have benefited lessthan others from IUCN's work; others argued that IUCN should notneglect the developed countries, where IUCN should provide politicalleadership on major issues;

• the policy of regionalization should be pressed forward, and aided by avoluntary fund, in part as a way of increasing the involvement ofmembers in the work of IUCN. Where possible, the Secretariat shouldencourage the members to do the conservation work, rather than try todo it themselves;

• IUCN should work in harmony with all its members. Where it isinvolved in activities in a country, it should do so in a way thatsupports and enhances the work of all its members there. Consultationshould always be the first step and IUCN should ensure that its policyof freedom of information should not be compromised. Regional Officesshould work in partnership with both the NGOs and governments intheir region;

• the policies of IUCN should be implemented on the ground, withpractical field action. The Ethiopia State member delegation, forexample, believed that IUCN's mandate should be broadened to coverthe implementation of conservation strategies on the ground, and toinclude playing a catalytic role in mobilizing the funds required;

• as advocate for world conservation, IUCN should work to avoid overlapand duplication between different forums on world policy. A goodexample of where it had done so was on the proposed BiodiversityConvention, in which UNEP, and now governments, had taken up adraft series of Articles prepared by IUCN;

• IUCN must recognize the special role of indigenous peoples asguardians of natural areas and include them in its activities;

• IUCN should be better at monitoring how far it is achieving theobjectives set by the General Assembly.

Two NGO members said that IUCN should place less emphasis onproviding technical and scientific services, and concern itself more withpolitical leadership, taking up strong positions of advocacy for theenvironment. Another suggested that IUCN should pay more attention tocontacting politicians, perhaps by forming an extra Commission on politicaland public action, to be served by roving Ambassadors who could buildcontacts with political and business leaders.

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Some French-speaking delegates expressed concern over the Frenchversion of IUCN's short title, "L'Alliance mondiale pour la Nature", whichhad different implications to the phrase "World Conservation Union". Itwas agreed that these delegations should consult and advise on the bestform of words (subsequently adopted as "Union mondiale pour laNature").

The Comisi6n Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Presidencia de laRepublica (Guatemala) asked the General Assembly to take a stand overevents in the Gulf and the possibility of war, which would have adevastating effect on the environment.

The conclusions of the General Assembly on these matters are set out inResolutions 18.1 to 18.3.

Structure and Mandate of the IUCN Commissions 1991-93(93:1, 94:2)


In opening the discussion of this item, Dr Swaminathan stressed the greatimportance of the Commissions to IUCN's work. It was proposed that thesix existing Commissions should continue, though with changes of nameand mandate in some cases. Two Inter-Commission Standing Comitteeswere proposed—on conservation of biological diversity, and on theenvironmental implications of global change—with Advisory Committeeson population and resources, and on the role of women in natural resourcemanagement.

Decision 538 Species Survival Commission (SSC). The General Assembly approved themandate of this Commission, accepting the addition of a new Article toensure that recommendations of Specialist Groups are reviewed byspecialists and agencies involved before they are presented to governmentsand other agencies for implementation.

Decision 539 Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA). TheGeneral Assembly approved the mandate of this Commission, followingthe Commission's advice not to change its name by replacing the phrase"Protected Areas" with "Conservation Areas" (as had been proposed in theAgenda Paper). Approved amendments in the mandate included theimportant change in its objectives from promoting the consolidation of theworld's protected area system to promoting its extension. One delegatedisagreed with a remark by the CNPPA Chair that "by protecting habitatswe can protect species"; he made the point that protected areas on theirown did not necessarily save species, referring to predictions that manyvertebrates would become extinct within protected areas due to genetic anddemographic factors.


Decision 540 Commission on Environmental Law (CEL). The General Assemblyapproved the mandate of this Commission, accepting the proposed changein its name from Commission on Environmental Policy, Law andAdministration. It was suggested that the Commission should initiateaction in customary law, should continue its activities in the field ofinternational law, while, however, strengthening its capacity to advise andassist with national legislation issues, and should, to the maximum extentpossible, establish links with the rapidly increasing number of individualsand institutions active in environmental law worldwide.

In the 97th Session, the General Assembly approved a subsequentchange in the new mandate. The change, proposed by the newly electedChair, Dr Parvez Hassan, is that the Chair may nominate, subject toCouncil approval, up to six (as opposed to four) Vice-Chairs.

Decision 541 Commission on Ecology (COE). The General Assembly approved themandate of this Commission, accepting minor amendments that had beenproposed. Concern was expressed that this Commission did not have asufficient representation of ecologists from developing countries.

Decision 542 Commission on Environmental Strategy and Planning (CESP). TheGeneral Assembly approved the mandate for this Commission, changing itsname, which was previously Commission on Sustainable Development. Asuggestion that the word "Strategy" in the name be replaced by "Policy"was not taken up; it was felt that every Commission should work onpolicy, but accepted that policy would be a particularly important elementin the work of CESP.

Decision 543 Commission on Education and Communication (CEC). The GeneralAssembly approved the mandate of this Commission, changing its namefrom Commission on Education and Training.

The approved mandates are given in full in Annex 20.

General points made in the debate included:

• the great need for the Commissions to have more members fromdeveloping countries (the Director General agreed, noting that Commis-sions should be worldwide networks of experts);

• the need for a mechanism to evaluate the performance of the Commis-sions; one delegate suggested an independent evaluation team reportingto Council. It was subsequently agreed (Resolution 18.4) that the workof all Commissions should be subject to mid-term reviews;

• the need for better links between the Commissions and the IUCNProgramme, especially the work of the Regional Offices; for bettercommunications between the Commissions and IUCN members; and forbetter links from one Commission to another;

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Decision 544

• the need for more activities involving more than one Commission, suchas on training and on conservation of species and their habitats.

Individual suggestions included:

• a proposal by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (UK) thatIUCN set up an Inter-Commission Task Force to establish a bettermeans of pricing natural resources;

• a proposal by Wildlife Conservation International (a division of theNew York Zoological Society) that a key role for the Commissions be toidentify and train tomorrow's conservation professionals in developingcountries, often working in partnership with IUCN field projects in thecountries concerned;

• a suggestion by Greenpeace International that some Commissions havean undue balance of research scientists in their membership, and thatthere should be more members from conservation NGOs (thoughaccepting the important principle that members of Commissions servein a personal capacity).

The General Assembly authorized the incoming Commission Chairs, incooperation with the Director General and Chief Rapporteur, to makeadjustments to the programmes of the Commissions in the light of thepoints made in this and other sessions.

Dr Holdgate and Dr Swaminathan both suggested that IUCN membersshould use their right to propose nominations for members of Commis-sions. Such proposals should be made to the respective Commission Chair,who had responsibility for drawing up a list of Commission members forapproval by the Council. Six workshops were arranged for delegates tomeet the incoming Chairs, not just to suggest members but also toinfluence the Commissions' programmes; their proceedings are summar-ized on pages 85-89.

The conclusions of the General Assembly on the role and mandates ofthe Commissions in general (as opposed to individual Commissionmandates) are set out in Resolution 18.4.

Triennial Programme 1991-93 (93:2; 97:3c)


In the 93rd Sitting this Agenda Paper was introduced by the DirectorGeneral but time did not permit any discussion. The Programme wasconsidered in detail at a Technical Meeting on 1 December, the results ofwhich are recorded on pages 55-57. A paper by Mr Ken Piddington,Director, Environment Department, World Bank, was distributed todelegates (Annex 21).


Decision 545

Decision 546

In the 97th Sitting, Dr Walter Lusigi (Chair of the ProgrammeCommittee) and Mr Adrian Phillips (Vice-Chair) presented the report oftheir Committee (Annex 22). The Committee had held four meetings andhad considered the draft Programme prepared by the Director General(GA/18/90/11), the Review of IUCN's Programme 1988-1990 (GAInformation Paper No. 2) and reports from the various workshops. Theywere very favourable to, the draft Programme presented and welcomed thecross-cutting approach. However, they felt more could be done todemonstrate the linkage between the Budget and the Programme. Theyalso asked the Director General to establish a mechanism wherebymembers could be involved in the development of the Programme betweenSessions of the General Assembly. The Committee supported the regional-ization of the Union but was concerned that progress was uneven andrecommended that the Director General give priority to strengtheningIUCN's presence in areas that have not benefited so far.

One delegate emphasized the need for IUCN to evaluate itsprogrammes against a fixed set of criteria set out by the General Assembly.Evaluation should be both internal and, where appropriate, external. TheNew Zealand State member delegation called for more work on genderissues and asked the Commission Chairs to redress the imbalance in thenumber of women on the various Commissions.

The Director General promised to prepare a revised version of theIUCN Programme document in the light of the discussions in the TechnicalMeeting and the General Assembly. He accepted the need for internal and,at times, external evaluation, and, following points made in this and inearlier sessions, would:

• seek to involve the membership more fully in the evolution of theProgramme, especially through consultation at regional and nationallevels using IUCN's Regional and Country Offices;

• discuss with the Commission Chairs how the Union could pay moreattention to environmental ethics and, in particular, how the work of theexisting group on environmental ethics could best be continued;

• seek resources to carry forward a new programme on gender roles, andespecially on the role of women in conservation and natural resourcemanagement, following the special evening meeting on this theme heldduring the General Assembly;

• continue to strengthen IUCN's regional presence as resources permit.

The General Assembly adopted the report of the Programme Committee(Annex 22).

The General Assembly approved the IUCN Triennial Programme for1991-93, noting the remarks of the Director General.

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Decision 547

Decision 548

Budget 1991-1993 (93:2; 97:3d)

Agenda Paper GA/18/90/12 (Rev.)

This paper was introduced briefly, but was not discussed, at the end of the93rd Sitting. In the 97th Sitting, Dr Martin Edwards, on behalf of theFinance and Audit Committee, presented a Revised Estimate of Income andExpenditure (GA/18/90/12 Rev., 29 November 1990) and recommendedthat it be approved. He pointed out that some changes had been made, forexample the omission of income from business sector entities since theproposal to admit them to a new category of associated membership hadnot been proceeded with at this Session of the General Assembly (see pages25-26).

Mr M.J. Cockerell, Assistant Director General, Management, stressedthat while estimating expenditure was not difficult, estimating income wasmuch more problematical. IUCN rarely had more than nine months offunds or contracts in hand. Membership dues, in particular, often came inlate. High growth was expected in 1991, but lower growth thereafter.

The General Assembly accepted the Report of the Finance and AuditCommittee that had been presented earlier (Annex 17). This report includesthe following two recommendations arising from a request from theGerman State member for a review of procedures:

• "That the Director General be asked to establish additional financialregulations based on the existing internal procedures, for submission toand approval by Council as a regulation under Article X of theStatutes."

• "That in addition to the current programme budget the Secretariatshould prepare an Administrative Budget and make it available tomembers on request."

These recommendations were therefore automatically adopted.

The General Assembly then adopted the Revised Estimates of Income andExpenditure for 1991-93.

Amendments to the IUCN Statutes (93:3, 94:3; 97)


At an evening session continuing the 93rd Sitting, chaired by Dr WalterLusigi (IUCN Vice-President), Mr Frank Nicholls, a member of the (then)Commission on Environmental Policy, Law and Administration (CEPLA),and Dr Wolfgang Burhenne, Chair of CEPLA, introduced the changes tothe Statutes proposed by the Council. Dr Burhenne informed the meeting


that the quorum necessary for the adoption of amendments to the Statuteswas present, and reminded delegates that in order to be adopted, eachmodification required a two-thirds majority of those present and voting, bymembers in both Categories A and B. Changes would come into forceimmediately after their adoption.

The discussions of the proposed amendments were continued, in somecases on the basis of alternative proposals, during the 94th Sitting and the97th Sitting.

Decision 549 The General Assembly approved unanimously the amendments to theStatutes as set out in detail in the following section (pp. 49-51). Thechanges were agreed in the 94th Sitting, except those to Articles I and II,which were agreed in the 97th Sitting.

The main aspects of the changes are outlined below.

Article I (Objects). The General Assembly inserted the new missionstatement for IUCN, identical to the one later approved in Resolution 18.1,and revised the Objects of IUCN.

Article II (Membership). The approved changes will allow political and/oreconomic integration organizations of States (to which its member Stateshave transferred legal competence in respect of matters within the objectsof IUCN) to become members of the Union. (The reason for this change isto allow the European Community to become a State member of IUCN.)*

The General Assembly also approved changes that clarify the procedureon suspensions from membership due to arrears of dues and onsubsequent readmission to membership. The changes also define the votingrights of political and/or economic integration organizations of Stateswhen becoming members of IUCN.

The General Assembly did not approve two further sets of amendmentsto this Article proposed by the Council in the original Agenda Paper. Thefirst would have permitted "business sector entities" to join IUCN asnon-voting members, subject to certain conditions; many NGOs arguedagainst this, one NGO making the point that the businesses that most wantto join would be the ones with the most ambiguous environmental records,and that deciding whether their environmental credentials met IUCN's

* The Council subsequently added the following clause to the Regulationon the revised Article: "The notification of adherence to the Statutes bya political and/or economic integration organization shall be made bythe executive head of the organization duly authorized by a decision ofits member States and shall be accompanied by a Statement of itscompetence in respect of matters within the objects of IUCN which shallstand until amended". The purpose of the Statement of competence is tolet IUCN members know on which issues the views of the newly-joinedorganization would prevail and on which issues the views of its Statemembers would prevail. (Ed.)

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criteria would be a very difficult task. In the light of this debate, theCouncil subsequently withdrew their proposal, for reconsideration by theincoming Council.

The second set of changes that was not approved would have permittedthe inclusion of an extra class of Category A members, defined as "FederalStates, Territories, Cantons, Provinces not falling into (a)", (a) being thecategory that covers sovereign States. On behalf of the Council,Dr Burhenne argued that this change was needed because in somecountries competence for the environment, especially nature conservation,rests not with central government but with provincial and/or federal units.The US State member delegation argued against the change: States of theUS could not join a body like IUCN for constitutional reasons, but the USalso opposed the idea in principle, because in their view when a sovereignState participates in a body like IUCN it should represent its constituentStates as well. This opinion was questioned. The New Zealand Statemember delegation did not support the change because of lack ofdocumentation for it, the Mauritania State member delegation proposed itbe withdrawn, and the Sri Lanka State member delegation proposed that itbe postponed to the next General Assembly. Some NGOs expressedconcern that this change would reduce their influence in the Union, but theDirector General pointed out that it would not affect their voting rights,since IUCN members vote in two separate chambers, although the additionof many more government representatives could reduce the proportion ofNGO speakers in IUCN meetings such as the General Assembly. Followingan informal show of cards, the Chair ruled that there was a clear majorityagainst this proposal, which would have been, in consequence, rejected.The Council subsequently withdrew the proposal at their next meeting.

Article IV (The General Assembly). The approved changes (1) require theGeneral Assembly to elect the Treasurer of IUCN (formerly the Treasurerwas appointed by the incoming Council); and (2) permit the President to beelected by acclamation (rather than a mandatory vote) if there is aconsensus.

Article VI (The Council). The revised Article (1) includes a Councillor forthe State in which IUCN has its seat, Switzerland, provided that one hasnot been elected as a Regional Councillor; (2) allows only one RegionalCouncillor from any one country to be elected (as opposed to two before);(3) requires the Council to make no more than two nominations for theposts of President and Treasurer; (4) does not allow any member of theCouncil, other than a co-opted member, to hold the same office for morethan two full terms; and (5) creates the new post of Legal Adviser to IUCN,appointed by the Council.

Article VII (The Bureau). The members of the Bureau are now thePresident, the Treasurer, the Vice-Presidents and up to five members ofCouncil, including one Commission Chair.


Article X (Finance). The amended Article requires that the Treasurer andDirector General (rather than the Auditors, as before) submit to the GeneralAssembly a consolidated report on the accounts. This change wasintroduced to conform with modern accounting practice.

Article XIV (Official Languages). The General Assembly made Spanish anofficial language of the Union (the other official languages being Englishand French). The Instituto Nacional de los Recursos Naturales Renovablesy del Ambiente (Colombia) and the Peruvian Committee for IUCNexpressed the pleasure of Spanish-speaking members at this momentousdecision and their gratitude to the President, Director General, previousDirector General Dr Kenton Miller and the Government of Spain formaking this possible.

No changes were either proposed or made to any other Articles.

In the 97th Sitting, the Director General announced that the Council hadtaken advantage of the changes made to Article VI (above) and appointedDr Wolfgang E. Burhenne to the newly-created position of Legal Adviser toIUCN. This decision was warmly greeted.

Elections of President, Regional Councillors, CommissionChairs and Treasurer (94:4, 96)

The Election Officer, Mr Richard Steele, explained the voting procedure,and then supervised the elections for Regional Councillors and Commis-sion Chairs.

(a) President


The Australian members of IUCN jointly proposed Sir Shridath S. Ramphalfor the Presidency of IUCN, following his nomination by the Council.

Decision 550 Taking advantage of the new change in the Statutes, the General Assemblyunanimously elected Sir Shridath Ramphal as President by acclamation.

Sir Shridath's speech of acceptance, which was greeted with renewedapplause, is given as Annex 23.

Dr Swaminathan expressed his great appreciation to Sir Shridath. Healso said that the Council had asked Dr Martin W. Holdgate to serveanother term as Director General and was very pleased to announce thatDr Holdgate had accepted. This too was greeted with acclamation.

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(b) The Regional Councillors


Decision 551 In a ballot, the General Assembly elected the following as Regional Councillors for the triennium 1990-1992:

Africa

Dr Mankoto ma Mbaelele (Zaire)Dr Liberty Mhlanga (Zimbabwe)Dr Perez M. Olindo (Kenya)

Central and South America

Dr José Pedro de Oliveira Costa (Brazil)Dr Juan José Montiel Rocha (Nicaragua)Dr Juan Carlos Navarro (Panama)

North America and the Caribbean

Dr Jay D. Hair (USA)Mr Yves Renard (St Lucia)Dr J. David Runnalls (Canada)

East Asia

Mr Mohamed Khan bin Momin Khan (Malaysia)Dr Ashok Khosla (India)Dr Li Wenhua (China)

West Asia

Professor Kamel S. Abu Jaber (Jordan)Syed Babar Ali (Pakistan)Mr Abdulwahab M.J. Dakkak (Saudi Arabia)

Australia and Oceania

Ms Pamela J. Eiser (Australia)Dr Vili Fuavao (Tonga)Ms Catherine C. Wallace (New Zealand)

East Europe

Dr Jan Cerovsky (Czechoslovakia)Dr Vladimir E. Flint (USSR)Ms Eniko Szalay-Marzso (Hungary)

West Europe

Mr Veit Koester (Denmark)Mr Antonio Machado (Spain)Dr Jaap B. Pieters (Netherlands)


(c) The Commission Chairs


Decision 552 In a ballot, the General Assembly elected the following as Chairs of the sixCommissions:

Species Survival Commission: Dr George Rabb (USA)Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas: Mr P.H.C.

Lucas (New Zealand)Commission on Environmental Law: Dr Parvez Hassan (Pakistan)Commission on Ecology: Professor François Doumenge (France)Commission on Environmental Strategy and Planning: Dr Thaddeus

Trzyna (USA)Commission on Education and Communication: Mr M.A. Partha

Sarathy (India)

(d) The Treasurer


Decision 553 The General Assembly waived the requirement for 90 days notice ofnominations for Treasurer, as they had only just amended the Statutes topermit the Treasurer's election (instead of appointment by the Council).

Decision 554 The Council's nomination of Mr Don Person was reported. The GeneralAssembly unanimously appointed Mr Person as Treasurer by acclamation.

The Draft World Conservation Strategy for the 1990s (95:1)

Agenda Paper GA/18/90/18 and "Caring for the World: A Strategy forSustainability" (Second Draft, June 1990)

Dr David Munro, a former Director General of IUCN and now ProjectDirector, outlined the history of this new Strategy. An IUCN conference inOttawa in 1986 had reviewed the original World Conservation Strategy(published in 1980) and had decided that an extended and updated versionshould be prepared, a decision confirmed by the last General Assembly(Costa Rica, 1988). In partnership with UNEP and WWF, IUCN had madetwo drafts, both widely circulated; the second draft, "Caring for theWorld", was part of the documentation for the General Assembly. It wasintended to publish the final version in October 1991, in good time for theUN Conference on Environment and Development.

Ms Yolanda Kakabadse then outlined the results of Workshop 1, on"The World Conservation Strategy for the 1990s", of which she had beenChair. Those attending the Workshop had spent two days discussing thedraft Strategy, and so the report (pp. 59-60) could provide a summary ofonly the most important points that had been made. She stressed in

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particular that the Strategy should be written in a way that would inspirepeople to act, that would recognize cultural diversity more consistently andthat would note the failings of market economies. It should also cover fourmore issues—employment, health, ecological refugees and destabilizingfactors such as drug trafficking. She said that many at the Workshop hadfelt that the publication of the original World Conservation Strategy hadnot been adequately followed up, and it was important to redress this withthe second version. In the discussion that ensued, several delegates notedthe significant relationship between the World Conservation Strategy (1980)and the new Strategy; it should be made clear that the principles of the firstStrategy remained valid.

Mr Charles de Haes, Director General of WWF-International, expressedappreciation to all who had contributed to the Strategy. He called on eachIUCN member to use it in stimulating action in those sectors that havemost impact on natural resources; he told delegates that the SteeringCommittee for the project would establish a Task Force to help IUCNmembers do this and to promote the Strategy as widely as possible. Hebelieved that the Strategy had to be ambitious, aiming for goals whichmight not be thought possible today. Dr Reuben Olembo, for UNEP, sawthe Strategy as the way to implement the Brundtland Report and outlinedUNEP's high expectations of what it could achieve.

Recognizing that the role of indigenous peoples as guardians of natureshould receive greater emphasis, both in the draft Strategy and in the workof IUCN, Dr Swaminathan invited three representatives of indigenouspeoples to make presentations (reproduced in Annex 24). Their papersincluded the proposal that IUCN should create an Inter-Commission TaskForce to deal with issues relevant to indigenous people, a suggestionendorsed by the Denmark State member delegation.

Most of the other 11 workshops had submitted comments to theStrategy team. A number of individual delegates, however, also suggestedspecific points that they believed should be given greater weight. Theseincluded:

• a separate section on protected areas, emphasizing the values ofprotected areas other than in conserving biodiversity;

• more emphasis on the importance of environmental law, in particular ofthe value of custom and traditional law;

• more coverage on biodiversity issues;

• more emphasis on rangelands and the role of wild plants and animalsas natural resources;

• more on the need to conserve mountain ecosystems and also islands;

• more on the need for improved information and databases on theenvironment.


A suggestion that was much appreciated was that the document shouldoutline the contributions that children and youth can make to protect theenvironment, a point not covered in either the Workshop or the draftStrategy. The views of children on the future of the earth should be addedtoo.

Several delegates expressed concern about how the Strategy would beimplemented and wanted to see practical action. The UK State membersuggested that as the Strategy will go far beyond what IUCN itself canachieve, IUCN should make a statement on the role the Union will play inits implementation. This should form the context in which the nextthree-year programme should be drawn up.

The conclusions of the Assembly are set out in Resolution 18.13.

A Strategy for Antarctic Conservation (95:2)

Agenda Paper GA/18/90/19.

Dr Holdgate introduced the draft of the IUCN Antarctic ConservationStrategy. He pointed out that Antarctica—the world's last great wilder-ness—was probably the most effectively conserved of all the continents.The present Treaty system had been a conservation success—for example,Antarctica is demilitarized, nuclear explosions and dumping of nuclearwaste are forbidden, and the Treaty Powers have agreed measures toconserve flora and fauna, to protect Antarctic seals and to assess theenvironmental effect of the bases there. Yet conservation is not yet at theheart of the formal commitments by the Treaty Powers and many feel thatthe present levels of protection do not go far enough. Some IUCNmembers—States as well as NGOs—believe that Antarctica should be aWorld Park. Many would like to see a permanent ban on mining, in placeof the present voluntary moratorium. The Workshop on Antarctica (No. 9,pages 76-77) was almost unanimous in calling for such a ban.

He explained that the IUCN document proposes objectives for Antarcticconservation, but does not favour any particular legal instrument forachieving these objectives. It points out that mining is incompatible withthese objectives, and this is now common ground. He believed that thedocument now needed to be strengthened in the light of the deliberationsof the Workshop and events at the Special Antarctic Treaty ConsultativeMeeting, held at Viña del Mar, Chile, at the same time as the GeneralAssembly.

Professor George Knox, Chair of the Workshop, noted the substantialshift among the Treaty Powers towards a comprehensive environmentalregime for Antarctica and reported on progress at the meeting in Chile.Since detailed negotiations would start in April 1991, it was urgent forIUCN to complete its Antarctic Strategy. The Workshop had welcomed theDirector General's proposal to reconvene a core group of experts as adrafting committee to revise the document. There would then be a rapid

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peer review by those specially qualified or interested in the issue—includ-ing those who had been active in the Workshop. Professor Knox sensedthat the majority of IUCN members believed that a permanent ban onmining should be put in place immediately.

The UK State member delegation broadly supported the draft Strategyas a balanced document but claimed that the Strategy had "fallen apart" inthe Workshop, where extreme positions had been advocated. The UKbelieved that the Strategy should not be made into a detailed prescriptionfor action. The US State member delegation also supported the Strategy,but shared some of the concerns of the UK delegation. In contrast theAustralian State member delegation welcomed the changes to the Strategyproposed by the Workshop and strongly supported the concept of acomprehensive, legally binding, environmental agreement with apermanent ban on mining. The Pakistan State member delegation said thattheir Government supported a permanent ban on mining and wanted tosee the region become a global common.

Various NGOs attending the Workshop and the Workshop Rapporteurvoiced their backing for the permanent ban on mining, feeling that it wasnot an "extreme position" for IUCN to express a view on this vitalquestion. The Australian Conservation Foundation noted that the draftStrategy had fallen behind the tide of events, and so needed to be revisedto keep up with progress by the Treaty Powers. Greenpeace Internationalsaid that the Strategy should not be published in its present form and theWilderness Society (Australia) believed that the Workshop had agreed topropose an immediate and permanent ban on mining and mineralexploration in Antarctica.

The conclusions of the General Assembly on this issue are set out inResolution 18.74 and Recommendation 18.75, which should be read inconjunction with the note under this item on pages 41-43.

Determination of Membership Dues for 1992-1994 (97:1)


The Director General reminded delegates that the last General Assemblyhad decided to increase the dues substantially and had set the dues up tothe end of Calendar Year 1991. The Council now proposed a 6.5 per centincrease in 1992, of which 4 per cent was due to predicted inflation inSwitzerland and 2.5 per cent to the extra cost of financing Spanish as anofficial language. The Council also proposed increases of 4 per cent each in1993 and 1994. In their report (Annex 17), the Finance and AuditCommittee had recommended that these proposals be adopted in theirentirety.

The Pakistan State member delegation understood the need forincreases due to inflation but explained that it was difficult for countrieslike Pakistan to accept any increase. He asked the Director General to


Decision 555

explore the possibility of getting bilateral aid support for any shortfall.Dr Holdgate replied that the Assembly had already authorized him topursue actively ways of helping members who could not pay their dues(Decision 533).

The General Assembly adopted the increase in membership dues proposedin the Agenda Paper.

Fund for IUCN's Network in the Developing World (97:2)


In an earlier session the US State member delegation had said that theUnited States supported the Voluntary Fund and planned to contribute toit, but believed that the use of the Fund should be clearly stated and notleft solely to the judgement of the Council or the Director General. TheUnited States also felt that it was inappropriate to fund the core costs ofRegional Offices from the Voluntary Fund.

When the resolution on the Fund was being considered in a latersession, many delegates supported its establishment. The US State memberdelegation said that the United States intended to contribute US$ 150,000 tothe Fund in 1991. Beyond that, the US Congress had provided US$ 530,000to support the work of the Union during 1991. US Government Agencymembers would continue to contribute to specific projects from their ownfunds, as before. This statement was greatly welcomed, especially by manyUS NGOs.

Dr Swaminathan thanked the United States delegation on behalf of theUnion, to applause from the floor. The policy of the Union on the Fund isset out in Resolution 18.5.

Decision 556

Appointment of Auditors (97:4)


The General Assembly appointed Coopers & Lybrand as auditors to theUnion for the 1991-93 triennium.

The 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED) (97:5)

Sir Shridath Ramphal, in the Chair as President Elect, said that in the 20years since the Stockholm Conference, the environment had deterioratedand now human survival was even being doubted. The 1992 Conference, tobe held in Rio de Janeiro, was a crucial opportunity for the world. It wasbeing comprehensively prepared and Ambassador Tommy Koh, Chairman

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of the UNCED Preparatory Committee, was present to answer questions.Sir Shridath introduced the following speakers, whose presentations aregiven in full in Annex 25:

• Ambasssador Koh, on the work of the Preparatory Committee;

• Mr A.S. Blunn, Secretary, Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environ-ment, Tourism and Territories, Government of Australia, speaking onbehalf of Minister Ros Kelly on the perspective of Australia;

• Mr Morifing Kone, Ministre de l'Environnement et l'Elevage, Mali, onthe perspectives of a developing country;

• Mr Celso Schenkel, Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renew-able Natural Resources (IBAMA), on the views of the Host Country;

• Ms Yolanda Kakabadse, NGO Liaison Officer, UNCED Secretariat, onthe participation of NGOs at the Conference.

In his speech, Mr Schenkel said that Brazil intended to join IUCN as a Statemember in 1991, a decision that was much welcomed.

Delegates from a number of regions outlined the work their organiza-tions and governments were putting into the preparation for UNCED. Forexample, the State member delegation of Kenya, in speaking of theirGovernment's commitment, listed some issues the Conference should coverand looked to the IUCN Regional Office in Nairobi for cooperation in thepreparatory work.

Delegates stressed the following themes that they believed UNCEDshould cover:

• that sustainable and equitable development should be the fundamentalprinciple for the future of the world;

• that tropical forests should be effectively conserved;

• that developing countries should plan their populations;

• that people in developed countries should greatly reduce theirconsumption of the world's resources.

The State member delegation of Zaire asked that UNCED should establisha special fund to assist the contribution to the Conference from developingcountries. Zaire supported the idea of a new Charter but remindeddelegates not to forget existing agreements such as the World Charter forNature, adopted by the United Nations in 1982.

The Fundacion Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) congratu-lated Brazil in holding the Conference, as did other delegates, and said thatIUCN members in South America planned to hold a meeting in SantaMarta, Colombia, to discuss their involvement.

The delegate from the Inuit Circumpolar Conference asked whether thePreparatory Committee had considered the participation of indigenous


people in the Conference. Ambassador Koh explained that the Committeewas governed by the UN General Assembly, who had ruled that onlyNGOs enjoying consultative status within ECOSOC may participatedirectly in the preparatory process. The Committee, however, hadattempted to liberalize this situation and had agreed to a compromise,which was now subject to review by the UN General Assembly. Under thiscompromise any NGO may make representations to the PreparatoryCommittee and may ask to speak, but if the number of NGOs withoutECOSOC consultative status is too large, the Committee will ask them tofall into constituencies and appoint speakers. However, this compromiseapplied only to the past meeting in Nairobi. Whether it could apply tofuture meetings would depend on the UN General Assembly.

Greenpeace International saw little vision in UNCED and littleappreciation of the threats to the planet. In their view, States wereprotecting their national interest and treating UNCED as just anotherdiplomatic negotiation. New global instruments were needed on marinepollution, especially from land, and on global fisheries. Greenpeace urgedall States to reconsider who they sent to the next meeting of thePreparatory Committee. Ambassador Koh replied to Greenpeace by greatlywelcoming an increased NGO involvement in the conference as a way to"nudge" governments forward. NGOs could mobilise public opinion ineach country and persuade each government to establish a broadly basedcommission to participate in UNCED.

Other points made in the debate included the following:

• that young people all over the world should be involved in UNCED,and funding should be made available for their representatives to attendthe Conference;

• that the Stockholm Conference had been dominated by the NorthernHemisphere, as was demonstrated by the fact that the WorldEnvironment Day is in June, at the height of winter in the SouthernHemisphere; UNCED should find a time that is suitable for allcountries;

• that IUCN's IV World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas(Caracas, February 1992) would be very significant to UNCED; it wouldseek to place protected areas in the widest possible context and inparticular would address the conservation of biodiversity.

In summarizing the debate, Dr Holdgate said that with its North-Southlinks and with its extensive governmental and non-governmental member-ship, IUCN could make a most valuable contribution to UNCED. Heoutlined the various ways in which this could be effected. In particular,IUCN would participate in the preparatory process, would deliver specificinputs to UNCED (such as "Caring for the World"), and would contributethrough exchange of ideas among IUCN members in different regions.Dr Holdgate's speech is included as Annex 26.

Minutes 35

Resolutions and Recommendations (96, 98)

Decision 557 The General Assembly adopted 12 resolutions (on action to be taken byIUCN) and 64 recommendations (on action to be taken by third parties, insome cases in conjunction with IUCN). These are reproduced separately.Copies are available from the Director General, IUCN, Avenue duMont-Blanc, 11% Gland, Switzerland.

In the 96th Sitting, delegates debated the draft resolutions andrecommendations proposed by the Resolutions Committee, and adopted asmall number, to which no amendments had been proposed. In the 98thSitting, delegates formally adopted the remainder, virtually all of whichhad by then been modified following points made in the previous Sitting.Most of the interventions in the earlier Sitting are not summarized below,since their substance has been incorporated into the individual resolutionsand recommendations themselves.

All motions were adopted by consensus, unless stated otherwise below.Where a vote was taken, it was done by show of hands. The votes of IUCNmembers are divided into two categories—Category A, for State andGovernment Agency members; and Category B, for non-governmentalmembers. A majority in both Categories is needed to amend a text or adopta resolution or recommendation.

Since the General Assembly, the resolutions and recommendationspassed have been arranged into a logical sequence and renumberedaccordingly. The reports below follow this arrangement and numbering.

In a number of cases, notably resolutions calling for increased IUCNsupport for work in specific regions, the Director General pointed out thatimplementation would depend on the finances available to IUCN. Hewould greatly welcome any financial help in these and other cases.

18.1 Mission, Objectives and Approach of the World ConservationUnion*. In the discussion of this resolution, some delegates argued thatIUCN should avoid the use of gender-specific titles in oral and writtenlanguage, a point accepted by the Director General.

18.11 Assistance for Environmental Restoration and Protection to Easternand Central European Countries. In supporting this recommendation, theNetherlands State member delegation announced that the Dutch Ministryof Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, would support theIUCN East European Programme with an initial amount of Dutch Guilders130,000 (c. SFr 100,000) in 1991, earmarked for three named projects. TheDutch Government would also explore the possibility of having its bilateraland multilateral aid programmes benefit the IUCN East EuropeanProgramme. The Dutch Government felt that IUCN had played an

* The full texts of the Resolutions and Recommendations are publishedseparately. The following paragraphs record details of the debate oncertain of them.


important role in ensuring that conservation and restoration of nature didnot lag behind in bilateral and multilateral cooperation between Easternand Western Europe, and felt that IUCN could help in particular to buildup NGOs in Central and Eastern Europe.

18.13 The World Conservation Strategy for the 1990s provisionallyentitled "Caring for the World: A Strategy for Sustainability". Inadopting this resolution, two delegates drew attention to points on the textof the Strategy, and it was agreed that these should be minuted as theirinclusion in the resolution would not be appropriate: the WildernessSociety (Australia) proposed that any mention of support for the timberindustry be deleted, and the Environmental Law Institute (USA) and otherswanted additional sections on environmental law.

18.22 Global Climate Change. Two alternative targets for limitingemissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in operativesub-paragraph (c) were presented: the original version urging governmentsof all developed countries to adopt "a goal of reducing carbon dioxideemissions by at least 20 per cent by the year 2000"; and an amendmentproposing that the phrase "by at least 20 per cent by the year 2000" beremoved. This amendment was rejected on a vote by both categories ofmembership (Table 1) and the recommendation then adopted by consensus.The delegations of the State members Canada, Norway and the UnitedStates indicated that had there been a vote on the recommendation itself,they would have abstained, due to their inability to accept these figures atthe present time because of forthcoming governmental negotiations onthese issues. The Saudi Arabian State member delegation indicated thatthey would have voted against, for similar reasons. The State memberrepresentative of Denmark, speaking on behalf of IUCN State memberswhich are members of the European Community, explained that they toowould have abstained because the European Community was alreadycommitted to a different target.

18.25 Methods for Capturing and/or Killing of Terrestrial or Semi-aquaticWild Animals. All sections of this recommendation were adopted byconsensus except for operative paragraph 8. A proposal by certainmembers to make specific mention in this paragraph of steel-jawed legholdtraps set on land as inhumane and needing substitution was not carried.The Assembly voted by a substantial majority (Table 1, p. 42) in favour of asecond formulation which did not mention this type of trap specifically.

18.30 Legal Instruments for the Conservation of Forests. An amendmentto this recommendation was tabled, proposing the addition of the phrasepresented below in brackets, so that non-operative paragraph 7 wouldread:

"Recognizing that the maintenance of biodiversity requires theprotection of complete series of protected areas and [representativeparts of] remaining intact forests".

Minutes 37


After discussion, this amendment was taken to a vote. Category Amembers voted in favour, Category B members against (Table 1), so that itwas not carried.

The full recommendation was then voted on, and passed overwhelm-ingly (Table 1). The delegations of the State members Canada and theUnited States explained that they had voted against the recommendationbecause of their inability to accept operative paragraph 2, which called forprotocols on forest protection and on reduction of greenhouse gas emissionto the Framework Convention on Climate Change. While supporting theprinciples underlying the suggested protocols, the State member Canadafelt that these principles could be better expressed in the form of a separateinternational convention on forests. In a statement submitted for the record,the US delegate commented, "Nevertheless we are committed to fullparticipation in the process of negotiating the broad series of measuresrequired to protect and conserve the forests of the world. The case issimply that at the present time the United States seeks a different route tothis goal." Dr Burhenne, representing ten NGOs, explained that he hadvoted in favour of the recommendation because he believed that acomprehensive Forest Convention (as opposed to Forest Protocol(s) in theFramework Convention on Climate Change, as called for in the recom-mendation) would be in conflict with the proposed Convention onConservation of Biological Diversity. The African Wildlife Foundation andLincoln University (New Zealand) explained that they had abstained asthere had not been enough time for the amendments to be considered.

18.34 Cetacean Conservation and the International Whaling CommissionMoratorium. The Denmark State member delegation indicated that hadthere been a vote the delegation would have abstained, because the DanishGovernment had not taken any position on the content of operativeparagraph 1, nor to the effect that the principle of sustainable utilizationshould not apply to whale stocks. The Norway State member delegationsaid that their delegation would have voted against the recommendation.

18.40 Appendix 1 Reservations within CITES. The Environment Agency ofJapan, speaking on behalf of the Management and Scientific Agencies thatimplement CITES in Japan, said that Japan was preparing to withdrawsome of its CITES Appendix 1 reservations that were the subject of thisrecommendation.

18.51 Protection of Mount Nimba, Guinea. The French State memberdelegation stated that had there been a vote, the delegation would haveabstained. Dr Perez Olindo, an incoming IUCN Regional Councillor forAfrica, pointed out that not all of the three countries that share Mt Nimbawere present and promised that the Regional Councillors for Africa wouldconsult with them on the implementation of this recommendation when thesituation in Liberia had become more calm.

18.54 Radio Transmission Station in the Arava Valley, Israel. There wasdissension over the factual accuracy of this recommendation, and this wasnot resolved during the course of the General Assembly. The United StatesState member delegation challenged the facts, stating that a 1500-pageEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS) had been prepared in accordancewith the laws of Israel, and had not identified any threats to humans,animals or plants that could not be reduced to acceptable levels. They saidthat the US Department of State considered the erection of the transmitterwas subject to neither the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)and its associated Executive Order, nor to the US Endangered Species Act(ESA). In one case, it had been ruled that the ESA does apply abroad, butthis had been challenged in the courts and had not yet been resolved. TheSierra Club said that it believed the NEPA did apply in this matter and thatanyway the US Government should accept a moral responsibility to assessthe impacts of projects it funds in other countries. The Society for theProtection of Nature in Israel upheld the text, reporting that the facts werederived from the Board of International Broadcasting (BIB) formaldocuments. The Society said that the Minister of Environment in Israel hadadmitted that the EIS had not yet been completed. The most important partof it, on the effect of the transmission station on migratory birds, had notbeen done. The matter was taken to a vote, and the text was adopted by aclear majority of Category A and Category B members (Table 1).

18.56 Narmada Valley Project, India. Ms Gloria Davis, the EnvironmentDivision Chief for the Asia/Pacific Region in the World Bank, said that theBank would not argue against this recommendation if it expressed theviews of concerned groups and helped to advance dialogue, but shewished to make a short statement (below):

"The World Bank shares the concerns of the authors of thisrecommendation about the scale of the proposed programme, itspotential environmental impacts, and the use of forest areas fordisplaced people.

"I would like to offer two brief clarifications. First, the World Bank iscurrently supporting one dam and has been asked to consider asecond. It does not necessarily support or endorse the entireprogramme, and could not do so unless environmental andresettlement issues can be adequately addressed. This is by no meanscertain.

"Second, it is important for you to know that the forest areasreleased for displaced people have been released for the resettlementof forest-dwelling tribal people who would accept no othercompensation. Compensatory forest areas must be identified.

"I agree, however, that this decision should be reviewed and wewould be glad to do so with the Government, NGOs and others."

The Bombay Natural History Society emphasized that all the dams areinter-related. The Society considered that the second dam would cause the

Minutes 39


maximum environmental damage, and asked the World Bank to take thisinto account.

18.58 Shiraho Reef, Japan. In speaking on this recommendation, theEnvironment Agency of Japan said that it intended to designate thepreserved area of the coral reef as a marine park. Had the recommendationbeen taken to a vote, the Environment Agency of Japan (a GovernmentAgency member) indicated that it would have abstained.

18.60 Tropical Timbers from East Malaysia. The General Assembly waspresented with two forms of wording for operative paragraph 6, the firstreading:

"Calls on all States to cease the importation of tropical timbers fromSarawak and Sabah until these measures (i.e. in operative paragraphs1-5) are implemented."

and an amendment to replace this paragraph with the sentence:

"Strongly urges that all timber-importing countries provide incen-tives for timbers from Sarawak, Sabah and the other States ofMalaysia, that are produced in ways which fully conform to thefindings of the ITTO Sarawak report and to the principles of IUCN,and discourage the import of timbers from unsustainable sources."

The General Assembly voted by a substantial majority (Table 1) to amendthe text to the second version shown here. The recommendation as a wholewas then adopted by consensus.

18.61 Support for the Creation of World Heritage Areas in Irian Jaya,Indonesia. Following the adoption of this recommendation, the DirectorateGeneral Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry,Indonesia (Government Agency member) said that the Indonesian delega-tion would be happy to cooperate in promoting the addition of these areasto the World Heritage List.

18.63 Mining in the Fly River Catchment, Papua New Guinea. The factsin an earlier version of this recommendation had been disputed, but theChair of the Resolutions Committee reported that the final wording hadbeen accepted by a meeting of all delegates with an interest in the subject.He acknowledged help from the Australian Commonwealth Governmentand the Wilderness Society (Australia) in reaching this position.

18.65 Australian Resource Security Legislation. The Australian Statemember delegation indicated that had there been a vote the delegationwould have abstained, since the matter was currently under considerationby the Government.

18.66 Mining in National Parks and Nature Reserves especially inAustralia. The Western Australia State Government Environment Minister

made a statement about his Government's policy. He explained that hisGovernment had recently adopted a new policy prohibiting mining innational parks, but that five of the 60 parks were nonetheless subject toexisting legal agreements. By the end of three years, there would be nomining. In reply, the Australian Conservation Foundation said thataboriginal people were devastated by a decision to open up three areas formining, and the Conservation Council of Western Australia considered thatnature reserves would be opened up for mineral exploitation under presentpolicy. The Australian State member delegation, the Australian Govern-ment Agency members and the Saudi Arabian State member delegationstated that had there been a vote they would have abstained.

18.67 Kakadu National Park, Australia. The Australian State memberdelegation indicated that had there been a vote the delegation would haveabstained. The Government Agency member Conservation Commission ofthe Northern Territory (Australia) wished it to be recorded that it could notagree with certain clauses of this recommendation. Their delegate pointedout that Australia had well-established mechanisms for resolving conflictsin issues of this kind. Australian NGOs spoke in favour of therecommendation.

18.70 Wilderness and Forest Conservation in Tasmania. The AustralianState member delegation and the National Parks and Wildlife Service ofNew South Wales, a Government Agency member, speaking on behalf ofAustralian Government Agency members, stated that had there been a votethey would have abstained.

18.71 Fraser Island, Australia. The non-operative part and first section ofthe operative paragraph of this recommendation were agreed by consen-sus. The Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service (GovernmentAgency member) sought the omission of the text of the operativeparagraph after "Fraser Island". The recommendation was then taken to avote and was passed unanimously, but with numerous abstentions inCategory A (including the Australian State member delegation) and a smallnumber of abstentions in Category B members (Table 1).

18.72 Mineral, including Oil, Exploration in or adjacent to Marine Parksand World Heritage Areas in Australia. The Australian State memberdelegation indicated that they could not support the words "immediatelydefer" in operative sub-paragraph (b) and so, had there been a vote, thedelegation would have abstained.

18.75 Antarctica. This recommendation was adopted by consensus. TheUnited Kingdom State member delegation made the following statement:

"We have not pressed the General Assembly to vote on thisrecommendation, either in part or in total. That is because we believeIUCN should, wherever possible, work through consensus, and

Minutes 41

Table 1

Record of Voting on Resolutions and Recommendations

Amendment to 18.22

In favour of secondformulation in 18.25

Amendment to 18.30

For 18.30

For 18.54

Amendment to 18.60

For 18.71

Category A Category BIn favour Against Abstain In favour Against

28

57

44

49

30

60

23

37 12 3

0 0 107

21 12 8

12 10 150/156

10 25 80

3 4 118

0 43 112

>100

21

110

8

5

42

0

Abstain

8

31

9

5

25

6

10

Result

Rejected

Passed

Rejected

Passed

Passed

Passed

Passed


because we recognize that the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Partiesmeeting in Chile are still negotiating on this issue. As we haverepeatedly stated in London, in Viña del Mar and here in Perth, theUnited Kingdom is willing to look at any proposals which will leadto our declared aim of a comprehensive regime for the protection ofthe Antarctic environment and remain open-minded on the detailedmeans of achieving this objective.

"We have consistently maintained throughout this General Assem-bly, both in the Workshop and in the Plenary Sessions, that it wouldbe a mistake for IUCN to commit itself to supporting any particularmechanism for the comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environ-ment. We firmly believe that IUCN should address itself instead tothe objectives of such a protection regime. That is the reason why Iexplained yesterday evening that the United Kingdom, whilstwelcoming the many improvements to the revised draft recommen-dation, could not accept operative paragraph 2b.

"Had a vote been necessary on this recommendation, I have to saythat the United Kingdom State delegation would have abstained forthe reason just given.

"I hope that the IUCN General Assembly will welcome this approachas a positive contribution to its proceedings. It is intended as such."

The United States State member delegation associated itself with the UKposition and said that negotiations in Viña del Mar were moving forwardrapidly and that the question of mineral resource activities in Antarctica,among other issues, was in a fluid state. He continued, "The United States

and several other nations deeply concerned about the conservation of theAntarctic environment have tabled proposals in Chile which call for acomprehensive approach to environmental protection. These proposals arebeing considered and debated as we meet here, and the consultative partiesultimately are responsible for the formal adoption of appropriate regimes.For this reason the United States also would have abstained had it come toa vote, so as not in any way to prejudice unfolding events in Viña delMar."

The Norway State member delegation also indicated that had a votebeen taken it would have abstained for similar reasons.

At the close of the session, the Wilderness Society (Australia) drewattention to the fact that no mention had been made in the motions to thecrisis in the Gulf region, which in their view posed the greatest immediatethreat to the planet's environment, to humankind and to its fellowcreatures. The Society urged the General Assembly to request that theDirector General immediately convey to the United Nations the absoluteurgency of finding a peaceful negotiated settlement to the crisis. Thissuggestion was loudly applauded and the Director General promised tocomply.

The Chair of the Resolutions Committee, Dr Don McMichael, thankedhis Committee, especially their Secretary, Dr Mark Collins, and paid tributeto the conference staff, especially typists, copiers, translators and inter-preters for their hard work. Proterra (Peru), on behalf of the LatinAmericans present, thanked Mr Delmar Blasco, Conference Coordinator.On behalf of the Assembly, Dr Swaminathan added his thanks, to loudapplause.

Election of Patrons (99:1)

In recent years the General Assembly had elected a number of Patrons. ThePresident explained that the Council had now decided to institutionalizethe election of Patrons and so had agreed an amendment to this effect inthe Regulation on Article IV, Para 3(iv) of the Statutes. This Regulationnow reads:

"Eminent individuals able to contribute to advancing the mission ofthe Union may be nominated by the Council for election by theGeneral Assembly as Patrons of the World Conservation Union.Those elected will serve during such time as they hold position oroffice by virtue of which they can advance the interests of IUCN."

He said that IUCN's existing Patrons—Dr Oscar Arias (Costa Rica), HMQueen Noor of Jordan, Dr Federico Mayor (Director General of UNESCO)and HRH The Duke of Edinburgh—would continue to serve as Patrons ofthe Union.

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Decision 558 In addition the Council proposed to the General Assembly the election ofDr Mostafa K. Tolba, Executive Director of UNEP. The General Assemblyelected Dr Tolba as a Patron of the Union by acclamation.

Conferral of Honorary Membership (99:1)

The following were named as Members of Honour of IUCN to recognizethe significant contribution each had made to the work of the Union.

Professor Dr HRH Princess Chulabhorn, ThailandDr Wolfgang Burhenne, GermanyProfessor François Ramade, FranceMr Thane Riney, USAMr Mats Segnestam, Sweden

The President presented the certificates of Honorary Membership and theDirector General read out the citations (Annex 27).

Presentation of Awards (99:2)

The Awards were made in the presence of Professor Dr HRH PrincessChulabhorn of Thailand.

a) The John C. Phillips Memorial Medal

The John C. Phillips Memorial Medal for Distinguished Service inInternational Conservation was awarded to Professor Mohamed Kassas,former President and long-serving Board member of IUCN. As ProfessorKassas was unable to attend the General Assembly, Dr Swaminathanannounced that the medal would be presented to him at a ceremony inGeneva early in the New Year. The citation for the Award is included inAnnex 28.

b) The Peter Scott Awards

The Peter Scott Awards for Conservation Merit of the Species SurvivalCommission were conferred upon:

Dr Didier Marchessaux, FranceMr Grenville Lucas, UKThe Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, UKThe Village of Shiraho, Japan

The citations for these Awards (Annex 29) were read out by Dr GeorgeRabb, Chair of the Commission.


c) The Fred M. Packard Awards

The Fred M. Packard International Parks Valour and Merit Awards of theCommission on National Parks and Protected Areas were conferred upon:

Biocenosis A.C. and Lic Victor Manzanilla Schaffer, MexicoMr Harold K. Eidsvik, CanadaMr Ponsiano Ssemwezi, UgandaDr Jiri Svoboda, Czechoslovakia

The citations for these Awards (Annex 30) were read out by Mr HaroldEidsvik, outgoing Chair of the Commission, except for the award toMr Eidsvik himself, which was read out by the Director General on behalfof the incoming Chair, Mr P.H.C. Lucas. The General Assembly wasinformed that an Award had also been made to Citoyen Mankoto maMbaelele, Zaire, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the GarambaNational Park, and to Mr Samuel A. Cooke and The Nature Conservancy ofHawaii, at a ceremony in the Conservancy's new offices in Hawaii.

Mr Eidsvik also announced that the Council had appointed thefollowing as Honorary Members of the Commission on National Parks andProtected Areas:

Dr Gerardo Budowski, VenezuelaMr John Foster, UKDr Zafar Futehally, IndiaDr Duncan Poore, UK

d) The Tree of Learning Awards

The Tree of Learning Awards of the Commission on Education andCommunication were conferred upon:

Professor Dr HRH Princess Chulabhorn, ThailandMs Nancy W. Anderson, USADr Michael Atchia, MauritiusDr Maria Luisa Cohen, ItalyDr Victor A. Kolybine, USSRMr Yami Lester, AustraliaProfessor John C. Smyth, UK

The citations (Annex 31) were read out by Mr M.A. Partha Sarathy, Chairof the Commission.

e) Outgoing Council Members

On behalf of the General Assembly, the President expressed the Union'ssincere thanks and appreciation to those members of the Council whoseterms of office would come to an end at the close of the Assembly.

Minutes 45

These officers were:

Vice Presidents

Dr Walter Lusigi, KenyaMr William Reilly, USADr Alvaro Umaña, Costa RicaDr Yuri Yazan, USSR

Regional Councillors

Mr Kenneth Brynaert, CanadaProfessor Carolyn Burns, New ZealandDr Graham Child, ZimbabweDr Layth al-Kassab, IraqDr Andrey Kaidala, USSRMs Yolanda Kakabadse, EcuadorProfessor Jean-Claude Lefeuvre, FranceMr Amadou Mamadou, NigerMr Roger Morales, Costa RicaMr Iosefatu Reti, SamoaDr Celso Roque, PhilippinesMr Richard Steele, UK

Commission Chairs

Dr Wolfgang Burhenne, Chair, Commission on EnvironmentalPolicy, Law and Administration

Mr Harold Eidsvik, Chair, Commission on National Parks andProtected Areas

Dr José Furtado, Chair, Commission on EcologyProfessor Peter Jacobs, Chair, Commission on Sustainable Develop-

ment

He presented each of the outgoing Councillors attending the Assemblywith a certificate and a gilt lapel pin in recognition of their importantcontributions to the work of the Union.

f) World Conservation Fellowship

In order to maintain regular contact with former officers of the Union, theCouncil had decided in June 1989 to establish a World ConservationFellowship. The Council subsequently enrolled 41 former officers of theUnion in the Fellowship. Of them, eleven were present at the GeneralAssembly:

Ms Cecilia de Blohm, VenezuelaDr Marc Dourojeanni, PeruDr Martin Edwards, CanadaMr Nalni Jayal, IndiaDr Don McMichael, AustraliaDr Kenton Miller, USA


Dr David Munro, CanadaProfessor François Ranvade, FranceMr Cameron Sanders, USAMr Mats Segnestam, SwedenMr Samar Singh, India

g) Outgoing President

The Director General thanked Dr Swaminathan for his outstanding serviceto the Union over two terms as President. He paid tribute to howDr Swaminathan combined a great scientific eminence with the warmestand most caring of human personalities—an ideal combination for aPresident. Dr Holdgate explained that he was indebted to Dr Swaminathanfor all the help he had provided when Dr Holdgate arrived at IUCN.Dr Holdgate and Sir Shridath Ramphal, incoming President, presentedDr Swaminathan with two gifts on behalf of the Union. Ms Cecilia deBlohm presented him with a gift from the Venezuelan members of IUCNand thanked him on behalf of the World Conservation Fellows.

Venue for the next General Assembly

Dr Swaminathan reported that IUCN had received a formal invitation fromthe Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka, expressing the readiness ofSri Lanka to host the next General Assembly of IUCN. The Government ofSwitzerland had also written to the Director General expressing an interestin hosting the next General Assembly in view of the fact that 1993 wouldsee the IUCN Secretariat established in its new Headquarters in Gland.

Dr Swaminathan expressed IUCN's appreciation to the Governments ofSri Lanka and Switzerland for these invitations, which will be consideredin detail at the Council meeting in June 1991. (Under the Statutes, theCouncil decides on the venue for the General Assembly.)

Closing Addresses (99:3; 99:4; 99:5, 99:6)

The President Elect, Sir Shridath Ramphal, gave his Presidential Address(Annex 32).

The Director General, Dr Martin W. Holdgate, in his closing remarks,summarized the results of the General Assembly (Annex 33).

Dr Swaminathan invited Mr Tony Blunn, Secretary of the Department ofthe Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories of theCommonwealth Government of Australia, to speak. Mr Blunn expressedthe regrets of Minister Ros Kelly that she could not attend, due to duties inthe National Parliament. He said that it had been a great experience,privilege and honour for Australia to have hosted the 18th GeneralAssembly. The large number of resolutions negotiated and adopted

Minutes 47

represented a remarkable achievement and reflected a commitment toworking together. On behalf of Australia, he thanked the IUCN Secretariat,the organizers and the delegates for their commitment and work, andwished IUCN and its members every success in the next triennium.

Mr Bob Pearce, the Minister for Environment in Western Australia, andMr Blunn, on behalf of the Commonwealth Government, presented IUCNwith a painting as a gift for IUCN's new headquarters building. Thepainting, by Aboriginal artist Shane Pickett, depicts a symbolic landscapewith waterholes and goanna lizards, painted in the dot patterns longassociated with aboriginal art. The presentation was accompanied bytraditional aboriginal music on the didgeridoo.

The outgoing President, Dr M.S. Swaminathan, thanked the twoGovernments for this most generous gift. He paid tribute to the efficiencyof the National Organizing Committee and thanked all those who hadmade the General Assembly such a success. He then gave his FarewellAddress (Annex 34) and closed the 18th Session of the General Assembly at21.00 on Wednesday, 5 December 1990.


Decision 549: Amendments of 2 and 5 December 1990 to theIUCN Statutes of 5 October 1948 (as last amended on4 October 1978)

The General Assembly at its 18th Session amendedthe Statutes of IUCN, in conformity with ArticleXVII of the Statutes, as follows:

1. In Article I:

(a) The following is inserted as a new para. 1:

"1. The International Union for Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources (alsoknown as The World Conservation Union)shall have as its goal:

to provide leadership and promote acommon approach for the world conser-vation movement in order to safeguard theintegrity and diversity of the naturalworld, and to ensure that human use ofnatural resources is appropriate, sustain-able and equitable."

(b) The existing para. 1 becomes para. 2; itsintroductory sentence and clause i) are replacedas follows:

"2. To attain this goal, IUCN shall have thefollowing objects:

i) to initiate programmes of mutual inter-est at international, national, regionaland local levels with governments,non-governmental organizations, inter-national organizations, aid agenciesand others."

(c) Clause ii) is deleted;

(d) Clauses iii), iv), and v) become clauses ii), iii)and iv) respectively;

(e) Clause vi) becomes clause v) and

(i) the words "governments to improve their"are replaced by the words "in the improve-ment of";

(ii) the word "and" is deleted;

(f) A new clause vi) is inserted as follows:

"vi) to demonstrate sound practices for conser-vation and sustainable use through co-operative field projects; and"

(g) Para. 2 becomes para. 3.

2. In Article II:

(a) Para. 2 shall become para. 2 a) and after theword "Justice" the words "and political and/oreconomic integration organizations of States"shall be inserted.

(b) A new para. 2 b) shall be added reading asfollows:

"A political and/or economic integrationorganization means an organization constitutedsolely by States to which its member Stateshave transferred legal competence in respect ofmatters within the objects of IUCN."

(c) In para. 8 after the word "States" the words "orpolitical and/or economic integration organiza-tions" shall be inserted.

Note: The regulation Re Article II, para. 8shall be amended by adding at the end thefollowing sentence:

"The notification of adherence to theStatutes by a political and/or economicintegration organization shall be made bythe executive head of the organization dulyauthorized by a decision of its memberStates and shall be accompanied by aStatement of its competence in respect ofmatters within the objects of IUCN whichshall stand until amended."

(d) A new para. 13 shall be added reading asfollows:

49

"Payment of membership dues

13. Membership dues for any year become dueand payable on the first day of that year."

(e) The existing para. 13 shall become para. 14 a)and following the words "Suspension andrescission" in the sub-heading, the words "andwithdrawal" shall be added;

(f) In para. 14

(i) the previous paras 14 a), b) and c) shall berenumbered to become paras 14 a) i), ii)and iii) respectively; and

(ii) a new para. 14 b) shall be added reading asfollows:

"14 b) The rights of a member in connec-tion with elections, voting andmotions shall ipso facto be suspendedwhen the dues of that member areone year in arrears. If the dues of amember are two years in arrears, thematter shall be referred to theGeneral Assembly which may decideto rescind all the remaining rights ofthe member concerned."

(iii) a new para. 14 c) shall be added reading asfollows:

"14 c) If, one year after the General Assem-bly decision to rescind the rights of amember pursuant to paragraph 14b), the member in question has notpaid any of its arrears owed up untilthe rescission, that member shall beconsidered as having withdrawnfrom IUCN."

(g) Para. 15 shall be deleted and replaced by a newparagraph as follows:

"Readmission

15. If a former member, which is considered tohave withdrawn from IUCN pursuant toparagraph 14 c), seeks readmission tomembership within three years of its with-drawal, all membership dues outstandingat the time the General Assembly rescin-ded membership rights shall be paid beforethe member is readmitted. Applications foradmission three years or more after with-drawal shall be treated in the same way asnew requests for membership."

(h) In para. 16 the last sentence shall be replacedby the following:

"The provisions of paragraph 15 will applymutatis mutandis in this case."

(i) In para. 19 a new subparagraph c) shall beadded reading as follows:

"c) Where one or more member States of anorganization referred to in paragraph 2 b)of this Article are Category A members ofIUCN, the organization and its memberStates shall decide on the mode of exercis-ing their voting rights which shall not intotal exceed those of the State members ofIUCN belonging to that organization."

3. In Article IV:

(a) In para. 3 a new clause ii) is inserted with thefollowing words and the other clauses renum-bered accordingly: "ii) to elect the Treasurer ofIUCN;"

(b) In para. 7:

(i) after the word "President," the words "theTreasurer," are inserted and

(ii) the following sentence added: "ThePresident may be elected by acclamation ifthere is consensus."

4. In Article VI:

(a) In para. 1

(i) a new clause c) with the following text isinserted:

"c) a Councillor from the State in whichIUCN has its seat, provided that onehas not been elected as a RegionalCouncillor";

(ii) the previous clauses c) and d) becomeclauses d) and e);

(iii) a new clause f) is added as follows:

"f) the Treasurer of IUCN."

(b) In para. 2 in the last sentence the words "twoRegional Councillors" are replaced by thewords "one Regional Councillor".


(c) Para. 3 is reworded as follows:

"3. The elected members of the Council shallappoint as soon as practicable after thelatter's election:

a) five Co-opted Councillors, with dueregard to the need to maintain anappropriate balance of diverse qualifi-cations, interests and skills; and

b) if a Regional Councillor referred to inparagraph 1 c) above has not beenelected, an additional Councillor afterconsultation with the governmentalauthorities concerned."

(d) In para. 4:

(i) the word "Nominations" in the firstsentence is replaced with "No more thantwo nominations";

(ii) after the word "President" the words "andfor the Treasurer" are inserted;

(iii) before the words "may also be made" thewords "for the President" are inserted.

(e) In para. 8:

(i) the first sentence shall be replaced asfollows: "Members of Council shall nothold the same office consecutively for morethan two full terms."

(ii) in the third sentence, the words "para-graphs 1 c) and 3 above" are replaced by"paragraphs 1 d) and 3 a) above".

(iii) the final sentence is replaced by thefollowing: "This paragraph does not applyto a Councillor co-opted in accordancewith paragraphs 1 c) and 3 b) above."

(f) Para. 12 is replaced by:

"12. The Council shall, in respect of eachtriennium, appoint:

a) from amongst the Regional and Co-opted Councillors up to:

i) four Vice-Presidents of IUCN;

ii) four members of the Bureau;

b) from amongst the Commission Chairsone member of the Bureau;

c) the Legal Adviser to IUCN, who hasthe right to participate in IUCN meet-ings without the right to vote."

5. In Article VII

Para. 1 is replaced by:

"1. The Bureau shall be composed of the Presidentof IUCN as Chair, the Treasurer, the Vice-Presidents and up to five members includingone Commission Chair appointed by theCouncil in accordance with Article VI, para-graph 12."

6. In Article X

The last sentence of para. 5 is replaced by:

"The Treasurer and the Director General shallsubmit to each ordinary session of the GeneralAssembly a consolidated report on the accountsof IUCN for the triennium together with theauditors' reports for the relevant years."

7. In Article XIV

After the word "English", the word "and" isreplaced by a comma and after the word "French",the words "and Spanish" are added.

Amendments to the Statutes 51

Presentation on Conservation Policy andPractice in Australia*

After a spectacular display of laser images ofAustralian plants and animals, accompanied bymusic from students of the Western AustralianConservatorium of Music, the Session was openedby the Hon. Ros Kelly, MP, Minister for the Arts,Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories. Ina wide-ranging speech she announced that thecomposition and terms of reference for a nationaladvisory committee on biodiversity had beencompleted. The Committee would bring togetherscientists, conservationists and state and territoryrepresentatives to advise her on a strategy tosafeguard the nation's biological heritage, andwould monitor its implementation.

Mr Robyn Williams, broadcaster and Chairmanof the Commission for the Future, introduced anumber of distinguished speakers, who madepresentations on the following topics:

Dr Mike Archer, University of New SouthWales: the evolutionary biogeography ofAustralia;

Ms Rachel Satour, Impaja Television, AliceSprings: the spiritual significance of Uluru(Ayers Rock) to Aboriginal culture;

Mr Phillip Toyne, Australian ConservationFoundation: the roles of government andsociety on environmental issues;

Dr John Young, University of Adelaide: howhuman settlement had affected the environmentof Australia;

Dr Peter Newman, Murdoch University,Western Australia: environmental issues inAustralian cities.

A short film, "State of the Environment", outlined arange of environmental problems in Australia,including the loss of soil and the past felling ofrainforests. Three speakers then reviewed Aus-tralia's present efforts to address these issues:

Mr Don Henry, Australian Committee forIUCN and WWF-Australia, on Australia'sresponse to international environmental issues;

Dr Tor Hundloe, Environment Institute ofAustralia, on action on national issues such asspecies loss, land degradation and pollution;

Dr Helen Ross, Australian National University,on how the techniques of conflict resolutionwere increasingly being used in solvingenvironmental disputes in Australia.

Susannah Begg, Leader of the Australian YouthDelegation to the 1990 Montreal Convention meet-ing, then made a forceful appeal to the conferenceon behalf of Australian youth for a healthyenvironment to ensure the future of her generationand future generations.

A short audiovisual summarized the changingattitudes of Australians towards their naturalenvironment with beautiful images from Australianart.

The concluding speaker, Mr Robyn Williams,outlined how Australia has adopted sustainabledevelopment as the basic principle for its environ-mental planning, following the World ConservationStrategy.

Minister Kelly closed the session and thankedall the contributors. The General Assemblyexpressed its appreciation with loud applause.

* This set of presentations formed the first part ofthe 18th Technical Meeting of IUCN.

53

Meeting on the IUCN Programme 1991-1993*

The intention of this meeting, which was chairedby the Director General, was to provide anopportunity for a wide-ranging debate on the draftIUCN Programme 1991-1993 (GA/18/90/11),before its adoption by the General Assembly inPlenary Session (reported on pp. 22-23).

The session considered Part II (ProgrammeActivities) of the draft Programme document(pp. 19-52), chapter by chapter. Dr Holdgateinvited the Chairs of those workshops that hadconsidered activities falling within these chaptersto present very short summaries of their principalconclusions, as these related to the proposedProgramme. Since the workshops are reported atgreater length elsewhere in this Proceedingsvolume (pp. 59-84), the points made by the variousChairs are not repeated here, although theyoccupied the major part of the meeting.

Chapter I, on Planning for Conservationand Sustainable Development (A1-A9)

The Assembly heard reports from the following:

Dr Julia Henderson, Chair, Workshop 2, onHuman Population Dynamics and ResourceDemand (in relation to Para AT);

Professor George Knox, Chair, Workshop 9, onthe Conservation Strategy for Antarctica (inrelation to Para A2);

Professor Hans Lundberg, Chair, Workshop 10,on the Environmental Implications of GlobalChange (in relation to Paras A8 and A9);

Dr Michael Royston, Chair, Workshop 12, onHarmonizing Environmental Conservation andEconomic Development (in relation to ChapterI overall);

* This meeting formed the second part of the 18thTechnical Meeting of IUCN.

Dr Pietronella van den Oever, Chair, Ad HocWorkshop on the Future Orientation of IUCN'sWomen and Natural Resources ManagementProgramme.

The Queensland Conservation Council said that thespeakers at Workshop 12 were predominantly fromthe corporate sector, and that there were no invitedspeakers from NGOs. They considered that therecommendations of the Workshop therefore reflec-ted the views of business rather than of the IUCNmembership. They asked that in future IUCNmembers be given priority over non-members inIUCN workshops. Dr Holdgate replied that thispoint would be considered carefully; as a generalprinciple he considered that speakers from outsideshould not be excluded but that the workshopsshould be designed primarily for the benefit of themembership.

The India State member delegation drew atten-tion to the recommendations on pages 5, 6 and 9 ofthe Review of IUCN's Programme 1988-1990 by MrAnil Agarwal and Mr Adrian Phillips, stressingtheir importance to the IUCN Programme andnoting in particular the conclusion that the benefitsof IUCN had been unevenly spread geographically.

On Para A1 (Completing and Promoting theWorld Conservation Strategy for the 1990s), theCenter for Environmental Legal Studies, PaceUniversity (USA) proposed that IUCN give moreattention to the debt burdens of the Third World.There was no sound environmental or ethical basisfor diverting so much of developing countries'resources into servicing their loans, and the resultswere crippling economically and environmentally.Within a country, such situations were resolved bythe process of bankruptcy; IUCN should adapt theconcept of bankruptcy for use in the internationalarena.

The California Institute of Public Affairsproposed that responsibility for implementing ParaAl be transferred to an Inter-Commission StandingCommittee, although the Commission on Environ-mental Strategy and Planning should be involvedin particular parts of the work.

55

The Australian Conservation Foundationsuggested that on Antarctica (Para A2) IUCNshould rapidly consult with its members andcomplete its Conservation Strategy (taken upfurther in Plenary, see pages 31-32 and 41-43), andthat on global change (Para A8 and A9) IUCNshould provide input to the formulation of a GlobalClimate Convention.

In response to a question about the future of theUnion's work on the role of women in conservationand natural resource management, Dr Holdgatesaid that the Secretariat would now prepare a newproposal, so that this programme could be financedand resumed.

Chapter II, on Conserving BiologicalDiversity (A10-A36)

Dr Holdgate introduced reports by the following:

Dr Kenton Miller, Chair, Workshop 3, onDesigning and Implementing the BiodiversityConservation Strategy (in relation to the wholechapter);

Dr Tundi Agardy, Chair, Workshop 4, onConservation of the Marine Environment (inrelation to Paras A28-A30)

Dr Duncan Poore, Chair, Workshop 5, onRealistic Strategies for Tropical Forests (inrelation to Para A27);

Mr Bing Lucas, Co-Chair, Workshop 6, onCritical Issues for Protected Areas (in relationto Paras A33-A36);

Mr Henry Nsanjama, Chair, Workshop 7, onSustainable Use of Wildlife (in relation to ParaA21)

Dr Pius Anadu, Co-Chair, Workshop 8, on aGlobal Strategy for Conserving Wetlands (inrelation to Paras A24-A26)

The Hon. Mersie Ejigu, Chair, Workshop 11, onConservation and Sustainable Development inthe Sahel and other Arid Regions (in relation toPara A32 and in Chapter IV Para A52);

Delegates from the floor made a number of points.The following suggestions relate to the chapteroverall:

• the Environment and Conservation Organiza-tions of New Zealand expressed concern at thelack of emphasis given in the chapter to thepriority of in situ conservation over ex situ

conservation. IUCN's role should be to concen-trate on in situ conservation. (This was confir-med by the Director General, who emphasizedthat IUCN's primary goal was in situ conserva-tion, but that ex situ conservation was a validactivity, especially when captive breeding wasundertaken in order to permit reintroductions);

• one of the main threats to protected areas inColombia, and a cause of loss of biodiversity,was the narcotics industry; IUCN should paymore attention to this in its BiodiversityProgramme (Sociedad Colombiana de Ecologla);

• the Biodiversity Programme should include theissue of introductions and the problems ofintroduced species; a Convention was neededon this topic (Oman State member delegation);

• more emphasis should be given to the problemsof genetic engineering and of the introduction ofnew organisms (Nature Conservation Council ofNew South Wales);

• there should be more emphasis on work in theIndian Ocean (International Society of Natural-ists, India), in the forests of Central Africa(Zaire) and in Asia (National Commission forWildlife Conservation and Development, SaudiArabia);

• conserving the Vavilov Centres of Diversity,sources of the origin of many crop plants,should not be neglected (International Society ofNaturalists, India).

Delegates made the following points on specificparagraphs:

• A21 (Wildlife Utilization as a Component ofConservation). The word "wildlife" should bereplaced by the phrase "terrestrial fauna", so asto exclude fish (Fundacion Chiapaneca "MiguelAlvarez del Toro" para la Protección de laNaturaleza, Mexico); the Programme shouldgive more attention to populations with lownumbers and small ranges (Societe Nationale deProtection de la Nature, France);

• A24 (Wetland Policy and ManagementGuidance). This paragraph includes thesentence, "Consideration will be given to anadditional study of the impact of agriculturaland industrial pollution on wetlands". IUCNshould definitely do this study, not just considerit! (Fundacion Chiapaneca "Miguel Alvarez delToro" para la Proteccion de la Naturaleza,Mexico);


• A27 (Supporting Global Efforts to ConserveTropical Forest Ecosystems). More emphasisshould be given to the role of IUCN instimulating finance for the development ofhuman resources, notably through training(Fundación Natura, Ecuador); the word "ex-tractive", in the sentence where IUCN is propos-ing to establish projects to test approaches toextractive management of near-natural forest(p. 32, lines 12-15), should be replaced by"sustainable" (India);

• A28 (Formulating Marine Policy). Marineprojects only total SFr 615,000, which is lessthan 1.5 per cent of the Union's budget, yetoceans cover 75 per cent of the surface of theworld (Greenpeace International). Many at theWorkshop felt that this expenditure was in-adequate.

On the question of establishing an Arid LandsProgramme (A32), the Workshop on this theme(No. 11) had recommended that the SahelProgramme be continued as a Regional Programmebut that a separate, non-area-based thematicprogramme be established on Drylands. TheNational Commission for Wildlife Conservationand Development (Saudi Arabia) agreed with thisproposal, and called on IUCN to develop a fullprogramme on rangelands, as they cover 20-25 percent of the earth.

Chapter III, on Providing ConservationServices and Tools for Conservation(A37-A44)

No substantive comments were made.

Chapter IV, on Building IUCN's RegionalPresence (A45-A55)

The following points were made:

• IUCN should decentralize its expertise, develop-ing multi-disciplinary teams in the regions, andnot just have Regional Programmes (Queens-land Conservation Council). (Dr Holdgateconfirmed that this was happening, with linksto the Commissions);

• the State delegation for Western Samoa, speak-ing on behalf of the 22 island nations of theSouth Pacific, said that the region had very poormembership of IUCN, amounting to one nationand two NGOs. IUCN should consider how tostrengthen and expand its activities in theregion, and when IUCN becomes more fullyinvolved, providing a separate, independentprogramme;

• the Czech Institute for Nature Conservationnoted the great changes in Eastern Europe andsaid that an IUCN East European ProgrammeLiaison Group was being established to adviseon the development of the activities described inPara A45. The transitions to market economiesin the region posed risks for conservation;

• the Sierra Club (USA) pointed out that theNorth American programme (A47) included anactivity to establish new alliances betweenIUCN members there, but this was not found inother regional programmes. This was an impor-tant role for all Regional Offices and for IUCNas a whole;

• the Jamaica Conservation and DevelopmentTrust felt that the wording on the proposedprogramme in the Caribbean was vague (A50).(In reply, Dr Holdgate said that IUCN wasreviewing its operations in that region);

• Kenya thanked the Director General for thepolicy of regionalization. Its success was seen inthe cooperation and concord of IUCN members.In East Africa (A53), the delegation drewattention to the major threat from an aphid thatis destroying forests and stressed the need for astronger network of IUCN members in theregion. (Dr Holdgate said that a RegionalAdvisory Council is planned.)

Chapter V, on Programme Support andServices (A56-A71)

On A63 (Contributions to International Meetings),Greenpeace International said that they participatein many meetings, and would welcome anincreased role by IUCN in this activity and offeredto help the Director General in this regard.

The IUCN Programme 1991-1993 57

Reports from the Workshops

Introduction

On 30 November and 1 December, the GeneralAssembly divided into twelve workshops, each ona different topic of importance to world conser-vation in general and to the IUCN Programme inparticular. The workshops were held on thecampus of the University of Western Australia.

The workshops were an opportunity fordelegates at the General Assembly to discuss anddebate conservation issues in smaller groups thanin the Plenary Sessions. The intention was that asmany participants as possible would share theirexperience and knowledge. The aim of eachworkshop was to reach an understanding andconsensus on the topic concerned and on the wayahead for the conservation movement.

The Director General had asked that eachworkshop provide IUCN with specific advice onthe coverage of the topic concerned in two vitaldocuments: the draft IUCN Triennial Programme1991-1993 and the second draft of the WorldConservation Strategy for the 1990s, provisionallytitled "Caring for the World: A Strategy forSustainability". The Chairs of each workshop madeshort presentations of their conclusions about theIUCN Programme to the Technical Meeting of theGeneral Assembly (see pp. 55-57). The Rapporteursof the workshops submitted written comments on"Caring for the World" to the team preparing thenext draft and some of them spoke in the PlenarySession of the General Assembly on this item(pp. 29-31); the report on Workshop 1, below,includes the more important of the comments on"Caring for the World" from the other workshops.

The reports below are by the Workshop Rappor-teur unless otherwise stated. Rapportage of theworkshops was organized and coordinated byMr George Greene, of Dalhousie University,Canada.

WORKSHOP 1

The World ConservationStrategy for the 1990s

Chair: Ms Yolanda Kakabadse

Convenors: Dr David Munro and Ms MargrithKemp

Rapporteur: Mr Robert Prescott-Allen

The Workshop reviewed the second draft of"Caring for the World: A Strategy for Sustain-ability", in particular the chapters not consideredby other workshops. It also discussed the Strategy'simplementation. The principal conclusions were:

Title

The title and subtitle were widely but not unanim-ously approved. To show continuity with theWorld Conservation Strategy, the cover and titlepage should state that the document is an expan-sion of that document.

Organization and Style

Most comments confirmed the need for a newdocument, and supported the principles and stra-tegic direction of the draft. But it was generallyagreed that the document should be organized andwritten differently to win wide support andmotivate implementation.

Many of the actions are too detailed andspecific. This makes it difficult to follow the overallStrategy and also makes it less applicable globally.The main part of the document should focus on thestrategic directions and key proposals for achievingthem.

However, the many actions in the second draft

59

are an improvement over the World ConservationStrategy and should not be lost. Instead, detailedtactical actions should be placed in Annexes.

The document should be written in a way thatwill inspire people to act. It should be readable,with a strong narrative flow, and with examplesfrom throughout the world to make the mainpoints clearly understandable. It should vividlyexpress human feeling and oneness with the earth.

Major Substantive Comments

A great many valuable substantive comments weremade both in writing and at the other workshops.Most point out ways of improving the Strategywithout changing its emphasis. However, fourmore issues should be included: employment;health; destabilizing factors such as drug traffick-ing; and ecological refugees. In addition, thecoverage of some issues should be expanded oremphasized, in particular: environmental law; thecontribution of indigenous peoples to conservation;institutional implications of sustainability; research;the role and status of women; technology; theArctic; the ecosystem approach; the relationshipbetween democracy and sustainability; coasts, seasand oceans; and ways of overcoming obstacles tothe actions needed.

The Strategy should recognize the failings ofboth planned and market economies. Although thenature of sustainable economies has yet to beworked out, the development of new economicmodels should be a major challenge of the Strategy.

Development is perceived differently bydifferent cultures. The importance of culturaldiversity should be recognized throughout thedocument. All components of the community havea contribution to make. Disadvantaged groups lackaccess to resources; they have little say in the wayresources are managed and scant share in thebenefits of development. They are thus scarcelyable to help themselves, and if they are to playtheir proper part in a diverse society, a commit-ment and conscious effort are required from thosewho have power.

It was noted that the treatment of several topics(for example, climatic change and the TropicalForestry Action Plan) should be brought up todate.

Implementation

Many participants were distressed at the lack offollow-up to the World Conservation Strategy.They called for an ongoing commitment to

promote and (where appropriate) implement "Car-ing for the World" by IUCN and its members,WWF and its National Organizations, and UNEP.IUCN's national and regional committees andoffices need to be energized for this task.

The Workshop proposed an amendment toResolution 18.13 on "Caring for the World", to urgethe Director General to work with the UNEP andWWF members of the Steering Committee topromote widespread publicity about and distribu-tion of the final document. The publication shouldbe easily available in many languages at anaffordable price so that people throughout theworld can read and use it.

Also, a wide range of target-specific audiovisualand written materials should be produced tomotivate action. As many individuals and organ-izations as possible should be invited to participatein promoting and implementing the Strategy.

Governments should show leadership bycommitting the public sector to sustainablepractices. By the same token, IUCN should set anexample by undertaking an environmental audit ofits office practices and operations, and modifyingthem accordingly.

Provision should be made to monitor andevaluate implementation of the Strategy.

(Report prepared by Yolanda Kakabadse, GraemeKelleher, Mary Simon and Dilnavaz Variava,assisted by Margrith Kemp, David Munro andRobert Prescott-Allen.)

WORKSHOP 2

Human Population Dynamicsand Resource Demand

Chair: Dr Julia Henderson

Convenors: Dr Pietronella van den Oever andMs Anne Viscolo

Rapporteur: Ms Frances Dennis

The overall objective was to identify what IUCNshould do in the next triennium on the issue ofpopulation and natural resources. The Workshopalso examined the contribution that the populationcommunity and the IUCN Population and NaturalResources Programme could make to implementing"Caring for the World".


More than 60 people took part in each of thefour sessions. About half the participants hadbackgrounds in population science or in populationprogrammes, and about half were from an environ-mental field, though a few participants hadexperience in both subjects. There were alsorepresentatives of international and donor agencies,as well as participants from the media.

Recommendations on the IUCNProgramme

The importance of relating human populationdynamics to the central mission of IUCN is nowwidely recognized and approved. There had in factbeen presentations on the interactions betweenpopulation and resources in four other workshops.

This was a field in which IUCN needed tocooperate with many partners. The Workshoprecommended that in the next triennium IUCNshould cooperate especially:

(a) at the international level, with the UnitedNations Population Fund (UNFPA) and theInternational Planned Parenthood Federation(IPPF);

(b) at the national level, not only with govern-ments, particularly in the development ofNational Conservation Strategies, but also withprovincial and local authorities and people'sorganizations;

(c) with universities to provide the research andanalysis essential for sound policy-making andto educate the younger generation in therealities and the ethics of the links betweenpopulation and natural resources;

(d) with NGOs, taking advantage of IUCN's exten-sive membership to form partnerships withother NGOs as advocates and activists inimplementing the Strategy.

There were thought-provoking presentations andstimulating discussions on the ambiguities ofsustainable development. This underscored thecomplex relationships between population dyn-amics—especially growth, age structure and dis-tribution of population—and the conservation andsustainable use of natural resources.

Several presentations and interventionsprovided insights into how different populationvariables influence the other themes of the IUCNProgramme—such as forests, arid lands, parks andprotected areas, wetlands, species survival, sustain-able use of wildlife and global change. TheWorkshop recommended that IUCN should continue

investigations on these influences. Pioneer work isneeded because these are new concepts on whichlittle or no academic research has yet been done.

Case studies from Africa, Asia and LatinAmerica showed what people are doing to helpthemselves. Participants emphasized howimportant it is for IUCN to carry out local fieldprojects so as to constantly validate and, if necess-ary, modify the results of its intellectual analyses.Indeed, some participants would like IUCN'sPopulation and Natural Resources Programme tobe as active in projects at the community level indeveloping countries, as it is in the search for atheoretical understanding of the issue.

The Workshop recommended that IUCN continueto undertake case studies both in developing anddeveloped countries, where interactions betweenpopulation variables and resource consumption arestill inadequately understood. These studies shouldbe done in ecosystems and regions where IUCN isactive, so that IUCN field projects can benefit andif necessary be modified. Promising studies couldprovide models for others to follow.

There was considerable discussion of the issueof over-consumption of resources. Small familiesconsume more resources per head than largefamilies. As family size decreases, so aspirationsrise and more families enter into the high-consumption pattern. It is suggested, however, thatresource consumption is not only a demographicproblem. Economic and social policies and estab-lished patterns of human behaviour are also majorinfluences. To reduce over-consumption, govern-ments will have to consider a range of social,economic and political factors. Massive publiceducation to create a genuine "conservationsociety" should be accompanied by a profoundchange from polluting to environment-friendlytechnologies. Reduction of population growthalone, while having a significant impact, cannotprevent over-consumption, as is demonstrated incountries which have already passed through thedemographic transition to small families and stablepopulations.

Recommendation

With minor changes, the Workshop endorsed thedraft recommendation on Human PopulationDynamics and Resource Demand submitted to theGeneral Assembly (subsequently approved asRecommendation 18.17). This recommendationurges that IUCN's Population and NaturalResources Programme be strengthened. It alsourges that high priority be given to populationissues at the UN Conference on Environment and

Reports from the Workshops 61

Development and to environment issues at the 1994UN International Population Conference.

"Caring for the World"

The Workshop suggested a number of changes toChapter 6 (Stabilizing Resource Demand and Popu-lation) in the draft document. Further commentswere made on other chapters. The Workshop urgedthat a prominent box be added to describe thecritical scarcity of water; because water is finite,water shortage is likely to be the most immediateand serious of the resource constraints to improv-ing the quality of life for increasing numbers ofpeople.

WORKSHOP 3

Designing and Implementingthe Biodiversity ConservationStrategy

Chair: Dr Kenton Miller

Convenor: Mr Jeff McNeely

Rapporteur: Dr Charles Barber

The world is being impoverished by the loss anddegradation of its genes, species, habitats andecosystems. In response to this grave threat to thebiotic foundation on which humanity depends,IUCN, in collaboration with UNEP and the WorldResources Institute, has organized the BiodiversityConservation Strategy Programme, formally laun-ched in 1989. The Programme aims to develop, by1992, a Biodiversity Strategy, a Biodiversity ActionProgramme and a Biodiversity Status Report as itsmain outputs.

This Workshop was the first of a series ofinternational consultations within the Programme'sframework. Its aims were:

• to discuss major issues in conserving bio-diversity, in order to strengthen the science andpolicy basis for the Programme;

• to bring IUCN members fully into the process ofpreparing and implementing the Programme'smajor outputs and activities;

• to review progress in the preparation of a global

Convention on Biodiversity, and to enhance thecontribution of the Programme and of IUCNmembers to that process;

• to agree on basic principles for the IUCNProgramme 1991-1993 in the field of bio-diversity conservation.

The Workshop was well attended, and participantsrepresented virtually all the major regions of theglobe and a wide range of governmental, inter-governmental, NGO and scientific institutions. Thekey issues raised are outlined below.

Biodiversity and its Importance

The importance of biodiversity is well known. TheWorkshop made the following points on thistheme.

1. Biodiversity has already become the subject ofwidespread concern and action, but its conser-vation depends on sustainable developmentpaths that have not yet been taken.

2. A great deal of work remains to be done inrefining scientific understanding of biodiversityand tools for measuring its magnitude and loss.

3. The ethical and cultural aspects of biodiversityand its conservation are as important as anyother element, but have received grossly in-adequate attention and funding.

4. Local communities must be allowed to assume amajor role in managing and benefiting from theresources on which their livelihoods andcultures depend.

5. Indigenous peoples are an integral part of theforests and other wild systems in which theylive, and from which they draw their livelihoodand culture; efforts to conserve biodiversitymust work directly with these people and givetheir interests and insights special consideration.

6. Many of the concepts of property andsovereignty that dominate international discus-sions on biodiversity are inadequate andinappropriate for the task of slowing the loss ofbiodiversity.

7. There are many ways—formal and informal—ofbuilding a consensus for biodiversity conser-vation.

8. Biodiversity concerns have not yet been fullyintegrated into national economic planningprocesses or into the work of multilateraldevelopment banks, although some progress isbeing made.


National Systems for ConservingBiodiversity

The Workshop noted and endorsed the followingelements in a successful national approach:

1. Government and development aid agencies areincreasingly accepting biodiversity conservationas a legitimate objective, but are in need ofconcrete guidelines and strategies for action.One tool for action is the development andimplementation of national biodiversity actionplans. Such plans may include elaboration of: anethical base; a system of information manage-ment; identification of priorities; economic andequity considerations; a variety of mechanismsto mobilize and integrate the whole range ofrelevant institutions and actions at local,national and international levels; needs fortraining, education and institutional strengthen-ing; and strategies for implementation.

2. Biodiversity conservation may require the estab-lishment of new institutions designed torespond to the diverse and complex set of issuesinvolved. For example, while some countries aredoing a reasonably good job in saving keyhabitats, little is being done to systematize thestudy of biodiversity and link the knowledgegained with current and potential users.Creation of an institution to bridge the gapbetween researchers and users can strengthenboth and provide a better institutional basis forbiodiversity conservation. Development of aNational Biodiversity Institute, which unitesefforts to save, study and use biodiversitywithin one institution, as has been done inCosta Rica, is one model which could be appliedelsewhere.

3. In many countries, biodiversity conservation canbe advanced through strategies and initiativesaimed at particular ecosystems or problems. Thesystematic approaches taken in Brazil to theconservation of the Amazonian forest is onegood example, the attempts in India to linkrestoration of degraded lands with conservationof biodiversity is another.

International Approaches to ConservingBiodiversity

The Workshop also endorsed the following inter-national actions:

1. Development of comprehensive, accurate andusable information on biodiversity. This is anessential prerequisite for its conservation and

sustainable utilization. The development of theBiodiversity Status Report by WCMC under theStrategy Programme is an important effort inthis direction. Its objective is to develop acomprehensive database covering financial,legal and institutional data as well as biologicalconditions and trends. A number of othercomplementary approaches are also underway,including ICBP's project on Centres of AvianEndemism, IUCN's and WWF's Centres of PlantDiversity Project, WCMC's project to identifysites of high biodiversity in tropical forestecosystems, and SSC's efforts to synthesizebiodiversity data on a regional basis, nowcompleted for sub-Saharan Africa and plannedfor other regions.

2. Marine biodiversity should receive increasedemphasis, as efforts on marine conservationhave lagged behind those for terrestrial systems.Major threats to marine biodiversity includeover-harvesting, physical destruction of habitats(especially mangroves), chemical pollution,introduction of alien species, and global atmos-pheric and climatic change. The StrategyProgramme must incorporate marine conserva-tion as a high priority, with due recognition ofthe scientific and institutional differencesbetween the marine and terrestrial contexts.Action must necessarily have a strong inter-national focus.

Legal Measures for Supporting theConservation of Biodiversity

The Workshop endorsed the substantial presentlegal efforts, noting the following points:

1. Work by IUCN (CEPLA) on the development ofa Convention on Biodiversity has laid a strongfoundation. The process has now moved intothe political sphere, in inter-governmental meet-ings convened by UNEP. Many sensitive issueshave arisen, including access to geneticresources, the place of biotechnology and thetransfer of technology in the Convention,relative emphasis on in situ and ex situ elements,intellectual property rights, and the extent towhich domestic species are to be covered.IUCN, the NGO community and technicalexperts should continue to play a role in theprocess, but must focus more on informing andinfluencing government delegations.

2. Legal approaches to biodiversity conservationmust also proceed at national and regionallevels. Such efforts in the developing countriesmust take into account the harsh realities of


poverty and political instability, and theconcomitant low priority that the developmentof environmental law often receives. At thenational level, development of laws, regulationsand institutional capacities for environmentalimpact assessment is a key priority, as part ofan integrated planning system that includesbiodiversity conservation.

initiatives required to slow the future loss ofbiodiversity. IUCN members form a criticalmass of institutions and individuals with boththe concern and the capacity to meet thischallenge. Their participation in the Programmeis urgently needed and strongly solicited.

Conclusions

The Workshop reached six general conclusions.

1. Ethical, religious and cultural considerations inthe conservation of biodiversity require muchmore serious attention, and work on this needsmore support—intellectually, institutionally andfinancially.

2. Accurate, comprehensive, accessible and usableinformation on biodiversity is essential forconservation.

3. National biodiversity action plans should beprepared that integrate the whole range ofinterests, mechanisms and technologies concer-ned with biodiversity. This requires thedevelopment of field-tested methodologies forplanning exercises.

4. The interests, skills, rights and capacities of localcommunities to manage biodiversity must berecognized and supported; this involves anadjustment of the balance of biotic resourcecontrol, access and ownership between the stateand the community, and the development ofpartnerships between them.

5. Appropriate legal and institutional frameworksare a vital element for achieving biologicaldiversity conservation and thus should bestrengthened at national, regional and inter-national level; in so doing, attention should bepaid not only to instruments designed toprovide various levels of protection to desig-nated areas, but also to legal mechanismsfavouring the integration of biological diversityconservation in land-use planning processes.

6. The global threat posed by biodiversity lossrequires action at the international level, tocomplement national legal, institutional andscientific initiatives. The Convention on Bio-logical Diversity presently being discussed is apotentially important tool for achieving actionand mobilizing support at global level.

7. The Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Pro-gramme provides a flexible and wide-rangingway to develop and implement the diverse

WORKSHOP 4

Conservation of the MarineEnvironment

Chair: Dr Tundi Agardy

Convenor: Dr Danny Elder

Rapporteur: Mr Richard Kenchington

Over 120 people contributed to the Workshop,testimony to the fact that IUCN members viewmarine conservation as a pressing problem. Theobjectives of the Workshop were to:

• discuss how IUCN could be more effective inpromoting action by its members on marineissues;

• provide advice on the Coastal and MarineProgramme, in the draft IUCN Programme1991-93.

• suggest how to make the chapter on oceans in"Caring for the World" reflect better theproblems of marine conservation and how theycould be solved.

The participants unanimously agreed that theworld's oceans are imperilled by humankind usingcoastal areas and ocean space in unsustainable andirresponsible ways. They acknowledged thatmarine conservation has lagged behind conser-vation on land. This is partly because of an innatebias that sees the oceans as global commons, witheach person as free as the next to overuse marineresources, and partly because of the commonperception that the marine environment is an alienworld, difficult for humans to enter, and so leadingto the view "Out of sight, out of mind".

Effective solutions to many problems in marineconservation continue to be elusive. Examples ofsuch problems include habitat destruction andalteration, pollution through eutrophication,siltation, dumping, toxic runoff and over-fishing.Conventional approaches to reduce these impacts


are often ineffective. Indeed, the close linksbetween land and sea, which when undisturbedcontribute to environmental stability, are one of themain reasons for the failure of sectoral manage-ment to address marine issues adequately.

The Workshop saw an urgent need for muchmore activity on marine issues in the work of theCommissions and in the IUCN Programme as awhole. Participants discussed, but saw no particu-lar merit in, the idea of creating a separate MarineCommission. Instead the Workshop preferred toemphasize the pervasive linkages between marine,terrestrial and atmospheric processes through adeliberate process of incorporating marine conser-vation into all relevant activities. The Workshopthus stressed the importance of the IUCN Coastaland Marine Programme and the role of its Co-ordinator. It made a strong recommendation to theDirector General that the Programme be streng-thened and that it take on a more "horizontal" role,working with and through other thematicprogrammes and IUCN Commissions.

This general role being accepted, the Workshopthen devoted most of its attention to the questionof what priority issues should be addressed in theCoastal and Marine Programme. The followingtwelve issues were seen as the most important:

1. Poor public understanding of marine conserva-tion issues. IUCN should mount a publiceducation programme to target priority groupson marine issues, with the goal of makingmarine conservation as well understood asterrestrial conservation in the public's mind.

2. Biodiversity. In the marine environment, bio-diversity losses at the community, populationand habitat level are usually of more concernthan the loss of individual species. IUCN shouldpromote a better understanding of the threats tomarine biodiversity, and should work with theCITES Secretariat to establish criteria ofendangerment for marine species, communitiesand habitats threatened by international wildlifetrade. One particular problem that should beaddressed is the introduction of exotic or alienspecies from ballast waters, from fouling com-munities on ships or from mariculture.

3. Global change issues in the oceans. It isespecially important to:

(a) identify changes in the seas that may be theresult of global warming, such as changedpatterns in ocean currents, altered distribu-tions of species and communities, andphenomena such as coral bleaching;

(b) establish that pollution of the seas from

sources on land is as important a drivingforce in global change as pollution of the air.

4. Monitoring and collection of time series data.Monitoring of the marine environment isgenerally inadequate and there is a consequentlack of good time series data from which tounderstand the underlying dynamics of themarine system and the impacts of humanactivity. IUCN should encourage scientists tosee time series data as a scarce and preciousresource.

5. Communication and science. It can be appall-ingly difficult for non-scientists to obtain theresults of scientific research in a form they canunderstand. IUCN should present modernoceanographic and coastal science in a form thatcan be readily understood by the rest of theworld.

6. Regional communication and coordination.Few marine ecosystems are confined to thejurisdiction of a single nation. There is thereforea great need for regional coordination betweenmarine scientists, NGOs and government agen-cies. A good example of how to achieve thiscoordination is IUCN's work on marine protec-ted areas. Other tasks for which IUCN couldpromote regional communication and coordina-tion include public education, monitoring andtraining.

7. Fisheries issues, in particular:

(a) the impact of fishing on non-target species,habitats and communities. Fisheries scienceand management should rapidly move awayfrom their focus on target stocks into under-standing and conserving the ecosystems andprocesses that sustain fish populations;

(b) the need for caution and environmentalimpact assessment in the establishment ofnew fisheries or the expansion of effort inexisting fisheries. Economic uses should befound for species previously discarded as"by-catch" and commercial fisheries shouldinteract with subsistence fisheries, and withthe expanding sport and recreational fishing.

8. Mariculture issues, in particular:

(a) the alienation of large areas of sensitiveenvironments for mariculture;

(b) ecosystem and local fishery losses from lossof larval production and nursery areas orfrom mariculture pollution;

(c) the need to monitor environmental andeconomic performance.


IUCN should develop criteria for the design ofecologically sustainable mariculture, takingaccount of ecosystem needs.

9. Enforcement. Fisheries and other legislationwhich should protect the marine environment isoften not enforced at all. IUCN should promoteactive enforcement. A good sign of successwould be increased prosecutions and legalsanctions against infringements.

10. Indicators of environmental stress. The Work-shop discussed the use of biological indicators(such as amphipods and hydroids) as simpleways to identify environmental stress. If suchtechniques can be developed for use by school-children and NGO volunteers, they couldgreatly advance the reduction of marine pollu-tion.

11. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).Many environmental impact decisions are madeon the basis of privately produced, unpublishedand unreviewed studies. There is a clear possi-bility of conflict of interest leading to inade-quate coverage. This would be reduced by anindependent expert review of EIA proposals,and by open public review of the resultingdocuments and statements. IUCN should alsodesign a model for EIA legislation on marineissues.

12. The need to extend the principles of conserva-tion and ecologically sustainable use beyondthe boundaries of protected areas. IUCNshould seek to incorporate the principles ofeffectively coordinated, ecologically sustainable,multiple-use into the management of the terri-torial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zones(EEZ) of all nations.


Substantial attention was given to the marinecomponent of "Caring for the World", since theparticipants found the chapter to be seriouslylacking. Written comments have been passed to theteam preparing the Strategy.

WORKSHOP 5

Realistic Strategies for TropicalForests

Chair: Dr Duncan Poore

Convenors: Mr Jeff Sayer and Ms Jill Blockhus

Rapporteur: Ms Jacqueline Sawyer

The objective of the Workshop was to build aconsensus on several critical tropical forest issues,as a guide to the orientation of the IUCN ForestConservation Programme for the next three years.The critical issues were:

• the role of industrial forestry in forest conserva-tion and the strategy that the InternationalTropical Timber Organization (ITTO) shouldpursue to promote biodiversity conservation;

• the strategies for development in general thatare most conducive to forest conservation;

• the optimal institutional arrangements for inter-national support to forest conservation;

• the implications of forest loss and industrialforest use for biodiversity conservation;

• the adequacy of the coverage of these issues inChapter 12 (Forest Lands) of "Caring for theWorld";

• the adequacy of IUCN's draft TriennialProgramme in relation to the current situationof tropical rain forests.

The Workshop was divided into four sessions. InSession 1, speakers gave brief overviews of aspectsof tropical forest conservation. Session 2 wasdivided into three sections, one for each tropicalregion. In these, summaries of the country papersproduced under the ITTO project "Realistic Strate-gies for the Conservation of Biological Diversity inTropical Moist Forests" were presented anddiscussed. Session 3 focused on deforestation ratesand species extinctions; five speakers presentedsummaries of papers, which were then discussed.Session 4 debated the various draft tropical forestresolutions and the future work of the IUCN ForestConservation Programme. About 200 people atten-ded the Workshop and in all thirty presentationswere made.

There was considerable debate, especially on thefollowing topics:


1. Sustainable Management

Several participants proposed that sustainabilityshould be taken to refer to sustainability in itswidest sense, i.e. ecological, social and economicsustainability. They asked fundamental questionson how to define sustainability, how to achieve itand how to measure it. If nature conservation wasa primary goal, it was clearly inappropriate to usetimber production as the main index of success. Aparticipant from a developing country pointed outthat sustainability presupposes a stable politicalclimate, a situation that does not exist at present inmany tropical countries.

Many participants emphasized that sustainableforest management depends more upon solvingsocial, economic and political problems than uponsolving technological problems. But there were fewspecific suggestions on how to solve theseproblems. Within the Asia-Pacific region, for ex-ample, no single solution would be possible sincecountries in the region are so heterogeneous. Forexample, some are economically much moreadvanced than others. Universal solutions will notbe appropriate. Instead solutions must be fine-tuned to suit the particular needs of each country.Forest use had to be placed within the context ofoverall land-use planning. More trained personnelare needed, and legal and fiscal institutions needstrengthening.

2. Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP)

Some participants suggested that in view of therelative youth of the plan and the immensity of theproblems it is trying to tackle, it should beextended, perhaps for another 10 years. However,all agreed that it should be subject to improve-ments and modifications. For example, fundingagencies must consult local populations andnational governments more fully. Local peopleshould be the initiators of policy. Governmentsmust take care that they properly represent theirforest peoples. Funding agencies should beencouraged to sustain their support for an exten-ded period of time.

3. International Tropical TimberOrganization (ITTO)

Frequent reference was made to the need todevelop markets for low-volume, high-value timberand non-timber products if forests are to bemanaged sustainably. It was felt that this was an

area to which the ITTO could make a significantcontribution. It could, for example, devise a label-ling scheme for timber from sustainable sources. Itwas also felt that ITTO had a role to play indeveloping guidelines for timber extraction and thepromotion of appropriate forest uses.

4. Indigenous Peoples

Throughout the Workshop speakers referred to theneed to involve local peoples in managing tropicalforests. Several participants stressed that traditionalrights of indigenous peoples should be respectedand incorporated into management planning. Euro-peans have tended to regard tropical forests asempty places when in fact they may have been thehome of indigenous peoples. This is a root cause ofa disregard of indigenous peoples when planningforest use.

Some participants felt that more money shouldbe diverted into research to establish how indigen-ous peoples manage their forests. This would berelatively inexpensive in comparison to the vastsums spent on researching technology for indus-trial forestry.

5. Timber Boycotts

Many participants were of the view that timberboycotts would lead to further destruction oftropical forests. They argued that if forests do nothave any monetary value, governments of tropicalcountries will feel less compelled to ensure thatthey survive. However, there is a considerableproblem in ensuring markets for timber fromsustainable sources. So long as the timber market isopen and unconditional, non-sustainable timberoperators will be able to undercut sustainableoperators, as sustainable management is consider-ably more expensive. Some participants felt that itis necessary therefore to close the market to timberfrom unsustainable sources. Boycotts offer a meansof doing this. There is a considerable role for theinternational community, including ITTO, to playin steering the market towards positive discrimina-tion in favour of sustainable products.

One speaker felt that the terms of boycottsshould be better defined—boycotts for whatpurpose, for how long and for whom. He pointedout that NGOs call for boycotts in order to focusthe attention of people in Europe, USA and Japanon the currently extremely inequitable terms oftrade between North and South.

A draft recommendation proposing a boycott oftimber from East Malaysia caused much dissension.


Some participants felt that it was unfair to singleout Malaysia for a boycott and that developedcountries have no right to condemn peopleemployed by the timber trade in Sarawak (one-fifthof the population) to unemployment. Others feltthat in a crisis strong measures are called for, andpointed out that although people in Sarawak havea right to employment now, they also have a rightto employment in the long term. Once the timbersupply in Sarawak is exhausted, and this promisesto be quite soon, they will cease to have thisopportunity.

Other participants felt that perhaps the SarawakGovernment should be given greater credit for themoves it is at present taking to try and achievesustainable management, and that developedimporting nations had a duty to help it in this task.They suggested that Sarawak could commit itself toexporting sustainably produced timber with theproviso that it receive adequate help from import-ing nations during the transition.

It was pointed out that logging may be arelatively temporary phenomenon. Most tropicaltimber is used for non-specialist purposes and it islikely that alternative materials will be found forthese. Also, timber plantations in the South, forexample in Brazil, Chile and New Zealand, areabout to come on stream, so there will be less needto log primary forests. There is good reasontherefore to concentrate on managing tropicalforests for low-volume, high-value timber andnon-timber products.

6. Protected Areas

The Workshop agreed on the need to devise thebest plans and techniques for establishing appro-priate and viable protected areas as a basis for theconservation of biological diversity in tropicalforests and for the maintenance of essential ecologi-cal services. It also agreed that the recent decline inthe rate at which new protected areas are beingestablished should be reversed as far as possible.Nevertheless, it was recognized that options arerunning out in many tropical areas. Many existingprotected areas are under considerable threat andnew strategies for ensuring their survival will haveto be devised and implemented. Many of the bestForest Reserves have actually been destroyed inrecent years. Many participants agreed that it wasunrealistic to advocate total protection of alltropical forests. Rather, much of the forest willhave to be used.

Recommendations on the IUCN ForestConservation Programme

The consensus was that IUCN's Forest Conserva-tion Programme should focus on nature protection(IUCN's "heartland") and the application of eco-logical science in sustainable forest management.Specific recommendations are listed below:

1. The Programme should promote the use ofnon-timber products and very careful selectivelogging. Many participants felt that there is aneed to diversify the types of products extractedfrom tropical forests and that IUCN could playa role in ensuring that the relevant research isundertaken. The Programme should alsoencourage studies on how local populations usetheir wild flora and fauna, and how thisknowledge, once obtained, could be integratedinto management plans.

2. Some participants thought that the Programmeshould pay more attention to examining thesocial and economic problems in managingtropical forests.

3. The Programme should promote only thoseforest management systems that respect therights of indigenous peoples, do least damage toecosystems and maximize biodiversity.

4. As ITTO is seeking to promote sustainability inits broadest sense, the Programme shouldencourage and assist ITTO's efforts as far as itcan. For example, realistic strategies for conser-vation of biological diversity in productionforests will require a substantial transfer ofresources from developed to developing coun-tries and the Programme could help ITTO indevising the mechanisms for this.

5. The Programme, in conjunction with ITTO,should consider devising a system of inventorythat takes account of both timber and non-timber species.

6. The Programme should devise a methodologyfor ascertaining whether a proposed loggingscheme is truly sustainable.

7. The Programme should proceed cautiouslywhen devising strategies for the protectionand/or use of tropical forests, given the cer-tainty that considerable genetic erosion is takingplace, even if there is debate over speciesextinction rates.

8. Since the amount of secondary forest is increas-ing rapidly, the Programme should developresearch for its sustainable management anduse. This would take some of the pressure offprimary forests. In particular, the Programme


should promote research on how to enrichsecondary forests and should emphasize theregeneration of commercial species. TheProgramme should also advocate minimumdisturbance of primary forests.

9. It was suggested that disciplines such as anthro-pology and ethnobotany should have a place inthe Programme.

10. The Programme should promote the expansionof existing protected areas and the establish-ment of new ones. In planning protected areasthe Programme should make the fullest use ofindigenous knowledge and skills. Precautionsshould always be taken to ensure that indigen-ous peoples receive benefits from any actiontaken.

WORKSHOP 6

Critical Issues for ProtectedAreas

Chairs: Mr P.H.C. (Bing) Lucas, Mr HaroldEidsvik, Dr Jim Thorsell, Mr Adrian Phillips

Convenor: Dr Jim Thorsell

Rapporteur: Mr John D. Waugh

123 people from 53 countries participated in theWorkshop. They discussed three main issues,summarized below, and advised on the IV WorldCongress on National Parks and Protected Areas,the General Assembly resolutions, "Caring for theWorld" and the IUCN Protected Areas Programme.

1. The Status and Needs of ProtectedAreas

The 2990 United Nations List published by WCMCand CNPPA lists 6,940 areas covering 651 millionhectares. A world directory of protected areasystems is planned, including summaries of legisla-tion, lists and maps of sites, and bibliographies.Other assessments and directories underway incooperation with WCMC include regional protec-ted areas directories and an assessment of managedareas in the tropics. WCMC is developing itscomputer system which will allow provision ofdata subsets and direct access. The CNPPA mem-bership will be mobilized to collect better informa-tion for WCMC and to collaborate in producing

more succinct and useful products.A discussion of the status and trends of

protected areas in Eastern and Central Europeillustrated how changing political circumstancesprovide protected area managers with newchallenges and opportunities. Discontent over theenvironmental situation has had a significantimpact on the political landscape, and as a resultmany new protected areas have been gazetted.Trans-boundary parks now have a special signifi-cance as symbols of peace. Many more opportuni-ties exist, but they will be short-lived; the politicaland economic transformation which provides thisopportunity also has a price. A market economymay create new problems for managers, and astendencies towards privatization become prevalent,managers will have to compete with otherdemands on land resources.

Protected Landscapes (IUCN Category V) werepresented as a tool for expanding the worldnetwork of protected areas. Although not muchused outside Europe, there are good examples ofthe concept in use in East Africa, Nepal, China, andJapan, integrating people and nature within thelandscape, and fostering a partnership betweenmanagers and the community. Participants belie-ved the time for the concept of Protected Land-scapes has come, offering greater opportunities forthe future expansion of the network than addi-tional Category II parks, and setting guidelines forthe sustainable use of natural resources. It is,however, a mistake to use this category for"unsuccessful" National Parks. Protected Land-scapes are a category in their own right and are, infact, more difficult to manage than Category II sitesbecause of the complexities of human relations.

A presentation on Saudi Arabia's protected areasystem plan stressed the importance of meetingcultural principles and socio-economic con-siderations in protected area management. SaudiArabia's system is based upon the 1400 year-oldhima system of clan-managed resource reserves.

A presentation on the identification of prioritysites for biodiversity conservation in Amazoniafollowed. In this international collaborative process,a number of IUCN members had developed acartographic database to overlay biodiversity withland-use and protection. A departure point formore intensive work, its results are definingpriorities for research and action.

Concern about the viability of protected areasand for the future of the 95 per cent of land notunder strict protection led to a discussion on howto expand the influence of protected areas throughmanagement of buffer zones. Participants advoc-ated shifting from a defensive to an offensiveposture, averting the trend towards a carpet ofmonocultures in which only small islands of


biodiversity would be retained. Buffer zones, it wasargued, are not merely mitigation tools, but oppor-tunities to change attitudes and productionsystems, integrating IUCN's BiodiversityProgramme with its Protected Area Programme.This is not a process of opening protected areas toproduction, but of scaling protection from the parkoutwards. Participants were reminded that a bufferzone need not be directly contiguous with the parkboundary, but could include land away from thepark from which threats to the integrity of a parkecosystem emanate.

Buffer zone management requires new techno-logies, training of managers in sustainable produc-tion, and integration with development forces. Thecommunity participation process has demonstratedlaudatory effects well beyond the protected areaboundary, highlighting the relevance of protectedareas programmes to community interests.

2. Issues in Protected Area Management

A number of case studies and papers werepresented on topics of current interest to protectedarea managers, including people and protectedareas, protected areas as an instrument of regionalplanning, tourism and protected areas, financialsupport for management, and research.

The presentation on people in protected areashighlighted the fact that even in truly difficultcases, such as that of the Sierra Nevada de SantaMarta in Colombia, where protected area manage-ment is complicated by conflict between thegovernment and narcotic traffickers, indigenouspeople, colonists and fishing communities, apowerful metaphor for conservation which unifiedpeople could be found—in this case the forests ofthe mountain range maintained the water supply tonearby towns.

There are too few case studies on tourism issuesand park managers remain suspicious of ecotour-ism. IUCN should help park managers to formproductive partnerships with this major growthindustry, which can enhance protection whilepreventing abuse of the resource.

Debt swaps have not resulted in the trickle-down to the field anticipated by managers. Thepresentation on finance for protected areas arguedfor equitability and efficiency through a hierarchyof funding and support sources, simultaneouslyincreasing locally generated support and streng-thening institutions. CNPPA should help provideaccess to information and training about financialresources, do more work on user-fees and cost-effectiveness issues, and help park managersmarket the benefits of their parks.

Most protected areas have an inadequateresearch capability. To ensure that maximum bene-fits accrue from research, managers were urged tocommunicate with researchers, to clarify groundrules, to seek peer review, and, more than anythingelse, to encourage and commission the researchthey needed.

3. The World Heritage Convention

The Workshop devoted its attention to the the past,present and future of the World Heritage Conven-tion. An overview of the Convention gave particip-ants a sense of the political process in listing WorldHeritage Sites and of the salient issues, includingthe confusion and opportunities afforded by thejoint listing of both cultural and natural sites. Themain constraint to implementing World Heritage isthe limited staff resources available in UNESCOand IUCN. As the list of sites grows, evaluation ofnominations is increasingly overshadowed by theneed to monitor existing sites, a task for whichthere is limited capacity at present.

1992, the 20th anniversary of the Convention,provides an opportunity for its assessment. A TaskForce should be formed to undertake a "post-audit" of the Convention, focussing on:

• staffing for implementation;

• potential of the World Heritage Fund;

• comparing the Secretariat with that of otherconventions, such as CITES, and recommendingalternative administrative arrangements;

• strengthening the management of sites;

• improving communications and education;

• examining mixed-site criteria;

• developing criteria for protected natural land-scapes and seascapes;

• reviewing the listing process to consider fourcategories of site: cultural heritage; protectedcultural landscape; natural heritage; and protec-ted natural landscape.

The Task Force should be funded independently ofboth UNESCO and the IUCN Secretariat, andshould report to the Chair of CNPPA. It should becomprised of those who were initially involved inthe World Heritage concept.

The Workshop was warned that the Conventionwas not an honours list, and may indeed be aconstraint to certain forms of development. A


"Security Council" for the World's Heritage may bein order, as the principal threat to sites comesincreasingly from governments themselves.

In Australia, a number of lessons have beenlearned in listing sites. The most important is thatthe selection criteria lack legal precision, containingmany unquantifiable standards, such as "outstand-ing universal value", and even lacking total consist-ency with the definitions provided in the Conven-tion. In addition, questions had been raised on theconsistency with which the criteria are actuallyapplied. One presentation urged that integrity ofthe ecosystem, rather than degrees of threat andprotection, be considered in evaluating sites.Comparative, rather than absolute, standards ofvalue should also be applied, suggesting that it iscrucial that information be available about compar-able sites elsewhere. A particular managementconsideration in Australia is the debate overappropriate use, especially in those areas with noprotection except the World Heritage designation.

Various presentations outlined the prospects forpotential sites in New Zealand, Australia, theSouthern Ocean and Japan. Participants hoped thatin Australia the World Heritage Convention wouldbecome less a way of preventing destruction and atool for local battles, and more a recognition ofuniversal value.

IV World Congress on National Parksand Protected Areas

The Draft Programme for the 1992 World Congresson National Parks and Protected Areas wasreceived with acclaim; participants felt that therewas a high degree of consistency between theissues highlighted in the Workshop and issuesproposed for the Congress.

Resolutions

The draft General Assembly resolutions werereviewed. The principle of protecting the integrityof parks and World Heritage sites from incompat-ible activities, notably mining, was reaffirmed.


Participants emphasized that protected areas arecentral to achieving sustainability, a concept thatthe Workshop felt was being lost in the draft of"Caring for the World". There was a unanimousview that protected areas merit a separate chapter.The Workshop specifically recommended that the

revised IUCN Protected Area categories be out-lined in the document. The Workshop also hopedthat there would be harmony between the conclu-sions of "Caring for the World" and the conclu-sions and recommendations of the IV WorldCongress on National Parks and Protected Areas.

Recommendations on the IUCN ProtectedAreas Programme

The IUCN Protected Areas Programme for the nexttriennium covers all the critical issues. The Work-shop did, however, recommend that theProgramme give some elements more priority.These are:

1. enhancing the effectiveness of managementthrough institution-building and through deve-loping financial and human resources, withtraining at all levels;

2. promoting expansion of the global network ofprotected areas.

Areas of second priority were:

1. applying science to monitoring incrementalchange, especially climatic change, and meetingchallenges to management;

2. developing innovative approaches for creativefinancing in addition to existing mechanisms;

3. addressing social and economic concerns, inparticular providing economic benefits to localpeople and increasing their involvement;

4. supporting international conventions, in particu-lar the World Heritage Convention. The Work-shop expressed concern at the low level offunding, and hence of security, for IUCN's vitalevaluation and monitoring work;

5. fostering cooperation at all levels, but especiallyfor the border park concept at present sorelevant in Europe.

This programme is ambitious. The IV WorldCongress on National Parks and Protected Areas,in 1992, and its essential follow-up must provide amechanism for achieving these tasks.

The ability to harness an enthusiastic network iscrucial. This network is ready, willing andable—but requires assurance of a secretariat capa-city to tap it. If IUCN can assure the parks networkof that capacity, CNPPA will be furtherempowered to do its job.

(The information from the Workshop will beused in discussions on the Commission's work andthe full proceedings will be available in 1991.)


WORKSHOP 7

Sustainable Use of Wildlife

Chair: Mr Henry Nsanjama

Convenor: Dr Stephen Edwards

Rapporteurs: Mr Alistair Gammell, Dr AnthonyHall Martin, Mr Effendy Sumardja, Mr TimothySwanson

The objectives of the Workshop were:

• to review the policies and status of sustainablewildlife management programmes in represen-tative countries;

• to identify the common conditions necessary forsuccessful programmes on sustainable use ofwildlife;

• to develop preliminary criteria and guidelineson how to evaluate sustainable wildlife useprojects for developing countries and develop-ment assistance agencies;

• to determine IUCN's role in developing andimplementing sustainable wildlife managementprogrammes.

The Workshop was well attended with more than130 participants, representing a very broadspectrum of the Union's membership and allowingfor a full and detailed discussion of the issues. Onthe first day background papers were presented,including reviews of activities in eight countries.On the second day the participants divided intofour working groups to develop preliminarycriteria for the sustainable use of wildlife, from theperspective of rural communities, national govern-ments, international bodies, and biological con-siderations.

Participants endorsed the principle that sustain-able use of some species of wildlife can be apowerful tool for the conservation of both thespecies concerned and of their habitat. They notedthat sustainable use could be either consumptive(i.e. harvesting the species) or non-consumptive(e.g. where wildlife is managed as a spectacle fortourists), and that the concept applied to bothanimals and plants. There was also agreement thatwild animals should be protected from avoidablecruelty and suffering.

The major preliminary conclusions of the fourworking groups were:

Rural/Local Communities

• must be involved in the management of thewildlife resource and share in the responsibilityfor conserving it;

• are obliged to manage their wildlife resourcesaccording to their government's laws, policiesand regulations;

• must establish mechanisms to share the benefitsfrom using wildlife equitably within theircommunity;

• should be encouraged to form "action groups"or "coordinating councils" to ensure that thewildlife resources are properly managed andthat the benefits are equitably shared;

• may need to establish controls (e.g. seasons,quotas) to safeguard their wildlife resources;

• may need to organize extension and educationalservices to provide technical information aboutthe species and its habitat to villagers.

National Governments


• in most developing countries, need to adoptpolicies and enact laws to allow rural com-munities access to, or ownership of, wildliferesources;

• need to provide economic incentives that favourmanagement of native wildlife, to stop theescalating conversion of wildlands to agricultureor livestock grazing, which destroys the naturalhabitat and may not be sustainable;

• in many developing countries, need to improvetheir capacity to enforce legislation and providethe training necessary for field officers to protectwildlife resources from unsustainable exploita-tion;

• need to acquire base-line data on the status ofwildlife populations (particularly those speciesbeing considered for utilization) and establishrequirements and procedures for follow-upmonitoring of the populations;

• must ensure, where appropriate, that the bene-fits from both consumptive and non-consump-tive uses of wildlife are shared equitably withthose rural communities responsible for manag-ing and conserving the resources;

where possible, should support community useof wildlife in ways that are sustainable.

International Bodies

• should encourage and support only the wiseand sustainable use of wildlife;

• should support the implementation of adequatecontrol measures to avoid unsustainable ex-ploitation of wildlife;

• should encourage both range states andconsumer nations to fulfill their obligationsunder existing domestic and international lawsgoverning the management and use of wildliferesources;

• should encourage developed countries to fulfilltheir responsibilities to exporting countries byproviding technical and financial assistance toenhance their capacity to manage their wildliferesources;

• should recognize that importing countries shareresponsibility for controlling trade in wildlifeproducts and that such controls should bedesigned to prevent unsustainable exploitationof wildlife resources.

Biological Factors

The following should be considered:

• adequate protected areas, where harvesting isexcluded, should be established to ensure that aminimal viable population of the species isprotected from exploitation;

• the target species, and those associated with it,should be evaluated to establish their abun-dance and distribution;

• as much understanding of the biologicalrequirements of the species should be gained astime, technical capacity and finances permit;

• the continued harvest of wild populationsshould be made conditional on adequate mon-itoring, particularly if complete biological andecological data are not available;

• some species can be adequately protected by anadaptive process in which annual harvest levelsare set on the basis of annual populationcensuses;

ultimate success depends on the community's(or government's) ability to establish andenforce controls such as harvest quotas or

seasons.

Conclusions and Proposals for IUCNAction

Participants agreed that the Workshop provided avery good starting point for assessing the conceptof the wise and sustainable use of wildlife, but thatmore time was needed to prepare full guidelineson how to develop and implement activities on thistheme. They also expressed strong support forIUCN's continued work in this field.

Many participants contributed to the drafting ofthe recommendation on this theme, which wasadopted by the General Assembly without dissent(18.24).

The recommendation supports the principle ofsustainable use of wildlife. In particular, it calls onthe Director General, in consultation with the Chairof the Species Survival Commission, to:

• develop guidelines for the sustainable use ofwildlife, based on scientific, socio-economic andtraditional knowledge, and which wouldaddress the principle of equitable allocation ofresources and distribution of benefits, as well asother matters proposed by participants in theGeneral Assembly Workshop;

• work to achieve the agreement of IUCNmembers to endorse and implement theseguidelines;

• undertake or sponsor field projects to researchand test factors needed to ensure successfulsustainable use of wildlife; and

• review as appropriate existing programmes andpractices involving the use of wildlife andrecommend modifications necessary in order toconform with the IUCN guidelines.

In conclusion, the Workshop affirmed that ethical,wise and sustainable use of some wildlife canprovide an alternative or supplementary means ofproductive land-use, and can be consistent withand encourage conservation, where such use is inaccordance with adequate safeguards.


WORKSHOP 8 2. The Programme's Approach

A Global Strategy forConserving Wetlands

Chair: Dr Pius Anadu, Dr Sanit Aksornkae,Dr Joe Larson, Dr Mike Moser

Convenors: Dr Patrick Dugan, Dr Jean-YvesPirot

Rapporteurs: Dr Geoffrey Howard, Dr EnriqueLahmann

The Workshop provided an opportunity for IUCNmembers and partners to suggest how best theactivities of the IUCN Wetlands Programme shouldbe developed in 1991-1993, following the recom-mendations of the strategy in Wetland Conservation:a review of current issues and required actions. Thefirst session reviewed a series of papers examiningthe principal wetland conservation problems facingselected countries and regions. Building upon thisintroduction, the second session reviewed selectedactivities in the IUCN Wetlands Programme. Thethird session reviewed the impact of market forcesand government policies on wetlands. The fourthexamined activities of IUCN members anddiscussed IUCN's role in supporting members'efforts in this field. The Workshop concluded witha discussion of "Caring for the World" and of thedraft recommendation on wetlands before theGeneral Assembly.

The following themes emerged from the discus-sion of wetland conservation priorities andapproaches.

1. IUCN's Wetland Conservation Goal

Clear policy goals such as the "No net loss" policyin the USA have been helpful in calling people'sattention to the urgent need for wetland conserva-tion. However, great care should be taken to ensurethat the choice of such goals does not obscure thecritical conservation issues. In the USA the "No netloss" goal has not prevented wetland loss and isfelt to have distracted attention from the impor-tance of maintaining wetland functions. The meet-ing therefore concluded that the central goal ofIUCN's wetland work should be to maintain thefunctional values and biodiversity of wetlandecosystems.

Wetland loss has been greatest in industrializedcountries. As a result, many people in developingcountries equate wetland destruction with develop-ment. While emphasizing that loss of wetlands hasoften led to long-term social and economic costs,IUCN's Wetlands Programme must adopt aconstructive approach which seeks to demonstratehow to achieve sustainable use of these ecosystemswhile maintaining the ecosystem functions uponwhich people and wetland biodiversity depend.

3. Policy

Many politicians are aware of the need for achange in wetland management practices andpolicies. However, they do not always know thepractical steps they would have to take to designand apply effective conservation policies.

One of the reasons for much wetland degrada-tion and loss is the perception and management ofwetlands as closed ecosystems. There is therefore amajor need to promote a catchment-wide approachto wetland conservation planning and manage-ment.

Many policy instruments already exist. In manycases the challenge is to take these instruments andmake them more effective. There is often little needfor further research, but rather existing informationshould be used to develop tools that can be used toimplement policies.

Research may, however, be needed in specificcountries in order to adapt the scientific under-standing acquired elsewhere to the national contextand to ensure that detailed conservation argumentsare technically sound.

4. Information


An improved flow of information is vital toensuring effective conservation action. Existinginformation is often not used in the decision-making process, largely due to the sectoral organ-ization of agencies responsible for wetlandmanagement. Even within agencies sectoral struc-tures can often prevent effective exchange ofinformation.

Information should also be provided to the localcommunities living in and using wetlands. Theyare most concerned about wetland conservationand management and many political forces aresensitive to their voice. In many developing coun-tries the most effective form of intervention is to

provide these communities with information sothat they can resolve their own conflicts.

The development assistance community, poli-ticians, lawyers, teachers and the general public areother groups that should be made more aware ofthe real issues leading to wetland loss, and of thereal benefit of wetland conservation.

5. Critical Ecosystems

While all wetlands yield some benefits to humansociety, the scale of these benefits varies from oneecosystem or region to another. Participants drewspecial attention to the importance of wetlands inarid and semi-arid zones and a recommendation onthis theme was endorsed strongly (subsequentlyadopted by the General Assembly as 18.69). Theygave similar emphasis to mangroves and othercoastal wetlands. The Workshop also stressed therole of wetlands in climatic change, notably thefunction of peatlands in storing carbon, and thesignificance of methane emissions from otherwetlands.

Recommendations on the IUCN WetlandsProgramme

The discussion of these issues led to 10 points ofguidance to the IUCN Wetlands Programme.

1. IUCN should continue to pursue field demon-stration projects that develop practical solutionsto wetland management problems. In doingthis, the Union should promote a catchment-wide approach to wetland conservation plan-ning and management. There should, however,be a careful balance between field activities andpolicy initiatives. To achieve this, the work onpolicy should be increased. Also, field projectsshould include a policy component, in orderthat the results of the project can feed back intogovernment policy and so increase the probabil-ity of long-term impact.

2. While policy work and field projects must bebased on science, the Programme needs to givegreater attention to distilling existing informa-tion into a form useful for influencing policy,rather than conducting more research. IUCNshould, therefore, encourage the developmentarm of R & D, and ensure that policies areadapted to local social and economic contexts.

3. To strengthen the flow of information onwetland management, IUCN should developmanagement and planning tools that promote a

cross-sectoral approach to wetland manage-ment. These should include manuals and train-ing courses. To increase the catalytic effect ofsuch work IUCN should, where possible, assistbilateral agencies in developing and applyingsuch an integrated approach. IUCN RegionalProgrammes or national projects can play amajor role in promoting this cross-sectoralapproach.

4. In developing its policy work, the Programmeshould explore with the Environmental LawCentre the feasibility of developing regionalmodels of wetland legislation and policy whichmay be readily applicable within those regionswhere the problems of wetland management arereasonably similar from country to country.

5. Also in developing its policy work, theProgramme should seek ways of ensuring thatthe value of wetlands can be considered innational forums on sustainable development, inparticular by providing scientific informationand expertise to government and NGOmembers to use in discussions on sustainabledevelopment.

6. The Programme should strengthen its com-munication efforts further, so as to ensure thatthe media are more aware of the real wetlandissues. It should prepare materials that memberscan use in this work.

7. To assist members and partners to learn fromeach other's experience in wetland conservationand management, the regional focus of theProgramme should be strengthened further,with particular attention being given to dev-eloping regional programmes in East Africa,South America and Asia. These regionalprogrammes should emphasize networkingbetween members and partners.

8. The Programme should continue to workclosely with the Ramsar Convention, assistingthe Convention's Wise Use project and soplaying a major role in the promotion ofcross-sectoral and catchment-wide approachesto wetland management.

9. The Programme should strengthen its work onwetlands in arid regions, and on coastalwetlands, especially mangroves. For the latterclose collaboration with the Marine Programmeshould be continued and, where possible,strengthened.

10. The Programme should seek to strengthenIUCN's understanding of the role of wetlands inclimatic change.


WORKSHOP 9

The Conservation Strategy forAntarctica

Chair: Professor George Knox

Convenors: Dr Paul Dingwall and Dr DannyElder

Rapporteurs: Ms Cassandra Phillips andDr Paul Dingwall

The four objectives of the Workshop were:

1. to review and debate the content of IUCN'sdraft Antarctic Conservation Strategy (ACS),prepared during 1988-1990, and reach a consen-sus on finalizing and distributing it;

2. to review and debate the three draft motions onthe Antarctic submitted to the 18th Session ofthe General Assembly (18/6, 18/7, 18/8);

3. to review and debate the section of the draftIUCN Programme 1991-1993 on Antarctica;

4. to review and debate the sections of "Caring forthe World" on Antarctica.

The Workshop was attended by about 35 delegates,including representatives from SCAR (ScientificCommittee for Antarctic Research), several govern-ments (Australia, Belgium, Germany, France, NewZealand, UK, USA) and a variety of NGOs. TheDirector General attended a substantial part of theWorkshop.

The attendance would have been higher if manypotential participants had not been in Chile for theAntarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting(SCM), taking place on 19 November to 6 Decem-ber 1990.

The Workshop was conducted entirely bydiscussion, with no formal presentations.

Antarctic Conservation Strategy

The Workshop began with reports on the progressbeing made at the government meeting in Chile.There seemed to be agreement among the AntarcticTreaty Parties that a new legal instrument shouldbe added to the Antarctic Treaty System to providecomprehensive environmental protection to thewhole of the Antarctic. The Workshop agreed thatthe IUCN Strategy would need considerablerevision to take account of this development.Otherwise there was a danger that the IUCN

Strategy would be left behind by the AntarcticTreaty Powers in some important respects.

The major points to emerge from discussionwere:

(a) the document should concentrate on the prin-ciples and goals of Antarctic conservation andshould make recommendations on the policiesthat would have to be put in place toaccomplish these principles and goals;

b) the conservation objectives should be met by thedevelopment of a comprehensive environmentalprotection system for Antarctica as a whole,within which specially protected or reservedareas of different categories could be desig-nated;

(c) environmental monitoring programmes shouldbe considerably strengthened and fundingshould be provided for this purpose;

(d) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)procedures in Antarctica should be streng-thened and an independent body established toreview EIAs and to make recommendations;

(e) strict guidelines for the conduct of Antarctictourism should be developed;

(f) the Convention on the Conservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources (CCAMLR) shouldurgently adopt a comprehensive plan for therehabilitation of depleted fish stocks and for themanagement of krill stocks within the overallframework of the ecosystem objectives of theConvention;

(g)on the question of the treatment in the IUCNStrategy of CRAMRA (the Mining Conventionwhich has been negotiated but not ratified byany Party), it was agreed that a revised andabbreviated section analysing the Conventionshould be put in an Annex. On the miningquestion, a new section was drafted whichconcluded that IUCN considered that mineralresource activities were not compatible with theconservation of the Antarctic environment andthat they should be permanently excluded byinternational agreement. However, the Work-shop recognized that the Strategy would have toconform with resolutions and recommendationson Antarctica adopted by the General Assembly.

The Workshop recommended that IUCN revise itsdraft Strategy in the light of their discussions, ofthe decisions arising from the meeting in Chile, andof the resolutions on Antarctica subsequentlyadopted by the General Assembly. Because thedrafting of the environmental protection measures


would be continued at the next Special Consultat-ive Meeting, expected to be in April 1991, andbecause IUCN's Strategy should be available intime for it, IUCN should revise the document inearly 1991 as a matter of urgency. Specific com-ments and suggestions for changes should besubmitted by January 1991; a small group wouldthen produce a new draft. This would be sent forreview to IUCN members who were speciallyqualified or interested in Antarctic conservation,including those who had been active in theWorkshop. The peer review would have to berapid, because of the April 1991 deadline. Therevised version would be published in English,French and Spanish.

Resolutions and Recommendations

The resolution on the IUCN Antarctic ConservationStrategy, from the IUCN Council, was endorsedand some amendments were suggested. (It wassubsequently approved by the General Assemblyas 18.74.)

The recommendation on Antarctica, from theAustralian Conservation Foundation, wasdiscussed and some amendments were suggested.These dealt especially with the minerals issue. (Therecommendation was subsequently approved as18.75, after considerable debate in the Plenary andstatements of position by delegations of threeIUCN State members.)

It was agreed that draft Resolution 18/8 did notneed to go forward in the light of the decisionsmade on re-drafting the Antarctic ConservationStrategy.

The IUCN Programme 1991-1993

The Workshop approved Section A2 (Chapter I,Part II of the IUCN Programme 1991-1993) oncompleting and promoting the Antarctic Conser-vation Strategy.


The Workshop advised that the changes beingmade to the IUCN Antarctic Conservation Strategywould have to be considered in the revision of"Caring for the World".

WORKSHOP 10

The EnvironmentalImplications of Global Change

Chair: Professor Hans Lundberg

Convenor: Ms Elaine Dickinson

Rapporteur: Dr John Pernetta

Between 50 and 60 people attended the Workshopduring the two days and participated in the debateand discussion of the proposed programme and ofthe various issues raised.

The Workshop discussed two major, interlinkedsources of global environmental change—rapidpopulation increase and movement causing non-sustainable transformation of natural ecosystems;and climate change induced by the increasedaccumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmos-phere.

The Workshop began with 11 short reviewpapers. These addressed key issues within theframework of global change and specific casestudies of potential impacts from climate change oncountries such as Bangladesh and the Republic ofthe Maldives.

General Conclusions

It was agreed that IUCN had a significant role toplay in addressing planning for global change. Itwas also clear that the Union's contribution had tobe broadly based, drawing on all thematicprogrammes and Commission networks.

The need for an integrated approach to assessthe impact of global change was apparent fromseveral case studies, while the further need for anintellectual framework within which to organizeknowledge on such impacts was highlighted.

It was abundantly clear from the discussionsthat the whole approach of the Union to conser-vation and environmental management must takethe implications of global change into account,since the distributions of species and whole eco-systems may be dramatically altered as aconsequence of changes which have alreadystarted. One scenario presented to the Workshopsuggested that as few as 30 per cent of existingnational parks and protected areas may be suitablefor the long-term maintenance of the systems andspecies that they were established to protect. Such


considerations will provide important inputs to the1992 Parks Congress.

The need to monitor change was raised duringdiscussions and it was suggested that IUCN couldhave a significant role to play in identifying keyindicator species; in developing methodologies formonitoring biological systems; in identifying sensit-ive areas; and in assessing the relative vulnerabilityof particular communities and areas. Coastal zonesare a critically important area for the examinationof environmental impacts of global change giventheir high biological productivity, high populationdensity and the potentially extensive impact result-ing from global warming and sea-level rise.

The inadequacy of present knowledge concern-ing the magnitude and extent of the potentialenvironmental impacts of global change receivedconsiderable attention during discussions. IUCNcould make an important contribution to thesynthesis of existing information and the applica-tion of existing databases on biological systems,thereby identifying key issues and areas for furtherdetailed study. This information should be mademore readily available to policy-makers. It wouldbe particularly relevant to the development ofNational Conservation Strategies.

Participants agreed on the need for IUCN'sglobal change programme to be integrated with thework of those other institutions that are currentlyaddressing different aspects of the problem,notably the International Geosphere-BiosphereProgramme (IGBP), WWF, WCMC and UNEP.IUCN should also take an active part in the processof drafting a framework Climate Convention andits various proposed protocols. The work of theUnion on the environmental implications of globalchange should also contribute to preparations forthe United Nations Conference on Environmentand Development.

Programme Advice

The Workshop stressed the following issues asbeing of particular importance to the futuredevelopment of the Union's global changeprogramme:

(a) a cross-sectoral, integrated approach to assess-ing the environmental implications of globalchange, as indicated in the draft IUCNProgramme 1991-1993;

(b) an emphasis on the development of guidelinesfor integrating the global change perspectiveinto other IUCN programmes and into NationalConservation Strategies. These strategies must

be applicable both to current and futureenvironments;

(c) assessments of the implications of global changefor the design, establishment and managementof protected areas;

(d)the need to identify key plant and animalspecies that could be used as indicators ofchange and included in long-term monitoringprogrammes. The IUCN networks and Commis-sions should provide guidance in this area, inparticular on the methodologies to be used inbiological monitoring;

(e) the active involvement of IUCN's networks inthe process of synthesizing available informa-tion on the environmental impacts of globalchange, stimulating the generation of newknowledge and ensuring that such knowledge ismade readily available to policy-makers;

(f) the contribution of expertise to the identificationof sensitive areas and ecosystems, and theassessment of their vulnerability.


The Workshop discussed the chapter covering theatmosphere, climate and energy and noted withconcern that it contained a number of technicalerrors and that the text was not clear and lacked astructured framework. Specific comments wereprovided by participants for forwarding to theauthors of the document but essentially it was feltthat the chapter should be rewritten.

Major points raised were:

(a) the need for a clearer statement differentiatingthe relative importance of developed anddeveloping countries in causing global change;

(b) the need to include up-to-date information ongreenhouse gas emissions and impacts based onthe recently produced IPCC reports;

(c) the need to consider the new data andapproaches suggested by the StockholmEnvironment Institute;

(d) replacement throughout the chapter of the word"stabilize" by the phrase "stabilize and reduce";

(e) more substantial consideration of technologicalsolutions and alternatives for energy conser-vation and a more balanced discussion of thesources of atmospheric pollutants, in particularexpanding the discussion on the contribution oftransport systems to the problem.


The Workshop unanimously recommended that thechapter be rewritten by a small expert group andthat the need for technical accuracy in a documentsponsored by IUCN, WWF and UNEP overridesthe need for meeting production schedules.

Recommendations

Two draft recommendations related to the subjectof the Workshop were considered and discussed,one on Global Climate Change (subsequentlyadopted by the General Assembly as 18.22) andone that called for a a Global Forest Protocol withinthe Climate Change Convention (subsequentlyadopted as 18.30, Legal Instruments for the Conser-vation of Forests).

The Workshop made some corrections of factand improved the wording in several places. Inparticular it emphasized that developing countriescould not be expected to reduce their presentcarbon dioxide emission levels and still achievedevelopment, while it might be considered reason-able to call on industrialized countries to reducetheir carbon dioxide emissions and all countries toeliminate the production and use of chlorofluoro-carbons.

Also, specifying a level of reafforestation with-out commenting on the form that this reaffores-tation should take was felt to be a dangerousapproach since expanding the areas under mono-cultures of fast-growing softwoods might not beacceptable for other conservation reasons.

being undertaken in other arid regions. The specificaims of the Workshop were:

• to provide guidance to IUCN on how best todevelop the Programme further;

• to explore the similarities and differences bothwithin the Sahel region and between this regionand other arid areas;

• to review the extent to which experiences fromwithin parts of the Sahel would apply to otherparts of the region, and to which experiencesfrom other arid areas would apply to the Sahel;

• to develop further and focus better the work ofthe multi-disciplinary network of scientistswithin and outside the programme region, andto catalyse enhanced cooperation between thesescientists and their institutes;

• to provide comments on "Caring for theWorld", especially Chapter 11;

• to examine and revise the recommendation onthe Sahel Programme proposed to the GeneralAssembly by the Niger State member delega-tion.

Fifty people attended the Workshop. They included9 research scientists, 18 officials of governmentagencies, 5 representatives of NGOs, 6 representa-tives of international agencies, 11 IUCN staff andone member of the media. The Workshop wasdivided into four sessions, summarized in thefollowing sections.

WORKSHOP 11

Conservation and SustainableDevelopment in the Sahel andother Arid Regions

Chairs: The Hon. Mersie Ejigu, Mr AmadouMamadou

Convenors: Mr Per Ryden, Mr Jip Ketel

Rapporteur: Mr Adrian Wood, Mr ChrisGeerling

This Workshop set out to review the experiencegained by the Sahel Programme since the lastGeneral Assembly and to compare this with work

1. Introduction to the Sahel Programme

The Sahel Programme seeks to have a catalyticimpact upon existing institutions working in theSahel and to deepen understanding of the inter-action between environmental and socio-economicprocesses. The value of IUCN's approach is seen tobe in supporting institution-building in bothgovernment and NGOs, so strengthening localinitiatives.

2. Lessons Learned from Previous Workin the Sahel

The second session included presentations on theexperiences of the UN Sahel Office (UNSO) and theWorld Bank, as well as a review of ecological workin the Sahel. The session was introduced by an


overview paper entitled "Sahelian Africa: Conser-vation and Development—Where does the futurelie"? This stressed the virtual bankruptcy of theSahelian region and asked what can be done beforedamage becomes irreversible. Poverty, and thecontradictions between state policies and theenvironmental needs of people, were seen as majorproblems.

The World Bank's programme in dryland areashas shifted over the last two decades from large-scale to small-scale projects, and has increasinglyrecognized the need for adaptive technologies innatural resource management. The need to under-stand differences within dryland areas and withinthe communities they support has also beenrecognized over the years, as has the need to take abroad non-sectoral approach. UNSO also favourssmall-scale projects with an integrated approach.These do not require major management inputsand are more easily replicable. The need forbuilding local structures was stressed together withthe importance of projects producing immediatematerial benefits for participants.

The ecological review showed how the keyconstraints to development in the Sahel are thenutrient and resource limitations, and that presentmanagement of these resources cannot easily beimproved. Under the present conditions in theSahel and with lack of security, the populationadopts a survival strategy comprising high repro-duction and mobility.

These presentations raised a number of issues,including (a) the plethora of conservation anddevelopment strategies in the Sahel, which leavesgovernments wondering which one to follow;(b) the limited, or even negative, impact of some ofthese approaches at the village level; (c) the need,nonetheless, for more financial support from donoragencies to help the Sahel address its problems (arecent coordination attempt by donors was noted);(d) the need for a balance between general studiesand projects by IUCN's Sahel Programme, due to alack of understanding of the local issues faced;(e) the need to quantify the concept of carryingcapacity, which can be done if land-use, landmanagement and the characteristics of the areaconcerned are defined.

The resilience of the natural resource system inthe Sahel was stressed, but the overall limit tobiological productivity, even under favourablerainfall conditions, was noted. This led to adiscussion on the extent to which technologicalinnovations can increase output from the naturalresource systems and to increase the efficiency oflabour. Economic factors will probably constraintechnological innovations, while fuller use oflabour within the Sahel agricultural system during

the dry season is limited by alternative opportuni-ties outside local agriculture. The possibilities fordiversifying the Sahelian economies were discussedbut the limited non-agricultural potential wasnoted. One exception may be wildlife managementfor tourism.

3. Examples of Current Approaches toNatural Resource Management in theSahel

The third session included four papers on currentexperiences in Sahelian countries. The firstexplained how the rural code in Niger is beingformulated in an attempt to improve naturalresource use by providing security of access toresources. This code will be based on a synthesis oftraditional and modern laws. Another paperreviewed Ethiopia's experiences in natural resourceplanning; here planning initiatives have culminatedin a National Conservation Strategy (NCS) process,based in the Ministry of Planning. This process hasbeen facilitated by a number of natural resource-based sectoral reviews. The NCS is seen as anoverall coordinating strategy for these sectoralreviews and other resource-focused strategies onissues, such as food and nutrition, and disasterprevention.

A paper on participatory land-use planning andhusbandry development outlined a number ofprinciples which are increasingly recognized asimportant in natural resource management, notablylocal participation and use of the knowledge ofindigenous people. This paper also stressed theimportance of socio-economic influences includingthe policies of governments. The final presentationreviewed the demographic situation in the Saheland looked at one project that is trying to developa way of raising production through intensified useof land in the Niger River delta of Mali. Theincreasing rate of growth in the population of theSahel will approach 3 per cent by the year 2000,even if the medium projection is achieved, so thatthe population will double in 24 years.

The discussion focused upon the importance ofparticipation in many aspects of improved naturalresource management, such as developing a ruralcode, an NCS process and land-use planning at thenational as well as local levels. Linked to this, theimportance of local knowledge and practice wasstressed so that improved natural resource manage-ment is built upon this expertise. However, it waspointed out that such traditional knowledge andpractice may often have to be adjusted to thechanging situation and so a link with externalscientific knowledge is needed.


The importance of socio-economic influencesupon people's behaviour towards natural resourceswas noted and the need for appropriate govern-ment measures and policies was stressed. Theseinclude land tenure, crop pricing and nationaldevelopment policies. Decentralization and thelocal control over natural resources are prerequis-ites to the development of local responsibility.

The Workshop explored the way to address thedemographic issue, and noted the importance ofsocio-economic elements and poverty, especially astraditional methods of balancing population andresources break down. Warnings were raised overthe extent to which the Sahel's population growthwill slow down along the model of the "Western"demographic transition. The importance of eco-nomic development in slowing population growthwas noted, along with the problems of introducingexplicit population control measures in the Sahelregion. The Inner Niger Delta project in Mali alsoraised comments about the importance of buildingon local resources with appropriate technology,and of helping develop the productivity of theresource base. However, the importance of ensur-ing that innovations are attractive to farmers wasstressed so that they can be spread by lateral(farmer to farmer) adoption.

4. Comparative Experience from otherArid Areas

The fourth session had three papers on theexperiences in other arid regions and their relationto the situation in the Sahel. A paper on rangemanagement in Australia highlighted similaritiesand differences between Australia and the Sahel.Both ecological systems are unpredictable andlong-term planning is therefore impossible. Hence,policies should be event-oriented. While there areecological similarities, however, there are signific-ant differences in the socio-economic context.Land-use in Australia is capitalistic, with very lowpopulation densities. Livestock husbandry in theSahel is subsistence-oriented and has to support ahigher density of population.

In Botswana, the redefinition of land-use is amajor issue, especially concerning the relationshipbetween wildlife and livestock. The availability offunds (from diamond mining, etc.) has not solvedthe problems of transition from traditional livestockhusbandry to a more commercially orientated wayof land-use, nor has it prevented increased pressureon the natural resources and the threats of de-gradation. The conditions in Botswana also applyto the situation in Namibia, Angola, Zambia andZimbabwe. Consequently IUCN was requested to

support an initiative from the five countries concer-ned, the Namibia-Kalahari Action Plan, for themanagement of their dryland environments.

The Saudi Arabian experience in combattingenvironmental degradation showed the potentialfor cooperation between the Sahelian countries andSaudi Arabia. A point of discussion was thedifferences in attitude concerning hunting, withinthe Gulf States and between them and Saheliancountries. Discussion focused on the way in whichIUCN could support cooperation on environmentalmatters between the Sahelian and the Arab coun-tries.

Programme Recommendations

The Workshop concluded with a discussion of"Caring for the World" and of the SahelProgramme's work. It made eight recommenda-tions on the Programme.

1. In view of the complexity of the economic,social and ecological problems in the Sahel, anintegrated and multi-sectoral approach shouldbe applied to natural resource management.

2. The Sahel has special characteristics which aredifferent from those of other arid regions in theworld. At the same time there are similaritiesbetween the Sahel and other arid regions in thefunctioning of ecosystems. Therefore, IUCN'sSahel Programme should continue as a distinctregional programme, but a thematic programmeon drylands should also be established toprovide scientific and technical support to theprogramme in the Sahel and to other regionalprogrammes such as those in Asia/Pacific,Southern Africa and Pakistan.

3. Given the critical population situation in theSahel, studies on population issues should beundertaken, so as to understand the inter-relationship between population and naturalresources in order to formulate policies and takeappropriate action.

4. The National Conservation Strategy process isan important vehicle for analysing socio-econo-mic and ecological conditions at country level,and provides among other things an importantframework for identifying and formulatingprogrammes and projects.

5. Rangeland management in the Sahel should bebased on flexibility. In order to respond to thehighly variable climatic conditions, a monitoringsystem on the status of land should be estab-lished, using modern technology.


6. The IUCN programme in the Sahel should playa catalytic role in ensuring that the localcommunity actively participates in the formula-tion and implementation of natural resourceprojects, and obtains a direct material benefitfrom them.

7. The IUCN programme should establish strongerpartnership with local organizations in theregion.

8. Close links should be established with thematicprogrammes within IUCN so as to draw uponthe expertise of the whole IUCN network. Inparticular, the Workshop recognized the impor-tance of population issues and wetlands in theregion.

The Workshop considered and approved the text ofa recommendation on IUCN's programme in theSahel. This recommendation also proposed that aseparate thematic programme on drylands beestablished. It was later adopted by the GeneralAssembly as Recommendation 18.12.

WORKSHOP 12

Harmonizing EnvironmentalConservation and EconomicDevelopment

Chair: Dr Michael Royston

Convenor: Dr Paul Driver

Rapporteur: Dr Paul Driver

This Workshop was arranged to discuss the waysin which continued economic development mightbe harmonized with the goals of environmentalconservation. It therefore revisited the "Conser-vation for Development" philosophy from adevelopment point of departure. Inevitably, someof the participants challenged the sustainability ofeconomic development in the long term, but mostof the debate focused on the means of solvingexisting development-driven environmentalproblems. Much of the discussion was centred onthe policies and activities of the two major agentsof development, the international development aidagencies and the corporate sector.

The Workshop spanned two days and was wellattended throughout. The mornings were devoted

to presentations by invited speakers and theafternoons were used for discussion within smallworking groups, which reported back to the fullWorkshop. Australian NGO participants made twoadditional presentations on ecologically sustainabledevelopment.

Assessment and Valuation of NaturalResources

The first day of the Workshop addressed theassessment and valuation of natural resources thatare subject to development pressure.

Contrasting perspectives of agriculture wereprovided from Eastern and Western Europe Theformer is struggling to improve productivity in theface of air, water and soil pollution, while the latteris attempting to retreat from a position of over-production. The Dutch experience of taking landout of agriculture solely for conservation purposesprovided an interesting, if expensive, example ofmoves to harmonize conservation and agriculturaldevelopment in Western Europe.

Presentations by delegates from the UK Over-seas Development Administration (ODA), theAustralian International Development AssistanceBureau (AIDAB) and the Australian ResourceAssessment Commission (RAC) provided threedifferent approaches to the assessment of develop-ment proposals at the planning stage. However,there was a convergence of various principles ofassessment: for example, the need for early atten-tion to environmental issues in the planningprocess, the need to strive for the design ofecologically sustainable development projects, andthe need for public consultation and participationin the assessment process. This latter point receivedconsiderable support from participants, particularlyin relation to ecological and cultural resources,which cannot be valued simply using the approachof cost-benefit analysis.

Costing and valuation were considered in moredetail using two examples: the goods and servicesprovided by wetlands, and the cost of withdrawingCFCs in India. The former showed that while thevaluation of some natural resources is difficult, andmay be impossible, a number of economicapproaches can be used to demonstrate the worthof apparently unused wildlands, thus helping toimprove the development decision-making process.The latter indicated that conservation is not just amatter of finding the right technical solution; thesolution can only be applied within the economicand commercial framework, which will slow thepace of industrial reform.

A presentation on energy production and the


environment in Eastern Europe indicated that thereform of power production to reduce its impact onthe environment will take a very long time. Thereis a willingness to reduce the production of bothgreenhouse gases and 'traditional' air pollutants.However, the harsh reality is that the locallyavailable hydrocarbon energy sources are 'dirty',better quality imports would not be economicallyviable and alternative methods of power produc-tion could result in other undesirable environ-mental effects. The importance of further west-easttransfer of technology in pollution control, environ-mental conservation and restoration was recog-nized.

Environmental Protection Policies ofIndustrial Corporations

Speakers from Australia, Pakistan, UK, USA andZimbabwe spoke on this theme. They indicatedthat many companies are already technicallyadvanced in the environmental assessment andmanagement of their activities, and that the finan-cial penalties of bad environmental managementare beginning to bite. While harmonizationbetween industrial development and conservationis making some progress, there appears to be lessharmonization between the industrial sector andconservation interest groups, particularly inAustralia. In the lively discussion of this topic, thevalue of National Conservation Strategies (NCS)was introduced. The NCS was described not onlyas a process of developing appropriate policies onnatural resource utilization, but also as a means ofbringing together apparently opposing views inorder to develop a common approach. Theexperience of Botswana was particularly useful indemonstrating that if the NCS process is persistedwith, then a way forward can be found, albeitinvolving compromise.

In a wide-ranging debate on the very broadsubject of harmonization, IUCN was seen to have apotentially important role to play. There was astrong view that IUCN should concentrate onconservation within ecologically sustainabledevelopment and that this should be reflected in itsMission Statement. It was felt that IUCN shouldtake a leadership role in the development ofprinciples for sustainable development, and that itsunique access to governments, governmentagencies, NGOs and development agencies wouldassist in applying such principles.

The IUCN Programme

The possibility of a link between IUCN and thecorporate sector is inevitably a delicate issue, giventhat much of the environmental degradation whichIUCN strives to prevent has been caused by theactivities of corporate enterprises. It was felt,however, that some relationship between IUCNand business would be mutually beneficial. Theconsensus was that this relationship should notnecessarily amount to membership by individualcorporations, and certainly not membership withvoting rights. Dialogue through specially formedindustry associations could be one of the optionsworthy of further study.

It was felt that IUCN's activities would be mademore effective by greater regionalization, whichshould be encouraged and supported. IUCN'sservices to its members were identified as of benefitin the drive to harmonize conservation anddevelopment. Services in the provision of informa-tion, appropriate technology transfer, environ-mental law, education, in-country training, EIAsupport and resource economics were consideredto be of greatest potential value. The provision ofexisting services was endorsed, but it is clear that agreater effort is needed to inform members of theservices that are available. In the provision ofservices, it is necessary to maintain a link betweenthe technical and social science elements. Forexample, in providing help with the assessment ofnatural resources, traditional values and intangiblesare not forgotten.

Finally, in briefly discussing "Caring for theWorld" participants returned to the initialcomment in this report, that economic developmentad infinitum should not be assumed. In harmoniz-ing environmental conservation and economicdevelopment, ecologically sustainable developmentshould be the goal.

AD HOC WORKSHOP

Future Orientation of IUCN'sWomen and Natural ResourceManagement Programme

Chair: Dr Pietronella van den Oever

The purpose of this well-attended evening meetingwas to update participants on the progress of


IUCN's Women and Natural Resource Manage-ment Programme and consider what should be thedirection of the programme in the future. The basisfor discussion was a report by Ms CarolynHannan-Andersson, as a result of a short-termconsultancy during which she had drawn upproposals for the future orientation of theprogramme.

Addressing the meeting, Ms Hannan-Anderssonstressed the need for a social science focus in IUCNand for social group analyses, covering com-munities, households and individuals, in all IUCNprogrammes and projects. In this context, genderwas one important social group variable amongother equally important and valid parameters. Itwas in the course of gender analysis withincommunities and within households, that the roleof women in natural resource management wouldbe identified. She noted that the very existence ofthe programme at IUCN had already contributedto raising awareness of gender issues, but itappeared to have had little catalytic impact so faron existing programmes. She suggested that lack ofclarity of IUCN's policy, the absence of a precisestrategy and workplan, and the lack of a cleardefinition of the role of the programme wereprobably to blame.

Ms Hannan-Andersson suggested that theprogramme should be developed within a clearlydefined policy for IUCN as a whole and in relationto IUCN's special areas of expertise. Professionalcompetence at headquarters should be com-plemented by regional outreach, possibly to beachieved by the assignment of staff members tosome or all of IUCN's Regional Offices. Sheproposed that priorities for the programme in thetriennium 1991-1993 should be: (a) priority ofaction in the Third World; (b) development of fieldactivities; (c) restructuring of National Conser-vation Strategy processes to include a genderdimension; (d) preparation for including a genderfocus in the 1992 UN Conference on Environmentand Development and in the 1992 IV WorldCongress on National Parks and Protected Areas.

Dr Martin Holdgate, Director General, brieflysummarized his views on the evolution of theprogramme and its potential role within IUCN. Heemphasized the importance of the role of women inthe management of natural resources in much ofthe world and said this needed to be understood inall IUCN programmes and in the field. Environ-mental technology should take account of the socialdimensions, which included the roles of indivi-duals within communities and the social responses

and growth of those communities. He supportedMs Hannan-Andersson's recommendations, includ-ing the possibility that staff positions might beestablished at regional level to integrate genderissues in IUCN programmes.

Discussion on these presentations focused onthe important, but often neglected, roles thatwomen play in the management of naturalresources and the linkages between populationgrowth in certain parts of the world and the roleswomen can and do play.

A forum on Programme Applications in theRegion gave IUCN staff a chance to offer perspec-tives based on their own work. Ms Aban MarkerKabraji, Head of the IUCN Office in Pakistan, saidmuch progress had been made in Pakistan inintegrating women in all activities, despite thedifficulties presented by Pakistani cultural attitudesto the roles of women. Gender issues had beenintegrated into every sector of the National Conser-vation Strategy, as well as specific programmeareas, including population. Affinities between thewomen's movement and the environmental move-ment were changing values in the Pakistani society.

Dr Patrick Dugan, Head of IUCN's WetlandsProgramme, said a detailed socio-economicanalysis of resources and resource users wasrequired at the start of any project proposed forwetland ecosystems. This was the basis for restora-tive measures, which would subsequently need tobe monitored and, if necessary, adjusted, to takeinto account a fuller understanding of the humandimension. It was this lack of understanding ofhuman issues in general, he suggested, which hadhampered IUCN's past performance on genderissues.

The question of how to achieve sustainableproduction in the context of sustainable develop-ment was raised by Mr Alejandro Imbach, SeniorTechnical Officer at the IUCN Regional Office forCentral America. Women were not always a keyelement in the production system, as exemplifiedby a current IUCN project in Nicaragua. It wasnecessary to identify who were the main playersand to target actions towards those social groupsinstrumental in production and in the use andmanagement of natural resources.

The meeting concluded with encouragementfrom the participants to IUCN to continue furtherdevelopment of this important programme.

This report was written by Ms Dounia Loudiyi andMs Frances Dennis.


Reports on Discussions with the Commission Chairs on theComposition and Activities of the Commissions in theForthcoming Triennium

Introduction

A series of meetings was arranged on 3 Decemberfor delegates, in particular representatives of IUCNmembers, to meet with the Commission Chairs andto discuss the composition and activities of each ofthe six Commissions over the forthcoming trien-nium (1991-93). These meetings followed theelection of the Commission Chairs and agreementon the structure and mandates of the Commissionsin previous Plenary Sessions.

Each Chair was asked to give his view of likelypriorities for his Commission arising out of theCommission's own meetings, to interpret itsmandate, and to lead a discussion on its prioritiesof work for the next triennium. A senior member ofIUCN staff attended each workshop as Rapporteur.Their reports follow.

Species Survival Commission(SSC)

Chair: Dr George Rabb

Rapporteur: Dr Simon Stuart

Dr Rabb gave an extended introduction with slidesto illustrate the work of the Commission. Dr SimonStuart, Programme Coordinator, Species Survival,outlined the Commission's Action PlanningProgramme.

During the forthcoming triennium, SSC willhave over 3000 members in 150 countries. Ofparticular importance are the 96 Specialist Groups,90 of which are organized on a taxonomic basis.SSC also has some "disciplinary" groups thatprovide guidance on thematic issues. The taxa-based Specialist Groups are encouraged to makeuse of the "disciplinary" Groups' assistance in their

work. The main work of the Specialist Groupsconsists of preparing and implementing ActionPlans, producing newsletters, conducting meetingsand workshops to address key issues, preparinginterventions on behalf of SSC and IUCN, assign-ing IUCN Threatened Species Categories, andpromoting projects.

The following points were made in the discus-sion:

1. the Commission should redouble its efforts togive more emphasis to plant conservation andto provide more support to the Plant SpecialistGroups;

2. links with the Commission on Ecology might beestablished on wise use of species; fisheriesmanagement; the effect on species of possibleglobal climatic change (SSC is using amphibiansas a test case); the problems caused by intro-duced species; and policies for the reintroduc-tion of species;

3. the Commission should give more emphasis tohuman factors relating to species conservation,such as the problems caused to species byincreasing human populations, and the potentialbenefits that might be available to ruralcommunities through the sustainable utilizationof species; this will be a principal aim of thenew Wise Use Specialist Group;

4. more effort is needed to assess the impact ofAction Plans and their implementation; theCommission should devise implementationstrategies for each Action Plan and monitor theeffectiveness of each;

5. with the above in mind, careful thought shouldbe given to the distribution of SSC publicationsto appropriate target audiences.

85

Commission on National Parksand Protected Areas (CNPPA)

Chair: Mr P.H.C. (Bing) Lucas

Rapporteur: Mr Jeff McNeely

In a general discussion, the following pointsemerged:

1. CNPPA will function on a regional basis in thecoming triennium, with the Regional Vice-Chairs assuming considerable responsibility forthe working of parts of the network in theirrespective regions. In beginning this effort, thefirst step will be to coordinate the preparation ofreviews for each of the regions, to be presentedat the IV World Congress on National Parks andProtected Areas, following the outline agreed bythe Congress Steering Committee. The necessarydata support will be provided by the WorldConservation Monitoring Centre by the end ofJanuary, and Regional Vice-Chairs will meet inWashington, DC, in late February to discuss theregional overview reports; Dr Paul Dingwall,Regional Vice-Chair for Antarctica, willcoordinate the effort.

2. It was agreed that future working sessions ofthe Commission should return to the regionalstructure that has been replaced in recent yearsby more specialized meetings; for example,CNPPA will be co-sponsoring meetings in 1991on Research and Monitoring in Protected Areas,Protected Areas in Mountain Environments, andHeritage Interpretation and Education. TheGovernment of Sweden offered to host a work-ing session for the Baltic.

3. It was agreed that CNPPA Task Forces shouldbe established on Marine Protected Areas, theWorld Heritage Convention, Training, Informa-tion Collection, and Financing.

4. Participants warmly welcomed the ambitiouspublications programme of CNPPA, pointingout that a shortage of information was a veryserious limitation to better progress in the field.They called on IUCN to be more effective inensuring that publications actually reach thepeople who need them, at a cost they can afford(which in the case of many protected areamanagers in developing countries means thatpublications must be provided free). Partici-pants repeatedly and warmly supported thecontinued preparation and distribution of theCNPPA Newsletter. The resumed publication ofParks, the CNPPA journal, was also welcomed.

5. Terms of reference for CNPPA members werepresented and adopted. It is expected that theCommission members will be far more activewithin CNPPA, with far higher expectationsfrom the Secretariat, especially in regard to theIV World Parks Congress.

The participants paid tribute to outgoing Chair MrHarold Eidsvik and warmly welcomed incomingChair Mr Bing Lucas. The ambitious programmethat the Commission had adopted would require2.5 work-years from professional staff and 4work-years from support staff in the IUCN Secret-ariat per year over the triennium; several of theRegional Vice-Chairs also have considerablesupport that could be made available for the workof the Commission.

Commission on EnvironmentalLaw (CEL)

Chair: Dr Parvez Hassan

Rapporteur: Dr Françoise Burhenne-Guilmin

The meeting recommended the continuation of theCommission's activities, as presented by the out-going Chair, Dr Wolfgang Burhenne. In particularthe Commission should continue to:

1. draft a Covenant on Global EnvironmentalConservation and Sustainable Use of NaturalResources. (A fourth draft was being preparedand a meeting planned for March 1991 todiscuss and further revise the draft articles);

2. collaborate on the draft Convention on Bio-logical Diversity, especially in its drafting,development and promotion;

3. collaborate on the Alpine Convention, taking anactive part in the development of the Frame-work Treaty and related Protocols;

4. continue to provide legal expertise for IUCN'scontribution to the development of a compre-hensive regime of environmental protection forAntarctica;

5. assist in the development of amendments to theAfrican Convention on the Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources, providingmaterials and advice to the Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU);


6. participate in the preparation of the UnitedNations Conference on Environment and Dev-elopment 1992;

7. provide support for the Environmental LawCentre and its projects, in particular:

• the projected seminar on BiodiversityConservation and International Law, forparticipants from English-speaking Africanstates, and other efforts to build expertise inthis field;

• the review of legal instruments to implementthe ASEAN agreement for the Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources;

• promoting the development of environ-mental law in Central and Eastern Europe;

• promoting and developing a legal instru-ment for the Caribbean region;

• maintaining the databases on internationaland national environmental law;

• promoting and strengthening national legis-lation in developing countries throughenvironmental law services;

8. support the Working Group on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA), in particular itssurvey of EIA practices and its work toencourage the development of EIA-related legis-lation.

The Workshop also recommended a number ofnew initiatives, in particular to:

1. prepare reports on developments in environ-mental law. Commission members shouldprovide and the Commission should compile inone document lists and brief reviews of newenvironmental legislation and other major legaldevelopments at the national level for eachcalendar year. It should also prepare shortinformation documents on specific subjects,with priority given to a compendium of existing"environment" clauses in the constitutions ofvarious countries;

2. establish a network of Environmental LawCentres, with the aim of organizing an informa-tion network and encouraging coordinationbetween such centres (regional, national andinternational), so as to avoid duplication. Theoutputs of the network should be kept relativelysimple, consisting of:

• a list of participants with their address, fax,telephone number, computer links, etc.;

• a short compendium of resources, such as

finances, texts, physical infrastructure andelectronic communication facilities;

• information about the activities of eachCentre;

• ways in which members can help each otherin litigation, law reform, research, etc.;

3. establish links with parliamentarians, so as toassist them in promoting and strengtheningenvironmental legislation and policy, by provid-ing information and other services;

4. establish links with environmental enforcementagencies, decision-makers, administrators andmembers of the judiciary, by providing themwith a platform for sharing experience atnational, regional and global levels;

5. create a Task Force on Customary Law, toexamine questions such as the role of indigen-ous people in natural resources management,concentrating first on wildlife management;

6. increase the representation of members on theCommission from developing countries, as thesecountries will be the focus for a substantial partof the future work of the Commission.

Commission on Ecology (COE)

Chair: Professor François Doumenge

Rapporteur: Ms Elaine Dickinson

In a general discussion, the following pointsemerged:

1. The Commission on Ecology must develop abroad geographical representation, and shouldin particular include members from developingcountries and from Eastern and Central Europe.

2. Communication between members of theCommission could be improved if a scientificinstitution could be identified to act as aregional focus for meetings and communicationwithin a particular region. Where possible, anIUCN Regional Office could fulfil this function.

3. It is essential to build effective horizontal linksto other Commissions and thematicprogrammes of the Union. It is particularlyimportant that COE establishes strong linkswith CNPPA and SSC.

4. Cross-cutting themes such as Global Change

Discussions with Commission Chairs 87

and Biodiversity will need guidance from allCommissions, and COE will be asked to con-tribute members to these Inter-CommissionalTask Forces.

5. It is important for COE to build strong linkageswith other networking organizations and eco-logical institutions such as Intecol.

6. It is stated in the mandate that members of theAdvisory Groups of the thematic programmesof IUCN (such as the programmes on Marineand Coastal Areas, Tropical Forests andWetlands) will become members of theCommission. Initially, the structure of theCommission must be flexible to allow theestablishment of appropriate and viable work-ing groups.

7. The Chair will appoint the Vice-Chairs of theCommission. Together they will prepare amembership list to be presented to the Councilfor approval.

8. Initially, the COE membership will be limited toa manageable size (approx. 100 members) toallow effective communication in the earlyphases of the triennium. If COE is to make avaluable contribution to the work of the Union,its activities must be focused and product-orientated.

9. The Commission will take advantage of theparticipation of its members in major inter-national conferences to hold meetings duringthe same event (e.g. at the Parks Congress andUNCED). Otherwise, Commission meetings willbe held as appropriate with a regional focus.

Commission on EnvironmentalStrategy and Planning (CESP)

Chair: Dr Thaddeus (Ted) Trzyna

Rapporteur: Dr Paul A. Driver

Noting that the Commission on SustainableDevelopment had been relatively inactive over thepast several years, the Chair looked forward to amore active triennium, with enthusiastic Commis-sion members, a feasible programme of work andimproved linkages with and through IUCN Head-quarters. He told the meeting that:

1. the guiding theme of the Commission would be

"Caring for the World—a strategy for sustaina-bility";

2. Dr Liberty Mhlanga had been selected asDeputy Chair;

3. a Steering Committee would be establishedconsisting of Dr Ashok Khosla and the chairs ofthe working groups of the Commission;

4. three working groups and one sub-group wouldbe established, as follows:

(a) Strategies for Sustainability

Chair: Mr Robert Prescott-Allen

concerned with establishing an NCS data-base, forming a network of strategists andevaluating strategies;

(b) Environmental Assessment and ResourceEconomics

Chair: Drs Rudolf de Groot

concerned with resource economics withinenvironmental appraisal, environmentalaccounting, and linkage with other Commis-sions;

(c) Tools for Sustainability

Chair: Dr Ted Trzyna

concerned with developing new ideas, andtranslating existing material into methods forimplementation, e.g. sustainability auditsand environmental assessment of pro-grammes and policies;

d) Sub-group on the Ecosystems Approach toLand-use Planning

Chair: Ms Catherine Bickmore

concerned with case studies to test theapplicability of this approach;

5. a Commission Newsletter would be producedwithin Dr Trzyna's institution;

6. the Chair will spend approximately 50 per centof his time on Commission business.

Various speakers drew attention to the followingrequirements for the success of the Commission:

1. minimise the number of activities to achievefeasibility;

2. establish regional sub-groups and links withIUCN Regional Offices;

3. link Commission work with related Secretariatactivities;

4. address the question of funding for proposedactivities;


5. form links between working groups and withother Commissions;

6. involve NGOs in the work of the Commission;

7. adopt an action-orientated approach rather thanstudy alone.

Commission on Education andCommunication (CEC)

Chair: Mr M.A. Partha Sarathy

Rapporteur: Mr John Burke

By way of introduction, the Chair confirmed thatfunding had been promised to support aProgramme Officer, Environmental Education, atIUCN Headquarters. As soon as a formal docu-ment had been signed, and funds received, theDirector General would recruit a suitable person.The Chair then asked potential members of theCommission to submit a list of their achievementsand estimate the amount of work they could do forthe Commission over the next triennium.

In general discussion, it was agreed that theCommission would focus on setting and achievinga small number of important objectives rather thantrying to attack a long list. The Workshop endorsed

the terms of reference for the CEC as set out in therevised mandate and agreed specifically to:

1. prepare a document on "Education for a Sus-tainable Future" (in collaboration withUNESCO, UNEP and others) for submission toUNCED in 1992;

2. provide support to the proposed Service inConservation Education;

3. establish a support mechanism to advise theIUCN Secretariat on information dissemination,publications and related communications issues;

4. set up working groups as necessary to addressselected topics.

The revised structure, with emphasis on streng-thened regional networks, was welcomed. TheWorkshop also agreed to include a strong ethicalcomponent in the Commission's activities andstressed the need to involve young people andtheir networks.

The meeting developed an operational frame-work for the Commission's activities with fourmain elements: (a) priority initiatives; (b) servicesto other Commissions; (c) establishment of net-works, and (d) provision of resources.

In particular, the group agreed the CEC shouldbuild and market the concept of the Commission asan intellectual power-house and Centre of Excel-lence for Education and Communications, both insolving problems and in making opportunities forenvironmental education.

Discussions with Commission Chairs 89

Annex 1

Agenda adopted by the 18th Session of the GeneralAssembly

89th Sitting of the General Assembly

09h30-11h00

Opening Ceremony


WEDNESDAY, 28 NOVEMBER 1990: 11h30-12h30

1. Introduction to the work of the General Assem-bly

2. Adoption of the Agenda (GA/18/90/1*)

3. Adoption of the Rules of Procedure

4. Appointment of:

a) Credentials Committee

b) Resolutions Committee

c) Finance and Audit Committee

d) Programme Committee

5. Messages from Co-operating Organizations

6. Membership Admissions and welcoming of newmembers (GA/18/90/2)

91st Sitting of the General Assembly

WEDNESDAY, 28 NOVEMBER 1990:14h30-17h30

1. Conservation in a Changing World—Major Pre-sentation on the theme of the General Assembly

2. The Surrounding Environment—An Introduc-tion to Perth and Western Australia

3. First report of the Credentials Committee

4. The Director General's Report on the Work ofIUCN since the 17th General Assembly (CostaRica, February 1988)—discussion and approval(GA/18/90/3 and GA/18/90/4)

92nd Sitting of the General Assembly

THURSDAY 29 NOVEMBER 1990: 09h00-12h00

1. Highlights of the achievements of the IUCNCommissions—presentations by the Commis-sion Chairs (Part II of GA/18/90/3)

2. Accounts and Auditors ' Reports for1987-1989—Report of the Finance and AuditCommittee and approval of the Auditors'Reports (GA/18/90/5)

3. New Headquarters for IUCN—report onprogress

4. The Mission, Objectives and Approach; Gover-nance; and Strategy for the World ConservationUnion in the 1990s—introduction by the Direc-tor General and discussion (GA/18/90/6; GA/18/90/7; GA/18/90/8; and GA/18/90/9)

93rd Sitting of the General Assembly

THURSDAY 29 NOVEMBER 1990:14h00-17h00

1. Structure and Mandate of the IUCN Commis-sions—introduction of the proposals and discus-sion (GA/18/90/10)

2. Tr ienn ia l P r o g r a m m e and Budge t1991-1993—introduction by the DirectorGeneral and discussion (GA/18/90/11 andGA/18/90/12 Rev.)

3. Amendments to the IUCN Statutes—explana-tion and discussion (GA/18/90/13)

91

* General Assembly Paper reference number

Technical Meeting

THURSDAY 29 NOVEMBER 1990:19h00-21h30

Conservation Policy and Practice in Australia

Workshop Sessions

FRIDAY, 30 NOVEMBER 1990 AND SATURDAY, 1DECEMBER 1990: 009h00-12h00 and 14h00- 17h00

(Venue: University of Western Australia)

Workshop 1 The World Conservation Strategy forthe 1990s

Workshop 2 Human Population Dynamics andResource Demand

Workshop 3 Designing and Implementing theBiodiversity Conservation Strategy

Workshop 4 Conservation of the Marine Environ-ment

Workshop 5 Realistic Strategies for TropicalForests

Workshop 6 Critical Issues for Protected Areas

Workshop 7 Sustainable Wildlife Utilization

Workshop 8 A Global Strategy for ConservingWetlands

Workshop 9 The Conservation Strategy forAntarctica

Workshop 10 The Environmental Implications ofGlobal Change

Workshop 11 Conservation and Sustainable Devel-opment in the Sahel and other AridRegions

Workshop 12 Harmonizing Environmental Conser-vation and Economic Development

Technical Meeting

SATURDAY, 1 DECEMBER 1990:19h00-21h00

Discussion of the draft Triennial Programme1991-1993 in the light of the conclusions of theWorkshop Sessions (GA/18/90/11)


SUNDAY, 2 DECEMBER 1990: 09h00-12h00

1. Second report of the Credentials Committee

2. Structure and mandate of the IUCN Commis-sions—adoption (GA/18/90/10)

3. Amendments to the Statutes—adoption (GA/18/90/13)

4. Election of:

a) President of IUCN (GA/18/90/14)

b) Regional Councillors (GA/18/90/15)

c) Commission Chairs (GA/18/90/16)

d) Treasurer (GA/18/90/17)


SUNDAY, 2 DECEMBER 1990:14h00-17h00

1. The Draft World Conservation Strategy for the1990s (GA/18/90/18)

2. A Strategy for Antarctic Conservation (GA/18/90/19)

3. Results of the Elections

Workshop Sessions

MONDAY, 3 DECEMBER 1990: 09h00-12h00

Discussion with the Commission Chairs on thecomposition and activities of the Commissions inthe forthcoming triennium


MONDAY, 3 DECEMBER 1990:14h00-17h00

Preliminary discussion of draft Resolutions andRecommendations


WEDNESDAY, 5 DECEMBER 1990: 09h00-12h00

1. Determination of membership dues for1992-1994 (GA/18/90/20)

2. Fund for IUCN's Network in the DevelopingWorld (GA/18/90/21)

3. Adoption of:

a) The Mission, Objectives, Approach andGovernance of the World ConservationUnion (GA/18/90/7 and GA/18/90/8)

b) The Strategy for IUCN in the 1990s (GA/18/90/9)


c) The IUCN Programme 1991-1993 (GA/18/90/11)

d) The Budget 1991-1993 (GA/18/90/12 Rev.)

4. Appointment of Auditors (GA/18/90/22)

5. The 1992 UN Conference on Environment andDevelopment—presentations and discussions


WEDNESDAY, 5 DECEMBER 1990:14h00-17h00

Adoption of Resolutions and Recommendations


WEDNESDAY, 5 DECEMBER 1990:19h00-21h00

Closing Ceremony

1. Election of Patrons and Conferral of HonoraryMembership

2. Presentation of Awards:

a) John C. Phillips Memorial Medal

b) Peter Scott Merit Awards

c) Fred M. Packard International Parks MeritAwards

d) The Tree of Learning Awards

e) Appreciation of Outgoing Officers

f) Enrolment in the World ConservationFellowship

3. Address by the President Elect of IUCN

4. Closing remarks by the Director General

5. Farewell remarks by the Representative of theHost Country

6. Closure of the Assembly by the President

Annex 1 93

Annex 2

List of Agenda Papers

GA/18/90/1 Provisional Agenda and TimeSchedule

GA/18/90/2 Report on Membership

Addendum 1 Ratification of Admission toIUCN Membership

Addendum 2 Report on Membership

Addendum 3 Updating of Report on Member-ship

GA/18/90/3 Director General's Report on theActivities of the Union since the17th Session of the IUCN GeneralAssembly held in San José, CostaRica, February 1988, including theReports of the Chairs of IUCN'sCommissions

GA/18/90/4 Report on Follow-up to the Resolu-tions of the 17th General Assembly

Addendum 1 Note by the Director General onthe Policy of IUCN regardingthe Harvesting of FurbearingAnimals and the Use of Particu-lar Capture Methods

Annex 1 to Addendum 1 Draft Motion,17.32—Use of Steel-Jaw Leg-hold Traps

Annex 2 to Addendum 1 Chair's Report onthe Development of Inter-national Humane TrappingStandards

Annex 3 to Addendum 1 Draft Resolution,18.8—Methods for Capturingand/or Killing of WildAnimals

GA/18/90/5 The Finances of IUCN in the1988-1990 Triennium

Annex 1 (rev.) Financial Comparison over the1988-1990 Triennium

Annex 2 Rules for Use of World Conser-vation Trust Funds

Annex 3 Report of Statutory Auditorsand Financial Statements (for1987)



GA/18/90/6 Introduction by the DirectorGeneral to General AssemblyPapers on the Mission, Objectivesand Approach; Governance;Strategy of IUCN; the Commis-sions; and the Triennial Programme

Annex 1 Resolution 17.4 of the 17thSession of the IUCN GeneralAssembly, San José, Costa Rica,1988: Governance of the Union

GA/18/90/7 The Mission, Objectives andApproach of IUCN

Annex 1 Interactions between IUCNMembers and the CentralOrganization

Annex 2 Draft Resolution: 18.1—Mission,Objectives and Approach of theUnion

GA/18/90/8 The Governance of the WorldConservation Union

Annex 1 Draft Resolution: 18.2—TheGovernance of the WorldConservation Union

94

GA/18/90/9 A Strategy for the World Conserva-tion Union

Annex 1 Draft Resolution: 18.3—AStrategy for the World Conser-vation Union

GA/18/90/10 The Role and Mandates of theIUCN Commissions, StandingCommittees and Task Forces withinthe World Conservation Union

Annex 1 Draft Mandate of the SpeciesSurvival Commission (SSC)

Addendum 1 (proposed later changes)

Annex 2 Draft Mandate of the Commis-sion on National Parks andConservation Areas (CNPCA)


Annex 3 Draft Mandate of the Commis-sion on Environmental Law(CEL)

Annex 4 Draft Mandate of the Commis-sion on Ecology (COE)


Annex 5 Draft Mandate of the Commis-sion on Environmental Strategyand Planning (CESP)

Addendum 1 (revised draft mandate)

Annex 6 Draft Mandate of the Commis-sion on Education andCommunication (CEC)

Annex 7 Extract from the IUCN Statutesand Regulations: Revised Regu-lations under Article VIII of theStatutes regarding the Commis-sions

Annex 8 Draft Resolution: 18.4—The Roleand Mandates of the IUCNCommissions, Standing Com-mittees and Task Forces

GA/18/90/11 The IUCN Programme 1991-93,Draft June 1990

Annex 1 A n a l y s i s of M e m b e r s 'Comments on the TriennialProgramme

GA/18/90/12 Rev. Estimates of Income andExpenditure for 1991-1993

GA/18/90/13 Proposed Amendments to theIUCN Statutes and Regulations

Annex 1 Motion of the Council of IUCN:Amendments to the Statutes

Annex 2 Amendments to the Regulationsunder the Statutes of IUCN

Annex 3 Comparison between ExistingText and Text of ProposedAmendments

Addendum (Rev.) (revised proposals on ArticleII, 27 and 30 November)

Addendum 2 (revised proposals on Article II,undated)

Addendum 3 Notes on the discussion over theamendments to the Statutes atthe 93rd Session of the GeneralAssembly, prepared by theRapportage Team, 1 December

Addendum 4 Revised Amendments to ArticleII of the Statutes (2 December1990)

Addendum 5 (revised proposals on Article I)

GA/18/90/14 Election of the IUCN President

Annex 1 Biographical Note: Sir ShridathRamphal

GA/18/90/15 Election of IUCN Regional Council-lors

Annex 1 Report to the 18th Session of theIUCN General Assembly by theElection Officer (including Listof Nominations for RegionalCouncillors)

Annex 2 Background Information onCandidates for Election asRegional Councillors

Annex 3 List of States by Region, asdefined in Article VI, paragraph2 of the IUCN Statutes

Addendum 1 Election of IUCN RegionalCouncillors (updates)

Annex to Addendum 1 Additionalbackground information oncandidates

GA/18/90/16 Election of the Chairs of IUCNCommissions

Annex 1 Background information oncandidates for election as Com-mission Chairs

GA/18/90/17 Election of the IUCN Treasurer

Annex 2 95

Annex Election of the IUCN Treasurer(proposal by the Finance andAudit Committee)

GA/18/90/18 World Conservation Strategy forthe 1990s—Draft

Annex 1 Draft Resolution: 18.5—TheWorld Conservation Strategy forthe 1990s

GA/18/90/19 A Strategy for Antarctic Conserva-tion

Annex 1 Draft Resolution: 18.6—TheAntarctic Conservation Strategy

GA/18/90/20 Membership Dues for the1992-1994 Triennium

Annex 1 Membership Dues over the1989-1991 Triennium

Addendum to Annex State and GovernmentAgency Members of IUCN

GA/18/90/21 A Voluntary Fund to Support theGovernance of the World Conser-vation Union and its Activities inthe Developing World

Annex 1 Draft Resolution: 18.7—Creationof a Voluntary Fund to Supportthe Governance of the WorldConservation Union and itsActivities in the DevelopingWorld

GA/18/90/22 Appointment of Auditors

General Assembly Information Papers

1. General Assembly Workshops, Friday 30November and Saturday 1 December 1990(outlines and agendas)

2. Review of IUCN's Programme 1988-1990, byAnil Agarwal and Adrian Phillips (reproducedhere as Annex 14)

3. Organization of IUCN

4. Note to Delegates: Technical Meeting: Saturday,1 December 1990, 19.00- 21.00 hours, by MartinW. Holdgate

5. Note to Delegates: Workshop Sessions: Monday,3 December, by Martin W. Holdgate

6. IUCN Collaboration in World BankProgrammes: Statement by Mr Ken Piddington,Director, Environment Department, World Bank(reproduced here as Annex 21)

7. Statement by Mr Carl Tham, Director General,Swedish International Development Authority(reproduced here as Annex 15)

8. Opening Address by the President of the WorldConservation Union, Dr M.S. Swaminathan FRS(reproduced here as Annex 3)

Other documents circulated to delegates

(This list is not necessarily complete.)

Statutes, as revised by the 14th Session of theGeneral Assembly (Ashkabad, USSR, October1978) and following 25th (June 1988) and 28thMeetings (May 1990) of the IUCN Council, andRegulations, as amended by the 3rd (September1978), 5th (June 1979), 10th (October 1981), 21st(November 1986) and 28th (May 1990) meetingsof the IUCN Council

Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly aslast amended at the 16th Session of the GeneralAssembly in November 1984 and the 28thMeeting of the Council in May 1990

First, Second and Third Reports of the Creden-tials Committee

Report of the Finance and Audit Committee(reproduced here as Annex 17)

Report of the Programme Committee (reprodu-ced here as Annex 22)

Proposal submitted by 34 members of IUCN, toamend the IUCN Statutes, submitted in accor-dance with Article XVII paragraph 3 of theStatutes (letter dated 23 July 1990 from theDirector General)

Draft Motions for Consideration by the 18thSession of the IUCN General Assembly. Laterversions were distributed during the meetingboth separately and as various packs.

Delegates Handbook


Annex 3

Opening Address by the President of the WorldConservation Union, Dr M.S. Swaminathan FRS*

Equity in Conservation

I feel privileged to welcome you all to the 18thGeneral Assembly of the International Union forConservation of Nature and Natural Resources.This is a unique Assembly since we have hererepresentatives of Sovereign States and governmentagencies as well as of national and internationalnon-governmental environmental organizations.Representatives of several UN agencies includingUNEP, UNESCO, FAO, IBRD and UNDP are alsoparticipating. In addition, we have many conserva-tion experts who, working in an honorary capacityin our global networks, are promoting the work ofthe Union carried out under our six Commissions.

We are here on a common mission—how tomake our Union serve the cause of protectingPlanet Earth, which to quote HRH The PrincePhilip, "is the only home we have". I am gladPrince Philip has again joined us at the GeneralAssembly—an indication of both his personalinterest in the work of IUCN, of which he is aPatron, as well as of the symbiotic bonds betweenIUCN and WWF-International of which he is thedistinguished President. I extend him a very warmwelcome. I wish to express our sincere gratitude tothe Commonwealth Government of Australia andto the State Government of Western Australia fortheir invitation to hold this General Assembly atthis idyllic location and for the outstandingarrangements made for a very meaningful andpleasant Assembly. The National OrganizingCommittee headed by Mr Peter Kennedy and theAustralian Government Task Force headed by MrHugh Craft have done a superb job, for which weare grateful. The Steering Committee for this

* Distributed as General Assembly InformationPaper No. 8

General Assembly chaired by Ms Pam Eiser hasdone an equally splendid job.

We are honoured by the presence of the Hon.R.J.L. Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia, the Hon.Dr Carmen Lawrence, Premier of Western Aus-tralia, the Hon. Ros Kelly, Commonwealth Ministerfor the Environment and the Hon. Bob Pearce,Minister for the Environment of Western Australia.We express our great admiration to you, Mr PrimeMinister, for your and your Government's leader-ship in the protection of Antarctica, in the preven-tion of the global heat trap and in the conservationof World Heritage sites.

I am also happy to welcome Mr William H.Mansfield of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme and representatives of UNESCO andFAO, the other members of the Ecosystem Conser-vation Group with whom we work closely. I alsowelcome warmly our members who have travelledlong distances to be here to give shape to theUnion's Programme during the next three years.This is truly a World Conservation Congress.

Since we met last at San José in January-February 1988, the Union has made progress inevery direction—in finance and administration, inprogramme management, in outreach and inprofessionalism. For this progress we are indebtedto our distinguished Director General Dr MartinHoldgate and the dedicated staff of the Union aswell as to the Chairs and members of Commissionsand members of the voluntary networks. I alsothank the Federal, Cantonal and Communalauthorities of Switzerland who have done their bestto redeem their pledge made at San José to provideIUCN with a permanent headquarters building. Iam confident that before the next General Assem-bly, the Union will have its own permanent homein Gland. Finally, I wish to record our gratitude toour members and other donors for their financialsupport, advice and encouragement. I am glad wehave the privilege of welcoming six new State

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members at this Assembly. Our total membershipnow stands at 722 drawn from 118 countries.

Conservation in a changing world is the themefor this General Assembly. The world has alwaysbeen changing—socially, politically, economically,technologically and ecologically. Many of thesechanges have been desirable and have helped toenhance both human development and the qualityof life. But for changes such as the movement ofpeople over long distances to find a new home andbuild a new country, our beautiful host continent,Australia, would be in a different state today.Predominantly agricultural societies started becom-ing industrial societies during the last two centuriesand are now becoming information societies,thanks to the communication revolution. Thegreatest impact of the information age has been thespread of democratic values and the triggering ofseemingly impossible happenings. The unificationof Germany, the release of Nelson Mandela and thesudden transformation of east-west relationshipsare examples of this welcome trend.

The spread of this democratic urge of whichfree and independent media and judiciary areimportant indicators is also the greatest ally of theconservation movement. This has led to a question-ing of the pathways of social and technologicalchange witnessed during recent decades, particu-larly among the younger generation. The WorldBank in its 1990 Development Report has pointedout that over 1.125 billion people are today livingin poverty. This is the number of people who arestruggling to survive on less than US$ 370 a year.

The United Nations Development Programme'sreport on Human Development, also published thisyear, states that "life does not begin for a majorityof humankind at US$ 11,000, the average annualper capita income in the industrial world". Switzer-land, the host country for the headquarters of ourUnion, has the highest annual per capita income ofover US$ 28,000, while 10 countries which haveover one third of the human population have a percapita income of less than US$ 400, per year, adifference of 70 times. In spite of such incomedisparities the poor world transfers 20 to 30 billionUS dollars each year to the industrialized countriesby way of debt servicing and repayment, a pointalso made forcefully in the Brundtland Commis-sion's Report.

A major topic for discussion at our meetingswill be the conservation of biological diversity. Thisis an urgent task. Equally urgent is the need forpromoting respect for cultural, religious and ethnicdiversities. However, one form of diversity whichwe should not respect and which we should try toreduce and ultimately eliminate is the co-existenceof unsustainable life styles on the part of about a

billion people living mostly in developed countriesand the excruciating poverty experienced byanother billion, living mostly in developingcountries.

Six years ago when at Madrid you did me thehonour of electing me as the President of theUnion, and again three years ago when youre-elected me as your President for another term atSan José in Costa Rica, I expressed my convictionthat unless the Penguin and the Poor evoke fromus equal concern, conservation will be a lost cause.There can be no common future for humankindwithout a better common present. Developmentwhich is not equitable is not sustainable in the longterm. This is the message of both past and recenthistory. The growing violence in the human heartas witnessed by the spread of religious, culturaland ethnic intolerance is a warning signal.Mahatma Gandhi said in my country over 50 yearsago, "How are we going to be non-violent tonature unless the principle of non-violencebecomes central to the ethos of human culture ?"Without harmony among human beings, it will bedifficult to achieve harmony between humankindand nature.

It is such considerations that have led the IUCNCouncil to recommend for adoption a new MissionStatement for the Union, namely "to harness theinsights and skills of the world conservationmovement in order to promote the sustainable andequitable use of nature and natural resources and toestablish a harmonious future for humanity withinthe world environment". What are the operationalimplications of such a Mission Statement from thepoint of view of integrating in developmentalstrategies the principles of equity with those ofeconomic efficiency and ecological sustainability? Iwish to refer briefly to four major needs for aharmonious future for humanity within the worldenvironment.

First, let me refer to climate and radiationregulation. In 1979, the first World ClimateConference was held in Geneva under the auspicesof the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)and other UN organizations. The second WorldClimate Conference was held at Geneva from29 October to 7 November 1990. The paperspresented at the first conference were mostly onthe impact of climate on human activities, whilethe recent one dealt almost exclusively with theimpact of human activities on climate. It is moreappropriate to call the second one a Climate

* The wording was subsequently modified by theGeneral Assembly. The final version is given inResolution 18.1. Ed.


Change Conference, since the participants agreedthat if the increase of greenhouse gas concen-trations is not limited, the predicted climate changewould place stresses on natural and social systemsunprecedented in the past 10,000 years.

Many parts of the planet may experienceparched crops and flooded coastlines. A majorcomponent of the impact of the postulated changesin temperature, precipitation, coastal storms andultraviolet-B radiation is likely to be on agriculture.Developing countries which rely heavily on crophusbandry, animal husbandry, fisheries and for-estry for both economic and livelihood security willsuffer most. It is generally the poor and themarginalized who suffer most from environmentalbreakdown. For example, a study by Resources forthe Future showed that the economy of the MINKregion of the USA (Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska andKansas), where the percentage of farm income tototal income is 3.4 times the percentage of farmincome to total income found in the USA as awhole, may still not suffer seriously due to changesin precipitation and temperature since the share ofthe farm sector in the income of this region is only3.87 per cent. Unless developing countries areassisted economically and technologically to put inplace appropriate avoidance and adaptationmechanisms, their poverty and misery mayincrease as a result of adverse changes in climate,caused by factors mostly beyond their control.

A second area relates to biological diversity.While Australia has been appropriately designateda mega-diversity area by virtue of its richness inflora and fauna, most industrialised countries aregenerally poor in biological diversity but are rich inthe biological technology essential for convertinggenetic variability into economic wealth. The lossof every gene or species limits our options for thefuture. Yet we know that during the duration ofour conference several species may become extinct.Often we do not know what we are losing since wehave no definite knowledge of the number ofspecies existing on our planet. About 1.5 millionspecies have been described so far, but in aworkshop organized by the CommonwealthAgricultural Bureau International at the RoyalSociety in London in July 1990, it was suggestedthat if we study invertebrates and micro-organismsproperly, the number of species on earth may goup to more than 50 million. Unfortunatelytaxonomists and biosystematists are fast vanishingand we do not have adequate expertise to identify,describe and catalogue new species. People livingin areas rich in biological diversity are generallystricken with poverty. The masters of biologicaltechnology are, in contrast, rich. Both, however,agree that for a better bio-future for humankind,biological diversity must be conserved.

Unfortunately, there is much controversy onmethods of saving and sharing the global biologicalwealth. Discussions on this topic are in progress invarious international fora such as FAO and UNEP.The Keystone International Dialogue Series onPlant Genetic Resources has tried to throw light onmethods of resolving opposing viewpoints. Termssuch as "Farmers' Rights" and "Breeders' Rights"are freely used to indicate the importance ofaccording recognition to the informal innovationsystem in conjunction with the rights alreadyaccorded to plant breeders in the 20 developednations which have so far adhered to the rules ofthe International Union for the Protection of NewVarieties of Plants (UPOV). The continuing discus-sions at the General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade (GATT) on Trade-related IntellectualProperty Rights (TRIPs) are also important in thecontext of North-South relationships in germplasmconservation and exchange. Fourteen developingnations have proposed to the Negotiating Groupon TRIPs at the Uruguay Round of GATT Multi-lateral Trade negotiations that plant or animalvarieties or essential biological processes for theproduction of plants or animals should not besubjected to patent protection.

Farmers and breeders are allies in the commontask of advancing biological productivity. There-fore, I feel that their rights should be presented notas mutually antagonistic rights but as mutuallyreinforcing ones. I would like to suggest thatUPOV should evolve into an International Unionfor the Protection of Breeders' and Farmers' Rights,with its membership including all countries—industrialized and developing. The UPOV Conven-tion is now undergoing revision. A draft textintroduces the concept of "dependence" whichwould ensure that a variety "essentially derivedfrom another variety protected by Plant Breeders'Rights cannot be used commercially without thepermission of the breeder of the protected variety".It should not be difficult to develop a methodologyunder the dependency clause which enables recog-nition and reward for informal innovation. Thefinancial reward in this case will have to go to aspecial fund which can help to finance conservationand plant breeding activities in the country fromwhich the key genetic material came.

A third area of concern from the equity point ofview is the disposal of hazardous and toxic wastesand the dispersal of pollution-generating indus-tries. There are a growing number of conventionsin this area but it is important that technologies fordetoxification of toxic wastes and for the safedisposal of hazardous wastes including nuclearwastes are shared among all nations speedily andeffectively. The greed of the rich is often the rootcause of serious pollution problems. In such cases,

Annex 3 99

we can only pray "God, do not forgive them forthey know what they do".

Finally I shall conclude with a reference to myown field of achieving sustainable and continuousadvances in biological productivity from units ofland, water, time and energy. Such advances arecritical both for food security and ecologicalsecurity. The onward march of the Green Revolu-tion is both economically and ecologically impera-tive in population-rich but land-hungry countriesin order to enhance the income of small farmfamilies and to minimize further expansion of thearable area at the expense of forests and areasvulnerable to soil erosion or other forms ofdeterioration. For example, farmers in Indiaproduced 12 million tons of wheat and 36 milliontons of rice in 1965 from 14 and 40 million hectaresof land respectively. In 1990, they produced55 million tons of wheat and 72 million tons of ricefrom 24 and 44 million hectares respectively. Toproduce the amount of wheat and rice that Indianow produces at the 1965 yield levels, over70 million ha of additional land would have beenneeded. This could only have come from theremaining forests. Both UNEP and FAO estimatethat worldwide over 75 per cent of the annualdeforestation of 17 million ha occurs for expandingfood production. Therefore, there is no option butto adopt land-saving agricultural practices in coun-tries where land is limiting and populationpressure is increasing. But the new Green Revolu-tion must be based on "green" or environmentallyfriendly technologies such as integrated pestmanagement, scientific land and water manage-ment and improved post-harvest technology. Forthis purpose, there is a need for the dynamicintegration of traditional technologies with frontiertechnologies such as biotechnology and space,information and management technologies. This isurgent but the hurdles in the way of free and rapidtransfer of "green" technologies are many, largelyarising from the growing privatization of researchinto frontier areas in technologically advancednations. If we do not remove the hurdles we willfind that developmental dilemmas such as "foodand jobs versus forests" may grow.

In farming we say "we reap as we sow". Asconservationists we must know that we cannotreap what we do not sow. We must sow the seedsof harmony and equity as widely as possible. Massmedia and political leaders must create thesubstrate conditions essential for such seeds tosprout, grow and bear fruit.

Numerous conventions are now being de-veloped and negotiated. To cite a few, a climatechange convention under the auspices of WMO, abiodiversity convention under the auspices of

UNEP and a forest convention under the auspicesof FAO are in various stages of evolution. Theexisting conventions relating to Antarctica andprotection of the ozone layer are also under review.Crucial discussions are now in progress under theGATT negotiations, although the issues relate moreto protectionism than to the promotion of ecologi-cally desirable and equitable trade. In most of thesediscussions, time is being measured only verticallyby means of clocks and calendars and not horizon-tally by numbers of generations. It is to add agenetic dimension to the measurement of environ-mental damage that I proposed five years ago anAmnesty International type of organization whichcan, with professional support of high credibility,draw attention to human heritage violations, as isbeing done now by Amnesty International in thecase of violations of human rights. I had then feltthat the World Conservation Monitoring Centre atCambridge, UK, which is currently compiling acomprehensive report on global biodiversity, couldbe of immense help in such a task. I am glad thissuggestion has found a place in the second draft ofthe paper entitled, "Caring for the World: AStrategy for Sustainability", which will bediscussed at this General Assembly. Such anorganization supported by a World EcologicalSecurity Compact, comprising a series of internallyconsistent protocols and conventions designed totranslate the World Charter for Nature adopted bythe UN General Assembly in October 1982 intoreality, will help us to promote both ecologicallydesirable life styles and prevent human heritageviolations. Such a holistic approach is essential forbuilding harmony between humanity and nature. Ihope that such arrangements will materialize at the1992 UN Conference on Environment and Develop-ment. Given the requisite blend of political will,public action and professional expertise, ourMission Statement can become a reality. Withoutthem it will remain a piece of rhetoric.

Seeing the composition of this audience and thepresence of His Royal Highness Prince Philip andthe Honourable Prime Minister Hawke of Austra-lia, I am confident that our statement can beconverted from rhetoric to reality. Identifying thesteps necessary for this purpose is the major taskbefore us during the coming seven days. In thistask, let us draw inspiration from the lovely songwe just heard the Nedlands Primary Schoolchildren sing:

"So life's a song that I must sing,A gift of love I must share

And when I see the joy it brings,My spirits soar through the air".

I once again welcome you all.


Annex 4

Opening Address by the Premier of Western Australia,The Hon. Dr Carmen Lawrence MLA

On behalf of the Government and people of thisState I am pleased to welcome you to WesternAustralia.

The decision to hold the IUCN General Assem-bly in Australia is extremely significant to peopleliving here, as a gathering of this kind provides thelarger context within which to assess our owncontinuing environmental debate.

One should be wary of making generalizations,but there is little risk of inaccuracy in saying thattoday's Australians care deeply about the environ-ment.

Staging the General Assembly here gives duerecognition to the efforts being made by Aus-tralians to address conservation issues in thiscountry, and to their concern that solutions befound for the increasingly complex environmentalproblems facing the planet.

The Assembly will give Western Australiansand Australians, and particularly the residents ofthis city, a chance to examine more closely theimpact we are having on our local environment,and to consider further conservation measures wecan take to ensure the protection of wildlife withinthe precincts of our urban area, and beyond.

While you are in our city I hope you will takethe opportunity to visit our urban parks andreserves. Western Australia has given precedenceto setting aside large areas within cities andsuburbs for recreation and conservation of naturalbushland.

Within the city's precinct Kings Park providesspacious botanical gardens, parklands and a naturereserve. The Park also provides a vista of the SwanRiver, one of the cleanest rivers in the world, whichruns through the city. In addition to its obviousscenic and recreational value it is home to a widevariety of wildlife, including migratory wadersfrom as far afield as Siberia.

Opportunities are also available to visit ournearby marine parks, with their abundant bird and

sea life. It is very much a measure of the strengthof conservation feeling in this State that substantialconservation areas have been reserved within whatis a highly urbanised environment.

When you move about this city you should bearin mind its comparative youth. European settle-ment began here only 161 years ago. Being such ayoung settlement has some real advantages: it hasallowed us, for instance, the opportunity toconserve far greater areas than would have beenthe case if Europeans had arrived much earlier. Asit was, the first national park was established onlyseventy years after the Swan River Colony wasfounded in 1829.

Even so, in the relatively short time we haveinhabited this land, we have had a massive impacton much of it.

To put the effects of 161 years of Europeansettlement into perspective it must be rememberedthat when the first white settlers arrived, the areaaround the Swan River was already inhabited by aculturally advanced civilization. The south-west ofWestern Australia was the nation of the Nyungarpeople. Their population was about 7000 at thattime.

Nyungars living in the South West had aplentiful and varied food supply, including fish,kangaroos and snakes. In summer, their diet wassupplemented with turtles, frogs and fresh watercrayfish. Their principal vegetable was a nativepotato, although many other plants were eaten.

The Nyungars managed their food supply verysuccessfully. By systematic burning of the bushtracts of land were opened up to ease access forhunting and native potato harvesting. Manyspecies of Western Australian plants are adapted tofire and therefore benefited from burning off. Thereare also some animals, such as the TammarWallaby, whose habitats require periodic burningto regenerate.

In their own way the Nyungars engaged in

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sound conservation practices. Further evidencecomes from their law that no seed-bearing plantcould be dug up until it had flowered. Aboriginalpeople certainly had an impact on their environ-ment but, at the time white settlers arrived, theirlife style was ecologically sustainable. It has takenus a long time to learn the great lesson they had toteach us.

I hope that between your discussions and fieldvisits you will find the time to visit the Art Galleryof Western Australia which, to coincide with yourGeneral Assembly, is hosting an exhibition of

Arnhem Land art called "The Keepers of theSecrets".

The State Minister for the Environment, BobPearce, and I look forward to participating in theconference, and the State's Department of Conser-vation and Land Management will have staffstationed at the information desk in the foyer whowill be pleased to facilitate any meetings, briefingsor visits you wish to make.

I wish you well with your deliberations andhope that you enjoy the hospitality of our city.


Annex 5

Opening Address by the International President ofWWF - World Wide Fund for Nature,HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Thank you very much Mr President for giving methis opportunity to bring greetings to all thedelegates to this General Assembly from WWF-International and all the 28 members and 4 millionsupporters of the WWF family.

Since the founders of WWF, as a special publicfund for the conservation of nature, were alsoinvolved with IUCN, and since WWF and IUCNhave been sharing offices for so many years, thesegreetings also come from a very close member ofthe IUCN family.

I bring not only greetings, I also bring verysincere congratulations. The improvement inIUCN's fortunes since the last General Assembly inCosta Rica has been nothing short of miraculous. Iknow it has been a difficult time for everyone, butthe rewards are already becoming obvious. This isvery good news indeed for the whole conservationmovement at a time when wild species and theirhabitats are coming under increasing pressure.

Speaking in Sydney on Monday, on the occasionof receiving the WWF Gold Medal, ProfessorE.O. Wilson estimated that, unless drastic actioncan be taken quite soon, something like a quarter ofthe world's living species will become extinctwithin the next 30 years. He added that this meantthe estimated loss of some 100,000 species everyyear.

It may well be that some species would havebecome extinct in any case, but there can be nodoubt at all that the bulk of past and futureextinctions is the direct consequence of the massiveincrease in the human population and the growthin the per capita demand for natural resources.

It has been calculated that over the last300 years, each time the population has doubled, ithas taken half the time to do so. It took 80 years,from 1870 to 1950, to double from 1,200 m to 2,500m. The most recent doubling took place during thelast 40 years, between 1950 and 1990, when it wentfrom 2,500 m to over 5,000 m. At that rate of

increase, the huge total of 10,000 m would bereached in 20 years from now. Anyone with a headfor figures or a pocket calculator can work outwhen it might reach infinity.

Fortunately there is some evidence that this rateis slowing down, but even so the next doubling isexpected to take place within the next 30 years.

If you add to this scenario the expected effectsof global warming on sea levels and the destabili-zation of the climatic and ocean systems, it meansthat the next 30 years are going to be crucial for thefuture of all life on earth.

It is quite obvious that a great deal has to bedone if a major catastrophe is to be avoided, but noone organization can hope to do everything. Thebest hope is for each organization to stick to what itcan do best.

IUCN brings together the whole conservationcommunity and if we all set out to work togetherand try to speak with one voice for the conserva-tion of nature, I believe there is a real hope that wecan make a significant reduction to that horrifyingfigure of 100,000 species presently doomed tobecome extinct every year.

I do not believe that we can achieve anysignificant success if we try to cope with every oneof the very many issues that need to be tackled.The issue of preventing the steady decline inbiological diversity is quite big and complicatedenough, without getting involved in mattersbeyond the professional knowledge, expertise andcommitment of the conservation movement.

I believe that this is going to become increas-ingly important as the human population begins toappreciate the full significance of the threats to itsown future welfare. The need for someone to standup and champion nature and speak for the earthwith wisdom and insight is urgent. As I see it, thisis the critical task for IUCN and for this purpose itmust draw together the best professional know-ledge that its members can provide.

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Mr President, I have just come from the WWFAnnual Conference and I can assure you that weare all totally committed to preventing the deple-tion of biological diversity by every means in our

power, and I can pledge our full support for IUCNand all it stands for in the struggle to keep this ouronly planet fit and healthy for all the generationswe hope will come after us.


Annex 6

Opening Address by the Prime Minister of Australia,The Hon. R.J.L. Hawke AC, MP

Australia is proud to host the 18th GeneralAssembly of IUCN. We do so aware of theresponsibility we bear—as stewards of the Aus-tralian continent and as active participants in theglobal environmental movement.

This is indeed a heavy responsibility—first,because ours is an ancient, huge and extraordinaryland mass that shelters and nourishes uniquespecies of plants and animals. It is a laboratory forscientists, a magnet for tourists and above all apriceless part of the heritage of the world.

Second, ours is a special responsibility becauseof the unique history of human habitation on thiscontinent. For at least 40,000 years, the AustralianAboriginal people exercised exclusive stewardshipof this continent, acting out their belief not thatthey owned the land but that the land owned them.

If conservation means deep spiritual respect forthe land, and identification with it; if conservationrequires an accurate understanding of the place ofhumankind in the grand scheme of creation; ifconservation means taking from the land todaywithout compromising your children's rights tofulfil their needs tomorrow, then the AustralianAborigines were perhaps the world's first conser-vationists. For them, land care was literally a wayof life.

It is only in relatively recent times—the last twohundred years—that this continent has undergonethe impact of Western settlement. But those twocenturies are of course the two centuries since theIndustrial Revolution.

In that time, prosperity and quality of life hasbeen created for some— but certainly not all—ofthe world's growing population. And those incom-plete gains have been achieved only through theprogressive conquest of the world's naturalenvironment by farming, mining, the growth ofcities and the spread of industry.

Soils have been degraded; seas and rivers andlakes have been polluted; huge parts of the world's

tree cover has been obliterated; the fragile Arcticand Antarctic environments have been damaged.

The Australian continent may seem to Europeanor Asian eyes one that is vast, timeless, empty anduntouched. Relatively speaking, it is. But no-onecan ignore the fact—and Australians do not ignoreit—that even here, much of the landscape bears themark of human activity that has wroughtpermanent environmental change—and, notinfrequently, degradation.

That brings me to the third way in whichAustralians bear a special responsibility. We are theonly people whose nation occupies an entirecontinent. So the physical integrity of the Aus-tralian land mass is duplicated precisely by thepolitical integrity of the Australian nation. Thismeans that what Australians decide to do topreserve the environment of this large continent, orto destroy it, assumes real and lasting significance.

At the same time, as a modern society and openeconomy, Australians understand the vital dynamicof global interdependence. We know that theprosperity of all nations is determined by theeconomic decisions of each nation—a vividexample of which is provided currently by thetragic impasse in the current GATT negotiations.

And we know too that the environmentalwell-being of the globe is equally a shared respon-sibility. Australians are exposed—as are we all—tothe danger of global warming and of ozonedepletion. Australians share the loss we allexperience when a living species ceases to existsomewhere in the world.

So Australians are coming to recognise, as arewe all, the dilemma of modern life:

• We still face the pressing need to feed thepeople of the world and to create policies thatprovide the opportunity for growth andprosperity, which is the legitimate expectation ofour people;

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• But in the long term, such economic develop-ment is sustainable only if it is ecologicallysustainable—otherwise the gains made by thisgeneration are achieved only at the expense ofthose as yet unborn.

So for all these reasons, Australians are acutelyaware of our responsibility to care for and toprotect the unique landscape that is our nationalhome. And in particular, we are endeavouring toshow the way forward towards implementing aviable and effective process of ecologically sustain-able development.

We have established working groups that areexamining the Australian economy, sector bysector—agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining,manufacturing, energy use and distribution,transport and tourism. This way, by careful studyand broad community participation, we areendeavouring to ensure that our quality of life ismaintained for now and for the future.

We have also established the Resource Assess-ment Commission, an independent advisory bodythat conducts enquiries into complex resource useissues— such as forestry and coastal zones—so thatmore informed and integrated decisions can betaken.

We are working too, with the Australian States,to develop a national environment agreement torationalize our processes and to ensure betterenvironmental protection.

Australia, I am proud to say, is also at theforefront of international environmental action. Weare leading the way in the reduction of emissionsof all greenhouse gases.

We will have eliminated consumption of ozone-depleting substances by 1998— considerably fasterthan urged by the Montreal Protocol.

And Australia has taken the lead, with France,in urging a total permanent international ban onmining in Antarctica. As we meet today, the partiesto the Antarctic Treaty System are in conference inChile and it is my and I believe your profoundhope that they will take the next steps towards ourgoal of protecting this fragile and precious environ-ment.

Ladies and gentlemen, Australia's achievementis measured—simply, if not comprehensively—inour commitment to the World Heritage List, in thecreation and maintenance of which IUCN hasplayed such a valuable and respected role. Andyou can understand our pleasure at the judgementof IUCN that "Australia has done more toimplement the World Heritage Convention thanany other single country".

Australia has eight sites of outstanding univer-sal values of culture and nature that have been

inscribed on the World Heritage List. Tropical, aridand temperate ecosystems—marine and terres-trial—are represented by the Great Barrier Reef,Uluru and Kakadu, the forests of Queensland'sWet Tropics, and of north-east New South Wales,South-west Tasmania, the Willandra Lakes Regionand the Lord Howe Island group.

Our recent nomination of Shark Bay, sixhundred kilometres to our north on the coast ofWestern Australia, and of the sub-AntarcticMacdonald and Heard Islands will add to ourdistinguished World Heritage record.

And as a further step, I am pleased to announcethat agreement has been reached between theCommonwealth and Queensland Governments onjoint management arrangements for the WetTropics World Heritage Area. This ManagementScheme provides a mechanism for successful coop-erative management of the area. It incorporatesjoint funding, consideration of local communityinterests and professional scientific advice throughtwo advisory committees, a professionally staffedManagement Agency, a joint ManagementAuthority and a Ministerial Council. Through thisScheme, Australia will meet its international dutyto protect this vital part of the world's heritage.

Ladies and gentlemen, I say none of this in aspirit of complacency, or to pretend that countries,Australia included, need do no more to safeguardour global environment.

Because we all indeed have a very long way togo. My Government is very conscious of Aus-tralia's responsibility to help maintain the inter-national momentum on a number of other environ-mental issues.

The loss of the world's biological diversity isone such issue. You will all be aware of thestatistics—the five million species estimated tohave evolved over billions of years; as His RoyalHighness indicated, the risk of losing one-quarterof these over the next 20 or 30 years; thedestruction of rainforests, the loss of geneticdiversity and the loss of potential pharmaceuticalsand new food crops.

While some nations may be benefiting in theshort term from the activities which are leading tolosses like these, there can surely be no winners inthe long term.

Australia believes that the development andnegotiation of an integrated international biodi-versity convention is a matter of great urgency.

At the last General Assembly of IUCN, aresolution was passed calling for the establishmentof a global representative system of marine protec-ted areas. Australia has gone some way towardsachieving this goal through the establishment ofthe Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and other


significant Australian marine reserves such asNingaloo Marine Park, just north of Shark Bay.

There are, however, a number of other areas inAustralian waters which contribute greatly to theworld's biodiversity and would be valuable addi-tions to a marine reserve system such as thatproposed by IUCN. I am, therefore, pleased toannounce that the Australian Government hasdecided to work towards the expansion of Aus-tralia's marine reserve system. In association withState and Territory Governments, we will investig-ate the establishment of a national, representativesystem of marine protected areas for Australia thatwill protect these areas, while permitting appro-priate uses and promoting public education.

Ladies and gentlemen, I certainly trust that youwill not leave Australia without having taken theopportunity to appreciate both Australia's magni-ficent natural environment—and the actions thatwe are taking to preserve it. I can assure you thatAustralians are proud of both.

I trust that this General Assembly—and thecontinuing work of IUCN—will help show us andother nations the way forward.

Since its foundation in 1948, IUCN has becomea highly respected conservation organization, form-ing close and valuable working relationships withgovernment and non-government agencies alike. Ithas also maintained an important internationalfocus upon the world's environmental problems.

Without doubt the key to the organization'ssuccess has, in part, been the expertise it has beenable to draw upon from its membership. It is thisexpertise, assembled here today, which is required

for the complex issues to be considered over thecoming week. The challenge will be to do more tointegrate economic considerations into many ofthese issues.

Your meeting indeed comes at a critical time inthe evolution of international affairs. The eventsthat we have witnessed of late—the transformationof superpower relations and the revolutions ofeastern Europe—will certainly ensure that thehistorians of the future see our times as markingirreversible change. In the history books of thefuture the years 1989 and 1990 will be writ large.The overthrow of totalitarian rule in easternEurope has not only changed the political land-scape, bringing both freedom and democracy totens of millions, it also offers hope that as thesepeople shape their economic destinies in this neworder the past decades of environmental devas-tation can now be reversed.

We must not overlook of course the persistenceof substantial regional problems—not least ofcourse the potential for conflict in the Gulf.However without doubt the balance sheet is surelypositive—and must surely give us renewed con-fidence in the capacity of international forums suchas yours to achieve lasting and beneficial change.

I have very much pleasure in declaring open theGeneral Assembly of the International Union forConservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Iwish you all a productive and informative weekand hope that it provides a solid foundation foryour work in the coming years, because indeedthere can be no more important work than yours.

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Annex 7

Statement on behalf of the Executive Director of theUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),Dr Mostafa K. Tolba, by Mr William Mansfield

Building Ecological Co-Existence

It is an honour to address this distinguishedgathering on the occasion of the General Assemblyof IUCN. Let me begin by adding my voice ofgratitude to you Prime Minister—and through youto the governments and people of Australia—foryour strong support of this meeting. Once again,Australia confirms its leadership in environmentalprotection. UNEP's Executive Director—Dr MostafaTolba—regrets being unable to attend this impor-tant assembly. Dr Tolba has asked me to extend toyou his best wishes for a productive meeting, andto read the following statement on his behalf.

Ladies and Gentlemen, today, media headlinesand policy front lines confirm that the environmenthas ascended from the political periphery to theheart of national and international agendas. Despitewidespread support, operationalizing globalconservation and sustainable development strat-egies remains an up-hill struggle. We face insti-tutional inertia, bad habits, desperate poverty,North-South suspicions and powerful economicvested interests.

The 1990s must be the turn-around decade, inwhich public advocacy is translated into concrete,costed global action. Each minute, tropical forestsare disappearing by as much as forty hectares.Biological diversity faces the worst wave of massextinction in 65 million years. The quickening paceof soil erosion, desertification, demographicmomentum and sprawling urban areas in theglobal South pose ecological, health and socialtime-bombs that must be diffused.

The burden before us, while enormous, hasbeen made lighter by the first World ConservationStrategy, which clarified the inseparable linkagebetween conservation and development. It createda new conceptual framework on the global level,one which tied conservation to compensation;

which underlined that conserving the environmentand its natural resources is the sole means toensure the sustainability of development. Threepriorities in the Strategy remain priorities today:(1) to maintain ecological processes and life-supporting systems; (2) to preserve geneticdiversity; and (3) to manage resources in asustainable manner.

Ten years later, we have not moved perceptiblycloser in reaching any of these goals. The fourbiological pillars of the global economy—croplands, grasslands, forests and fisheries—con-tinue to deteriorate. In this country, which alreadybears the highest incidence of skin cancer any-where, daily broadcasts of ultraviolet radiationlevels associated with the Antarctic ozone holedrive home the fact that global ecological destruc-tion faces us all.

Through the build-up of greenhouse gas emis-sions, our planet is already committed to climatechange. Each continent has already recordedaltered seasons, as well as changed patterns of riverflow, rainfall, storm intensity and other pheno-mena. The impacts of climate change are likely tofar worsen the current crisis facing biologicaldiversity. Already, extinction rates are approaching150 species per day.

Slowly, governments are accepting the wisdomof the late Indian Prime Minister Nehru's commentthat "the alternative to co-existence is co-destruc-tion". Governments are slowly beginning to acttogether. For example, five months ago, nearly 100developed and developing countries amended andstrengthened the Montreal Protocol, by agreeing tothe virtual elimination of CFCs and other ozone-destroying chemicals. For the first time ever,governments agreed to establish a MultilateralFund of US$ 240 million over three years, designedto provide the new and additional resources tofacilitate technology transfer, and to ensure thatdeveloping countries—those least responsible for

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global pollution—become full partners in definingand implementing solutions. Progress is likewiseunderway by the World Bank, UNDP and UNEP inestablishing a Global Environmental Facility ofUS$ 1.3 billion, to tackle ozone layer depletion,climate change, biological diversity and the protec-tion of international fresh and marine waters.

These are promising starts. But we must gomuch further in reaching binding internationalcommitments that include additional financing andtechnology transfer. These twin issues loomed largein the first session of negotiations leading to aninternational legal instrument on biologicaldiversity. We are all grateful to IUCN for preparingthe draft Convention three years ago. I know manyare frustrated that progress has been so slow, whileextinction rates have grown so quickly.

However, few could have anticipated thecomplex issues before the negotiators. They includethe need for increased scientific research andtraining in tropical and humid countries; and newand additional financing to protect geneticdiversity, to provide free access to geneticresources, and to provide fair compensation to"gene-rich" tropical countries and "technology-rich" industrialized countries.

Success in global conservation must combine insitu with ex situ conservation strategies. Naturalreserves and wildlife protected areas in themselvesare impotent in defending species against acid rain,soil erosion and the loss of wetlands, coral reefsand other habitats from human activity.

In the run-up to the 1992 United NationsConference on Environment and Development,progress towards agreement on the two mutuallyreinforcing treaties on climate change and biologi-cal diversity will test our collective commitment tosave the planet. While 1992 is our target date,UNEP will not sacrifice content for expediency inpreparing both Conventions. We should also de-velop legally binding, action-oriented Protocols togive teeth to these Conventions.

But action cannot await until 1992. Governmentsshould act now to address a number of pressingconservation issues. The status, for example, of theglobal network of biosphere reserves in the conser-vation of biological diversity needs to be given—asUNESCO's Council of Man and the BiosphereProgramme recently urged—a new legal status.

Also, the existing legal agreement of the Antarc-tic Treaty should be closely reviewed. That treatyestablished key precedents including suspendingsovereignty, ensuring scientific research access, andestablishing a nuclear-free zone. Subsequentprogress has been made in conserving the Antarc-tic's fauna and flora, protecting its seals, andstrictly controlling waste management and marine

pollution. Action must, however, be strengthenedto protect whales; to ensure human activities inAntarctica adhere to strict environmental assess-ments; and to prevent any form of developmentthat would cause environmental damage. Theworld community must go further in protectingthis last and fragile ecological frontier. Whetherthis can be achieved by declaring the continent aworld protected area is not for UNEP to decide. Itis for governments. But in so doing, governmentsmust take into account not merely their ownnational self-interests, but also the interests ofhumanity in conserving this critical part of theglobal environment.

Clearly, saving our environment will not bewon in a vacuum. Development policies have toooften been fuelled by a gluttony for resourcesbased on nothing firmer than ecological deficitfinancing. Many regions are now on the verge ofecological bankruptcy, as ill-conceived develop-ment has too often been the cause—not thecure—of environmental destruction.

Slowly, a new imperative is emerging, in whichresources are being channeled to meet basic humanneeds, to fight poverty, to increase access to jobs,health care and education, and to engage thetraditions and skills of the people—particularlywomen—in development. We know that povertyand environmental degradation are mutually rein-forcing. We know that conservation cannot succeedwhen over one billion people are too worried abouttheir next meal or tonight's fuelwood to beconcerned about inter-generational responsibility.You cannot implement environmental protectionwithout successfully accelerating sustainable de-velopment and strengthening sustainable liveli-hoods.

Progress likewise demands that developedcountries reform wasteful consumer and otherdestructive habits, turn from polluting to cleanertechnologies, and revamp the economic valuesattached to natural resources. Economics hasconsistently undervalued or ignored naturalresources, thereby beckoning individuals, indus-tries and governments to exploit them as if theywere free and infinite resources. Clearly, standingforests, wild species, virgin soils and precious cleanair and fresh water have life-sustaining and photo-synthetic values that must be incorporated intoGNP and other measurements. We are all lookingto the Second World Conservation Strategy to helpintegrate ecology with economy and developmentin an operative manner.

Distinguished guests, we are less than ten yearsaway from a new century. The progress we makein development reforms and environmental protec-tion today and in the months ahead will determine

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the future of our grandchildren. The energy, faithand dedication we bring to our work can light ourplanet with hope never kindled before. It is withthis beacon before us that UNEP is proud to join

with IUCN in its work and in this importantmeeting.

Thank you.


Annex 8

Message on behalf of the Director-General of the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), Dr Federico Mayor, by Dr Jane RobertsonVernhes, Division of Ecological Sciences

It is my great honour and pleasure to deliver amessage from the Director-General of UNESCO,Dr Federico Mayor, to the IUCN General Assem-bly opening here in Perth, Australia.

The Director-General was personally invited toparticipate in your Opening Ceremony and hedeeply regrets that due to his very busy schedule atthis time he was unable to be with you today. MrBernd von Droste, Director of the Division ofEcological Sciences, was also unable to attend dueto the fact that this Assembly falls in between twovery important meetings, namely the 11th sessionof the International Coordinating Council of theMan and the Biosphere Programme and the 14thsession of the World Heritage Committee. TheDirector-General has therefore entrusted me todeliver the following message to your GeneralAssembly.

Ladies and Gentlemen, the renowned Danishphysicist Piet Hein said that "Problems worthy ofattack prove their worth by hitting back" and thisepigram would seem to apply very appropriatelyto the problem of the deteriorating condition oftoday's global environment on the eve of the 21stCentury. The seriousness of the situation wasidentified much earlier, notably by scientists suchas Sir Julian Huxley, the first Director-General ofUNESCO. As many of you know, it was with hisleadership and guidance that IUCN was foundedin 1948 with the mission of rallying numerousdisparate associations and national organizationsinto a real Union for the Protection of Nature andNatural Resources.

Where are we today following the 40th anni-versary of both IUCN—or the World ConservationUnion as it is now called—and also UNESCO?What has been our contribution to stopping thedegradation of the natural resources on which wedepend for our life support system?

As with every scientific experiment, we wouldneed a neutral control to serve as a base against

which to measure our progress. Without such apossibility, it is difficult to evaluate whether in fact,more than 40 years later, we have in any waysucceeded. The general opinion of scientists, policy-makers and the general public, however, is verynegative.

The magic date of 1992 is a special one in thiscontext for United Nations organizations as itmarks the 20 years following the first UnitedNations Conference on the Human Environment.The 1992 Conference (to be held in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil) focuses on the central issue of Environmentand Development, with its various ramificationsunder the key themes of climate change, sustain-able development and the conservation of biologi-cal diversity. UNESCO is fully aware of theinstitutional deadlock prevalent in nearly all coun-tries. Most institutions are organized along sectorallines, making it difficult to deal with interconnec-ted problems requiring a holistic approach. More-over, their functioning is based on the tautology ofcontinuity, making them unsuited to adapt orchange. To progress, we must recognize that evenwhen potentially useful information has beenobtained from field experiments, it is often notmade accessible in a timely and comprehensibleway to those shaping or making decisions.

How can UNESCO and IUCN help each otherto break this institutional deadlock at a time whenchange is needed more than ever?

The answer probably lies in relying even moreon each other's strengths. IUCN should make useof the international inter-governmental forum ofUNESCO as much as UNESCO should use theforces of the Union of non-governmental andgovernmental organizations united for the conser-vation of natural resources. Here I see three mainareas for future co-operation, based on present andfuture activities within our mandates:

1. The continued and enhanced implementation ofUNESCO's World Heritage Convention. Here,

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IUCN has a unique role as technical advisor tothe world's most universal legal instrument toprotect cultural and natural heritage. I shouldnote here the recent adherence of three coun-tries, Belize, Czechoslovakia and Fiji, bringingthe total number of States Parties to 114.

2. The communication of information on theenvironment—and for IUCN especially on theconservation of natural resources—in a compre-hensible and useful form for different audiencesand target groups. Here, UNESCO will takeadvantage through an inter-sectoral task force ofits unique position at the cross-roads of educa-tion, communication and science, and willmount a major new initiative on the preparationand communication of information and educa-tional materials. UNESCO and IUCN shouldco-operate and co-ordinate as opportunitiesarise, one example being the high level ofUNESCO support to the IUCN National Parksand Protected Areas Congress in February 1992and the numerous publications, reports andcommuniques that are envisaged.

3. UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme,particularly co-operation with the internationalbiosphere reserve network. There are manyareas of the MAB Programme where co-opera-tive ties could be further strengthened andduplication of effort avoided. Many people inthis room have been and are continuouslyinvolved in the many MAB projects aimed atresolving problems of natural resource use,which we now call the quest for sustainabledevelopment. At its 11th session, whichterminated less than two weeks ago in Paris, theMAB International Co-ordinating Council calledfor a process of "concentration and de-

concentration". This will mean focusing on alimited number of major issues, coupled with aneffort to decentralize the co-ordination of certainactivities from the MAB Secretariat to therelevant regional and/or non-governmentalparties and organizations (IUCN included)through its various thematic programmes.

Linked with this third area is the IUCN/UNESCOco-operation to implement the Action Plan forBiosphere Reserves. The MAB Council laid particu-lar emphasis on the fact that the network ofbiosphere reserves is the only international frame-work of protected natural areas at the intergovern-mental level that seeks to combine conservationwith development, research with demonstration,education with training, and so on. The network isfar from being perfect but it has the virtue ofexisting already. The MAB Council also launched ajoint effort with IUBS/SCOPE to use this network,however imperfect, to further our understanding ofbiological diversity, especially the biogeography ofbiodiversity. The MAB Council also decided thatan Advisory Group be established—to which IUCNwill be invited to contribute—to review andstrengthen the overall network of 293 sites in74 countries. Finally, and perhaps most interestingand innovative of all, the MAB Council requestedthe Director-General of UNESCO to set up aworking group to examine the status of theinternational Biosphere Reserve network with aview in particular to enhance its legal standing.

Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to concludeby reiterating the need for reinforced co-operationbetween IUCN and UNESCO; and by conveyingbest wishes to all present for a constructive andsuccessful assembly.


Annex 9

Message on behalf of the Director-General of the Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), MrEdouard Saouma, by Mr Gil Child, Senior Forestry Officer

On behalf of the Director-General of FAO, MrEdouard Saouma, I should like to convey bestwishes to IUCN for a successful and productiveGeneral Assembly. I should also like to congratu-late the Australian authorities on the excellentarrangements that have been made for this GeneralAssembly and related events and to thank thepeople of Western Australia and, in particular, ourhost city Perth, for the warm welcome that theyhave extended to participants.

There has been long-standing collaborationbetween IUCN and FAO at various levels in areasof common interest. The framework provided bythe World Conservation Strategy and the coor-dinating role of the Ecosystem ConservationGroup, which brings together IUCN, UNESCO,UNEP and FAO on a regular basis, has facilitatedthe harmonization of our respective efforts in thefield of natural resource conservation and manage-ment. In particular, the complementarity of ouractivities should be stressed.

Recently, FAO as one of the collaborators in thepreparation of the World Conservation Strategy,has made substantial contributions to the currentexercise which will revise and update it in the lightof a decade of experience in its implementation. Inaddition to this, FAO has been able to provideadvice and inputs to the development of NationalConservation Strategies, to countries that haverequested such assistance.

Since the 17th Session of your General Assem-bly in Costa Rica, biological diversity has been asubject which has received considerable attentionfrom both our organizations. One aspect of this hasentailed contributions to the preparation of aninternational legal instrument on the biologicaldiversity of the planet.

Following Decision 15/34 of the UNEP Govern-ing Council in 1989 on this subject, whichrequested UNEP to proceed with the preparation ofa legal instrument in cooperation with FAO, the

25th Session of the FAO Conference noted thisdecision and to quote "urged that FAO play a keyrole in the formulation and negotiations of anyeventual legal instrument in this regard".

As a result of this, FAO has actively cooperatedwith UNEP in the preparation of elements for alegal instrument on biological diversity and hasprepared and discussed with UNEP, IUCN andUNESCO through the Ecosystem ConservationGroup draft elements for articles for a Convention,emphasizing both the aspects of conservation andthose of sustainable development and use ofbiological diversity.

In this connection most recently, FAO specialistshave been participating in the meeting of legal andtechnical experts of the Sub-working Group onBiotechnology and the meeting of the Ad HocWorking Group of Legal and Technical Experts onBiological Diversity, both of which have just takenplace in Nairobi.

In recognizing the importance of this subject,FAO has initiated the preparation of a SpecialAction Programme encompassing the differentelements of biological diversity relevant to thework of the organization. The Special ActionProgramme for Food and Agriculture will be aimedat rationalized and coordinated activities andavoiding dispersion of efforts as well as to attractadditional financial support from donors to assistdeveloping countries in strengthening theirnational structures and to conserve, utilize andfully benefit from their biological diversity. Thisprogramme will also promote biological diversitythrough stimulating evaluation and breedingprogrammes for marginal conditions, and diversifi-cation within and between crops, particularly ofunder-utilized species. It should be noted that theexistence of solid national infrastructures, capabil-ities and programmes will be a necessary conditionfor the efficient implementation of any legalinstrument or convention that could be ratified by

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countries during the 1992 UN Conference onEnvironment and Development.

Tropical forests constitute another subject ofimportance to both our organizations. FAO hasparticipated in activities related to IUCN's TropicalForest Programme and is encouraged by thephilosophy of reconciling conservation require-ments with those of people living in forest areas,which IUCN has promoted at the field level. FAOitself is deeply involved in this area in relation tothe Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP) and ispleased to place on record its appreciation ofIUCN's contribution to its implementation, particu-larly in the context of individual national TFAPexercises.

TFAP was the subject of an external reviewearlier this year and the recommendations arisingfrom this are in the process of being followed up.They have been discussed by FAO's Committee onForestry, whose observations on them are nowbeing considered by the 98th Session of the FAOCouncil, which will be sitting until 30 November1990.

In the meantime, a high-level meeting on thefuture of TFAP was held in New York at thebeginning of this month, between its "co-founders"-UNDP, the World Bank, WRI andFAO.

Turning to the future, FAO would hope forIUCN's continuing support to TFAP and in particu-lar, given its substantial NGO membership, wouldlook to IUCN to help clarify some of the misunder-standings that have arisen in some quarters of thisconstituency.

The need for urgent world-wide action aimed atthe conservation and sustainable development ofthe world's forests has been increasingly recog-nized by, for example, the Brundtland Report, theNordwijk and Langkawi Declarations on theenvironment; successive declarations of theG7 summit; and, most recently, the MinisterialDeclaration adopted at the Second World ClimateConference (Geneva, November 1990).

But deeds have not always followed words. InFAO's view, the lack of a proper framework at theglobal level and of an international consensus onpolicies and targets to be applied in forest conser-vation and management has hampered nationaland international efforts to respond to theincreased pressures on the world's forest resources.

It is for this reason that the FAO Secretariat hasbeen developing the concept of a global instrumenton forest conservation and management. A reviewof the existing conventions in the forestry field haspointed out the fact that there is no singlecomprehensive convention dealing with all types offorests and all aspects of forest management,

conservation and development. What does exist isa patchwork of legal instruments at global orregional levels focusing on various aspects offorestry, such as trade in tropical timber, forestryresearch, the protection of certain endangeredspecies, and the protection of certain types of forestenvironment.

An international instrument for the conservationand development of forests could provide a frame-work for increased national efforts, bringingtogether both ecological and economic approachesto the use of forest resources. It could at the sametime provide a mechanism for support for andcooperation in policies and programmes aimed atthe conservation and sustainable development ofthe world's forests.

Preliminary proposals for a world forest instru-ment were considered by FAO's Committee onForestry (COFO) at its 10th Session, held in Romeon 24-28 September 1990. The Committee suppor-ted the concept of an international instrument onthe conservation and development of forests as asignificant means to find solutions to currentsocio-economic and environmental problems rela-ted to the destruction and degradation of forestsand to foster international cooperation. It wasagreed that FAO should continue its efforts tocontribute to the preparation of the legal andtechnical scope and content of such an instrument.

The future development of an internationalinstrument for the conservation and developmentof the world's forests will obviously be influencedby work going on in other fora, for example, inconnection with the climate change and biologicaldiversity conventions.

FAO is ready to join others in such coordinationunder the auspices of UNCED Secretariat.

FAO has been associated with World NationalParks Conferences since the first one held inSeattle, USA, in 1962. The forthcoming WorldCongress on National Parks and Protected Areas tobe held in Venezuela in 1992 will be particularlysignificant for the Latin American Technical Coop-eration Network on national parks, protected areasand wildlife, which is supported by the FAO/UNEP project on wildlands, protected areas andwildlife management in Latin America and theCaribbean.

The FAO Regional Office for Latin America andthe Caribbean, in collaboration with IUCN and theNational Forestry Corporation of Chile (CONAF),has already held a meeting of South Americancountry members of the network to plan participa-tion of the region in the World Congress. FAO willcontinue to support this regional initiative andwhere possible also participated in the work of theSteering Committee for the Congress.


Apart from involvement in preparation for theIV World Congress on National Parks and Protec-ted Areas, the regional network has been carryingout a full programme of information dissemination,technical workshops and technical exchanges inrelation to wildlands, national parks, protectedareas and wildlife management.

Turning to field activities at the country level, itis pleasing to note that there has been closecooperation in individual projects.

In conclusion, much of the effort of commoninterest that FAO and IUCN is currently engagedin at the global level will contribute to theobjectives of the United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development (UNCED). FAOhas been actively engaged in preparations for thisconference and participated in the first UNCEDPreparatory Meeting held in Nairobi in August1990. FAO has been engaged in the work of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) and most recently was involved in the

Second World Climate Conference, both of whichare key elements in the progression towards theUNCED Conference (Brazil, 1992). Another majorFAO contribution to UNCED will be the FAO/Netherlands Conference on Agriculture andEnvironment, to be held in the Netherlands inApril 1992 and to which IUCN will be invited.

FAO is also a major partner of the UNCEDSecretariat in the elaboration of its reports andproposals on living aquatic resources, in coastalarea management, fresh water resources, bio-diversity and toxic wastes.

All these activities illustrate the need for closecoordination and complementarity among the mainactors in these fields. FAO, for its part, willcontinue to play its role in the conservation andrational use of natural resources for sustainableagriculture, forestry and fisheries and fullysupports the complementary role of IUCN for theconservation of nature.

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Annex 10

Greetings from Heads of State and InternationalOrganizations

Greetings from the President of CostaRica, Dr Rafael A. Calderón

Distinguished Participants

In the name of our People and Government, Ishould like to salute the celebration of the 18thGeneral Assembly of IUCN, which will surelymake an important contribution to worldwideefforts to achieve protection of the environmentand the wise and sustainable use of its naturalresources.

As part of these efforts, on the occasion of the17th General Assembly of IUCN held in San José,Costa Rica, in 1988, our Government signed a letterof intent to initiate the joint development of theSI-A-PAZ Project (International System of ProtectedAreas for Peace), whose principal objective is toachieve the conservation, protection and sustain-able development of the frontier region betweenour two countries, which contain wildland areasand unique natural resources of great value.

Today in Central America conditions are beingbuilt for a genuine peace based on democracy andjust growth. In these new circumstances, ourGovernment has renewed its coordination andcooperation with a view to developing the SI-A-PAZ Project as part of our respective strategiesfor Conservation and Sustainable Development.

In the name of our People and Government, werespectfully request of this General Assembly thatit continues to offer its strong support and coop-eration, so as to contribute to the success of ourmutual efforts to conserve these important exam-ples of our Patrimony.

I take advantage of this opportunity to wish youevery success in your deliberations and send youour respectful regards.

Rafael A. CalderonPresident of Costa Rica

Greetings from the International Boardfor Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR)

In the spirit of collaboration in which IBPGRsigned a Memorandum of Agreement with IUCNin 1988, it is with special pleasure that weparticipate as Observers in the 18th GeneralAssembly.

Please convey my best wishes to the Assemblyfor a very successful and fruitful session in Perth. Ilook forward to continuing our collaboration topromote conservation in a changing world.

Best regards

D.H. van SlotenActing Director

Message from the World HealthOrganization (WHO) by Dr RudolfSlooff, Division of Environmental Health

The World Health Organization has a strongcommitment, based on its constitutional mandate,to the promotion of environmental quality and thereduction of health hazards in the human environ-ment. Some of the major health problems, indeveloped as well as in developing countries, aredetermined primarily by environmental factors,such as lack of good quality drinking water andsanitation, unsafe and contaminated food, chemicalpollution, radiation, noise and vectors ofcommunicable diseases. Many of these factors are,in turn, affected by development processes andpopulation growth.

The conservation of medicinal plants has beenan important focus for cooperation between WHOand IUCN over the past triennium and was thesubject of a conference jointly sponsored by WHO,IUCN and WWF, held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in

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1988. This was the first international meeting thatbrought together health professionals with expertsin nature conservation. The forty-second WorldHealth Assembly in 1989 passed a Resolution onTraditional Medicine and Modern Health Care,which noted the Chiang Mai Declaration, agreed bythe participants at the conference, and placed thewhole issue of conservation of medicinal plants onthe health policy arena.

WHO has recently established a high levelCommission on Health and the Environment,composed of eminent scientists and politicians,charged with the task to produce recommendationson research and other action programmes for WHOin order to resolve urgent problems of environmen-tal health, associated with food and agriculture,industrialization, energy use and urbanization. ThisCommission is supported by four Expert Panels ineach of these developmental driving forces. It isintended to use the outcome of the Commission's

deliberations to prepare the WHO contribution tothe 1992 UN Conference on Environment andDevelopment, to be held in Brazil.

The evolution of IUCN's World ConservationStrategy into a Strategy for Sustainability, currentlybeing drafted in collaboration with UNEP andWWF, is therefore followed closely by WHO. Itshould be remembered that no development can beconsidered sustainable as long as human health isnot safeguarded and the quality of human life notsecured at the highest possible level.

WHO wishes to express the hope that theconservation initiatives of IUCN, as supported byUNEP and WWF, will continue to be focused onthe preservation of a steadily more productive,more supportive and a healthier environment forpresent and future generations of the human race.Within its mandate and resource constraints, WHOis ready to play its role in these efforts.

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Annex 11

Keynote Address: Conservation in a Changing World

Professor Ralph O. SlatyerChief Scientist, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet,Canberra, Australia

The theme of the Assembly, "Conservation in aChanging World", is timely and challenging.Timely because the environment is now firmly onthe political and economic agenda of internationalbodies, individual countries and local authorities.Challenging because the environmental issueswhich surround us go to the most basic ofquestions—the continued functioning of the lifesupport systems of the planet, and the ability offuture generations of human beings to enjoyhealthy, peaceful and fulfilling lives.

Your Assembly is also occurring at an historictime in human affairs. We are witnessing majorpolitical, social and economic changes in manyparts of the world. And we have had, in the pastfew months, a salutary reminder of the dependenceof industrial nations on energy and on the fossilfuels which provide most of that energy.

In front of this sophisticated audience I do notwant to discuss in detail the changes which areoccurring in the global environment. Perhaps morethan any other group, those of you at this GeneralAssembly are well aware of them. Instead I wouldlike to begin by describing some of the key featuresof human impact on the biosphere and thenconsider some of the approaches which I believewill be needed to tackle them. I would then like toconclude with some comments on the role of IUCNin these vital matters.

Global Impact

The total impact of human beings on the globalenvironment is the product of the number ofpeople and the impact per person. Both haveincreased, and are continuing to increase, alarm-ingly. The scale of total human impact is now suchthat some 40 per cent of net global photosynthesison land—the primary biological energy for the

whole biosphere—is diverted directly or indirectlyto our needs.

It is clear that this increasing overall impactmust be reined in. Indeed, the accumulating levelsof greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the increas-ing levels of pollutants in soils and aquaticsystems, the increasing areas of degraded land, areclear testimony that the global environment isdeteriorating and the carrying capacity of theplanet is already being exceeded. Even with thepresent level of impact, it is evident that, in manyways, we have gone beyond the stage of living onthe income of the natural systems of the earth tothe dangerous stage of drawing down their capital.

Human use of the biosphere must contend withtwo inescapable facts. The first is that thebiosphere, and its capacity to tolerate humanimpact, is finite. The second is that the ability of theearth's natural systems to tolerate different types ofimpact varies from place to place. Understandably,impacts tend to be greatest in areas of highestpopulation density and highest levels of resourceutilization, but the ability of natural systems tohandle them varies markedly with climatic and soilcharacteristics.

By and large temperate regions have relativelyfavourable climates and relatively fertile soils.Tropical areas are characterized by more erosiveclimates and less fertile, more erodible soils. Coldand dry environments have relatively little capacityto handle impacts. Not surprisingly, it is in theworld's tropical and arid countries, where rapidpopulation growth often coincides with ecologicalsystems less able to tolerate intensive utilization,that many of the world's most serious environmen-tal problems are found. Global climatic changewould make these problems even more intractable.

Of special concern to the biological conservationcommunity is the rapid increase in habitatdestruction and modification and the associated

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reduction and fragmentation of areas of naturalhabitat. In the process the normal functioning ofecosystems is being disrupted, with unknownconsequences. And biodiversity is being steadilylost, both through extinctions occurring directlythrough loss of habitat and through the inevitablesubsequent losses as fragmentation and isolationlead to a decline in species richness in the affectedareas.

These factors lead to predictions that onequarter of the world's species could become extinctin the next few decades, with grave consequenceswhen it is realised how much we will depend onbiodiversity for many of our future needs.

Even in Australia, with relatively low humanpopulations but a predominantly tropical and aridenvironment, we are only too aware of the fragilityof ecosystems to human modification. In just200 years of European settlement, we have dam-aged, largely through the effects of domesticatedgrazing animals, more than 50 per cent of thesurface of the continent to a degree that positiverehabilitation measures are needed to preventfurther degradation.

During this period there have also been signific-ant extinctions, particularly of species with special-ized habitat requirements and which were subjectto predation by, or occupied similar ecologicalniches to, introduced species. Given Australia'ssignificance as one of the world's major centres ofbiodiversity, it is clear that we have a specialobligation to reduce further extinctions to anabsolute minimum.

More broadly, it is clear that all of us alivetoday owe it to future generations to provide aglobal environment no less able to provide for theirneeds than that which has provided for ours.

Achieving Sustainable Development

My basic message today is that we can providesuch a global environment for future generations,difficult though this will be. It is, perhaps, thegreatest challenge facing humanity, but one that wemust accept.

It will require the adoption of ecologicallysustainable development as a guiding ethic for ourfuture actions. It will involve a recognition thatpopulation growth is the basic driving force foroverall human impact. It will involve a recognitionthat ecologically sustainable development can onlybe achieved in conjunction with continued eco-nomic and social development. And it will involvea recognition that new, ecologically sensitive,technologies are the key to ensuring that suchcontinued development is ecologically sustainable.

I am conscious that some of you will disagreewith my concern about population growth. To anecologist, though, faced with the reality of a worldof finite capacity and resources, stabilizing worldpopulation at a level as close as possible to thatwhich now exists is the most urgent task of all.Particularly when one is aware of the demographicstatistics which highlight the potential for futuregrowth. While we can hope to reduce the averageimpact of each person, increasing populationultimately means that the overall human impact onthe biosphere will be unsustainable.

I am also conscious that some of you willdispute the need for continued economic develop-ment, and the positive role that technology canplay in achieving sustainable development.

To me, however, the overall challenge ofsustainable development is to lead to progressiveincreases in the quality of life for all the people ofthe world. To achieve that will certainly involve,indeed will require, increased economic activity toensure that we can provide people with moreoptions, rather than fewer, to lead fulfilling lives.The task is to ensure that such increases ineconomic activity have steady-state or decliningimpacts on the biosphere, at levels which areecologically sustainable.

Science and technology have a key role inproviding those options and in moderating thoseimpacts. I shall return to this role in a fewmoments.

To achieve ecologically sustainable developmentwill also require the active involvement of indi-viduals, of governments and of the internationalcommunity. Individuals because, although ourmajor environmental and conservation problemsare global in nature, they arise from a myriad ofindividual, localized actions and will ultimately besolved by such actions. Governments, because onlyat the national level can the mixture of legal,economic and social measures be devised andimplemented. And internationally, because no onecountry can achieve global sustainability withoutcorresponding actions by the community ofnations.

The first step in resolving problems is torecognize that they exist. In many respects we havetaken that step. The next step, of taking actionswhich involve a significant change in personalbehaviour, is much more difficult. Particularlywhen, in so many cases, the problems which wemust resolve are not easily perceived and theirpersonal costs and benefits are not easily assessed.I think one has to agree that the necessary actionswill only be taken by individuals who are wellinformed, who understand the problems and thesolutions, and who consider that it is in their best

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interests to change their behaviour to implementthem.

The motivation for that decision will be stronglyinfluenced by local conditions, by communityattitudes and by economic considerations.

To obtain agreement on actions within indi-vidual countries, national governments have a keyrole to play. Only they can take an overall view ofa country's population and natural resourcebalance. Only they can draw together local author-ities and provincial governments to develop andimplement a national action plan and only they canparticipate in the international discussions whichmust address regional and global issues.

This is not to underrate the importance of localcommunity groups or of green political move-ments. Such groups in many countries are leadingthe path to change and have become an importantsource of pressure in inducing governments to act.

It is essential that the resultant strategies havethe broadest measure of public support and thatthe individuals and groups who are responsible forparticular impacts on the environment are posit-ively motivated—by a mixture of incentives anddisincentives— to ensure that their impacts areecologically sustainable.

In developing national strategies, I think it isworth emphasizing the desirability of charging allareas of government, that is all Ministers and theirdepartments and not just specialist environmentdepartments, with the responsibility for achievingsustainable development in the areas for whichthey are responsible. I think this is the best way tobuild environmental issues into overall policyformulation in each portfolio.

Not every country will produce a nationalstrategy for sustainable development. But whatmust come out of such plans and programmes thatare produced must be a sense of determination toaddress the major sources of unsustainability ineach country. I think it will be essential forcountries, individually and collectively, to addressthe problems which only they can resolve and toseek international support for those which arebeyond their means.

As a broad generalization, most countries withrapid rates of population growth have a relativelylow level of impact per person and most of thosewith high levels of impact per person haverelatively low rates of population growth. It seemsto me that the first group have a special respons-ibility to rein in their population growth and thelatter group a special responsibility to reduce theirimpacts, particularly those of global significance,such as greenhouse gas emissions.

International Cooperation

Regardless of the degree to which individualcountries are able to develop and implementnational sustainable development strategies, theachievement of regional and global strategies isgoing to involve unprecedented levels of mutualunderstanding and international cooperation.While there are some encouraging signs in thisregard, I am apprehensive that the necessary levelof cooperation may not be readily forthcoming.

In some cases international agreements underUN auspices may be the most effective mechanism,in others agreements between groups of countrieswith common or complementary interests may bemore effective. I think it is important not to haveunrealistic expectations of what the UN system canachieve, particularly in regard to possible outcomesfrom the 1992 Conference on Environment andDevelopment. Too often, governments have beenprepared to adopt UN resolutions, and agree toprogrammes, but reluctant to provide funding atthe levels needed to result in effective action.

Nevertheless, a major strength of the UN systemis its ability to give visibility and a significantdegree of momentum to important internationalissues. The Brundtland Report is an outstandingexample, as is the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC).

Where UN machinery is not effective, I believewe will have to see groups of countries, withcommon or complementary interests, taking initia-tives on specific matters. The Montreal Protocolsfor CFC emissions (which, incidentally, containedthe mixture of incentives and disincentives which Ireferred to earlier) provide encouragement that thismay be the most effective course of action in somecircumstances, although it must be said that thephasing out of CFCs will be one of the easiestenvironmental problems the world has to contendwith.

"Debt for nature swaps" have also beenarranged bilaterally, or between groups of coun-tries. Subject to their acceptability to the countrywhich foregoes other use of some parts of itsnatural systems, it seems to me that it is entirelyappropriate for creditor countries to recompensedeveloping countries for foregoing other uses oftheir natural systems, assuming that this is acontinuing commitment and that effective manage-ment of the protected areas is provided.

Many of the environmental problems, andunsustainable practices, evident in the developingcountries are directly linked to the need for debtservicing. In a variety of ways, this limits theoptions of debtor countries. While debt for natureswaps can play a role, much more substantial


money flows are needed if the overall cash flowfrom developing to developed countries is to bereversed and ecologically sustainable practices andindustries established.

The underlying principle that should guide therelationships between trading partners shouldinvolve, not the exploitation of one by the other,but the creation and maintenance of an interactivecommitment which is consistent with the sustain-able use of natural resources in the suppliercountry or countries. This would be a significantdeparture from current practice but one whichcould form the basis of global sustainability.

The best way to achieve this would be if pricesfor commodities reflected, as a minimum, their fullcost based on ecologically sustainable land usepractices.

An important step towards this objective wouldbe the elimination of existing obstacles to trade incommodities and, more generally, of the productsof developing countries. Subsidies on local produc-tion of rural and related products in the industrial-ized countries, plus export subsidies, are a majorfactor depressing world prices and therefore exportreceipts to producer countries. Buyer cartels alsoact to depress returns to commodity producingcountries.

At present there is insufficient recognition in theindustrialized countries that the failure to payecologically realistic prices makes it extremelydifficult, if not impossible, for commodityproducers to utilize ecologically sustainablepractices. The consequence is land degradation incountries dependent on commodity exports and adiminished global environment overall.

The outcome of the Uruguay round of theGATT negotiations will be vital for the environ-ment. The magnitude of the environmental costs, toboth developing and industrialized countries, ofthe massive subsidies for agriculture in the US andthe EC in particular, is seldom realised.

To take the escalation of support under theCommon Agricultural Policy, for example, the EChas increased agricultural production at theexpense of production in more efficient agriculturalproducing countries. This has led to major impactsin both groups of countries. In the EC, theextensive use of agricultural chemicals has led tohigh levels of pollutants in soils and waterways. Inthe efficient producing countries, including de-veloping countries, the depression of world pricescaused by the support mechanisms has resulted inincreasing pressure on agricultural ecosystemsthrough the forced utilization of unsustainablepractices.

It is in the interests of global sustainability, andtherefore of the world community, that

commodities and raw materials generally are pro-duced, and processed, in countries and regionswhere environmental conditions permit efficientproduction using ecologically sustainable practices.There is a major challenge to the GATT negotiatorsto address this problem.

The Role of Science and Technology

Let me now turn to the important role that scienceand technology can have in achieving sustainabledevelopment.

We are all aware that much of the technologystill in use at the present time was developeddecades ago, before its adverse impact on theenvironment either directly, or indirectly throughwastes and by-products, was apparent or before itwas regarded as undesirable. This applies to allindustries, including agriculture and resourceextraction, and not just manufacturing industry. Inmany respects such technology reflects the viewthat neither those causing damage to ecologicalsystems, nor the consumers of their products, hadto pay the full cost of environmental impact.

Not surprisingly, such technology has earned abad reputation, yet there are major opportunitiesfor clean, green technologies to reduce the impactof human activities on the biosphere. Already wecan see technologies being introduced which aremore efficient in their use of materials and energy,which can minimise wastes and by-products andwhich can be cost-effective. And a substantialscience base exists on which further technologicalprogress can be built.

We need to encourage the rapid developmentand introduction of these technologies. In turn thatrequires appropriate incentives to justify thenecessary R&D and investment.

It is often convenient to classify the majorimpacts which human activities have on thebiosphere into two major categories: those whichimpact directly on the biosphere—for exampleagriculture, mining, urbanization and major publicworks; and those which impact as by-products ofother activities, such as liquid, solid and gaseouspollutants and by-products. The former group isfound in both the developing and industrializedcountries; the latter is concentrated largely inindustrialized countries.

For sustainable development the challenge totechnology is to reduce these impacts so that theyare ecologically sustainable. Improved technologycan reduce both types of impact. In the formercategory this will be through ecologically sustain-able technologies for agriculture, forestry andrelated industries which are using living systems to

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produce biologically-based products, and for ecolo-gically sensitive technologies for industries such asmining and those concerned with the wholeprocess of urbanization and in providing majorpublic works. In all these industries substantialimprovements in present practices can be, and in anumber of cases are, being devised.

In the latter category associated, for example,with manufacturing industry and includingmineral processing, transportation and energygeneration, there is scope for dramatic improve-ment because new technology can increase effi-ciency and reduce energy needs as well as reducingemissions. The task is to reduce the effect of thesubstances we add to the biosphere to the pointwhere those which are bioactive, but not bio-degradable, must reach as close to backgroundlevels as possible, and those which are biodegrad-able can be recycled ecologically without disrup-tion to the biosphere.

With special reference to industrial activities itmust be recognized by governments that substan-tial long-term investments will be required byindustry to introduce new practices and products.To generate that investment, corporations musthave clear guidelines so that they know what isexpected of them.

Within any one country this should ideallyinvolve the development of only one set ofstandards and approval procedures so thatcorporations will not be in a position of obtainingmultiple approvals or approval by one authoritywhich is countermanded by another.

I think that experience is accumulating tosuggest that the best framework to encourage thedevelopment and introduction of improved techno-logy is one which involves setting performancetargets for various industries and activities,combined with timetables for achieving them.

These performance requirements need to beachievable with technology which already exists orwhich can be developed from the existing sciencebase. They can be reset at intervals as long ascorporations are assured of the conditions underwhich facilities established under current guide-lines can continue to operate, or be graduallyphased out, when new standards are set.

Finally there need to be real benefits forcorporations which conform to the guidelines andcosts to those which do not. Regulations whichmandate certain standards and practices, andeconomic measures which encourage appropriateresponses, all have a role to play.

The above procedures, to a greater or lesserdegree, are now being introduced into manycountries and, within countries, individualcorporations and industries are implementing more

environmentally friendly processes and productson their own initiative. Good corporate citizenshipin response to public opinion is a factor in this, butthere can also be significant financial benefits fromintroducing more efficient, cleaner practices andfrom becoming an industry pacesetter.

What is needed now is a sense of urgency anddetermination, and a willingness to agree toconcerted international action when individualcountries could be disadvantaged by acting uni-laterally. Failure to achieve such action, withrespect to greenhouse gas emissions at the recent2nd World Climate Conference, indicates thatagreement may not be easily obtained and, onsome issues, may be extremely difficult.

With respect to industrial technologies, it is alsoimportant, in a global context, that as countriesmove along the path of industrialization, they areable to move directly to new technologies, avoidingthose which are more damaging environmentally.Access to these technologies is likely to requirecomparable changes in attitude by the industrial-ized countries to those required to improve thebasis on which commodities are traded.

There is less opportunity for developingcountries to benefit from the transfer of land caretechnologies. Indeed, as we have found to our costin Australia, rural and related practices which areecologically sustainable in temperate, moistenvironments, can lead to land degradation intropical and dry environments. And similarexperiences are widespread in developingcountries. In this area, research in developingcountries themselves, benefiting from researchexperience elsewhere, will increasingly be neededto provide a better basis for sustainable ruralpractices than exists today.

The role of IUCN


Let me now turn to the role of IUCN in thischanging world. I would like to make three mainpoints.

First, let me say that IUCN is in a uniqueposition to play a major role in assisting the globalcommunity to shift to a future path of ecologicallysustainable attitudes and practices.

It is in this special position partly because of itsmembership base, including all of you here today,which ranges widely over the governmental andnon-governmental sectors. It can therefore draw onboth sectors in a way that I believe is unparalleledelsewhere. IUCN is in this special position alsobecause of the breadth of its perspectives, which setconservation in a broad social, cultural and eco-nomic context. And it is in this position because of

the professionalism of all of its activities. I con-gratulate all those of you who have been associatedwith the Union and have contributed to its work.

Second, I would like to encourage you tomaintain and enhance your international leadershiprole in matters directly related to biological conser-vation and the conservation science which under-lies it. In many respects, the protected areas nowfound in virtually every country in the world aretestimony to the role that IUCN has played inraising awareness of the importance of conser-vation and in developing practical measures toimplement it. This role will be even more import-ant in the future than in the past, with theincreasing pressure on, and fragmentation of, theworld's natural systems.

Associated with this role, it is clear that youintend to play a leading part in developingstrategies for the conservation of biodiversity, andin the development of the proposed internationalconvention on biodiversity.

I commend your conference document on thissubject. But, despite your efforts and those of otherconservation bodies, it is my impression that only asmall fraction of the world community is aware ofthe importance of biodiversity. Most people do notrealise that local ecosystem functions contribute tooverall biosphere functions and have little appreci-ation that human actions which disrupt or destroylocal biological communities can ultimately lead toloss of entire habitats and their component species.

At a more extreme level, in those societieswhere population pressure and poverty are leadingto land degradation and the progressive destruc-tion of increasing areas of natural ecosystems,conservation of biodiversity has little relevance andvery low priority. Yet it is in tropical regions wherethese societies are concentrated that much of theworld's remaining biodiversity is at risk.

To me, therefore, a primary task is to raiseawareness in all countries of the importance ofbiodiversity. And an associated task is to emphas-ize that conservation of biodiversity is not simply amatter of establishing and maintaining protectedareas, but of adopting ecologically sustainable landuse practices so that areas of modified naturalecosystems can be drawn into conservation units toprovide the greatest possible contiguous areas ofuncultivated land. Land which retains most of thestructural and functional attributes of the originalnatural systems, and which serves to provide amuch greater range of habitats than would bepossible in protected areas alone.

To raise awareness and to generate support fora global strategy to conserve biodiversity, it seemsto me that there could be benefit in establishinginternational machinery to play a role for bio-

diversity similar to that which the IPCC has playedfor climatic change.

That programme served to draw the world'sattention to the greenhouse effect and globalwarming in a way that, in my view, no othermechanism could have achieved. It drew in manyof the world's most outstanding scientists, and keyfigures from governments and international organ-izations. It achieved a powerful consensus on theprocesses involved, the likely impacts of thoseprocesses and the necessary responses. It hasgenerated a substantial momentum for the reduc-tion of greenhouse gas emissions. While concertedinternational action is yet to take place, I believethe momentum will ensure that actions do follow,whether under UN auspices or in other ways.

A similar programme for biodiversity would-have comparable potential to draw together anoutstanding group of people to focus the world'sattention on the importance of biodiversity andgenerate substantial momentum for action.

Although the preparation of an internationalconvention on biodiversity is underway, and willhopefully be considered at the 1992 UNConference, I believe that a programme of this typecould proceed in parallel and, even if it were notconcluded until after the Conference, wouldprovide considerable extra support for practicalaction.

I hope you might give this idea some consid-eration with a view to IUCN's playing a key role inthe process.

Antarctica

The third point I would like to make about IUCN'srole concerns the conservation of Antarctica, amatter raised by the Prime Minister this morningand on your Agenda for consideration by theAssembly.

It seems to me that a strong case can be madefor the Antarctic continent to remain the world'slast great wilderness and for human beings toagree not to exploit its natural resources. And, ifthe living resources of the Antarctic oceans (atlatitudes higher than 60°S) are to be utilized at all,that this should be with a reinforced managementregime that has conservation of the living resourcesas its overriding objective and which prescribesharvesting regimes well within the bounds ofecological sustainability.

I raise this topic in relation to IUCN's rolebecause I believe that conservation of Antarcticasymbolises the new ethic which should guidehuman activities in the future.

The case is based on three propositions. First,

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that the Antarctic environment is extremely fragileso that even small human impacts can have severeand enduring effects on it.

Second, that we are aware that Antarctica andthe southern oceans have an important effect onthe world's weather and climate, but the specificmechanisms involved and the degree to which theycould be perturbed by human activities are notwell understood.

Third, that we are now all aware of thefiniteness of the global environment and the needto live, in an ecologically sustainable way, withinthese finite limits.

If another island, or even another continent,suddenly emerged, fertile and productive, in one ofthe world's oceans, it would not change thatreality. Unless we regulate our numbers and ourimpacts, that new land would soon be occupiedand exploited and we would be in the samesituation as before.

It is the same with Antarctica, although the factthat it is neither fertile nor productive makes thecase even stronger. If Antarctica contains energyresources, it does not mean that we should burnmore fossil fuels. Indeed we must seek to reduceour dependence on them. If Antarctica containsmineral resources, it doesn't alter the fact that wemust seek ways to reduce our demands and utilizeexisting sources more efficiently. And even if theliving marine resources provide a source of foodfor human beings, that does not mean that humanpopulations should be increased.

I recognize that scientific work must continue,but with tighter environmental controls. And that acase can be made for carefully controlled tourismwhich does not impact on the Antarctic environ-ment. But I believe that the presence of Antarctica

gives those of us alive today the opportunity tomake a commitment that, as part of our recognitionof the need for global sustainability, we willmanage with those resources to which we alreadyhave access and leave Antarctica free of humanimpact.

This view in no way removes the need for aconservation strategy for Antarctica. But I hopethat when you consider such a strategy you willgive this more pervasive point of view seriousconsideration.

By way of a final comment on IUCN's role, let mesay that it is apparent from the agenda papers forthis Assembly, that IUCN is no longer (if it everwas) a narrowly focused body concerned withbiological conservation to the exclusion of broaderissues. In every sense your agenda encompassesthe broader issues in which biological conservationis embedded, and which go to the heart of theecological sustainability of human impact on thebiosphere.

I warmly applaud this broader role, whichIUCN is so well equipped to fill, and hope that youendorse it. Indeed, I consider that the new WorldConservation Strategy document, which you willbe considering at the Assembly, provides anoutstanding framework, in terms of its breadth,depth and balance, of the key issues which shouldbe discussed at the 1992 Conference. I trust thatyou will play a broad and influential role in thepreparations for that Conference, at the Conferenceitself, and in the actions that follow.

It now remains only for me to wish you well inyour deliberations over the next few days and trustthat you will enjoy your stay in Australia.


Annex 12

Keynote Address: Conservation Issues in WesternAustralia

The Hon. Dr Carmen Lawrence MLAPremier of Western Australia

As you have seen from our presentation there aredivergent views on a number of the conservationissues confronting us in Western Australia. Itmakes for lively and productive debate betweenpeople who, whatever their differences, are alldeeply committed to protecting the environment ofthis State.

As far as the State Government is concerned,our responsibility to the environment is multi-layered: we must conserve our extraordinary nativeflora and fauna for their intrinsic value, as well asfor the delight and benefits they bring to WesternAustralians, to the nation, and to the whole world;we must also do everything in our power to savefrom extinction Australian species which havefound their last refuge here; and very importantly,we have a clear duty to consider the impact of ouractions on the global ecology.

It was back in the 17th Century that John Donnesaid "No man is an island". Nowadays not evenAustralia is an island in the sense he meant. We tooare "part of the main", and know that what we do(or don't do) here makes a difference to the rest ofthe world.

In Western Australia the State Government isworking hard to strike the right balance betweenthe conservation and development of our naturalresources.

Yes, we must protect the environment forourselves and future generations; but yes, we mustalso provide for the economic security of WesternAustralians by creating adequate employmentopportunities—a dilemma that all nations face.

And bearing in mind our global responsibilitywe must, as a State, take care to avoid the "not inmy backyard" syndrome. There is no point inlocking up our own timber resources, for instance,while we contribute to the massive destruction ofrainforest elsewhere by importing large quantitiesof its timber.

As you have seen, the errors of the past haveleft us with a sad legacy. Our forbears perceived

the land here as harsh and invulnerable. In fact, itwas no match for the European farming methodsthey subjected it to, so that vast tracts of thiscontinent have suffered severe degradation.Considerable work is now being undertaken byfarmers and governments to restore degraded land,but the task is immense.

Even so, we have come a very long way. Armedwith knowledge, we are now in a position toensure that the mistakes of the past are notrepeated. I am confident that my Government isworking towards the right balance between conser-vation and development for Western Australia.There are problems, of course, as there always willbe, but we now have the principles and theprocesses in place to enable us, as a community, tosolve them.

Let me tell you a little about what the StateGovernment is doing here.

In recent years there has been considerableencouragement given by the State Government, aswell as the Australian Government, to publicdebate on environmental issues.

When the State Government legislated in 1987to strengthen the independence and power of theState's Environmental Protection Authority, it alsoprovided an avenue for increased public involve-ment. If a proposed development is likely to have asignificant effect on the environment the Authoritymust undertake a full public consultation as part ofthe required assessment process and make publicits advice to the Government before approval canbe given. An example of the full consultationprocess at work can be seen in the Authority'sassessment of the proposal to establish a coal mineand power station at Mt Lesueur. The Authority'sreport is awaited by the Government so that adecision can be made on this highly controversialproposal.

The Department of Conservation and LandManagement, which is the government agencyprincipally involved in the management of

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conservation lands, is also required to consult withthe public in the process of determining itsmanagement strategies.

In establishing this Department the Governmentcreated a new framework for the practice ofproductive forestry. By integrating conservationand production within the same agency it has beenpossible to ensure that areas of productive forestare used for conservation, recreation and theprotection of rivers and water courses.

When it comes to our reserves, and the creatingof new ones, Western Australia is in a very unusualposition. Because of their remoteness large areas ofour land have remained in a natural or largelyunmodified state. The Prince Regent NatureReserve in the far north-west of the State is asuperb example of the great potential for conser-vation we possess. Over 630,000 hectares in area it,together with other parts of the far north of theState, is one of the few places where a full suite ofnative wildlife remains.

But even in a State as large as Western Australialand is a finite resource. Careful planning is neededif we are to make steady progress towardsachieving both our environmental and our eco-nomic objectives.

I have recently released a new policy designedto clear up, once and for all, existing anomalies inthe uses to which reserved land may be put. Itestablishes clear guidelines for exploration andmining in the various categories of reserve, includ-ing the absolute banning of any exploration andmining in 57 of the State's 60 National Parks.Exploration and mining in the remaining three willbe banned once historical land use conflicts havebeen resolved.

The new policy also provides a mechanism forcreating new reserves. The Government is planninga series of new conservation reserves throughoutareas of the State which are presently under-represented, particularly the Kimberley in the northof our State.

This process will continue the expansion of theconservation estate in Western Australia which hasbeen undertaken by this Government.

Since 1983 nine national parks totalling 440,000hectares have been created, including thePurnululu (or Bungle Bungle) National Park in theKimberley and the Shannon, Mt Frankland andTuart Forest National Parks in the South-West. TheGovernment has recently acquired the northernarea of Peron Station for the creation of the firstland-based national park in the Shark Bay region.The Commonwealth Government has recentlynominated the area for World Heritage listing inrecognition of its outstanding conservation value.

Five marine parks and a marine nature reservehave been created, with a total area of over 390,000

hectares. The State now has 10.4 million hectares ofnature reserves, 4.85 million hectares of nationalparks and 1.75 million hectares of State Forest.

In creating reserves my Government is verykeen to reconcile conservation interests with thoseof the original inhabitants. As Premier and asMinister for Aboriginal Affairs I am very pleased toannounce that agreement has been reachedbetween the Government and the Purnululu Abori-ginal Corporation on joint involvement in themanagement of Purnululu National Park. Underthe new arrangements Aborigines will be able tolive on leases within the Park and perform theirtraditional role as custodians. I very much hopethis important agreement will serve as a model forothers to follow.

We are very much aware of our obligation topreserve the diversity of the unique fauna ofWestern Australia. I was therefore pleased toannounce yesterday that with the support of theFederal Government and bodies such as the WorldWide Fund for Nature, State agencies have beensuccessful in halting the decline of severalthreatened mammal species. Western Australia'smammal emblem, the numbat, has been on theverge of extinction; yet now, through an intensiveresearch effort, it and other mammals are beingbrought back from the brink.

The Government will continue to give highpriority to research into protection of ourthreatened mammals and will complement thisresearch by ensuring the creation of secure conser-vation areas in which to re-establish species.

The Government of Western Australia has longbeen concerned about the need to reduce green-house emissions. I am pleased to announce that wehave already made significant progress in thecontrol of chlorofluorocarbons. And WesternAustralia is prepared to play its part in meeting thecommitment made by the Australian Governmentto phase out production of chlorofluorocarbons by1998, well in advance of the target set by theMontreal Protocol.

I cannot claim that we have solved all theenvironmental problems in Western Australia. Wehave not. Striking the right balance betweenconservation and development is a continuingprocess requiring consultation, expertise, ingenuity,perseverance—and, at times, strong nerves.

Difficult though the process may be, we won'twalk away from it. My Government is committedto working with the community of WA to solveexisting problems and to avoid creating new ones.If hard decisions need to be taken to fulfil ourresponsibilities we are prepared to take them, asWestern Australians, as Australians, and asmembers of the global community.


Annex 13

Report by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate, on theWork of IUCN in 1988-1990

The report which I have, in conformity withStatutes and with the agreement of Council, laidbefore this Assembly, uses the Programme adoptedin Costa Rica as its framework. At least oneparagraph addresses each paragraph of thatProgramme, and the numbering is identical inorder to make cross-reference easy. I hope that themembership finds this presentation helpful inchecking on what we have actually done, ascompared with what we said we would like to do.

The Triennial Programme for 1988-1990 wasambitious. It called for 121 specific actions, in fivemain fields—Conservation and Development,Conservation Science, Biodiversity, Habitat andProtected Area Management, and ProgrammeSupport and Services. It was to be an integratedprogramme, with work by the Commissions andSecretariat supporting one another. For this reason,especially, I welcome the inclusion of the Commis-sion Chairs' reports in the document before you.

When I was at school—and I feel ancient whenadmitting that this experience began some 55 yearsago—a common end-of-term commendation was"quite good— but could do better". I feel that thissummarizes our achievements in the past trien-nium. I note that Mr Agarwal and Mr Phillips, intheir valuable critique, say the same. There hasbeen no collusion between us. If we say the samethings, it is because our minds have thought alike.Whether this is, as the proverb has it, a sign ofgreatness, I leave it to you to ascertain.

In ten minutes I can only highlight some keyfeatures of the past triennium. I will mentioneight—one of general approach and seven of detail.

First, our programme has largely been designedto produce output—we have gathered information;evaluated it, and so enhanced our understanding ofthe relationship between people and nature; formu-lated methods by which we could regulate humanimpacts on the living world more wisely, therebypromoting sound conservation and development;

and carried out a whole range of practical applica-tions that demonstrate that our ideas and methodswork in the real world. I believe that IUCN mustmaintain this full spectrum from concept topractice, and must undertake sufficient field activi-ties to show that we are capable of going beyondpreaching and generalization. IUCN's reputationhas to be that of an expert body that can put itsexpertise to work.

Second, I believe that it is right that weemphasize Conservation Strategies. The WorldConservation Strategy was a landmark. An espe-cially important achievement of the past trienniumhas been the help that IUCN has been able to giveto some 25 countries in preparing strategies atnational and sub-national level. We have alsopromoted conservation activities in wetlands, trop-ical forests, coastal and marine habitats, the Saheland Antarctica. We had an active programme inCentral and Eastern Europe before the Iron Curtainrusted through. During the triennium we havegained new insights into the relationship betweenhuman populations and their consumption ofresources, through the work of our rapidly grow-ing and productive Population and NaturalResources Programme. We have provided practicalservices, ranging from project development toadvice on resource management, resource account-ing, environmental law and the conduct of environ-mental impact assessments. Economic evaluationsof wildlife have been a particularly important newcomponent of our work.

My third highlight is the reconstruction of theConservation Monitoring Centre as the WorldConservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), throughpartnership between IUCN, WWF and UNEP. It isan open secret that three years ago CMC was in amess. The core funds IUCN could afford to makeavailable to it were inadequate for the maintenanceof its database. The project work the Centre had toundertake to keep itself alive was mining its central

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resource of knowledge, but there was not theinvestment to rebuild that critical resource. Thanksto the new partnership, WCMC has a new Board,new computers, new links with users and partners,and will shortly have a new building. I would liketo pay particular tribute to WWF as the majordonor to that building, and thank them for whatthey are doing for world conservation through thissupport.

Conservation science is my fourth highlight. Itlies at the heart of IUCN's insights, methodologiesand services. If we do not know how ecosystemswork, it is virtually impossible to manage them.Some members will be disturbed, as I am, byevidence of an uneven and rather limited achieve-ment in this particular section of our Programmeduring the past three years. I hope we can do betterin the next triennium. However, the picture ofrelatively slender effort in the field of conservationscience revealed by my report is partly an artefact.The sections on Conservation and Development,and on Biodiversity, both report many applicationsof conservation science.

I believe the major new global initiative on theconservation of biological diversity, which we havelaunched in partnership with the World ResourcesInstitute (WRI), UNEP and WCMC, should be myfifth highlight. This initiative will assemble know-ledge, and focus efforts to safeguard key sites andconserve key populations of species, both in thewild and where necessary through captive breed-ing programmes. The SSC will make a majorcontribution here, not least through its outstandingexpertise in captive breeding. So will the BotanicGardens Conservation Secretariat, begun by IUCNbefore the last General Assembly and now anindependent entity under its own Board.

The Commission on Environmental Policy, Lawand Administration, and the Environmental LawCentre, have made a major contribution in theshape of successive draft Articles of a proposednew international convention on the conservationof biodiversity, which has been laid before inter-governmental meetings convened by UNEP. Butmay I at this point digress briefly. We rightly wantto see such a convention adopted. But this willinevitably take time. We cannot step back fromconservation action while the convention goesthrough its inevitably careful process of negotia-tion. Hence our partnership with WRI and UNEPmust be pressed forward, to prepare practicalmeasures for safeguarding centres of biologicaldiversity and key organisms. Any convention canonly work if such action is well prepared. It is forthis reason that I have instructed the Secretariat togive parallel emphasis to the Biodiversity

Conservation Strategy and to the development ofthe convention itself, and I hope that that approachalso has the backing of this Assembly.

My sixth highlight concerns protected areas andtheir management—clearly a key to safeguardingthe biological riches of the world. This is aheartland area for IUCN, and much has been doneby the Commission on National Parks and Protec-ted Areas and by the Secretariat during thetriennium. As the triennium came to its end wewere devoting increasing resources to preparationsfor the IV World Parks Congress to be held inVenezuela in 1992 at the generous invitation of thatGovernment. I am happy to report that I have beenable to strengthen the Secretariat team working inthis whole area of biodiversity conservation andprotected areas. We are well prepared for the workahead.

My seventh highlight concerns management.Financially, the Union has had a successful trien-nium, thanks to the sterling work of the AssistantDirector-General, Management and his financeteam, under the wise and supportive guidance ofthe Treasurer, and the cooperation of the entireSecretariat. The accumulated deficit on core fundshas been reduced, and is more than covered by twogenerous legacies that IUCN has received. Theaccounts have been in the black in both theunrestricted and restricted fund sectors over thepast three years, and the overall budget has grownby 68 per cent without a parallel growth inHeadquarters staffing. The membership of theUnion has broadened, and we have greatly exten-ded our presence on the ground through Regionaland Country Offices in the developing world—atrend which, as you will know from the papers, Ibelieve to be of the first importance for our future.

For my eighth and concluding highlight, I recallthe saying that people will be known by theirworks. The value of IUCN depends on what itdoes, and the services it provides to its membersand partners. You will see that at the back of theTriennial Report we list over 130 publicationsproduced in the past three years, and this does notinclude a vast number of published contributionsto periodicals, magazines and the like by staffmembers and Commission members or a hugevolume of informal advice. Our communicationsare receving new emphasis, under our newly-appointed Head of Communications, and I takeparticular pleasure from the new-look Bulletin,which I believe is now outstanding in both itsquality of design and its contents.

In concluding these remarks may I pay tributeto all those who have joined together in imple-menting the Programme. We have not done as


much as we set ourselves, in an ambitious mood, inCosta Rica. But we have done a great deal. Mythanks go to all the staff, to all those working in theCommissions, and of course above all to ourPresident and Council, who have proved a tower of

strength and encouragement to me as I slowlylearned about this remarkably complex and curiousorganism, IUCN, and attempted to develop it overthe past three years. I am happy to record mygratitude to them all.

Annex 13 129

Annex 14

Review of IUCN's Programme 1988-1990*

by Mr Anil Agarwal and Mr Adrian Phillips

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We were asked by the Council to undertake acritical review of IUCN Programme achievementssince the Costa Rica General Assembly (February1988).

We found progress had been greatest in theformulation of conservation strategies, and in theirimplementation in parts of the developing world;in the Species and Habitats Programmes; and in thework of the Environmental Law Centre. And leastin basic conservation science, social aspects ofconservation management and communications,education and training programmes. A large num-ber of high profile initiatives in the 1988-1990Programme were not realized, in whole or in part.

Overall, progress—while considerable—hasbeen uneven. Work in some subject areas hasmoved faster than in others, and some geographi-cal areas have benefited more than others. Weagree with the Director General that IUCN is "aninstrument of great potential, and somehow not yetadapted to realize that potential and hence not yetpoised to serve its membership in the ways itshould". But, through strong leadership and effec-tive management, IUCN is better placed now thanit was three years ago to seize the high ground.

We also looked at eight key issues concerningthe Programme:

The Outer Limits of the Programme

In general, the IUCN Programme remains appro-priately focused on what IUCN can do best, but a


deeper understanding is needed of human/naturelinkages, especially in the context of the developingworld. We recommend that, in developing theProgramme, as well as the positive guidancecontained in paragraph 0.24 of the draft IUCNProgramme for 1991-1993, the Director Generalshould explicitly adopt certain rules about thekinds of activities in which IUCN would not getinvolved.

The Integration of the Programme

There is more integration of programmes thanthree years ago. But much still needs to be done tocarry the process further and in particular toincrease the inter-disciplinary understanding ofeach programme. We welcome the plannedappointment of a senior staff member to overseethe integration of the Programme, and recommendthat improving coordination remain a priority forthe Director General. There should also be a betterrepresentation of nationalities on IUCN's staff.

The Balance of the Programme

The Programme would benefit from greaterbalance. In particular, we recommend that IUCNshould:

• coordinate and integrate its conceptual workwith the expansion of the field programmes;

• ensure that the regional balance, both betweencountries and regions and between the develop-ing world and developed world, is relevant toneeds; and

• develop a communications strategy todisseminate its knowledge amongst the

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membership and the wider internationalcommunity concerned with conservation andsustainability, and in a way which is affordableto its members in the developing world.

Programming and Funding

The success of the Programme depends criticallyon the size of the unrestricted funds and how theseare applied. We recommend a strategy to increaseunrestricted and programme funds; and the adop-tion of clear rules on how unrestricted funds areapplied.

Field Programmes

The field programmes of IUCN have grownrapidly and further expansion is desirable. But werecommend tight management to ensure thatIUCN's contribution in the field remains a distinc-tive one, that the quality of the work is maintained,and that top priority is given to projects whichbuild local capacities. We also recommend awide-ranging evaluation of the field programmes,among whose purposes would be clarification ofthe relationship with WWF and others with majorfield programmes and the adoption of long-termgoals for the field programmes.

Membership Involvement in theProgramme

Regional and Country Offices have created oppor-tunities for a quantum increase in membershipinvolvement in IUCN's programmes. We recom-mend that realizing this potential should be apriority for the regional and national representa-tives; and that efforts should be made to overcomethe barriers to increasing the membership ofgrassroot groups from developing countries.

The Commissions and the Programme

The Commissions are a unique resource of greatvalue to IUCN. Yet their contribution to theProgramme of the Union over the past trienniumhas been uneven. We recommend Commissions beassigned the tasks identified in the draftProgramme, resourced to harness the network andheld accountable at the next General Assembly todeliver the appropriate Programme activities.

The Management and Evaluation of theProgramme

The Programme document before the GeneralAssembly in Perth is better than its predecessor.Members must be able to play a full part in theGeneral Assembly deliberations on Programmematters. The Director General needs independentadvice on the evolution of the Programme betweensessions of the General Assembly. Evaluation tendsto be ad hoc and needs improvement. We recom-mend: that goals and targets be set for each of the23 programmes; a Programme Committee beappointed at the Perth General Assembly; indepen-dent programme advice to the Director Generalbetween General Assemblies; and better arrange-ments for reviewing and evaluating IUCN's activi-ties.

PART I—INTRODUCTION

Terms of Reference

1.1. We were asked by the Council to undertake acritical review of IUCN Programme achieve-ments since the Costa Rica General Assemblyin February 1988. The Director General madeclear that Council was looking for a wide-ranging assessment, identifying shortcomingsas well as achievements. It was particularlyinterested in the underlying reasons for pro-gress—or lack of it—and in our suggestionsfor improvement.

1.2 We were not asked to analyse every aspect ofthe Union's work, but to identify those whichmost directly affected its ability to deliver theProgramme which the members had adopted.Our assessment was to be an independentone: the output was to assist the membershipin its consideration, at the Perth GeneralAssembly, of the report on the past trienniumand proposals for the next.

Methods and Materials

1.3 This review draws on published and unpubl-ished sources and the views of informedindividuals. We have studied the followingkey documents:

• the critical review of the achievements inthe triennium 1985-1987 by David Munroand Martin Holdgate;

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• the draft Programme and Budget1988-1990 (GA/17/88/3);

• the report of the Programme Committee atthe 17th Session of the IUCN GeneralAssembly (Annex 16 in the report of theproceedings);

• the Director General's reports to Councilfor the periods February-May 1988, for1988 as a whole; January-June 1989; andJuly-December 1989;

• a review of the work of IUCN undertakenduring 1990 for the Swedish InternationalDevelopment Authority;

• papers for the 18th Session of the GeneralAssembly, in particular the report on thework of the Union in the past triennium;the papers on the Mission, Objectives andApproach of IUCN, on the Governance ofthe World Conservation Union, on theStrategy for the World ConservationUnion, and on the Commissions; and thedraft Programme 1991-1993.

1.4 We did not have the time to review everydetail of the Programme. Many issues are leftunresolved—a factor to be borne in mind inreading our findings. In particular, we werequite unable in the time available to establ-ish the impact of IUCN's activities where itmatters: on the ground. As we were severaltimes reminded during our study, whileIUCN plans and acts, out there in the realworld—so to speak—species are lost, habitatsdestroyed and the natural resource base uponwhich humanity's survival depends is furthereroded and degraded. So when we say that"progress" has occurred, we mean that anactivity has taken place as planned: but wecannot say whether the consequence was areal conservation achievement. This is onereason why we place so much emphasis inthis report on the need for more thoroughevaluations in future which will get to theheart of what IUCN really achieves.

1.5 We felt our review would benefit from theadvice of individuals with a good knowledgeof IUCN, and from that of some of theprincipal international partners with whichIUCN collaborates. The Director Generaltherefore constituted an informal advisorypanel to comment upon our report in draft:

Sra Yolanda Kakabadse—IUCN RegionalCouncillor

Ashok Khosla—IUCN Regional CouncillorJaap Kuper—Chairman, Netherlands

National Committee of IUCNWalter Lusigi—IUCN Regional CouncillorGeorge Rabb—Chair, SSCPeter Thacher—World Resources Institute

Similarly, comments were sought from:

Peter Kramer, WWFReuben Olembo, UNEPMats Segnestam, SIDABernd von Droste, UNESCO

1.6 We are grateful for the advice and perspec-tives given by those members of the panelwho were able to send us their views and tothe senior officials in collaborating institu-tions. These have been invaluable in finalizingour report. We were greatly helped, too, byinterviews with senior staff in the IUCNSecretariat, especially those at Headquarters.However, the report is our own—and we takefull responsibility for its findings and recom-mendations.

Structure of the Report

1.7 We want our report to be read. So it has beenkept as short as possible and an ExecutiveSummary is appended to it. The remainder ofour report is organized as follows:

• Part II (and the Annex) briefly reviews theprogress made in the Programme of theWorld Conservation Union over the pastthree years— essentially it reports on whathas happened;

• Part III discusses eight key issues concern-ing IUCN's Programme, which seek tothrow light on why progress has, or hasnot occurred; and offers suggestions foraction.

PART II—PROGRESS MADE OVERTHE TRIENNIUM

The Triennial Report 1988-1990

2.1 The key document in our review has been thereport to the 18th Session of the GeneralAssembly on the achievements of the pasttriennium. In format, it is a marked improve-ment upon the similar report made to theCosta Rica General Assembly in February1988, because:

• it reports under the same overall


framework of programme areas as used inthe Programme adopted at the previousGeneral Assembly;

• it reports by each activity in turn on theprogress made in implementing theProgramme; and

• the reports of the Commission Chairs arebound in as an integral part of the Union'sreport along with that of the DirectorGeneral.

2.2 The Director General's report itself is alsomuch longer and more thorough (60 pages asagainst 32 in the report of the previoustriennium). And it is generally more self-critical, both at the overview level and onindividual activities. Because this analysis isso thorough, and because it is relatively easyto compare the Programme as adopted atCosta Rica with what has come to pass, wehave not attempted a detailed sector by sectoranalysis of progress made since February1988. We confine ourselves in this part of ourreport to underlining certain key achieve-ments, and important shortfalls, in the Pro-gramme.

Assessment

2.3 To help us verify the broad conclusionsreached by the Director General in his reportof the past triennium, we reviewed theprogress made in 18 activities which werespecifically highlighted in the introduction tothe draft Programme and budget 1988-1990 asthe expected major achievements of the Unionover that period. The results are at the Annex.This list of highlighted activities is veryselective—even arbitrary—but nonetheless itcorresponds to what was drawn to the atten-tion of the membership in Costa Rica as thehighlights of the Programme for the comingthree years. We have combined this analysiswith our appraisal of the Director General'sown review in coming to the followinggeneral conclusions.

2.4 Under Conservation and Development, theProgramme has been successful in carryingforward the recommendations of the WorldConservation Strategy (now in the course ofupdate), most importantly in moving from thepreparation of conservation strategies to assis-tance in their implementation on the groundin many developing countries. The expansionof the field programme is indeed one of the

most striking features of the Programmeoverall, underpinned by rapid growth inrestricted or contract funds. The benefits have,however, been unevenly spread geographi-cally, notably in Central America and parts ofAfrica; it is not clear that this concentrationfollowed any objective assessment of needs.National strategies have been complementedby strategies for particular kinds of resource:wetlands, tropical forests, and marine andcoastal habitats (but we cannot say how farthese strategies have been followed through).Important regional programmes and initia-tives in the Sahel, Eastern Europe and theAntarctic have given IUCN a presence inseveral parts of the world which have beenthe focus of international interest. The Union'shigh reputation in the field of environmentallaw has been maintained; its work in institu-tion-building has been less impressive.Programmes related to the social scienceshave progressed rather slowly, though IUCNhas made some advances in linking conceptsof economics and environmental conservation.The Union's capacity to service the needs ofthe membership, especially in the developingworld, has been enhanced by its Environmen-tal Impact Assessment service and its Environ-mental Law Centre. The progress made by theWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre hasbeen uneven—several highlighted prioritiesseem to have been abandoned as a result of itsreconstitution as a joint IUCN/UNEP/WWFenterprise, as the Annex makes clear. TheUnion's education programme has not madethe progress which members at Costa Ricawanted to see. IUCN's achievements in com-municating its message to the world do notyet do full justice to the richness of itsknowledge, although there has been awelcome increase in the number of publica-tions.

2.5 For a Union which prides itself on its scientificreputation, IUCN's achievements in Conserva-tion Science have been decidedly uneven. Inseveral important areas for IUCN there has, itseems, been little progress: e.g. conservationof mountain areas and of islands, and thegeneral development of conservation theory.Progress has been considerable in the areas ofwetlands, tropical forests and marine conser-vation, in all of which IUCN has a fastexpanding programme of field activities. Butit is a serious shortcoming that there are fewlinks between these practical programmes andthe development of the theory of conservation

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science—for example, between the large SahelProgramme and the principles of conservationin drylands.

2.6 Under Biological Diversity, there is betternews to record. The SSC networks have beenparticularly productive, with more than 80active specialist groups, 21 of which preparedspecies action plans—although without amore detailed review it is not possible tomeasure the real impact of such plans. Plantconservation work has been especially pro-ductive in terms of published output. Legalwork is vital to the conservation of biologicaldiversity, and IUCN's support to the CITESSecretariat has been significant. Biodiversity isnow high on the international agenda, andmuch will be expected of IUCN. Even with itsjoint programme on biodiversity with theWorld Resources Institute, UNEP, WWF-US,Conservation International and the WorldBank, and with its work on the proposedBiodiversity Convention, IUCN will have towork hard to maintain a key role.

2.7 Habitat and Protected Area Management isalso a "heartland" area for IUCN, and muchgood work continues. It appears, however, tobe rather less programmatic than in the pastand has not always been as closely integratedwith other theme areas as it could be—withthe Wetlands Programme, for example, orwith species conservation. Advice given onthe World Heritage and Ramsar Conventionshas been an important way of extendingIUCN's influence. The preparations for the1992 IV World Parks Congress are now wellunderway: this will be a major focus ofworldwide efforts to conserve biologicaldiversity.

2.8 Under Programme Support and Services, thegreatest achievement in the past triennium hasbeen to bring IUCN's financial managementunder tighter control, and to strengthenIUCN's financial position and support. Mem-bership services have expanded, especiallythrough the work of Regional Offices inseveral developing country regions. The Bulle-tin has been given a successful overhaul.

Conclusion

2.9 In general, we agree with the Director Generalthat progress has been greatest in the formula-tion of conservation strategies, and in theirimplementation in parts of the developingworld; in the Species and Habitats

Programmes, and in the work of theEnvironmental Law Centre. And it has beenleast in basic conservation science, socialaspects of conservation management and com-munications, education and training pro-grammes. The Annex reveals that a surpris-ingly large number of high profile initiativesin the 1988-1990 Programme appear not tohave been thoroughly thought through and,on closer examination, turned out to beimpractical or inappropriate.

2.10 We conclude that progress, while consider-able—and while including some welcomeinitiatives which could not be foreseen in1988—has been uneven. That in itself is tosome degree inevitable; no programme of thiskind is going to move with similar velocityacross the board. What is more, throughstrong leadership and effective management,IUCN is better placed now than it was threeyears ago to seize the high ground. Even so,like the Director General, we feel that IUCN is"an instrument of great potential, and some-how not yet adapted to realize that potentialand hence not yet poised to serve its member-ship in the ways it should". If real progresscould now be made in dealing with the keyissues which we discuss in Part III, thepotential of the World Conservation Unioncould indeed be unlocked, to the benefit ofconservation and to the satisfaction of IUCN'sworld-wide membership.

PART III—EIGHT KEY ISSUES

1. The Outer Limits of the Programme

3.1 IUCN's financial resources are limited. Itstask—to act as "the intellectual powerhouse ofthe global movement for planet protection" asthe President has put it—is immense. Itfollows that IUCN must focus its efforts andresources on what is most important andrelevant to the world, and on what it is bestable to do—given its particular characteristicsas an organization. We have had that questionbefore us in reviewing the Programme, awarethat some members have expressed a concernthat IUCN's Programme was conceptually toobroad, and that the Union was in danger ofbecoming a development agency or an all-purpose environmental agency.

3.2 IUCN has a traditional area of core expertise,the in situ conservation of biodiversity and the


protection of habitats. That remains at thecentre of IUCN. Its achievements in theseareas in the past triennium suggest thatinvestment in the consolidation of heartlandactivities (and in particular as exemplified bythe work of SSC and CNPPA) is investmentwell made—provided that the work is well-focussed and planned, and placed within abroader context of meeting human needs on asustainable basis.

3.3 This core area is surrounded by severalfurther "skins of the onion" with which IUCNis also vitally concerned. For many years,IUCN's Programme has had an importantplace for conservation science, for the legalframework for nature conservation, for educa-tion and training in conservation, and forenvironmental strategies and planning—asconfirmed, for example by the existence offour Commissions of long standing whichcover these topics.

3.4 Particularly since the publication of the WorldConservation Strategy in 1980, and the adop-tion of the slogan "Conservation for Develop-ment", IUCN has sought to build bridges withthe development community, nationally andinternationally, including with members of theUnited Nations family such as UNEP,UNESCO and FAO. IUCN first argued thatdevelopment could only be sustainable ifbased upon an understanding of conservationprinciples. It then set out to design strategiesat various scales to show how conservationand development might be linked. Finally, itbecame directly involved (initially through theConservation for Development Centre butlatterly as part of its main-stream Programme)in demonstrating the practical application ofconservation for development principles inprojects on the ground. It is a logical processwhich has brought IUCN credibility with aidagencies and governments. It has met theneeds of many of its members—especially indeveloping countries. And it has enabledIUCN greatly to expand its influence.

3.5 We believe the evolution of IUCN's work inthis way has been largely correct. It recognizesthe changed understanding of the relationshipbetween people and nature, and correspondsto the changing needs of IUCN's membership.It means that IUCN is now engaged, quiteproperly, not only in the conservation ofbiodiversity but also in the sustainable use ofnatural resources—our understanding of whatis meant by the slogan of "building harmonybetween humanity and nature".

3.6 However, IUCN still has a long way to gotowards establishing a deep understanding ofthe relationship of development and conser-vation, especially from the perspective of thedeveloping world (in this, it could learn muchfrom grassroots groups with which its linksare presently poor). Most of the world'sbiodiversity today exists in the Third Worldwhere natural habitats are under pressurefrom an expanding population, inequitableresource exploitation and global marketdemands. Many natural habitats willdisappear unless local communities are madepartners in the management of these areas. Anunderstanding of development and conser-vation is, therefore, needed which will be-deep enough to generate socially acceptableand participatory strategies for resourcemanagement. Conservation and developmenthave rightly come to be recognized as insepar-able and the Union's activities have increasedto cover a wide spectrum of resource manage-ment and conservation issues. However,several cross-cutting issues—for example, therole of traditional knowledge, participation oflocal communities and women's groups, andthe economics of conservation—that lie at theinterface of the two still have to be adequatelyintegrated into the work of the Commissionsand the thematic programmes. Despite theprogress made in recent years, conservationand development linkages are still poor inmany IUCN programmes.

3.7 In reality, "sustainable development" remainsa largely hollow phrase. Since this concept isof vital concern to the world, IUCN has amajor role to play in giving it practical shape,especially its biological and ecological aspects,and helping in the evolution of socially viableand participatory prescriptions. The transitionfrom conservation to the sustainable use ofnatural resources has not yet been fullyachieved in the organization. Sustainabledevelopment is a far more complex subjectthan conservation since it incorporates withinits ambit not merely ecological and biologicaldimensions but also sociological, political,economic, demographic and gender dimen-sions. The Union now has programmes in thefields of population and women. It also has aCommission on Sustainable Development andon Environmental Education and Training. Ifthese programmes and Commissions had beenworking well, they could have helped to giveIUCN greater credibility in the field ofsustainable development. Part of the problemis that, whilst IUCN's networks in its core

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areas of national park management andspecies protection are extremely good, thosein areas like education and sustainable deve-lopment are poor—and their impact has so farbeen disappointing. This now needs to be putright.

3.8 But if the trend to broaden IUCN'sProgramme in this way is not to over-extendthe Union, and take it into areas where othershave greater competence, then IUCN mustrecognize the need for certain "perimeterfences" around the Programme, beyond whichit should not stray. We suggest three inparticular:

• first, IUCN should not seek to develop in-house expertise in areas which areprimarily about other aspects of environ-mental management than the sustainableuse of natural resources: questions ofhuman settlements, human health, agricul-ture, pollution and environmentally-soundtechnology for example. However, all theseactivities have obvious implications for thesustainable use of natural resources, andIUCN will need the capacity for dialoguewith leading institutions in each of theseareas;

• second, IUCN should avoid entering activi-ties which are concerned with develop-ment per se, and in which the conservationcomponent is a very minor, or evencosmetic. That means IUCN should avoidan involvement in schemes which offerlittle scope for demonstrating "harmonybetween humanity and nature" (the designof residential or industrial areas for exam-ple);

• third, although IUCN must get involved inprogrammes concerned with, for example,the role of women, economics, peoples'participation, traditional knowledge, ethics,population or global change, its effortsshould be firmly focussed on the implica-tions for the conservation of biodiversity,ecosystems and protected areas, and thesustainable use of natural resources. Itsinvolvement in all such programmesshould therefore be very discriminating asto the contribution it seeks to make and theexpertise it seeks to acquire.

3.9 IUCN may have been working outside theseperimeter fences in several areas in the pasttriennium, for example:

• we understand that the evaluation of theSahel Programme identified the need to

refocus activities firmly on the area ofIUCN's competence, and for these to becomplementary, not duplicatory, withthose of development agencies active in theregion;

• the EIA service exists primarily to helpdeveloping country governments managethe EIA process. But, in fulfilling itsmission it tends to get drawn into advisinggovernments on the impact of develop-ment schemes on environmental questionswhich go beyond IUCN's field ofcompetence, such as the sustainability ofagricultural production or the protection ofhuman health; and

• some of the activities within the Womenand Natural Resources ManagementProgramme seem to have had rathertenuous links with the rest of IUCN'sconcerns.

On the other hand, we are not persuaded thatthe draft World Conservation Strategy for the1990s goes outside IUCN's terms of reference.To succeed, it must address the strategicissues of global conservation in the round.Furthermore, the report is a joint product ofWWF and UNEP as well as IUCN, and so it isdoubly appropriate that it should adopt abroad approach.

3.10 But IUCN must remember that it occupies aspecial niche at the international level. Itsworldwide networks of members, and ofscientists and other specialists, are itsstrength—indeed, IUCN is these networks.Rightly IUCN has broadened its approachover the years. It now needs to lay down firmmarkers which will enable it to focus itsenergies and resources. There is more thanenough to do in strengthening its competencein biodiversity, habitat protection and conser-vation science, and placing these in thecontext of human society through environ-mental strategies, education and communica-tion—as well as linking all these elements toform a more integrated programme—withoutmoving into neighbouring subject areasbeyond the confines of IUCN's expertise.

3.11 Conclusions and Recommendations Ingeneral, the IUCN Programme remains appro-priately focussed on what IUCN can do best,but a deeper understanding is needed ofhuman/nature linkages, especially in thecontext of the developing world. We recom-mend that, in developing the Programme, aswell as the positive guidance contained in


paragraph 0.24 of the draft IUCN Programmefor 1991-1993, the Director General shouldexplicitly adopt certain rules about the kindsof activities in which IUCN would not getinvolved (such as the guidance given inparagraphs 3.5-3.8 above).

2. The Integration of the Programme

3.12 "The World Conservation Union has one,integrated professional Programme". Thisclaim is made in the Governance Paper(GA/18/90/8—paragraph 48), and it isentirely appropriate as an ideal at which toaim. In our review, however, we came to theconclusion that that desirable state does notyet exist.

3.13 This is not surprising. The IUCN Programmeis conceptually very complicated, as a reviewof the annexes to the 1991-1993 draftProgramme shows. Of the 23 programmeslisted there, 11 are regionally based; of the 12theme programmes, four are clearly identifiedwith a lead Commission, whilst others involvecollaboration between Commissions and theSecretariat in varying degrees. Together theyare presented as a matrix. The cross linkagesand possible permutations in such a complexframework are almost infinite. Moreover, thedecision has clearly been taken to devolvemuch more of the programming exercise tothe regions, where members will increasinglycome together to determine their own priori-ties within the IUCN framework. Thecoordination of these bottom-up regionalinitiatives with the top-down thematicprogrammes will be particularly demanding.

3.14 Our doubts about the current level of integ-ration relate to a number of issues, in particu-lar:

• an integrated programme is easier if thereis integrated funding. But funding formuch of the IUCN Programme is, and willsurely continue to be, earmarked for parti-cular programmes or activities. However ifdonors are properly approached and madeaware of the unique role of IUCN, somefunds may be found to support a widerrange of activities, thus enabling anintegrated approach to be adopted toproblems;

• the patchy (but extending) pattern ofRegional and Country Offices means thatthe degree of regional coordination is

uneven. This is not helped by suchapparent anomalies as the SahelProgramme's separation from IUCN'sregional office in Dakar, and indeed fromthe machinery for Africa coordinationgenerally; nor the absence of a direct linkbetween the Africa Regional Coordinatorand the East African Regional Office.(There may be good historical and staffmanagement reasons for such arrange-ments, but they hinder successful integ-ration);

• the difficulty encountered in the past threeyears in building links between certainCommissions and closely related themeprogrammes operated by the Secretariat;

• the tendency to create new programmeswhen what appears to be required is across-cutt ing approach to otherprogrammes. The programme on Womenand Natural Resources Management is acase in point. We feel this may have beenless successful than it should have beenbecause it was not approached as a cross-cutting programme meshing into, and rein-forcing, other programmes, but as anentirely separate programme;

• the absence of any single individual in theSecretariat—other than the DirectorGeneral who has many other calls on histime—with a responsibility for ensuringintegration of IUCN's Programme (a gapwhich we are pleased to learn is shortly tobe filled through a recruitment exercise).

3.15 Nonetheless, there has been some progress oflate in bringing programmes together. Therehave been several individual examples ofrelatively successful coordination, such as theAfrican Elephant Programme; and the four-way linkage made in the conservation ofmangroves, between the Commission ofEcology, the Marine and Coastal Programme,the Wetlands Programme and several regionalprogrammes. Moreover, it is recognized thatcertain programmes, e.g. Wetlands, have onlyrecently secured sufficient funding to enableintegration to occur at the project level.Finally, the appointment of programmeexperts (e.g. Wetlands Officers) to RegionalOffices, which has now begun, promises toincrease the scope for integrating theme andregional programmes.

3.16 Greater integration is indeed needed so thatIUCN's programme efforts are moredisciplined, are focussed on the priorities and

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avoid internal confusion or duplication. Notonly should different programmes be betterintegrated with each other, but each separateprogramme should aim to be more inter-disciplinary, bringing together biological andecological aspects with social, cultural andeconomic ones. It is a major challenge formanagement, involving as it does not only theactivities of the Secretariat but also thenetworks of Commission experts andmembers. We believe that it should be madethe responsibility of a senior member of staff,reporting directly to the Director General.Under such a Programme Director shouldcome the responsibility for all themeprogrammes (Commission-led and others) aswell as the Regional Offices in their program-ming capacity. His or her role would not justbe one of securing coordination of pro-grammes at headquarters but thereby topromote a favourable context for coordinationat the regional level, e.g. between the RegionalOffice and the Regional Councillors, IUCNmembers in the region and regionally-basedCommission members. To be effective, he orshe will have to have a role in determininghow money is spent. It is good news that theDirector General plans to make such anappointment shortly. Though effective coor-dination and integration of IUCN'sProgramme will depend upon many things, asine qua non is to assign this as a leadresponsibility to a senior official in the Secre-tariat.

3.17 We add a word of caution. Complete, 100 percent integration of every activity of an organi-zation as complex as IUCN is probablyimpossible. Moreover, even to get near itcould involve an unacceptable increase inbureaucracy. This would delay matters, notexpedite them. It might inhibit initiative, notencourage it. What is needed, therefore, arerelatively simple systems which promotecontact and dialogue, the exchange of infor-mation and, if necessary, training—as well asa determination from the Director General toencourage an integrated and coordinatedapproach to the solution of the challengeswhich IUCN faces. One small example mightbe a house newsletter to keep an increasinglydispersed Secretariat in touch with each other;another might be the greater use of electroniccommunications. A better balance of nationali-ties represented in the Secretariat of IUCN,both at Headquarters and Regional Offices,would also help.

3.18 Conclusions and Recommendations There ismore integration of programmes than threeyears ago. But much still needs to be done tocarry the process further and in particular toincrease the inter-disciplinary understandingof each programme. We welcome the plannedappointment of a senior staff member tooversee the integration of the Programme, andrecommend that improving coordinationremain a priority for the Director General.There should also be a better representation ofnationalities in IUCN's staff.

3. The Balance of the Programme

3.19 By "balance", we mean the intensity of effortaccorded to different parts of the Programme.As the analysis under Part II shows, progresshas indeed been uneven between differentactivities, despite many successful initiatives.In this section, we identify some other aspectsof balance to which IUCN needs to give moreattention.

3.20 There are several ways in which a balanceneeds to be struck between competingelements in IUCN's Programme:

• between different disciplinary approachesto a concept;

• between conceptual work and action in thefield;

• between work in different parts of theworld;

• between the effort devoted to planning andundertaking activities on the one hand, andcommunicating the output on the other.

We now discuss these in turn.

3.21 We have referred several times in the previoussection to the need for IUCN to bring togethera wider range of disciplines in its Programme.In this way, the natural and social sciences canbe used to identify the root causes of environ-mental problems and promote realistic andsocially-acceptable solutions.

3.22 At the 17th Session of the General Assemblysome concern was expressed that IUCN'sProgramme was preoccupied with concepts atthe expense of action. The Programme Com-mittee, however, concluded that the balancewas about right. Since 1988, the pendulum, atleast as measured by funding, has swungfurther towards field activities. It is not easyto obtain an accurate picture from the


documents, but we note the following fromthe papers for the General Assembly at Perth:

Expenditure

Regional and fieldprogrammes andSahel Programme 6.2 8.1 13.0

Millions SFr1987 1988 1989

This expansion in field programmes over thepast triennium is set to continue into the next,growing more rapidly than programmeexpenditure as a whole. (We comment in alater section on the implications of this trendfor the field programmes themselves.) Whilethe expansion of field projects has not, so far,been a direct opportunity cost on other, lessw e l l - e n d o w e d pa r t s of IUCN'sProgramme—since they are funded fromsources not available for deployment else-where—IUCN needs to ensure that its concep-tual work does not fall behind the demands ofits expanding programme of action on theground. It also needs to ensure that it learnsfrom its field programmes, which should helpit identify the barriers to conservation andthus the issues which conceptual work needsto address.

3.23 The field programme has, of course, focusedon the needs of the developing world. Buttheir development has been opportunistic anduneven. As a result, IUCN has been mostactive in certain parts of the developingworld, notably Central America, and South-ern, Western and Eastern Africa. In theseareas, Regional Offices have been establishedon the back of field programmes. In someareas, notably the Caribbean and South Paci-fic, IUCN has developed its regional presencein partnership with an existing regional body.In Asia and the Pacific, the picture is uneven:a very active programme in Pakistan andimportant initiatives in several othercountries. But there are many countries inwhich IUCN has done little to date. This isparticularly so in South America, althoughsteps are now being taken to remedy this. Weconclude that the intensity of IUCN activitydoes not always correspond in a clearly-identifiable way to the needs of particularparts of the developing world. It is right totake advantage of opportunities where theyarise, but IUCN needs now to take stock as towhether its efforts could be better matched

geographically to conservation priorities in thedeveloping world.

3.24 IUCN's Programme for Central and EasternEurope has grown rapidly in the trienniumand is well placed to take advantage ofpolitical changes there. What is now urgentlyneeded is for IUCN to clarify the role itshould play in Western Europe and NorthAmerica. It is not enough that IUCN shouldbe seen there only as a means of supportingconservation efforts in the South when thereare such serious conservation problems in theNorth itself. Moreover the North is a key actorin determining whether natural resources areruthlessly exploited, or conserved as part ofsustainable development, in the South—andglobally. We believe, therefore, that IUCN'slarge membership in Western Europe andNorth America could be better mobilized toaddress such issues, and to understand,elaborate and explain the role of North-Southlinks in global environmental destructionand/or conservation.

3.25 IUCN puts much effort into the planning andimplementation of its Programme. Ourimpression is that, as yet, it does too little tocommunicate the results of its work, despite awelcome increase in the amount of publishedmaterials. Communications efforts tend to bead hoc and uneven across programmes, thereis no strong visual identity to the organizationand opportunities to collaborate with others(including the membership) are rarely takenup. It is unfortunate that IUCN's position onglobal conservation issues rarely get widelyknown—for example, its position on theproposal to ban the trade in ivory. Whetherthis is a result of IUCN's former closerelationship with WWF (which took the leadin communicating the conservation message),of the reluctance of some scientists and oilierexperts to concern themselves with the media,or of the failure to make full use of thepotential of the Commission on Education andTraining, there is a clear need to improveperformance in this area. However, the recentupgrading in the quality of the Bulletin is anencouraging sign, especially as arrangementshave been made with ICONA to produce aSpanish version thereof. So is the newappointment of a Head of Communicationsfor IUCN.

3.26 In developing the communications strategywhich IUCN now urgently needs, a priority isto address the poor dissemination of IUCN-generated information to developing

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countries. This has to be increased substan-tially, and at prices that are affordable, espe-cially by the many grassroots groups whichare trying to make the sustainable manage-ment of natural resources a reality.

3.27 Conclusions and Recommendations TheProgramme would benefit from greaterbalance. In particular, we recommend thatIUCN should:

• coordinate and integrate its conceptualwork with the expansion of the fieldprogrammes;

• ensure that the regional balance, bothbetween countries and regions andbetween the developing and developedworlds, is relevant to needs; and

• develop a communications strategy todisseminate its knowledge amongst themembership and the wider internationalcommunity concerned with conservationand sustainability, and in a way which isaffordable to members in the developingworld. (We understand such a strategy isnow available in draft).

4. Programming and Funding

3.28 If the aims of more integration and balanceare to be achieved, IUCN will need greaterfreedom in the use of the financial resourcesat its disposal. There is a paradox here. Whilstcontract funding has enabled IUCN substan-tially to expand its Programme, no singlefactor is more inhibiting to IUCN in fulfillingits Programme as a whole than the restrictednature of much of its financing.

3.29 The story is summarized in the report on thefinances of IUCN in the 1988-1990 triennium(GA/18/90/5 Annex 1). IUCN's budget hasgrown by over SFr 10 m over the triennium, acause for justified celebration. However,annual income of unrestricted funds hasremained broadly at around SFr 6 m over theperiod, whereas that for restricted purposeshas grown by two thirds. At the end of thetriennium, IUCN's income is made upapproximately thus: unrestricted 19 per cent,restricted (Programme) 12 per cent, restricted(projects) 69 per cent.

3.30 We welcome the strict financial disciplinewhich has been exercised over the past threeyears, based upon cost centre accounting. Thisshould continue. IUCN cannot afford to slip

back to a less disciplined regime. But we areconcerned about the way in which decisionsare made over the allocation of unrestrictedfunds. The issue is very sensitive: it can causedifficulties between the Commissions and theSecretariat, between different programmes runout of Gland, and between Headquarters andRegional Offices. Moreover, it can causemisunderstanding between the membershipand the Secretariat, since the former maybelieve that the Director General has greaterfreedom in the allocation of funds betweenprogrammes than is in fact the case.

3.31 In our view there are three priorities to bepursued if the funding available to IUCN is tobe used as effectively as possible to deliver theProgramme the members have approved:

• increase the amount of unrestricted fund-ing;

• promote further the concept of programmefunding; and

• adopt explicit criteria and procedures forthe allocation of unrestricted funds.

3.32 The search for more unrestricted funding isthe holy grail for IUCN. Heads far wiser thanours have thought about it long and hard. Butseveral areas deserve attention in the nexttriennium. We suggest the Director Generalshould:

• seek to persuade those aid agencies whichare already familiar with IUCN'scompetence and performance, that theyshould be prepared to change part of theirplanned increase in restricted funding forIUCN programmes and projects to unres-tricted funding in order to ensure thatIUCN retains the intellectual leadershipwhich attracts them to working with theUnion. We believe there are goodprospects here, but aid agencies will expectto see further progress in the managementof the Programme if they are to bepersuaded to support IUCN in this way;

• look to the corporate sector for someincreased funding of IUCN. This need not,we believe, necessarily depend upon theestablishment of a separate membershipcategory for corporate members;

• increase income from sales of books, etc.,including through co-publishing ventures.However, marketing strategies should besuch that they do not hinder sales ordistribution in the developing world at


locally reasonable prices. Otherwise IUCN-generated information will reach only thedeveloped world;

• review the scope for charging for overheadcosts associated with projects funded byrestricted income so as to raise moremoney for unrestricted expenditure;

• apply unrestricted funds to run fund-raising efforts for certain parts of theProgramme (we understand SSC are toembark on precisely such an initiative);

• and set up a fund-raising office to coor-dinate these and other initiatives, linkedclosely to IUCN's communications workand with direct access to the DirectorGeneral.

3.33 By programme funding, we mean earmarkingfunds for programme development and co-ordination. The posts supported by Scandina-vian aid agencies in the Wetlands Programmeare one among a number of such activitiesalready supported in this way in IUCN. Webelieve the scope for more of this is consider-able, especially among those funding agencieswhich are already familiar with the work ofIUCN. Sponsorship of key posts from thecorporate sector is another possibility, thoughcare must be taken to avoid giving theimpression that IUCN is beholden to suchinstitutions. Priorities for posts to be suppor-ted through programme funding are:

• programme coordinator posts relating tothe work of the Commissions;

• regional representatives of IUCN;

• expert advisers attached to regional repre-sentatives' offices.

Ideally, of course, such positions would befunded through unrestricted funds, butresources of this kind are most unlikely to beenough to cover all such expenditure, hencethe need for more attention to programmefunding.

3.34 Looking further afield, there are severaldevelopments at the international level whichmay offer IUCN access to funding for import-ant areas of its work; in particular, the GlobalEnvironment Facility (a tripartite World Bank,UNEP and UNDP initiative) and whatevercomes out of the 1992 United NationsConference on Environment and Development(UNCED). IUCN should seek to position itselfto take advantage of these emerging oppor-tunities, which may be especially relevant to

its work on biodiversity and which offer thepotential to broaden its base of funding. Theimplication is that, for funding as well as forprogramme reasons, IUCN should seek toplay a leading role in the preparations forUNCED, in the conference itself and in thefollow-up agenda for action.

3.35 We found much uncertainty about the way inwhich unrestricted funds are applied to vari-ous programmes. Management must haveconsiderable discretion in this matter; and nodecisions on how to deploy unrestricted fundsamongst competing programmes can be pain-less. But more could be done to make theground rules explicit and apply them consis-tently. We think the Director General shoulddraw up and issue a set of objective criteriafor the distribution of unrestricted funds, andshould make the application of those astransparent a process as possible.

3.36 Conclusion and Recommendation Thesuccess of the Programme depends criticallyon the size of the unrestricted funds and howthese are applied. We recommend a strategyto increase unrestricted and programmefunds; and the adoption of clear rules on howunrestricted funds are applied.

5. Field Programmes

3.37 By field programmes (a better title, we think,than that of "field operations", which is incurrent use) we mean the work which IUCNundertakes in regions and countries aroundthe world, principally in developing countries.We have already remarked on the rapidexpansion of these over the past year, largelysustained by a steep growth in restrictedfunding from aid agencies (to give one furtherexample: in 1988, IUCN Central Americanactivities cost $200,000; in 1990, they cost$1.4m.) We have also noted that the fieldprogrammes so far have been concentrated incertain regions and countries.

3.38 Many benefits have accrued to IUCN throughthe expansion of field programmes. Theircontinued growth as planned for the nexttriennium, especially in parts of the worldwhere hitherto IUCN has been little involved,is welcome. If we insert some warning notesin this section it is not to seek to obstruct thegrowth of IUCN field programmes but toensure that they develop as successfully aspossible.

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3.39 Any programme which grows fast has thepotential to create problems:

• management is made more difficult;

• quality control may be put at risk;

• priorities tend to get overlooked;

• relationships with other bodies in the samefield can get confused.

IUCN is not immune to these dangers, andwill need to adopt strong managerialmeasures to avoid them.

3.40 The following appear to us to be particularlyimportant:

• to be quite clear why IUCN should beinvolved in particular field activities andprojects;

• to be quite clear what sort of projectsIUCN will participate in;

• to introduce specific measures for qualitycontrol; and

• to clarify relationships with others in thesame field.

3.41 The ground rules for IUCN's involvement infield activities and projects at the nationallevel are well set out in paragraph 8 of theGeneral Assembly paper GA/18/90/9, A Stra-tegy for the World Conservation Union. Wewould emphasize especially the idea of aservice to members and a reinforcement ofmembership links in the countries and regionsconcerned—a point returned to in the nextsection. Since its membership network is oneof IUCN's distinguishing characteristics, theunique role of IUCN's contribution is oftenmost manifest when it works with its mem-bers. Even if membership is initially weak in acountry or region in which IUCN plans to beinvolved, its participation should have as oneof its principal aims to build a membershipbase.

3.42 The range of potential projects in which IUCNcould become involved at the regional andnational level is almost infinite. We havealready suggested (paragraphs 3.5-3.8) that itshould avoid activities outside its area ofexpertise. Priority should instead be given toactivities in which IUCN has a unique expert-ise to offer and which build the members'capacity: examples are strategy preparationand programming, training, legal reinforce-ment, communications, technical evaluationand auditing. Indeed, we consider the

building-up of local capacities within ThirdWorld institutions to be a top priority.

3.43 Involvement in practical, on-the-ground pro-jects in conservation and sustainable develop-ment of natural resources should be enteredupon more cautiously. The potential demandfor these is immense. However, expertise intheir conduct is by no means confined toIUCN. Many commercial consultancies claimto offer such a capability; increasingly deve-lopment charities and development agencieshave the capacity and the will to undertakeconservation for development projects, or touse others as their agents for this purpose.

3.44 Our view is that IUCN should be involved inpractical projects of this kind, but in aselective way. The criteria which should betaken into account include these:

• demonstration value—i.e. the projectshould be so designed that experiencegained in one place is made more widelyavailable elsewhere (that means broadcast-ing failures as well as successes);

• learning value—i.e. the project will helpIUCN to improve its understanding ofconservation problems and their solutionsand linking these back to its work onpolicy development (this means puttingarrangements in place for collecting andcodifying the results of field work in asystematic way);

• innovative quality—i.e. the project reallydoes break new ground and this would nothave happened without IUCN's participa-tion;

• coordinating capacity—i.e. the projectoffers a potential for IUCN to exploit itsquality as "honest broker" bringingtogether parties which would not other-wise have collaborated (e.g. between aidagencies and locally based IUCN memberswithin the country or region concerned, orbetween members in different parts of theworld);

• reinforcement quality—i.e. the projectshould help to reinforce the capacity ofhuman resources in the country and thelocal community concerned to undertakeconservation work without the need forrecurrent outside technical support.

Any such criteria can be interpreted tightly orloosely: "innovation", for example, can be aslong as a piece of string. We believe that the


Director General should make clear thatIUCN's involvement in practical, on-the-ground field projects should be guided by astrict interpretation of such criteria in order toprotect its claim to a unique niche among themany agencies, etc., now involved in conser-vation and development.

3.45 IUCN should ensure that it retains areputation for projects of high quality. Thisposes a particular challenge to the Union,since demand for proficient experts in conser-vation is growing more rapidly than thesupply of such expertise can expand. Wesuggest below that IUCN should give morethought to the evaluation of its projects andprogrammes, and this will itself help maintainhigh standards. It is essential, however, thatIUCN continue to employ the best people inthe conservation business. These should bedrawn from the Commission network, oradded to it. We are concerned that, forexample, Commission members make up lessthan half the names on IUCN's consultantsroster. The proportion should be far higher.The Commission network could be employedmore fully to undertake peer reviews of fieldreports in draft prior to publication. But if theCommissions are to be more involved in thisway, it is not just a matter of invitingCommission members to participate: theCommissions themselves must do more toattract the leading experts in the field.

3.46 While IUCN and WWF have moved apart inrecent years, they have continued to co-habitin Gland and maintain much liaison andfriendly cooperation, both at headquarters andin the field. Nonetheless, we are concerned bywhat appears to be a parallel trend in bothorganizations towards an expanded fieldprogramme without clear arrangements forcoordination. It is true that the need forconservation action is so great that there isample work for both IUCN and WWF (andindeed for many other bodies with inter-national conservation programmes). But thecircumstances in the case of IUCN and WWFare exceptional. Each has an international fieldprogramme in conservation and development.The total level of funding of thoseprogrammes is of broadly the same order.And the two bodies operate (for the present atleast) from the same building in Switzerland.It is true that each organization has (andshould retain) a different profile and a verydifferent constituency. But the complemen-tarity of IUCN's and WWF's strengths is

becoming blurred as WWF widens the scopeof its field programme and recruits conser-vation experts to headquarters, and as IUCNbuilds competence in fund-raising andcommunications. Strategic coordination isnecessary for IUCN and WWF to agree, forexample, the countries in which each wouldconcentrate and the types of projects whicheach would support. We suspect that IUCN'smembers—which include, of course, WWFNational Organizations—would welcome suchstrategic cooperation.

3.47 This is one of the longer-term issues raised bythe continued likely expansion of the fieldprogrammes. There are others: how shouldIUCN relate to other organizations than WWFwith large field programmes within or nearIUCN's area of competence? Is there anoptimum size for the field programmes, giventhe nature of IUCN? Should the extent ofIUCN activities in Pakistan, for example, beseen as a model for IUCN's involvement inother countries? What are the prospects forIUCN if the Scandinavian aid agencies (whosupport much of the field programmes)decide to reduce their cooperation withIUCN? And would there be value in IUCNdeveloping an implementation arm to act in aconsultancy role, at a certain distance fromIUCN, to undertake on-the-ground projects?We have no means of answering such ques-tions now, but feel that they are the sort ofissues which will increasingly face the Unionin the next triennium. There would beconsiderable merit, therefore, in instituting amajor review of the place of the fieldprogrammes in IUCN's work before the 1993General Assembly so as to enable members toagree on the way ahead thereafter.

3.48 Conclusion and Recommendations The fieldprogramme of IUCN have grown rapidly andits further expansion is desirable. But werecommend tight management to ensure thatIUCN's contribution in the field remains adistinctive one, that the quality of the work ismaintained and that top priority is given toprojects which build local capacities. We alsorecommend a wide-ranging evaluation of thefield programmes, among whose purposeswould be clarification of the relationship withWWF and others with major fieldprogrammes, and the adoption of long-termgoals for the field programmes.

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6. Membership involvement in theProgramme

3.49 A most important recent advance is theinvolvement of the membership in theProgramme through the establishment ofIUCN Regional and Country Offices. Thoughcreated through project funding, such officescan greatly strengthen IUCN membership inthe regions and countries concerned. Throughthem, the membership can build IUCN'sregional or national programmes; andmembers also have ready access to theUnion's networks of Commissions, toRegional Councillors, to opportunities forregional and national collaboration, and to thefunds IUCN can mobilize. We are in principle,therefore, very enthusiastic about Regionaland Country Offices and about the plans toexpand them in the coming triennium,although their development should be guidedby clear terms of reference, especially inrelation to their role towards the IUCNmembership.

3.50 But so far the benefits of Regional andCountry Offices have been felt ratherunevenly. For example the first regional meet-ing of IUCN members, in Central Americawhich will be held just before the GeneralAssembly, will set the seal on a programme ofcooperative effort. In East Africa, on the otherhand, the programme has not been so stronglylinked to the IUCN membership in theregion—indeed there has been a suggestion ofcompetition between IUCN members in theregion and the IUCN Regional Office insecuring funds for a project. In the Sahel,IUCN membership has been so weak that ithas proved very difficult to link theprogramme to membership, especially as therehas been little collaboration between IUCN'sRegional Office in Dakar and the SahelProgramme. The membership of the poorergrassroots groups in the Third World, ingeneral, is insignificant in IUCN—and thisshould be a matter of concern. In EasternEurope, however, IUCN's membershipnetwork was vital to the successful planningof the East European Programme, and will bethe key to its implementation.

3.51 Full advantage should be taken of theRegional and Country Offices, which it isplanned to extend to other parts of the world,in strengthening the membership. Thisrequires certain principles to be followed:

• as soon as possible, the regional or nationalrepresentatives need to be relieved of theirproject management responsibi l-ities—which means, in effect, being fundedfrom unrestricted funds (or at leastprogramme funds) as opposed to fundstied to particular projects. We are pleasedto see that it is planned to do this in thenext triennium for regional representatives;

• while the prior presence of IUCN member-ship should not be a sine qua non forparticipation at the national level, IUCNshould use the potential leverage ofsupport for projects to encourage Govern-ments and NGOs to join the IUCN family;

• the operation of field programmes fromRegional and Country Offices should neverbe undertaken in competition with IUCNmembers, or where there is a well-foundedfear that they could smother ongoingefforts to build up local capacities. Wher-ever possible such programmes should becarried out in cooperation with IUCNmembers, or through them.

3.52 The emphasis we put on building the mem-bership base in developing countries will befacilitated if more grassroots groups were tobecome members of IUCN. They will bring toIUCN experience in developing socially viableand participatory conservation strategies. Atpresent, many such bodies are discouragedfrom applying for membership by the feesrequired of them. IUCN should review howthis barrier to membership by grassrootsgroups might be overcome.

3.53 Finally, we congratulate the Director Generalon the regional annexes to the Programmedocument for the next triennium which willhelp members see how they can collaboratewith each other, and with the Secretariat,within the IUCN framework. If acted upon,these regional programmes will provide anexcellent springboard for future cooperationamong the membership in all regions.

3.54 Conclusions and Recommendations Thedevelopment of Regional and Country Officeshas created opportunities for a quantumincrease in membership involvement inIUCN's programmes. We recommend thatrealizing this potential should be a first chargeupon the work of the regional and nationalrepresentatives; and that efforts should bemade to overcome the barriers to increasingmembership of grassroots groups in develop-ing countries.


7. The Commissions and theProgramme

3.55 At the 17th Session of the General Assembly,members noted that IUCN's Commissionswere "a unique resource" but that "theCommission structure may not adequatelyreflect the multi-disciplinary nature ofcontemporary approaches to sustainabledevelopment". They went on to ask theDirector General to "undertake a detailedexamination of all structural componentswithin the Union" (Resolution 17.4). Theresults of this examination as they affect theCommissions are set out in paper GA/18/90/10. We have studied that documentalongside the Commission Chairs' and theDirector General's reports on the past trien-nium.

3.56 Our concern is with the Programme and thepart played by the Commissions in its imple-mentation. We are clear that there has beengreat disparity between the contributionwhich different Commissions were able tomake over the past triennium. We have to saythere is little, if any, connection between thelength of the accounts given to the GeneralAssembly by each Chair on the work of hisCommission and the true worth of thatCommission's contribution to the Programmeas a whole. While there are many examples ofexcellent work undertaken in the Commissionnetworks, some of it has little apparentrelation to priorities in IUCN's approvedProgramme; other initiatives where Commis-sions had a contribution to make have beenneglected. Reference back to part II of ourreport will indicate the areas where we feelmost progress has been made and where ithas been least apparent. We acknowledge theefforts made by all Commissions over the pastthree years, but it is clear to us that thecontributions made to the Programme by theCommissions on Ecology, on SustainableDevelopment, and on Education and Trainingfell short of what was planned for in theProgramme adopted at Costa Rica and haveoften been of questionable relevance to conser-vation priorities—and as a result the Unionhas not been anything like as effective in theseareas as it could, or should, have been.

3.57 We understand that, in undertaking theexamination on the role of the Commissions,the Council and the Director General lookedat some radical options. However paper GA/18/90/10 pulls back from these, and instead

sets out the necessary conditions for thesuccess of the existing Commissions, proposesnew mandates for them, and assigns to themlead activities from the Programme and otheractivities to which they are expected tocontribute. We believe a rare opportunity toreshape the Commission structure of IUCNhas been missed. But given that the Commis-sions are likely to remain in broadly theirpresent form for the next triennium, it isimperative they they be resourced to under-take the work assigned to them and heldaccountable for delivery at the next GeneralAssembly.

3.58 From our review of the Programme, severalimportant examples emerge of where thework of the Commissions could be morefirmly integrated with the rest of the Pro-gramme in future:

• it is essential to build close links betweenthematic programmes on global change,wetlands, tropical forests, marine andcoastal areas and the Sahel (which has thepotential to develop into a programme ondrylands generally), and the workinggroups and task forces of the Commissionon Ecology. The successful example of theMangrove Working Group (see paragraph3.15 above) shows the benefits which canoccur when the expertise in a COE taskforce is brought together with themeprogrammes which are resourced todeliver projects in the field—though evenhere the scope for collaborating with SSCon fisheries aspects needs to be developed;

• it is important that work on environmentalstrategies and environmental impactassessment, and on the follow-up to theWorld Conservation Strategy for the 1990s,be linked to the Commission on Environ-mental Strategy and Planning (replacingthe Commission on Sustainable Develop-ment). At present, the CSD network hastoo little in common with the network ofadvisers on environmental strategies andenvironmental impact assessment;

• there is a welcome new emphasis on com-munications in the plans of the Commis-sion on Education and Communications(the change in title from the Commissionon Education and Training underlines thepoint). The Commission should nowestablish an expert group on communica-tions to provide highly qualified supportfor the communications unit at head-quarters;

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• it is proposed (draft resolution 18/4) toestablish an Inter-Commission StandingCommittee on the Conservation of Biolo-gical Diversity. That would seem a desir-able way of encouraging the Commissionsto pool their expertise.

3.59 All these, and other connections between theCommissions' programmes and those of otherparts of the Union, are identified in theAnnexes to paper GA/18/90/10. But, on pastrecord, the existence of such statements ofintent are not enough. All the Commissionsare entitled to look to the Director General toprovide them with the resources to fulfil thesetasks (above all, with support for programmecoordinators not tied to projects but employedto harness the networks); the Director Generalis entitled to look to the Commissions tocooperate closely by giving priority to imple-menting those parts of the Programmeassigned to them; and the Union as a whole isentitled to look for leadership from theCommission Chairs which will ensure that thepotential of these networks of individualexpertise is realized to the full.

3.60 Conclusion and Recommendations TheCommissions are indeed a unique resource ofgreat value to the Programme and an essentialpart of IUCN. Yet their contribution to theProgramme of the Union over the past trien-nium has been decidedly uneven. Since thedecision has been taken to advise the GeneralAssembly to maintain all six Commissions,albeit with new mandates, we recommendthey be assigned the tasks identified in thedraft Programme, resourced to harness thenetwork and held accountable at the nextGeneral Assembly to deliver the appropriateprogramme activities.

8. The Management and Evaluation ofthe Programme

3.61 If the Programme is to be developed to thesatisfaction of IUCN's members, the followingare prerequisites:

• the programme documentation before theGeneral Assembly (both the report on theprevious triennium and the plans for thenext) must be designed so that the mem-bership is able to arrive at well-informedjudgements;

• the agenda, timetable and other arrange-ments for the General Assembly itself

should allow members to get to grips withthe main programmatic issues;

• between sessions of the General Assembly,the Director General should have recourseto outside advice to help in the develop-ment of the Programme;

• staff dispositions in the Secretariat shouldfacilitate programme management; and

• arrangements for the monitoring andevaluation of the Programme as a whole,of major programmes within it, and ofprojects are required.

We now take these matters in turn.

3.62 We have already commented that the reporton the past triennium 1988-1990 represents aconsiderable improvement over comparabledocuments in the past. The element of greaterself criticism is especially helpful—though it isapplied rather unevenly. The Director Generalshould use a similar format at the end of thenext triennium, so that an activity by activitycomparison can be made. On that occasion,reporting staff should be encouraged to makesure that their comments represent an openand honest assesment of what has succeeded,or failed, and that these in fact refer to theprecise activities concerned (which is notalways the case in the current document).

3.63 We congratulate the Director General on theformat of the Programme document for thenext triennium. We particularly welcome:

• the reduction in the number of individualactivities (from 117 to 71) by groupingrelated initiatives;

• the emergence of separate programmeareas on Providing Conservation Servicesand Building IUCN's Regional Presence;and

• the annexes which provide a more detailedguide to each programme area.

However, we note that the document does notset out the "well-defined goals and targets"called for in the critical review of the trien-nium for the Programme 1985-1987, andrepeated in the Programme Committee'sreport at the Costa Rica General Assembly.This is a major omission. Such goals andtargets could have been included within eachof the 23 Programme annexes, so as to providea basis for a more informed assessment of theprogress made by IUCN over the comingthree years.


3.64 The General Assembly is the principal oppor-tunity given to the membership to commenton the broad thrust and balance of theProgramme. In the past, this has been donethrough a Programme Committee establishedby the General Assembly, which has gatheredthe views of members and offered these in aconsolidated form as a contribution to theplenary debate on the adoption of theProgramme for the coming triennium. Wehave noted with some concern that theGeneral Assembly documents indicate thatthis is not planned to happen in Perth. It maybe that the full schedule of workshop sessionsis felt to obviate the need for a ProgrammeCommittee at the General Assembly. If so, wedisagree.

3.65 Workshops are not designed to cover all partsof the Programme. More importantly, they canlook only at individual elements of theProgramme. They cannot take a synoptic viewof the Programme as a whole (for example, toaddress many of the issues covered in thisreport). The programme of workshops willcertainly help members to get to grips withthe details of the Programme, but there is adanger that "the wood will not be seen for thetrees". We hope, therefore, that Council will,after all, recommend, that a ProgrammeCommittee be set up for the duration of theGeneral Assembly to collect and reviewmembers' comments on the broad balance andthrust of IUCN's Programme, and considerhow the Commissions and members can bestbe involved in its implementation.

3.66 The Programme must evolve and adapt tochanging circumstances between sessions ofthe General Assembly. A source of independ-ent advice is needed to help guide it, andassist the Director General in reporting onprogramme achievements and plans, both toCouncil meetings and the next session of theGeneral Assembly. The current Programmehas evolved with assistance from theProgramme Planning Advisory Group(PPAG). We note that it is proposed that thisfunction may in future be linked more closelyto the Council or Bureau. The precise mechan-ism is, however, less important than that thereshould be arrangements to ensure independ-ent, wide-ranging and informed advice on theProgramme as a whole.

3.67 All our earlier suggestions for programmemanagement would be facilitated by theemployment of a Programme Director, as weunderstand is now planned (paragraph 3.16).

It would be to him, or her, that the primeresponsibility of overseeing the preparation ofthe programme document, of assisting theGeneral Assembly on programme matters andfacilitating the work of any programmeadvisory mechanism would be entrusted.

3.68 We have several times commented on theneed for more review and evaluation of theIUCN Programme. We believe that reviewand evaluation in IUCN at present tend to berather ad hoc. A more systematic approach isneeded which would:

• ensure a critical desk review of theProgramme as a whole once every threeyears, through an exercise such as we haveundertaken, and conveyed in the form of areport to the membership at the GeneralAssembly;

• ensure that progress made in each of the 23programmes is reviewed say, once everysix years against clearly defined goals andtargets;

• undertake ad hoc evaluations of parts ofIUCN's Programme which are evolvingrapidly or otherwise give rise to concern(the field programme for example); thesemay involve field examinations; and

• evaluate projects, or groups of projects, in astructured manner to ascertain the realimpact on the ground of the activitieswhich IUCN has undertaken.

One requirement of such an emphasis onreview and evaluation will be that all activi-ties will have to have, as a matter of routine,clearly formulated objectives, timetables andcriteria for success. Another will be to use thegreat fund of knowledge within IUCN's net-works, especially the Commissions, in order tohelp undertake such evaluations.

3.69 We suggest that the Director General willneed to establish a separate evaluation unit inthe Secretariat to plan and manage (but not toundertake) evaluation exercises, because theconduct of evaluations will need a degree ofindependence from those parts of the Unionwhich "own" the programme or project underreview. There is scope for undertaking somesuch evaluations as joint assessments withsponsors. The results of evaluation should bewidely disseminated.

3.70 Conclusion and Recommendations Theprogramme document before the GeneralAssembly in Perth is better than its predeces-sor. Membership must be able to play its full

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part in the General Assembly deliberations onprogramme matters; and the Director Generalneeds independent advice on the evolution ofthe Programme between sessions of theGeneral Assembly. Evaluation tends to be adhoc and need improvement. We recommend:that clear goals and targets are incorporated ineach of the 23 programmes; the establishmentof a Programme Committee be appointed atthe Perth General Assembly; that independentprogramme advice be provided to the DirectorGeneral between General Assemblies; andbetter arrangements for reviewing and evalu-ating IUCN's activities.

Annex

Summary Evaluation of the 18Highlighted Activities from the 1988-1990Draft Programme and Budget*

1. Under the Programme area Conservation andDevelopment, four highlighted activities werelisted:

• a major new on the ground programme inthe Sahel: this has indeed got underwaywith a projected 1990 expenditure of overSFr 10 m. Our impression is that theprogramme, which was externally evalu-ated in 1989, has taken time to establish aclear direction and needs to be moreintegrated with other relevant programmesof the Union;

• the preparation of the second edition of theWorld Conservation Strategy: this is beforethe 18th Session of the General Assemblyin draft as the successor document to theWorld Conservation Strategy: "Caring forthe World";

• the feasibility of an EnvironmentalAmnesty Service: no action has been takento develop this service as a distinctiveelement of the Union's work. This itemdoes not reappear in the 1991-1993Programme, although something like it isproposed in "Caring for the World";

• a new programme on environmentaleconomics: though a separate programmehas not been developed, some progress hasbeen made in integrating economic and

as listed in paragraph 18 of that document

conservation theory—reflected for examplein "Caring for the World".

2. Under the Programme area ConservationScience, seven highlighted activities were listed:

• regional and national databases for speciesand ecosystems: no consolidated initiativehas been taken in this field but someindividual activities have taken place incertain countries. Our impression is thatthe progress has fallen far short of whatthe membership would have expected fromthe 1988-1990 Programme document. (Theproblem appears to have arisen from thechanges in the running of the WorldConservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC)and the work may now go ahead inrevised form);

• electronic link of IUCN Conservation Data-base to world's databases: it is difficult toidentify what progress has taken place, butour impression is that little concrete hasoccurred (the same comment relating to theWCMC applies here too);

• an Andean action plan: no progress hasbeen made in this area; however theproject reappears in the currentProgramme;

• a conservation strategy for the Alps: aninternational conference was held in 1989,leading to the publication of a bookletsurveying the state of the Alps and thepressures on them. This would appear tofall short of the strategy envisaged in 1988;

• a conservation strategy for islands: aGlobal Island Database has been prepared,and considerable work done on islandconservation in the Plants Programme. Butlittle progress has been made in theapplication of science to island ecosystems;

• a Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy:this was published in 1989;

• a network of regional task forces on coastalconservation: these task forces have notbeen established.

3. Under the Programme area of BiologicalDiversity, three highlighted activities werelisted:

• a global species monitoring network: thissection of the Programme did not proceedas planned (but may now be picked up byWCMC through its planned programme ofBiological Diversity Status Reports);


*

• preparation of the convention on biologicaldiversity: six successive versions of thedraft articles have been prepared;

• a published series on plant conservation: asubstantial series of publications has occur-red (nearly 20 in all).

4. Under the Programme area Habitat Manage-ment, four highlighted activities were listed:

• completing the Antarctic strategy: this isbefore the Perth General Assembly in draft;

• completing the global wetlands conser-vation strategy: a document fulfilling thispurpose was published in 1990, upon

which a series of more detailed policyreports have been based;

implementing protected area action plansin the tropical realms: it is difficult toestablish precisely what progress has beenmade, but our impression is that, while alot of activity is underway, it could bemore organized and prioritized. Moreoverthere is an urgent need to undertake acomprehensive review of protected areaneeds in the neotropical realm;

identifying critical sites for tropical forestconservation: progress has been mostmarked in certain areas, e.g. Central Africa,Madagascar and Guinea.

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Annex 15

Remarks by Mr Carl Tham, Director General of theSwedish International Development Authority (SIDA), onthe IUCN Programme*

It is very clear that the industrialized world mustchange its pattern of consumption, transport andproduction. There is no other way for us to avoidecological and economic disasters in the future.There are technical and economical possibilities,but the basic question is political—are we preparedto make these changes?

However, there is also a profound need forpolicy change in many developing countries.Accountability and responsibility for nationalenvironmental problems ultimately rests with thegovernments of the countries concerned. The devel-oping countries cannot simply refer to the indus-trialized countries for the solutions to theseproblems. They must themselves take action andmake priorities. The industrialized countries mustand should assist by providing active technicalsupport and financial assistance. Internationalcooperation and agreement is necessary but mustbe based on firm and vigorous national policies.Each country must first of all put its own house inorder.

A particular set of problems is of course thelinkages between poverty and environmentaldegradation. These linkages are complex.

Poverty and environmental degradation areconnected in two ways. Firstly, poverty is often theresult of environmental degradation. Soil erosion,deforestation, water pollution, the loss of flora andfauna and so on, all have a negative impact on thewelfare of individuals and societies, with varyingdegrees of poverty as a consequence.

Secondly, poverty is often the cause of environ-mental degradation. Extreme poverty often meansthat knowledge is limited as well as that resourcesare lacking to make the investments necessary to

* Distributed as General Assembly InformationPaper No 7

protect the environment. Add to that the pressureof population growth.

SIDA has commissioned a paper on the relation-ship between poverty and the environment, to beproduced as part of the preparatory process for theUN Conference on Environment and Developmentin 1992.

IUCN deals with the development of ideas andpolicies and is endowed with a network consistingof governments, voluntary organizations andprofessionals. The Union has an important role toplay by examining the problems of poverty andenvironment, by creating awareness about thesituation and by addressing these issues inNational Conservation Strategies and conservationplans and programmes.

IUCN is a unique organization. Its distinctivefeature is, as we all know, embedded in thecombination of three systems: the membership, thescientific network and the Secretariat. The strengthof IUCN lies in its ability to organize and manage asmooth interaction between these components andto promote their integration.

In our endeavour to expand the collaborationwith IUCN, SIDA commissioned a study of theorganization's structure and strategy.

The study concluded that IUCN is an extremelyimportant actor in the world and one which hasearned both the intellectual and financial supportof donor organizations. The results of the studyproved positive to further and increased collabor-ation in the future. It did, however, identify a fewproblems. The most acute was the organization'sfinancial insecurity and financial dependence and,partly linked to this, the rapid and somewhatopportunistic growth of its project activities. Forthis the donor community will have to take part ofthe blame. The rapid growth has been triggered bya wide range of ambitions and pressures posed, inpart, by the demands of the donor community.Donors have had a tendency to regard IUCN too

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much as merely another consultant. We, thedonors, have to restrain ourselves from askingIUCN to carry out too many single projects. Insteadwe have to view IUCN as a forum for strategicdialogue between politics and science and as apath-finder towards sustained resource utilization.

The challenge that IUCN is facing involves achoice of focus and the need to find a soundbalance between the traditional area of expertise,that is the field of nature conservation, and adynamic development orientation. The involve-ment of its members and of professionals in anactive partnership is another area of major concern.

The study commissioned by SIDA recom-mended:

• A consolidation of the organization and itsactivities;

• Support to programmes rather than projects;and,

• A strong emphasis on institution-building andon networking.

The SIDA support to IUCN is approaching whatthe study is advocating. There is, however, a needfor us to take a step further in developing ourfunding arrangements with IUCN.

We are looking forward to continued discus-sions with IUCN on its role and on the bestpossible funding mechanisms, and hope that otherdonors will also be involved in the process.

I am convinced that our combined efforts andcontinued collaboration will lead to an even betterIUCN.

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Annex 16

Remarks by the Treasurer, Mr R.C. Steele, on introducingthe Accounts and Auditors' Reports for 1987-1989

IUCN's Statutes make the Auditors responsible forsubmitting the accounts of IUCN for the pasttriennium to the General Assembly. These AuditedAccounts are shown in Annexes 3-5 of AgendaPaper GA/18/90/5. The projections of ouraccounts for 1990 have been brought up to the endof October by a paper recently distributed to youall.

In discussion with the Director General, itappeared to us that members might find it helpfulto have a fuller statement of our income andexpenditure than are shown in the AuditedAccounts in the Agenda Paper. That is why weprepared together the paper distributed to you asGA/18/90/5. I will not go through that paper indetail because you have all had it for some timeand studied it, but I will comment on some of thepoints made in it.

At the end of 1987, the last year of the lasttriennium, it was clear that IUCN was livingbeyond its means and we had accumulated aconsiderable deficit, some SFr 1.8 million, on ourunrestricted funds. The last General Assemblyexpressed its concern. IUCN needed to bring itsincome and expenditure into balance; it had toimprove its financial control mechanism so that itsfinances could be properly managed; and it had torepay the debt.

I am pleased to be able to report that IUCN isnow living well within its means. Our income andexpenditure are in balance; our financialprocedures are now adequate to manage ourmonies; and we have, with the Council's agree-ment, devised a debt repayment schedule whichwill enable us to eliminate the debt by 1996. Indevising the repayment schedule, we have soughtto maintain the work programme agreed by the lastGeneral Assembly and indeed have expanded it.

I ought to make clear that the IUCN debt is aninternal debt—we do not owe any money outsideIUCN. If IUCN were to go out of business

tomorrow, our assets would equal, and indeedexceed, our liabilities. This was not the case at theend of the last triennium.

We must record our thanks to two generousbenefactors of IUCN—Madame Nicollier and MrsJulia Ward. When the total of their bequests hasbeen received, the World Conservation Trust Fundwill stand at just under SFr 2 million.

I do not believe that IUCN should accumulatelarge reserves of money— we must put as much ofour resources as we can into our conservationwork—but we do, in prudence, need to have acushion against the uncertainties of our income.These benefactors have helped us to provide such acushion.

I do not want you to think that IUCN's financialproblems are now past. Certainly our financialmanagement is now sound but we need moremoney—much more money—especially in the formof unrestricted funds. Some increases in income canbe made quite quickly; others will take longer. Forexample, if all members paid their annual duesearly in January, as required by the Statutes, wewould immediately be better off.

The outgoing Council has approved a fund-raising strategy and I hope that it will be pursuedvigorously by the incoming Council. IUCN, as hasbeen acknowledged at this General Assembly, is aunique organization providing important servicesworldwide and we must do more to try and usethese qualities to bring in the money we need tofurther our activities.

Donors have been generous in boosting ourproject income. Such support is very welcome, butIUCN must seek to ensure that it is not drivenentirely by projects. More emphasis on programmesupport in addition to the project support wereceive would benefit the balance of our activities.

The financial figures for the past triennium andthe projections for the next triennium which youwill be discussing later show that IUCN is growing

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fast. At the end of the last triennium our incomewas just under SFr 20 million. At the end of thenext triennium it is forecast to be SFr 56 millionand could well be much larger. This increasereflects our growing importance but I want to adda note of caution. The past has shown the troublethat IUCN gets into if its managerial skills do notgrow and develop in relation to its growingfinances. The Director General and his staff arewell aware of this danger and I feel confident will

maintain control of IUCN's rapidly increasingbudget.

Finally, on a more personal note, may I expressmy appreciation and thanks for the collaborationand help I have received from the Council, theDirector General and his staff, from members andfrom the World Wide Fund for Nature. My especialthanks go to Mike Cockerell, Assistant DirectorGeneral, Management, and to Heather Morgans,Comptroller, and their staff. Not only I but thewhole membership have much to thank them for.

Annex 16 153

Annex 17

Report of the Finance and Audit Committee

MembershipSyed Babar Ali (Chair) (Pakistan)Dr Martin Edwards (Canada)Mr Henri Nsanjama (Malawi)Dr Juan Sevilla (Ecuador)Mr Jorgen Wenderoth (Germany)

The Committee met on 28, 29 and 30 November1990 and discussed the audited financial statementsfor 1988, 1989 and estimates for 1990, along withthe report of the Treasurer and Director General onthe previous Triennium and the Revised Estimatesof Income and Expenditure for the forthcomingTriennium.

As a result, the following recommendationswere drafted and adopted by all members of theCommittee present:

Recommendation 1

Having examined the audited financial statementsfor 1988,1989 and the projections for 1990;

Noting with pleasure that each year has endedwithout a deficit and that the unrestricted fundbalance is now positive;

The Finance and Audit Committee:Recommends to the 18th General Assembly that

the Report of the Treasurer and the DirectorGeneral on the Finances of IUCN in the 1988-1990Triennium be accepted.

Note: This was approved by the General Assemblyat the 92nd Sitting.

Recommendation 2

Having examined the Revised Estimates of Incomeand Expenditure (1991-1993);

The Finance and Audit Committee:Recommends to the 18th General Assembly the

approval of the Revised Estimates of Income andExpenditure; and

Also recommends the approval of the proposalon Membership Dues for the Triennium 1992-1994(GA/18/90/20) in its entirety.

Note: This was approved by the General Assemblyat the 97th Sitting.

Recommendation 3


the Director General be asked to establish addi-tional financial regulations based on the existinginternal procedures, for submission to and appro-val by Council as a regulation under 'Article X ofthe Statutes.


Recommendation 4


in addition to the current Programme budget theSecretariat should prepare an Administrativebudget and make it available to members onrequest.


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Recommendation 5

Having examined the resume of the proposedTreasurer and finding him to be eminently quali-fied;

The Finance and Audit Committee:

Recommends that the 18th General Assemblyaccept the proposed candidate for Treasurer, MrDon Person.

Note: Mr Person was duly elected Treasurer at the92nd Sitting.

Annex 17 155

Annex 18

Progress Report by the Director General, Dr M.W.Holdgate, on the New Headquarters for IUCN

At the last General Assembly, the membership ofIUCN accepted the generous offer of the SwissGovernment to provide a new Headquarters forIUCN, thereby permitting the Union to remainbased in Switzerland. Since then a great deal ofactivity has culminated in the following situation.

First, a site of 8500 sq. m of land in Gland,where we are currently based, has been madeavailable by the Commune of Gland, rent-free for50 years. This site has planning approval for theconstruction of a building of some 4800 sq. m ofusable floor space. The site is within five minutes'walking distance of the existing World Conserva-tion Centre, on the edge of the town of Gland, andbeside the road between the nearby towns of Nyonand Rolle. Between our building and the road,there is a strip of land which is zoned to remain asopen space. The site, with its exemption from rent,was calculated to be worth SFr 5.5 million in 1990.

Second, the Canton of Vaud and the SwissConfederation are contributing respectively SFr 5million and SFr 12.5 million to pay for the newbuilding. The building will be in IUCN's name, butunderstandably subject to restrictions governingour freedom to dispose of it or let it to otherorganizations.

Plans for the Headquarters have been preparedby a well-known Lausanne architect, Mr HansSchaffner, whose firm was successful in a contestbetween three invited local architects. The planswere displayed and explained to the people ofGland at two evening meetings held in theCommune, and an exhibit showing IUCN's workand the proposed new headquarters was organizedin a local school. These plans are now on display inthe first-floor exhibition area at the BurswoodConvention Centre. The detailed design of thebuilding and the selection of furnishings is nowwell advanced. Mr Schaffner has been requested todesign to a price of SFr 16 million, thus leaving amargin for inflation and overruns.

Legal agreements have now been signed withthe Commune, Canton and Confederation, and thearchitect has been commissioned. We expect workto begin on site early in 1991 and the building to bein occupation by the end of 1992.

In consideration of our vacating the WorldConservation Centre, where we have a right to50 per cent occupancy, the World Wide Fund forNature, who are the legal owners of the building,have agreed to make IUCN an ex gratia payment ofSFr 1.75 million. I am happy to report that the firstone million has been paid, and is in an IUCN bankaccount where it will generate interest. It isintended that this sum contributed by WWF will bemaintained as a Headquarters Facility Fund, tocover the contingencies of maintenance and othercosts inevitable in a separate Headquarters.

The building, as designed and funded by ourgenerous Swiss hosts, will be decorated and fittedwith essential services. It will not, however, befully furnished. While we have a considerableamount of furniture in the existing buildings whichwe could move with us, we believe that a newHeadquarters merits something better, and I wouldlike to appeal to members of IUCN—and especiallyGovernments—to consider donating the fitting out,furnishing or otherwise embellishing of the newHeadquarters in a fashion which will allow theirname to be associated with a particular feature, andperhaps the display of some particular nationalcraftsmanship. One member Government hasalready shown considerable interest in fitting outthe library and archive, and we are in discussionwith others about the possibility of their furnishingthe conference room, which will have a capacity ofup to 200 people, or be capable of sub-division forsmaller meetings. I would be happy to discuss withindividual members here at the General Assemblythe contributions that they might make. I wouldadd that it would be particularly inspiring if wecould have artefacts representative of the widest

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possible range of cultures in the new Headquarters,so that paintings and traditional craft articleswould be welcome.

In closing this brief presentation, and drawingyour attention to the exhibition on the first floor, Imust pay the warmest possible tribute to thosewho have worked with us to make this happysituation possible. In particular I pay tribute toProfessor Pierre Goeldlin, Swiss member of Coun-cil, who would have been making this presentationhad not ill-health sadly prevented him fromtravelling to the General Assembly. ProfessorGoeldlin, working with the authorities of theConfederation, Canton and Commune, has givenunsparingly of his time and energy in service of

IUCN. I would also like to pay tribute to MinisterWalter Gyger of the Confederation, ChancellorWerner Stern of the Canton, and the Syndic ofGland, Mr Jean-Claude Christen, for their immenseassistance.

Much of the burden of negotiation on behalf ofIUCN has fallen on Mr Michael Cockerell, Assis-tant Director General, Management, ably assistedby Mr Francis Parakatil, and I would emphasizethe debt owed to them by all our members.

By the time of the next General Assembly I hopeI shall have been able to welcome many of you toan outstanding new facility, created by Switzerlandin the service of world conservation.

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Annex 19

Remarks by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate, onthe Mission, Objectives, Approach, Governance andStrategy of IUCN

We are about to discuss what I consider to be someof the most important matters for this GeneralAssembly:

• What is IUCN's mission in the world ?

• What kind of body should it be ?

• How should it go about its work ?

• What should our strategy be ?

The four papers before us—GA/18/90/6, 7, 8 and9—have been prepared in response to the instruc-tion of the last General Assembly to the DirectorGeneral, in consultation with the Council, to reviewthe structure of the Union, with a view toproviding the most effective framework for itsoverall operation. The four papers together withthat on the Role of the Commissions, which we areto discuss in the next session, form a package ofresponse to that Resolution. But I would not claimthat they are all of equal importance. I attachespecial significance to Paper 7 on the Mission,Objectives and Approach of IUCN and to Paper 9on the Strategy for the Union, regarding Paper 8 onGovernance as essentially a description of thestructure of the organization and of certain direc-tions in which it is evolving, although there aresome matters I would like to highlight when Icome to that paper.

Mission, Objectives and Approach(Paper 7)

IUCN is—de facto if not yet de jure—a WorldConservation Union. It brings together activities in120 countries. It spans governmental and non-governmental organizations, scientific bodies andadvocacy groups. It provides a forum and a

framework for communication between them. Italso provides an opportunity to pool their ideasand plan joint action. I believe that we shouldrecognize the true nature of the organization byadopting, as this paper proposes, the working title"The World Conservation Union". I also considerthis linkage between the governmental and non-governmental sectors to be the shape of the future,and potentially far more productive than organiza-tions which segregate the governmental and non-governmental sides. I take as a point of departuretherefore that the structure of IUCN is a greatstrength and one on which we must build.

We need to be clear about our Mission, espe-cially in a world where innumerable bodies seemto be preoccupied with the vital questions ofenvironment. Ours has been suggested as "to buildharmony between humanity and nature". We allknow that human life depends on nature and is atpresent not living in harmony with it, facing severeproblems in consequence. Building that harmony,essential for the future, seems the right task for us.

But how should we express this in detail ? Anumber of members have expressed concern withthe statement at the end of paragraph 9 whichattempts to spell out the Mission of the Union inone sentence. That concern arises because thesentence as it stands speaks of using nature andnatural resources rather than safeguarding thembecause they are of value in their own right. I thinkthat this concern is a proper one and I would liketherefore to propose an amendment which slightlyextends that sentence. I suggest that our Missionstatement could be:

"To harness the insights and skills of the worldconservation movement in order to safeguardthe diversity of the natural world, in its ownright and as humanity's life support system; topromote the sustainable and equitable use ofnature and natural resources; and to establish a

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harmonious future for humanity within theworld environment."

What objectives should we pursue in fulfilment ofsuch a Mission ? The paper suggests that we needconservation goals set out in paragraph 13 andoperational goals set out in paragraph 18 and Iinvite discussion as to whether these are correctlystated. Paragraph 13 in fact does little more thansplit up the Mission statement I have just read out.Paragraph 18 suggests the technology for doing thethings we need to do and this in turn needs to bejudged against what is said especially betweenparagraphs 25 and 30 on the service that the Unionshould give to its members. I return to some ofthose points in the conclusions of this paper—inwhich you will note emphasis is laid first on thescientific base for the work of a World Conser-vation Union, and then a little later on on the needfor high professional standards. The paragraphsuggests that we are in the business of leadership,as well as practical and effective conservation onthe ground. You will note finally that there is stresson the relevance of our Mission to our members,the commitment of those members, the benefitsthat any organization should gain from belongingto IUCN, and the need for linkage and communica-tion. I invite your response on all those points.

Governance (Paper 8)

I will now turn to the Governance paper. Thisbegins by making the point that the five statutorycomponents of the World Conservation Union existwithin a wider frame, consisting of our member-ship, of the worldwide scientific networks we tapthrough the Commissions and Secretariat, andwithin the Union itself, in the Secretariat, whichhas no statutory existence being treated as anappendage of the Director General, but withoutwhich the Union could not function.

In the Governance paper, may I highlight just afew points. First, please note the very considerablestress laid on the need to expand the regional

* The final version adopted by the GeneralAssembly reads:

"To provide leadership and promote a commonapproach for the world conservation movementin order to safeguard the integrity and diversityof the natural world, and to ensure that humanuse of natural resources is appropriate, sustain-able and equitable." (Ed.)

presence of the Secretariat, and to strengthen thelinks between the Secretariat, the Regional Council-lors and the regional membership. You will note inparagraph 7 a proposal to extend the Secretariat'spresence on the ground in parts of the world whereIUCN is currently poorly represented, and such astrengthening in South America was directlyrequested by our members there in a specialmeeting that they held early in 1990. I believe thatif we are truly to be a World Conservation Union,we have to be organized on such a basis, ratherthan try to function through the coordinatingactivities of a centralized Secretariat located in thevery beautiful but very special environment ofSwitzerland.

I will not linger on what is said here about theGeneral Assembly. Some of the points made havealready been acted upon, and you will evaluatetheir wisdom or otherwise in the light ofexperience here in Perth. Very similarly, I will passover what is said about the Council and Bureau,while paying tribute to the effectiveness of theseinstitutions in the past three years. We shall bediscussing the Commissions separately. Proposalshave already been laid before you for the directelection of the Treasurer. As for the Secretariat,since this paper was prepared, I have taken it uponmyself to revise the organizational structure, undertwo Assistant Directors General, one responsiblefor conservation programmes and the other formanagement, and I will circulate to all members anorganigram which shows the structure of theSecretariat as it now stands. I naturally consultedthe Council before taking the important step ofnaming two Assistant Directors General, and goingout to advertisement for the crucially importantpost of ADG—Conservation Programmes, to whichwe are now seeking to recruit. Copies of theadvertisement and job specification for that posthave been circulated to all members here present,and I would warmly welcome your help in findingsomebody of the outstanding calibre that we need.I would stress, this Officer will be the seniorscientific professional of the Union under theDirector General, and will have primary respons-ibility for preparing and implementing the tech-nical programme of our work. We have to have afirst class person.

Before leaving the Governance paper, I wouldlike to correct a misunderstanding. Paragraph 56could be read as criticism of the universities in theregion of Switzerland near to IUCN Headquarters.This was not the intention. There are a number ofwell-established and eminent centres of learning inthe Canton de Vaud and the Canton de Geneve.However, the Union's work is very specialized, and

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this restricts the number of centres with which ourSecretariat are likely to establish very close work-ing contacts. Most of these close working contactslie outside the area of our Headquarters, and thisseems likely to continue to be the case, although ithas been agreed that Professor Pierre Goeldlin andI will review the opportunities for strengtheningour linkage, to the mutual benefit of the univer-sities concerned and of IUCN. I propose to amendparagraph 56 in any later version of this paper thatreceives wider circulation, so that no criticism ofthe Swiss institutions among which we work isimplied.

Strategy (Paper 9)

I hope you will feel that the paper on the Strategyfollows logically from what has already been said.We first have to be clear about the wider worldobjectives to which we are trying to contribute. Ihave set these out in very general terms. Second,we have to be clear about our contribution, atinternational, national, and community and indi-vidual level, and this is the focus of paragraphs 7, 8and 9 which are central to this document.

From this analysis the Strategy must follow andI draw your attention to paragraph 11 in particular.It emphasizes that this General Assembly shouldbe made a truly effective world conservationforum. It emphasizes that our programme must befocussed on the needs of members and Partners. Itemphasizes that it must also be focussed in areaswhere we can provide professional leadership. Itimplies high priority to the development of specificconservation services, a more effective linkagebetween our members and Partners, and aprogramme of catalysis in the building of newinstitutions for conservation and sustainable devel-opment, especially in the developing world. It endswith two functions on which I would very muchwelcome your views.

The first concerns how far we in this forum candevelop, articulate and promote the collectivevision of the world conservation movement. Thesecond concerns how far you would be content foryour President, Council, Director General andSecretariat to speak for you and give leadership inthe wider world in promoting the objectives whichwe will consider in this General Assembly andadopt in our Statement of Objectives. We are oftenasked to adopt such a role, without prejudice ofcourse to our members speaking for their owncauses in their own ways. How should we do it ?

Obviously, if we have a Strategy, which in turnimplements a clearly formulated Mission, we have

to develop our programme in conformity with itand paragraph 12 of the paper makes somesuggestions about doing this. You will note theproposal for strengthening our work on planningfor conservation and sustainable development andproviding better services to the members. But thisis linked to the maintenance of our heartland ofexpertise in ecology and its application in theconservation of biological diversity and the estab-lishment and safeguarding of protected areas.

The draft Strategy emphasizes the need fordecentralization, institution-building andcommunication. There are accordingly implicationsfor governance. Seven are suggested. First, theGeneral Assembly is proposed as a World Conser-vation Forum concerned with global issues andwith programming rather than "housekeep-ing"—by which I mean delectable but at timesfrustrating debates over our structure, statutes,organization and mode of operation! Second, it issuggested that we try to have more congresses onkey topics, possibly regionally based. Third,emphasis is placed on the development of nationaland regional representation. Fourth, it is stated thatwe must operate one integrated programme,whether executed via Commissions or Secretariat.Finally you will note emphasis on three points—theprovision of conservation services, possiblythrough subsidiary entities, on the need for bettercommunication, and on the role of the DirectorGeneral and Secretariat especially as networkmanagers.

Resolutions


A series of draft Resolutions has been put forwardin conjunction with these papers. I have alreadymentioned that arising from Paper 7, which repeatsthe key paragraphs of the latter. Obviously theStatement of Mission in paragraph 1 of the draftresolution will need amendment if you accept myrestating of it, made a few moments ago. TheResolution arising from Paper 8 again summarizesthe key message of that paper, and especially waysof strengthening the involvement of membership,improving information flow, the development ofthe General Assembly, the strategic role for Counciland the more executive role for the Bureau, thestrengthening of the Commissions, and the clarifi-cation of roles of the officers, Director General andSecretariat. You will note also in this Resolution theproposed constitution of a voluntary fund with atarget income of not less than SFr 800,000 perannum, to be used to support the work of RegionalCouncillors, the convening of regional forums and

discussions, and the expansion of the represen-tation of the Union in the developing world. Thismatter comes up again under Paper GA/18/90/21and will be discussed on Wednesday 5 December,but its appearance in the papers now before yougives you an opportunity for initial reaction if youwish. Finally the Resolution addressed to Paper 9

provides for its endorsement as our Strategy toguide us in the next three years, and authorizes meto promulgate it as a statement.

May I commend these papers and draft Resolu-tions to you, for your discussion, amendment andultimate adoption in whatever form seems best toyou. Thank you.

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Annex 20

Mandates for the IUCN Commissions 1991-1993

The General Assembly approved the followingmandates for the six IUCN Commissions for theTriennium 1991-1993.

SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION(SSC)

1. Mission

To conserve biological diversity by developing andexecuting programmes to save, restore and managewisely species and their habitats.

2. Purpose

IUCN's Species Survival Commission (SSC) servesas the principal source of advice to the Union andits members on the technical aspects of speciesconservation. It seeks to mobilize action by theworld conservation community on behalf ofspecies, in particular those threatened with extinc-tion and those of importance for human welfare. Itachieves this by providing leadership with thefollowing four goals:

(a) To assess the conservation priorities for speciesand their habitats;

(b) To develop plans for their conservation;

(c) To initiate actions needed for the survival ofspecies;

(d) To provide an expert resource network on theconservation of biodiversity.

In essence, the SSC provides the expertise and theframework needed by the world conservationcommunity to target available resources to themost urgent and important priorities for themaintenance of biological diversity globally.

3. Objectives

SSC's objectives are as follows:

(a) To promote the practical implementation of theprinciples of the World Conservation Strategy,with particular emphasis on the conservation ofbiological diversity, and on ensuring that theutilization of species does not exceed a sustain-able level;

(b) To maintain and augment a global network ofcommitted, volunteer experts on the conser-vation of species;

(c) To gather data pertinent to the conservation ofspecies through the volunteer network, and tomanage these data in a standardized, distrib-uted computerized database;

(d) To assess species conservation prioritiesthrough an Action Planning programme, and totarget the recommendations of Action Plans toappropriate agencies and organizations withinthe global conservation community, with par-ticular emphasis on IUCN members;

(e) To promote and carry out field projects aimedat addressing particularly important prioritiesidentified in the Action Planning programme;

(f) To develop policies and guidelines pertainingto the conservation of biological diversity, andto bring these to the attention of the conser-vation community;

(g) To monitor the status of species of conservationconcern and to transmit this information tothose agencies or organizations that are able totake the necessary remedial action;

(h) To provide a technical advisory service toIUCN and its members on the developmentand implementation of projects and otherprogrammes relating to species conservation(including the screening of project proposals);

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(i) To provide a technical advisory service tointernational treaties relating to the conser-vation of biological diversity;

(j) To provide coordination and leadership for theconservation of biological diversity worldwide.

4. Terms of Reference

To carry out its objectives, the Commission, underthe guidance of its Chair and Steering Committee,and in close collaboration with the Director Generaland staff of the Secretariat designated by theDirector General, will:

(a) Maintain and augment a network of scientists,conservation professionals, and dedicated layconservationists to assess the status andconservation priorities of particular taxonomicgroups of animals and plants, and to advise onthe action needed to safeguard their future;

(b) Reinforce its network to apply expertise inimportant conservation methodologies, such asthe sustainable utilization of wildlife, mon-itoring the effects of trade in wildlife productson wild populations of species, the re-introduction of species into their former ranges,controlling populations of introduced species,improving the application of veterinary scienceto wildlife management, captive breeding ofthreatened species, and the conservation ofgenetic diversity at the species and populationlevels;

(c) Ensure that recommendations arising from thenetwork are carefully targeted so that they arerelevant at local and national levels, and readilyusable by IUCN member organizations andgovernments in implementing action;

(d) Ensure that all recommendations of SpecialistGroups, and especially those which involvepotentially controversial issues such as settingconservation priorities, captive propagation,collection of wild species, reintroductions,eradication of exotics, and sustainable utiliza-tion are adequately reviewed by appropriatespecialists and all involved agencies prior totheir presentation to government and othermanagement agencies for implementation;

(e) Place species conservation within the broadercontext of habitat management and restoration,including consideration of underlying social,economic and political factors that threatenbiological diversity, through close collaborationwith other IUCN Commissions, particularly theCommission on National Parks and ProtectedAreas (CNPPA), and the Commission on

Ecology (COE), as well as key sections of theIUCN Secretariat, notably the Tropical ForestProgramme, Wetlands Programme, MarineProgramme, Population and Natural ResourcesProgramme and the work of the Regional andNational Offices;

(f) Cooperate on inter-commissional task forces,covering such subjects as global change, educa-tion and training, communication and conser-vation strategies.

5. Structure and Organization

IUCN's Species Survival Commission harnesses theskills of a global network of experts committed tothe conservation of plant and animal species. Tomake these skills available to the worldwideconservation movement and to fulfill its mission,the Commission operates in the following ways:

Network Management

• Plans general strategies of approach and organ-izes work at local, national and regional levelswith regard to taxa, themes and specialdisciplines;

• Attracts financial and human resources forinformation-gathering, analysis, action planning,communicating, implementing and evaluatingprogrammes;

• Evaluates work process and products, comparesthese with other programmes and organization,and revises work plans accordingly.

Programme Execution

• Internal Process

• Gathers information on status of species andfactors affecting likelihood of their survival;

• Devises plans for conservation of species andtheir habitats by analysis of biological dataand consideration of human factors.

• External Product

• Communicates conservation strategies, actionplans and policies to the SSC network, toother components of IUCN and to outsideorganizations and agencies;

• Initiates actions towards saving, restoringand wisely managing species and theirhabitats.

In order to operate most effectively along these

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lines during the 1991-1993 Triennium, the SSC willbe structured as follows:

(a) Chair and Steering Committee. The Commis-sion administration will be carried out by theChair with a Steering Committee, which willhave up to 20 members, providing geographicaland interdisciplinary balance in formulatingpolicy and setting operational directions. Asmaller Executive Committee will facilitateoperational decisions, as needed.

(b) Roll of Honour. These are people who havemade major contributions to species conser-vation in general and to SSC in particular.

(c) Regional Members. SSC regional members willbe appointed, with particular emphasis onincorporating senior figures in wildlife conser-vation and management from both governmentagencies and non-governmental organizations.Such members will, to a large extent, constitutepart of the delivery mechanism for the technicalrecommendations arising from the SpecialistGroups.

(d) Specialist Groups. SSC will maintain a net-work of Specialist Groups, which will includescientists, conservation professionals and dedic-ated lay conservationists. These Groups will beorganized to provide broad coverage of taxo-nomic groups of animals and plants, as well asof important special and inter-disciplinaryconservation methodologies.

(e) Cooperating Organizations. CooperatingOrganizations are appointed to SSC for tworeasons: first, as recognition of the logisticaland financial assistance that many organiza-tions provide to the SSC, in particular to theSpecialist Groups; and second, to form part ofthe delivery mechanism for conservation action,which needs to be linked as closely as possibleto the work of the Specialist Groups.

(f) Members Emeritus. Members Emeritus arethose who have served the Commission in thepast but who have stepped down from activeday-to-day service to the Commission.

(g) Regional and National Networking. Duringthe 1991-1993 Triennium, the SSC will improveits networking at national and regional levels,with a particular emphasis on ensuring thatrecommendations of the Commission are avail-able to the various national and regionalauthorities concerned with implementation. TheCommission will encourage national andregional groupings to develop as appropriate tomeet local needs, rather than by imposing suchstructures in a "top-down" manner. Such

groupings will not necessarily be permanentstructures, but can be temporary networks withlimited life-spans.

6. Triennial Activities

The activities to be undertaken by the SpeciesSurvival Commission during the 1991-1993 Trien-nium are listed and described in the followingparagraphs in the draft IUCN Programme1991-1993:

A15. Developing and Managing the IUCN SpeciesConservation Network.

A16. Enhancing Communications about SpeciesConservation Requirements.

A17. Planning Species Conservation Action.

A18. Establishing a "Heritage Species" Pro-gramme.

A19. Developing IUCN Positions on CriticalSpecies-related Issues.

A20. Supporting Species-related Field Projects.

A21. Wildlife Utilization as a Component ofConservation.

Budget details for these activities are also providedin the Draft IUCN Programme. These budgets donot include the operations of the SSC SpecialistGroups, which are funded entirely from externalsources.

In addition, SSC will make a significant con-tribution to the following activities:

Al. Completing and Promoting the WorldConservation Strategy for the 1990s.

A2. Completing and Promoting the AntarcticConservation Strategy.

A4. Developing and Implementing NationalConservation Strategies.

A5. Development of Sub-National ConservationStrategies.

A6. Promoting the Role of Women in NaturalResource Management.

A7. Promoting and Enhancing the Integration ofPopulation and Natural Resource Issues inthe Work of IUCN.

A8. Evaluating the Ecological Implications ofGlobal Change.

A9. Planning for Sea Level Changes.

A10. Preparing a Global Strategy for ConservingBiological Diversity.

A12. Supporting the Legal Basis for ConservingBiological Diversity.

A13. Utilizing Concepts of Economics to PromoteConservation of Biological Diversity.

A14. Designing and Holding the IV WorldCongress on National Parks and ProtectedAreas.

A22. Conserving Plant Genetic Resources.

A23. Promoting the Implementation of the BotanicGardens Conservation Strategy.

A24. Wetlands Policy and Management Guidance.

A25. Wetland Management Programmes andProjects in Priority Regions.

A26. The Ramsar Convention.

A27. Supporting Global Efforts to Conserve Trop-ical Forest Ecosystems.

A29. Marine Habitat and Ecosystem Conservation:Coastal Zone Management.

A30. Assisting in Implementation of ConservationLaw in Coastal and Marine Habitats.

A31. Conservation of Mountain Environments.

A33. Promoting the Completion and EffectiveManagement of the Worldwide System ofProtected Areas.

A35. Developing New Concepts in Protected AreaManagement.

A38. Compiling and Maintaining a Register ofConsultants on Major Environmental Issues.

A41. Managing Information on Species and Hab-itats: Support to the World ConservationMonitoring Centre.

A44. Providing an Information Service.

A45. Achieving Sustainable Development inCentral and Eastern Europe.

A48-50. Achieving Sustainable Development inCentral and South America and the Carib-bean.

A51. Achieving Sustainable Development in Westand Central Africa.

A55. Achieving Sustainable Development in Asiaand the Pacific.

A63. Contributions to International Meetings.

A64. Supporting Conservation Worldwide throughExpansion and Strengthening of the IUCNNetwork.

COMMISSION ON NATIONAL PARKSAND PROTECTED AREAS (CNPPA)

1. Mission

To promote the establishment and effectivemanagement of a worldwide network of terrestrialand marine protected areas.

2. Purpose

IUCN's Commission on National Parks and Protec-ted Areas (CNPPA) serves as the principal sourceof technical advice to the Union, its members andits collaborating organizations on all aspects of theselection, planning and management of protectedareas. It supports action by government agencies,international organizations, local communities,private land owners and non-governmental organ-izations to ensure that natural and semi-naturalhabitats can be conserved in such a way as to maketheir optimal contribution to human society.CNPPA aims to demonstrate the value of protectedareas within wider strategies for the sustainableuse of the Earth's natural resources, and seeks toexpand the constituency for protected areas byidentifying productive partnerships with a broadrange of other sectors.

3. Objectives

CNPPA's objectives are:

(a) To promote extension of the global system ofprotected areas through identification of gapsin coverage, and to assign priorities for actionto address the gaps identified;

(b) To identify priorities at global, continental,national and sub-national levels for the effec-tive management of protected areas;

(c) To expand strategies for protected areamanagement—involving training, planning,economics, traditional knowledge and othermeans—that will enable managers to adapt tochanging political and social conditions;

(d) To enhance monitoring of the status of protec-ted areas and call attention to "ThreatenedSpaces";

(e) To develop and apply mechanisms forencouraging support for protected areas fromthe people living in and around them and formaximimizing the contribution of protectedareas to those people;

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(f) To strengthen the application of natural andsocial science to protected area managementissues;

(g) To increase greatly international support forprotected areas as an integral part of nationaldevelopment efforts, and enhance the financialmeans available to manage such areas.


To achieve its objectives over the coming threeyears, CNPPA will:

(a) Take the lead on behalf of IUCN in thepreparations for the IV World Congress onNational Parks and Protected Areas, scheduledfor February 1992 in Venezuela, and use themto consolidate partnerships with a wide rangeof institutions in support of better managementfor protected areas;

(b) Conduct a series of reviews from all parts ofthe world on the major protected area issues ineach region, with the reviews to be presented atthe IV World Congress and subsequently pub-lished;

(c) Prepare a Global Plan of Action on ProtectedAreas, which will identify where new protectedareas should be located, agree priorities foraction, and establish a worldwide network ofdemonstration protected areas to illustrate theapplication of principles in widely varyingcircumstances and different regions;

(d) Provide technical advice and assistance togovernments, non-governmental agencies andthe IUCN Secretariat on identifying prioritiesfor establishing new protected areas andimproving the management of existing ones;and on implementing the priorities identified;

(e) Collaborate with other international agencies,particularly with UNESCO in the implemen-tation of the World Heritage Convention andthe Biosphere Reserve Action Plan;

(f) Nurture a worldwide network of professionalsfor developing management techniques,exchanging information, monitoring the statusof protected areas, training and providingtechnical advice to IUCN members;

(g) Collaborate with the World Conservation Mon-itoring Centre (WCMC) so as to develop furtherand maintain the global database on protectedareas and the species and habitats containedtherein as an information service to the worldcommunity;

(h) Communicate the outputs of the IV WorldCongress on National Parks and ProtectedAreas in a variety of ways including a series ofpublications on major protected area issues,and publish Parks magazine and other materialrelevant to protected areas;

(i) Maintain and disseminate a roster of CNPPAmembers and a directory of protected areamanagement agencies; publish a regular news-letter distributed to all members; and holdregular meetings, rotating among the differentbiogeographic realms of the world.



CNPPA is a global network of professionalsinvolved in the management of protected areas,from government agencies, universities, researchinstitutions and conservation organizations. Inmobilizing the network during the 1991-1993Triennium, CNPPA will be structured as follows:

(a) Chair, Deputy Chair, Vice-Chairs and SteeringCommittee. The Chair will be elected by theGeneral Assembly, and will nominate forCouncil approval a Deputy Chair (whose quali-fications will be complementary to those of theChair) and up to 12 Vice-Chairs representingeach of the biogeographical realms, plus marinehabitats and other thematic subjects. The Vice-Chairs will be responsible for coordinating theactivities of CNPPA in their respective regionsand subjects, and preparing the regionalreviews required by the IV World Congress onNational Parks and Protected Areas. They willalso serve on the CNPPA Steering Committee.

(b) Honorary Members. These are individuals whohave been elected by the Commission asHonorary Members, in recognition for long andoutstanding service to protected areas.

(c) Members. Members will be appointed for theirpersonal contributions to protected areas. Atleast one of those members from each countryor autonomous region with protected areas willbe appointed to coordinate the flow of informa-tion between the Commission and the protectedarea authorities; where multiple agencies existin a country, several such individuals will beidentified. The member(s) will serve as acoordinator for CNPPA links with relevantprojects, for identifying potential consultantsfor projects with which CNPPA is involved,collecting information, overseeing the pre-paration and updating of data sheets on eachprotected area, advising on "ThreatenedSpaces", and serving as the primary liaison

with the Protected Areas Data Unit (PADU) ofWCMC.

(d) Task Forces. The Chair will appoint task forcesas required to address particular parts of thework programme; some of these task forceswill relate directly to workshop themes at theIV World Congress on National Parks andProtected Areas.

(e) Correspondents. These are individuals who areinterested in supporting the work of theCommission, but do not qualify as members.They will pay a fee, which will entitle them toreceive Parks magazine and to attend Commis-sion meetings.

(f) Protected Area Agencies. CNPPA will initiatean institution-level relationship with the agen-cies that are responsible for managing protectedareas in each country. Such an institutionallinkage will be developed to provide technicaladvice to the Commission, identify project andpolicy priorities, and ensure a free flow ofinformation about protected areas.

(g) Cooperating Bodies. These are bodies whichhave an institutional interest in protected areasand work closely with CNPPA. Foremostamong these are PADU (now part of WCMC),which was established by CNPPA in 1981 andserves as its data management arm; UNESCOand the World Heritage Committee, with whichCNPPA works closely on biosphere reservesand World Heritage, respectively; the USNational Park Service, with which CNPPA hasa Cooperative Agreement which fosters fieldactivities on matters of mutual interest; WWF,to which CNPPA provides technical advice onprotected areas and which contributes to anumber of joint programmes with CNPPA;Canadian Parks Service, which has supportedthe Chair and contributes financial and techni-cal support to a number of CNPPA activities;the World Resources Institute, with whichIUCN is collaborating on a Biodiversity Conser-vation Programme which will include a majoractivity on protected areas. Other IUCN mem-ber organizations that do not fall in Section (f)above will be welcome to become CooperatingBodies.

(h) IUCN Secretariat. The Commission will beserved by a Protected Areas Unit establishedwithin the IUCN Secretariat and reporting tothe Director General. It will include at least twofull-time professional officers and necessarysupport staff, and will provide linkages to allIUCN Secretariat units dealing with protectedareas.

6. Major Activities 1991-1993

The draft IUCN Programme 1991-1993 includes thefollowing activities for which CNPPA has the leadresponsibility (or shared lead responsibility):

A10. Preparing a Global Strategy for ConservingBiological Diversity. (CNPPA will have res-ponsibility for protected area components ofthe Strategy.)

A14. Designing and Holding the IV WorldCongress on National Parks and ProtectedAreas.

A33. Promoting the Expansion and EffectiveManagement of the Worldwide System ofProtected Areas.

A34. Providing the Information Required to Imple-ment IUCN's Protected Area Activities.

A35. Developing New Concepts in Protected AreaManagement.

A36. Providing Technical Advice to World Herit-age and Other International Agreements.

CNPPA will contribute actively to the followingactivities:

A2. Completing and Promoting the AntarcticConservation Strategy. (CNPPA will promotethe protected area aspects of the Strategy.)

A4. Developing and Implementing NationalConservation Strategies. (CNPPA will pro-vide technical advice on protected area issuesfor each NCS.)

A5. Development of Sub-national ConservationStrategies. (CNPPA will provide technicaladvice on protected area components.)

A6. Promoting the Role of Women in NaturalResource Management. (CNPPA will be par-ticularly interested in mechanisms for increas-ing the role of women in protected areamanagement, and in improving the relation-ship between protected areas and peopleliving in surrounding lands.)

A7. Promoting and Enhancing the Integration ofPopulation and Natural Resources Issues inthe Work of IUCN. (CNPPA will be particu-larly interested in relating demographicchanges to the management of protectedareas, for example through changes in humanpressure on boundaries.)

A8. Evaluating the Ecological Implications ofGlobal Change. (CNPPA will advise onprotected area issues, and seek information

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on implications of global change for protectedareas.)

A9. Planning for Sea Level Changes. (CNPPA willadvise on coastal and marine protected areas,and seek advice on implications of sea levelchange for protected areas.)

A11. Identifying Centres of Plant Diversity. (Theresults will contribute to protected areasystems plans.)

A12. Supporting the Legal Basis for ConservingBiological Diversity. (CNPPA will advise onprotected area components, and seek adviceon how legal support for protected areas canbe enhanced.)

A17. Planning Species Conservation Action.(CNPPA will draw on species conservationactivities to enhance protected area manage-ment.)

A19. Developing IUCN Positions on CriticalSpecies-related Issues. (CNPPA will contrib-ute the protected areas perspective to thesepositions.)

A22. Conserving Plant Genetic Resources. (CNPPAwill incorporate the results into protectedarea systems plans, management approachesand other activities.)

A24. Wetlands Policy and Management Guidance.(CNPPA will contribute technical advice onprotected area issues.)

A25. Wetland Management Programmes andProjects in Priority Regions. (CNPPA willcontribute technical advice and draw on theresults of the projects.)

A26. The Ramsar Convention. (CNPPA willcontribute technical advice and incorporateexisting and potential Ramsar sites in itsactivities.)

A27. Supporting Global Efforts to Conserve Trop-ical Forest Ecosystems. (CNPPA will contrib-ute to protected area components and drawon the information developed on critical sites,buffer zones and other issues relevant toprotected areas.)

A28. Formulating Marine Policy and CoordinatingArrangements. (CNPPA will seek advice onpolicy issues relating to protected areas inmarine habitats.)

A29. Marine Habitat and Ecosystem Conservation:Coastal Zone Management. (CNPPA willcontribute to protected area components anddraw on new approaches developed underthis activity.)

A31. Conservation of Mountain Environments.(CNPPA will contribute to protected areacomponents.)

A41. Managing Information on Species and Hab-itats: Support to WCMC. (CNPPA will workclosely with PADU on protected area datamanagement issues.)

A45. Achieving Sustainable Development inCentral and Eastern Europe. (CNPPA willcontribute to protected area issues.)

A48-50. Achieving Sustainable Development inCentral and South America and the Carib-bean. (CNPPA will contribute to the protec-ted area projects and draw on the results.)

A51. Achieving Sustainable Development in Westand Central Africa. (CNPPA will contributeto protected area projects and draw on theresults.)

A55. Achieving Sustainable Development in Asiaand the Pacific. (CNPPA will contribute toprotected area projects and draw on theresults.)

A63. Contributions to International Meetings.(CNPPA will contribute to meetings dealingwith protected area issues.)

A64. Supporting Conservation Worldwide throughExpansion and Strengthening the IUCN Net-work. (CNPPA will seek to enlist institutionalmembers active in protected area manage-ment.)

COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTALLAW (CEL)

1. Mission

To assist in laying the strongest possible legalfoundation for the conservation of the naturalenvironment, thereby underpinning and support-ing efforts at both national and international levels.

2. Purpose


IUCN's Commission on Environmental Law (CEL)serves as the principal source of technical advice tothe Union, its members and its collaboratinginstitutions on all aspects of environmental conser-vation law.

It supports action by international governmentalorganizations, governments and non-governmentalorganizations to improve or develop legal and

institutional infrastructures best attuned to, andconducive of, natural resources conservation in theframework of sustainable development.

CEL aims to demonstrate the vital importanceof such infrastructures within national and inter-national strategies for environmental conservation,including the sustainable use of natural resourceswithin and beyond national jurisdictions.

3. Objectives

CEL's objectives are:

(a) To identify areas where improved legal andadministrative instruments and mechanismswould contribute significantly to the process ofconservation;

(b) To promote the development and improvementof environmental law at international andnational levels by advocating adequate andinnovative responses;

(c) To assist and advise IUCN members and othergovernmental and non-governmental institu-tions on the elaboration of international ornational legal instruments.


To achieve its objectives over the coming trien-nium, CEL will:

(a) Initiate, promote and support legal researchconsistent with the objectives of IUCN and itsLaw Programme;

(b) Propose and, where appropriate, assist . indrafting, legal instruments at the national,regional or global level;

(c) Promote and assist in the development of softlaw instruments;

(d) Follow the initiatives of other institutions in thefield of environmental law, in particular thoseof international governmental and non-govern-mental organizations, and provide an inputfrom an IUCN perspective, as appropriate;

(e) Advise on the legal implications and aspects ofinitiatives taken, and issues addressed, byIUCN components and programmes;

(f) Coordinate activities with such componentsand programmes, in particular the Environ-mental Law Centre (ELC), with a view tomaintaining maximum integration, complemen-tarity and inter-disciplinarity in carrying outthe overall programme of the Union;

(g) Assist and advise the ELC with regard toactivities for which the ELC has the lead, inparticular those related to the provision ofservices to developing countries in the field ofenvironmental legislation;

(h) Provide assistance to the ELC in maintainingthe Environmental Law Information System(ELIS), as well as in monitoring developmentsboth of international and national law includ-ing treaties, legislation, custom and jurispru-dence, in order to secure an adequate basis forthe activities of the IUCN Law Programme;

(i) Maintain an international network of indepen-dent volunteer experts in the various legaldisciplines involved, selected for their expertiseand willingness to contribute to IUCN'smission in this area, and to provide a forum forthe exchange of views and information in thisfield.


CEL is a global network of professionals expert inenvironmental law, from government agencies,universities, research institutions and conservationorganizations. In mobilizing the network duringthe 1991-1993 Triennium, CEL will be structured asfollows:

(a) Chair, Deputy Chair, Vice-Chairs and SteeringCommittee. The Chair, elected by the GeneralAssembly, will nominate for Council approvala Deputy Chair (whose qualifications will becomplementary to those of the Chair), and upto six Vice-Chairs appropriately representinglegal disciplines and geographical concerns.The Vice-Chairs will be responsible for co-ordinating the activities of CEL in specificareas. A work plan will be established at thebeginning of each year by the Steering Commit-tee.

(b) Honorary Members. These are individuals whohave been elected by the Commission asHonorary Members, in recognition of long andoutstanding services to IUCN in the field ofenvironmental law.

(c) Working Groups. The Chair will appointWorking Groups as required to address parti-cular parts of the work programme; some ofthese task forces will be appointed for thetriennium; others will constitute ad hoc groupsdealing with a specific temporary assignment.

(d) Members. Efforts will be made to have at leastone member in each State of the world.Members will serve as coordinators for CEL's

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links with relevant projects, for advising in theidentification of potential consultants forprojects of the Law Programme, for collectinginformation and serving as the primary liaisonwith the Environmental Law InformationSystem (ELIS) of the Environmental LawCentre (ELC), and for participating in CEL'sactivities in their field of competence. Memberswill be grouped according to their expertise,both in relation to legal disciplines and naturalresources law sectors.

(e) Associates. The Commission will consider thedesirability of appointing Associates, i.e. indi-viduals or organizations interested in support-ing the work of the Commission.

(f) IUCN Secretariat. The Commission will beserviced by the Environmental Law Centrewhich is a part of the Secretariat, reporting tothe Director General. The Centre will assign atleast a part-time professional and necessarysupport staff to work with the Commission,and will provide linkages to all IUCN Secret-ariat units dealing with environmental law.


The Commission will lead in the followingcomponents of the IUCN Triennial Programme,1991-1993:

A12. Supporting the Legal Basis for ConservingBiological Diversity.

A39. Promoting Conservation Oriented NationalLegislation and Providing EnvironmentalLegislation Services (working via ELC).

A40. Developing Conservation Oriented Inter-national and Regional Law.

The Commission will also contribute to other areasof the Programme especially:


A2. Completing and Promoting the AntarcticConservation Strategy.


A31. Conservation of Mountain Environments

A41. Managing information on Species and Hab-itats: Support to the World ConservationMonitoring Centre.


A63. Contributions to International Meetings.

The Commission will be available to provide legalguidance to the whole IUCN Programme, and islikely to contribute to many aspects of species andhabitat conservation and regional development.

COMMISSION ON ECOLOGY (COE)

1. Mission

To ensure that the management of natural ecosys-tems has a sound scientific basis.

2. Purpose

The IUCN Commission on Ecology (COE) serves asthe Union's source of technical advice for translat-ing knowledge of ecological processes into practicaltools for conservation, sustainable managementand restoration, in particular of areas degraded byhuman action. The Commission will be particularlyconcerned with practical application of ecologicalknowledge to conservation; at the same time it willmaintain strong links with centres or groupsspecializing in other aspects of ecological andenvironmental science and its application, such asSCOPE, INTECOL, IUBS and GESAMP.

The Commission as a whole will maintain anoverview of, and provide advice on, those com-ponents of the IUCN Programme concerned withconserving biological diversity in major habitats,biomes and regions, and in particular those parts ofthe IUCN Programme concerned with "Conser-vation in Major Biomes" (as outlined in Section 6,below).

In collaboration with other IUCN Commissionsand Programmes, various groups within the Com-mission will focus on the application of ecologicalscience to management of habitats and biome types(e.g. tropical forests, mangroves and other wetlandecosystems, rivers, arid lands, coral reefs, tundra),or particular geographic areas (e.g. Mediterranean,Caribbean, the Sahel, the Alps, the Andes). Somegroups will be concerned with specialized topics,for example traditional ecological knowledge andrestoration ecology. Members of the Commissionwill collaborate with inter-commissional task forcesor standing committees concerned with cross-cutting themes such as global change, Antarcticconservation or conservation of biological diversity.


3. Objectives

The Commission on Ecology will pursue thefollowing objectives:

(a) To provide a forum for the exchange of viewsand information on the aspects of ecologicalscience that can guide conservation manage-ment;

(b) To identify major existing or potential changesin ecological processes, their causes and theirconsequences for conservation, and to reportthese to the IUCN members;

(c) To maintain an overview of the practicalapplication of ecological science to conser-vation, sustainable development and the rest-oration of major biotopes, and to keep IUCNinformed about significant developments in thisregard;

(d) To provide advice to those responsible forcomponents of the IUCN Triennial Programmethat are concerned with conservation of biologi-cal diversity in major biomes;

(e) To undertake specific tasks within the frame-work of the IUCN Programme including thepreparation of guidelines for the conservation,restoration and sustainable management ofmajor biomes; the convening of workshops onthe application of ecological knowledge; theprovision of assistance to those preparingIUCN policy and position statements onconservation-development issues; and othersuch activities;

(f) To recommend and promote priority research,training, information exchange and manage-ment action;

(g) To undertake other tasks from time to time asmay be requested by the Council, Bureau or theDirector General in accordance with Article VIIIof the IUCN Statutes.


To carry out its objectives the Commission's Chairand its members, in collaboration with the DirectorGeneral and staff of the Secretariat designated bythe Director General, will:

(a) Establish and maintain an independent inter-national network of volunteer experts selectedfrom the professional community of scientistsand conservation managers on the basis of theircapacity to contribute to the application ofecological knowledge to conservation manage-ment;

(b) Establish working groups, task forces, expertpanels (or other such groups) for the purposeof obtaining and synthesizing information ordeveloping positions on conservation issuesunder review;

(c) Collaborate with other IUCN Commissions,Centres, members, and various external institu-tions and organizations such as UNEP,UNESCO, SCOPE, INTECOL, IUBS, GESAMP,etc., in collecting and collating information andestablishing databases related to ecologicalissues pertaining to conservation and develop-ment;

(d) Designate from among its membership indivi-duals that will participate in inter-commissionaltask forces (e.g. for the IUCN Global Change orAntarctic Programmes);

(e) Advise the Director General on needs andopportunities for fund-raising to supportpriority objectives within the Commission; andcooperate in providing proposals andapproaching positive sources of fundingaccording to an agreed plan.

5. Composition, Structure andOrganization

The General Assembly will elect the Chair of theCommission. Council, on the recommendation ofthe Chair, will appoint one Vice-Chair for each ofthe established IUCN theme programmes (e.g.Tropical Forests, Coastal and Marine, Wetlands).These officers will serve for the Triennium1991-1993. The members of the Commission will benominated by the Chair in consultation with theVice-Chairs, the Director General and the staffmembers of the Secretariat designated by theDirector General to collaborate with the Commis-sion. The list of nominees for membership will bereviewed and endorsed by the IUCN Council inaccordance with Article VIII paragraph 2 of theIUCN Statutes.

(a) The Chair and Vice-Chairs, together with notmore than four other members, will constitutethe Steering Committee of the Commission,which will guide the work of the Commissionin dialogue with the Director General andSecretariat staff designated by the DirectorGeneral to collaborate with the Commission.Within the Commission, the specific implemen-tation of components of the Commission'sTerms of Reference will be the responsibility ofworking groups, Commission task forces orgroups advisory to the established IUCN themeprogrammes. Chairs of these groups will be

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designated by the Chair of the Commission inconsultation with the appropriate Vice-Chairsand the Director General. Membership for thesegroups will be drawn both from inside andoutside the Commission.

The Director General will designate a staffmember of the Secretariat to act as a contactpoint within the Secretariat for the CommissionChair (and the secretary of the Commission ifone is appointed, according to Article VIIIparagraph 3 of the IUCN Statutes). This officerwill be responsible for maintaining communica-tion within the Commission network andfacilitating cooperation between Commissionworking groups, task forces and the advisorygroups to IUCN thematic programmes.

(b) Advisory Groups. "Theme programmes" arethematic groupings of activities (currently theTropical Forest Programme, Coastal andMarine Programme, Wetlands Programme) thatare foreseen to continue as major componentsof the IUCN Programme for more than onetriennium. Advisory groups to theseprogrammes, when established, will workwithin the framework of the Commission.Members of these advisory groups shall be fullmembers of the Commission. Normally, thehead of an advisory group would also be aVice-Chair of the Commission. However, theChair of the Commission could also serve asChair of an Advisory Group. These groups willprovide advice and technical guidance to thethematic activities approved within the frame-work of the IUCN Triennial Programme (seeannexes to the IUCN Programme No. 6, 7, 8). Itis the intention of the Union, subject toresources, to establish a network of arid landspecialists who will be able to advise IUCNthematic and regional programmes in arid landecology and management (including conser-vation science activities within the SahelProgramme).

(c) Working Groups. Working groups may beestablished to focus on particular aspects of theapplication of ecological science to manage-ment. Such groups carrying forward existingactivities are likely to deal with traditionalknowledge, restoration ecology, mangroves,rivers, coral reefs and mountains, or, regionssuch as the Mediterranean or Caribbean. TheCommission Chair will designate and establishthese groups in consultation with the Vice-Chairs, Director General and appropriate mem-bers of the Secretariat. Criteria for establishingthese working groups will include:

(i) Specification of objectives and clear termsof reference which address components ofthe IUCN Programme and define the scopeof work and the time frame in whichobjectives are to be accomplished;

(ii) Clear definition of the financial provisionsfor activities of the working group, includ-ing allocation of a budget, raising of funds,or agreement that work will beaccomplished on the basis of "in kind"voluntary contributions. The source andallocation of funds for IUCN Secretariatstaff servicing and participating in a taskforce or working group will be clearlydefined and agreed as part of this process;

(iii) Definition of the administrative and sub-stantive relationship between the workinggroup, the rest of the Commission and theIUCN Secretariat. An officer from withinthe IUCN Secretariat must be designated tobe responsible for each working group, andthe role of that officer in providing profes-sional and substantive inputs will also bespecified;

(iv) Selection of Chairs and IUCN Secretariatfocal point(s) who are skilled at operatingnetworks of experts.

Working groups may be foreseen to continuefor an indefinite period, but they must beformally re-established at the beginning of eachtriennium.

(d) Task Forces address shorter term problems,issues or undertake multi-disciplinary activitiesrequiring a broader range of expertise than isavailable in the Commission (e.g. to assist inarticulating an IUCN policy or position state-ment or to advise on a future course of actionfor IUCN). Task Forces are not normallyexpected to span more than one triennium.

(e) Staff of the Secretariat will be assigned by theDirector General to work directly with theadvisory groups, working groups and Commis-sion task forces in consultation with the Com-mission Chair or Vice-Chairs, and the Chair ofthese groups.

(f) Programme Implementation. The GeneralAssembly approves and endorses the overallTriennial Programme of work of the Union.This includes the broad mandates for thethematic programmes. At the same time, it isthe responsibility of the Director General toimplement specific activities. To a great extent,priorities for implementation are dictated bythe availability of funds from outside sources


since only a minimum of IUCN core fundingcan be allocated for this purpose. Thus,although the Chair, Vice-Chairs and membersof the Commission will advise on Programmeactivities, staff of the Secretariat responsible forprogramme implementation will ultimatelyhave to apply this advice within the context ofcontractual responsibilities to donors and spon-sors.


During the next triennium the Commission willconcentrate its activities on part C of Chapter II ofthe draft IUCN Programme 1991-1993 (Conserva-tion in Major Biomes) and especially on:

A24. Wetland Policy and Management Guidance.

A25. Wetland Management Programmes andProjects in Priority Regions.

A26. The Ramsar Convention.

A27. Supporting Global Efforts to Conserve Trop-ical Forest Ecosystems.

A28. Formulating Marine Conservation Policy andCoordinating Arrangements.

A29. Marine Habitat and Ecosystem Conservation:Coastal Zone Management.

A30. Assisting in Implementation of ConservationLaw in Coastal and Marine Habitats.

A31. Conservation of Mountain Environments.

A32. Establishment of an Arid Lands Programme.

The Commission will also contribute to work on:

A8. Evaluating the Ecological Implications ofGlobal Change (via Commission membersserving on an Inter-Commissional StandingCommittee established to steer thisprogramme);

A9. Planning for Sea Level Changes;

and sections of Chapter II, part A, B and Dconcerned with strategies for the conservation ofbiological diversity, conservation of species andgenetic diversity and habitat conservation.

COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGY AND PLANNING (CESP)

1. Mission

To guide the development of conservation strat-egies and promote sound environmental planning.

2. Purpose

Over the past decade, there has been a vastexpansion in IUCN's work in the broad field ofplanning for conservation and sustainable develop-ment. The World Conservation Strategy providedthe initial focus, emphasizing that conservation hadto be carried forward within a context of socialpolicy that catered for human needs and ledtowards a durable balance between people andnatural resources. The imperative to meet humanneeds, now and in the future, through conservingthe systems of the natural environment on whichall human societies depend, is a central message ofthe Report of the World Commission on Environ-ment and Development, and of the World Conser-vation Strategy (WCS) for the 1990s.

The Commission on Environmental Strategyand Planning (CESP) will be IUCN's principalmeans of harnessing worldwide expertise in orderto guide the Union's implementation of the WCSfor the 1990s. In particular, it will contribute toconservation strategies and environmental manage-ment plans at regional, national and sub-nationallevels. It will complement the Commission onNational Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA) inconsidering the optimal approach to the conser-vation and sustainable use of the 95 per cent of theearth's land surface that is not, and cannot be, thesubject of special protection measures.

3. Objectives

The objectives of CESP will be:

(a) To promote the development of expertise inconservation strategy formulation and imple-mentation, environmental planning andmanagement, environmental economics, andrelated professional disciplines;

(b) To develop and promulgate methods of secur-ing effective conservation and multi-purposesustainable use of the vast majority of theearth's land areas that lie outside national parksand protected areas;

(c) To promote the application of the WorldConservation Strategy, the World Conservation

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Strategy for the 1990s, and the Report of theWorld Commission on Environment and Devel-opment, especially through regional, nationaland sub-national conservation strategies andplans;

(d) To encourage and advance appropriate devel-opment processes in developing countries,especially through the development or transferof environmentally benign technology;

(e) To encourage the development and use inindustrialized countries of industrial and agri-cultural technologies which are efficient in theiruse of materials and energy and avoid orminimize impacts on the environment.


CESP will be responsible for:

(a) Establishing an effective forum for individualexperts in conservation strategy development,environmental planning and management, andother disciplines relevant to sustainableenvironmental use, with particular attention tothe promotion of dialogue between specialistsfrom developing and industrialized countries;

(b) Synthesizing, evaluating and publishing orotherwise disseminating information andproposals of practical value in enhancingconservation and sustainable environmentaluse;

(c) Guiding and assisting IUCN members and theIUCN Secretariat in implementing the WorldConservation Strategy for the 1990s;

(d) Guiding the IUCN Secretariat in their provisionof services to IUCN members and others in thedevelopment of national and sub-nationalconservation strategies, the planning ofenvironmental resource use and the develop-ment and application of specific techniquessuch as environmental impact assessmentindicators of sustainable development, rapidresource appraisal and GIS;

(e) Providing a forum and expert support forbusiness sector bodies in the development anddissemination of environmentally appropriateindustrial technology, especially for applicationin developing countries;

(f) Monitoring, digesting and disseminatinginformation about new concepts and practicesin environmental policy and management thatare germane to the achievement of IUCN's andthe Commission's objectives.



(a) Chair, Deputy Chair and Steering Committee.CESP will be led by a Chair elected by theGeneral Assembly and a Deputy Chair appoin-ted by Council. The Chair, Deputy Chair,Chairs of Working Groups and not more thanfour other members will constitute the SteeringCommittee, which will meet at least annuallytogether with the Director General and/or suchmembers of the Secretariat as he may appointto work with the Commission.

(b) Members. The members of the Commissionwill be appointed by the Chair, the list ofproposed names being laid before Councilinsofar as this is required by Statute.

(c) Working Groups. CESP will undertake itsmandate by establishing a series of WorkingGroups. Initially the following are proposed:

(i) Working Group on National ConservationStrategies

Mandate: To evaluate IUCN's experience todate in assisting the governments of some40 countries to compile National Conserva-tion Strategies (NCS); to convene work-shops or other groups to evaluate thenature of "best practice" in NCS compila-tion; and to propose adaptations and deve-lopments for the future. Specifically toadvise the Director General and responsiblestaff on the operation of the Union'sconservation strategy service, which isimplemented through the Field OperationsDivision.

(ii) Working Group on Environmental Plan-ning and Management

Mandate: To reanimate links with theplanning profession and address prioritiesfor IUCN inputs to the land use planningprocess, for example in order to safeguardbiological diversity. The group would workclosely with CNPPA. It will also considerspecific techniques for optimization ofenvironmental resource use, such asEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

These two Groups are seen as a start. There arenumerous other fields in which CESP couldplay a useful role, including the promotion ofenvironmentally sound policies for inter-national financial assistance, methodology toassist governments in judging the optimalbalance between investment in new develop-ment schemes and in maintaining existingcapital stock in an environmentally sound way,

and the development of natural resource usecriteria for incorporation in national account-ing. These and other issues would be assignedto an Working Group on Environmental Eco-nomics (which would then interact with theSecretariat members implementing ProgrammeActivity A13: Utilizing Concepts of Economicsto Promote Conservation of BiologicalDiversity). However, resources to permit thisexpansion in the Commission's mandate arenot yet available, and the first essential is toestablish CESP as a tightly focused and produc-tive body within its priority field, which is seenas the conservation strategy process.

(d) Cooperation. CESP will establish links withprofessional organizations in appropriate fields,including those for city and regional planners,landscape architects, engineers and socialscientists. CESP will maintain close links withCNPPA, and through it with the agenciesresponsible for managing protected areas.

(e) Resources. The Chair of CESP will be providedwith a modest core budget as an OperationalFund, to be used as defined in the paper on"The Management of Commission OperatingFunds" adopted by the IUCN Council. Otherresources, for example to support WorkingGroups, will be sought in a manner agreedbetween the Chair and the Director General. NoWorking Group will be established unlessresources are clearly available to support itsactivities. The Chair of CESP, the Chairs/Convenors of the Working Groups and theDirector General will consult annually regard-ing the budget and the way in which essentialresources are to be raised. The Chair may, iffunds permit, appoint a personal assistant. It isthe Chair's responsibility to secure funds forsuch an appointment, which will not be anIUCN staff post or subject to the DirectorGeneral's authority.

(f) Secretariat. The officer appointed to providetechnical support to IUCN's strategic planningefforts (see paragraph A3 of the TriennialProgramme) will be assigned by the DirectorGeneral to work closely with CESP, andespecially the Working Group on NationalConservation Strategies. The Secretariat mem-ber leading the unit concerned with providingEIA services to governments will liaise with theWorking Group on Environmental Planningand Management, which will be concernedwith the concepts and techniques that the EIAservice might apply. Other IUCN Secretariatpersonnel concerned with conservation strate-gies at regional or national level will establish

links with CESP and its members in their areasas appropriate.

If resources can be secured, a member of theSecretariat will be assigned to support theCommission by maintaining communicationwithin its network of members, organizingworkshops, facilitating production of reportsand other such tasks.

(g) Planning Cycle. Each year the Chair willconsult the Steering Committee about theprogramme to be undertaken in the followingyear and the budget required. Members of theSecretariat working in association with CESPwill assist in this planning process and therepresentative designated by the DirectorGeneral will discuss the proposals with thelatter prior to transmitting them to the Assis-tant Director General, Management for incorp-oration in the overall IUCN annual budget.

The Chair is required to report annually toCouncil on the work of the Commission andthese reports provide a further opportunity toalign the work of CESP to the widerprogramme of the Union.

6. Major Activities in 1991-1993

CESP will be responsible for guiding IUCN'simplementation of the following elements in theIUCN Programme 1991-1993:

A3. Providing Technical Support to StrategicPlanning Efforts.


A5. Development of Sub-National ConservationStrategies.

A37. Providing an EIA Service to Governments.

The Commission will also contribute to:

A7. Promoting and Enhancing the Integration ofPopulation and Natural Resource Issues inthe Work of IUCN.

A8. Evaluating the Ecological Implications ofGlobal Change.

A9. Planning for Sea Level Changes (throughparticipation in a Standing Committee onConservation and Global Change).

A33-36. Protecting Natural Areas (through linkswith CNPPA).


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A48-55. Achieving Sustainable Development inCentral and South America, the Caribbean,West and Central Africa, the Sahel, EastAfrica, Southern Africa, Asia and the Pacific.

A52. Promoting International Efforts to ImplementConservation and Sustainable Resource Usein the Sahel.

COMMISSION ON EDUCATION ANDCOMMUNICATION (CEC)

1. Mission

The mission of the Commission on Education andCommunication (CEC), taken directly from theIUCN Statutes, will be: "To promote education inand disseminate widely information on the conser-vation of nature and natural resources and in otherways to increase public awareness of the conserva-tion of nature and natural resources".

2. Purpose

Through its Commission on Education, IUCN wasthe first large international organization to launchinternational programmes promoting environmen-tal education. As a unique community of bothgovernmental and non-governmental bodies, work-ing closely with the UN system and other inter-national organizations, IUCN is especially wellplaced to continue to promote environmentaleducation and communication.

Education in this context is the whole processby which human behaviour is developed to fit theindividual to lead a successful life. It is a life-longprocess in which a variable succession of influences(home and family, friends and neighbourhoods,school and play, employment and society, customsand traditions, hobbies and capabilities, laws andlife-style) play their parts. Formal education is asmall part of this experience, but dispropor-tionately important as the component by whichstandards of success and quality are most oftenjudged.

The need for environmental education goes farwider than this. To play a responsible part asmembers of a sustainable society, individualsshould be not only personally and sociallycompetent but also environmentally literate. Thisrequires the development of awareness, thecommunication of knowledge, the acquisition ofskills and the development of understanding,attitudes, values and an inclination to act bothcreatively and considerately. These qualities are

fostered through a wide range of influences involv-ing both direct communication about the environ-ment and indirect communication through theenvironment in which people live and learn.

The special role of IUCN is to ensure that allavailable means and avenues of influence are usedto promote the environmental competence ofpeople and that information and communication insupport of this are accurate and appropriate. In1991-1993 this will be done through a reconstitutedCommission and the development of closely-linkedSecretariat activities.

3. Objectives

CEC's principal objectives for the triennium willbe:

(a) To promote the exchange and collation ofinformation on methods for raising awareness,providing skills and creating understanding ofnature and natural resources;

(b) To provide institutional support and an intel-lectual focus for a worldwide network ofcommunicators and educators, and toencourage and assist their activities at regionallevel;

(c) To develop principles, policies and proceduresfor programmes of communication designed tochange people's behaviour in ways that willbenefit the environment;

(d) To contribute to the dissemination of informa-tion about education on the environment,through appropriate publications;

(e) To provide a source of technical advice to themembership, Director General and Secretariaton matters pertaining to the work of IUCN thatlie within the competence of the Commission.



In pursuance of these objectives, CEC will:

(a) Collaborate with UNESCO, UNEP and otherinternational agencies to prepare a documenton "Education for a Sustainable Future", to besubmitted to the UN Conference on Environ-ment and Development in 1992;

(b) Develop its network of members to providetechnical support to all IUCN activities whichinvolve education, training and communica-tions; and particularly to provide such supportto the proposed Service in Conservation Educa-tion;

(c) Establish a new support mechanism for advis-ing the IUCN Secretariat on publications,communications and the broad disseminationof relevant information;

(d) Establish projects or limited-term workinggroups to address selected topics, as notedbelow.


The Commission on Education and Communica-tion will have a new structure, both in theSecretariat and among the membership. The struc-ture will include the following:

(a) Chair, Deputy Chair and Steering Committee.As with other Commissions, the Chair will beelected by the General Assembly. The Chairwill nominate for Council approval a DeputyChair (whose qualifications will be roughlycomplementary to those of the Chair), and upto 10 members who will each chair a RegionalCommittee (see (d) below). The Steering Com-mittee will comprise the Chair, Deputy Chairand Regional Chairs, plus up to five membersat large. The major cooperating organizations(see (f), below) will also be represented on theSteering Committee. The Chair of CEC, theChair/Conveners of the Working Groups andthe Director General will consult annuallyregarding the budget and the way in whichessential resources are to be raised.

(b) Task Forces. The Chair will appoint TaskForces as required to address particular parts ofthe work programme, once funds have becomeavailable to support the activity; these TaskForces will exist only until the task for whichthey were established has been accomplished.The Chair of a Task Force may be invited toparticipate in meetings of the Steering Com-mittee.

(c) Members. The membership will be designed toaddress the needs of the work programme, andto reflect the interests and capacities of IUCNmember organizations.

(d) Regional Committees. Regional Committeeswill be established under the appropriate mem-bers of the Steering Committee. They will bringtogether Commission members in the regionsconcerned and provide a forum for theirdiscussions. They will develop specific pro-grammes of education and communication thatmeet the needs, and are appropriate to thecultures, in the regions concerned. A closedialogue will be established between the

Regional Committees and IUCN Regional andCountry Offices, which, subject to resources,will provide secretarial support to the Commit-tees. The Committees will advise regionalIUCN staff on education and communicationscomponents of proposed projects, and RegionalCommittee members may be involved, asappropriate, in the execution of these activities.

(e) Advice to Secretariat. The Commission willestablish, in consultation with the DirectorGeneral, Advisory Groups that will assist theDirector General and the Secretariat in thebroad fields of competence of the Commission.A Communications Advisory Group will advisethe IUCN Head of Communications and anEducation Services Advisory Group will guidethe member of the Secretariat advising develop-ing country governments in this area (para-graph A42 of the Triennial Programme). Inaddition, and in consultation with the DirectorGeneral, the Commission may establish a groupto advise on opportunities for presenting thework of IUCN via the entertainment industryand the mass media.

(f) Cooperating Organizations. The Commissionwill sustain IUCN's close links with organiza-tions that have an institutional interest ineducation, communication and training.Foremost among these are UNESCO, UNEPand WWF, but the Commission will alsocollaborate with FAO in relation to environ-mental aspects of agriculture, IPPF on popu-lation education, IYF on youth matters, andIUCN's programme on the role of women innatural resource management in building linkswith women's organizations generally. TheCommission will cooperate with other organ-izations as appropriate.

(g) Support from the IUCN Secretariat. As withother Commissions, an appropriate level ofsupport at the IUCN Secretariat is essential tothe success of the revitalized Commission onEducation and Communication. At least onefull-time professional, with secretarial support,will be required in the IUCN Secretariat toenable the activities outlined above to becarried out. Such a person would be able toensure that the activities of the CEC are fullyintegrated with the activities of other parts ofthe Secretariat and the Union.

(h) Programme Cycle. Each year, the Chair willconsult the Steering Committee about theprogramme to be undertaken in the followingyear, and the budget required. Members of theSecretariat working in association with CEC

Annex 20 177


will assist in this planning process and therepresentative designated by the DirectorGeneral will discuss the proposals with thelatter prior to transmitting them to the Assist-ant Director General, Management for incorp-oration in the overall IUCN annual budget.

The Chair is required to report annually toCouncil on the work of the Commission andthese reports provide a further opportunity toalign the work of CEC to the wider programmeof the Union.

6. Major Activities in 1991-1993

The Commission will have lead responsibility foradvising and guiding the Secretariat in the follow-ing sections of the Triennial Programme:

A42. Providing a Service in Conservation Educa-tion.

A44. Providing an Information Service.

The Commission will contribute to the followingactivities as appropriate:



A5. Development of Sub-national ConservationStrategies.

A6. Promoting the Role of Women in NaturalResource Management.

A10. Preparing a Global Strategy for ConservingBiological Diversity.

A23. Promoting the Implementation of the BotanicGardens Conservation Strategy.

A66. Coordinating Media Relations.

In the development of its work, the Commissionwill establish projects or limited-term workinggroups to address selected topics, commencingwith the following:

(a) Provision of materials for communicators onthe principles and application of sustainable

use of nature and natural resources (a conceptwhich is still poorly understood); this activitywill aim at promoting widely the implementa-tion of the World Conservation Strategy for the1990s;

(b) Taking responsibility for organizing and hold-ing a Workshop on "Training and Education:Building the Human Capacity to Conserve" tobe held as part of the IV World Congress onNational Parks and Protected Areas (Caracas,Venezuela, 1992);

(c) Means for encouraging traditional methods ofeducation and communication as applied toenvironmental care, leading to the conservationand application of traditional wisdom andknowledge;

(d) Support for international children's events (e.g.the Assisi Nature Council);

(e) Developing materials for incorporatingenvironmental issues into public administrationand related courses and training programmes;

(f) Investigating and disseminating informationabout flow channels of benefits from largedevelopment programmes, set against local/environmental costs;

(g) Studying the role of the media in unsustainableconsumerism, seeking to counteract anti-environmental influences in media, advertisingand environmental policies;

(h) Preparing guidelines for training and deploy-ment of volunteers to promote environmentalunderstanding around the world;

(i) Initiating the preparation of simple material forteachers which helps them to teach environ-mental awareness in the context of the daily lifeof those being educated, especially at villagelevel;

(j) Producing educational and informationmaterial useful to zoos, museums, botanicgardens, national parks and other areas, inpromoting public understanding of theenvironment and conservation;

(k) Developing means for communicating environ-mental ethics in different social and culturalcircumstances.

Annex 21

Statement by Mr Ken Piddington, Director, EnvironmentDepartment, World Bank, on IUCN Collaboration inWorld Bank Programmes*

This Assembly will be well aware of the fact that inrecent years, the World Bank has embarked on afresh approach to environmental issues. Progress isalready well advanced, thanks largely to theeagerness of many member countries—includingthose in Eastern Europe—to ensure that develop-ment is no longer carried out to the detriment ofthe environment (and therefore to the detriment offuture generations).

I would like to use my time, first to highlightthe salient features of our programmes, and secondto invite your active collaboration in the newdirection which the President, Barber Conable, hasgiven to the Bank's traditional activities.

The starting point for us is the need to drive theintegration of economic and environmental policiesto the point where longer-run costs cannot betreated as external to the project or to thedevelopment process. The true internalization ofenvironmental costs is central to our approach tosustainability.

We work with the member country to identifythose environmental trends where the threat todevelopment is most pronounced. From that point,the task is to decide which form of investment willoffer the most cost-effective results. The increasedavailability of concessional and grant funds to dealwith specific environmental problems obviouslyhelps to construct financial packages which areattractive to low income countries.

The net effect has been to create a new categoryof World Bank lending—the "free-standing"environmental projects of which there are nowmany examples, such as in Poland, Brazil andMadagascar. These will moreover increase rapidlyin the years ahead. This overall shift in the lendingpipeline is very significant indeed, complementing


as it does the introduction of environmentalassessment procedures and the considerable levelof policy research now underway throughout theBank. It means, in effect, that the commitment toenvironmentally sensitive development is nowirreversible.

I sometimes hear the claim in some highlydeveloped countries that these changes are super-ficial and cosmetic, but this grossly misrepresentsthe energy which developing countries are devot-ing to the interface between environment andeconomics—as well as the efforts of dedicatedexperts, including many belonging to the IUCNnetwork, who are assisting in various phases of theprogramme.

It is not as if the world is awash with successfulprecedents. The World Bank has quickly founditself in lonely and uncharted waters. There is noestablished model for bringing environment to thecentre of decisions about developmentstrategy—least of all in the industrial countries. Butthere is a great deal of knowledge about how toavoid gross miscalculations—and this surely is aservice we must provide to our borrowers. The useof environmental assessment as a policy tool is themain guarantee we now offer, although I prefer tosee it as more than just a safety net. Beyond that,we believe in working in the country context toidentify what the priorities should be. Where IUCNhas developed a National Conservation Strategy, orwhere Bank staff have assisted in formulatingenvironmental action plans, this provides a run-ning start and we can set out to create the essentiallinkage between that strategy and the economicpolicy framework.

A brief comment is needed on the prioritieswhich have emerged from this approach. Obvi-ously there will be a concentration on resourcemanagement issues, where pricing policy and othereconomic instruments can produce sound environ-mental results. Increasingly, our borrowers also

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wish to attack the problems of pollution in theurban context. Water as a resource, and energy as asector, will require special attention by all of ourclients. Bank lending will often cover the institu-tional and technical needs which flow from thesepriorities.

The comparative advantage of IUCN in itsfuture collaboration with the Bank's programme,clearly lies towards the "green end" of the environ-mental spectrum. The pattern is already clear. InEastern Europe and the Mediterranean, in anumber of African and Asian countries, we haveused IUCN expertise on the priorities for natureconservation, on the management of protectedareas, and on the establishment of inventories anddata banks. This has helped enormously in areaswhere the Bank has not been traditionally strong,for example in the marine area.

Sometimes IUCN services have been paid for; inother situations the "buddy" principle has pre-vailed, and IUCN has been a partner in what hasbecome an extensive Bank network on conservationmanagement, particularly in tropical moist forestsand on biodiversity.

As we move towards steady increases in fund-ing in this area, and as we work with UNEP andUNDP next year to launch the pilot programmeknown as the Global Environmental Facility (GEF),all this will need to change. I hope that in theworkshops we can talk more about the GEF, but Ican report to the Assembly that we expect substan-tial funding to be pledged by donors at this week'sfinal meeting in Paris on the establishment of thissignificant inter-agency Facility. Already, the

administration of a global fund has begun underthe Montreal Protocol, and we are stimulated bythe prospect of adding "green dollars" to the widearray of funding mechanisms which we administer.

For the IUCN work programme, this impliesboth challenge and opportunity. The challenge is tobe ready with scientific advice on the identificationand technical design of projects to be funded underthe Bank's rapidly expanding programmes. Theopportunity is to become a significant, indeed apreferred, source of contractual services for theBank to call on in the area of nature conservation.Our rules require that you have a competitiveadvantage and I am sure that the unique make-upof the Union can be used to provide services to theBank and its borrowers which no other networkcan offer. This is why a number of my colleaguesfrom the Bank are here in Perth to learn about thetechnical and advisory services that IUCN may beable to offer in each region.

I therefore conclude by advocating a tightprofessional focus within IUCN. The task we aregrappling with in our member countries requireshard-core environmental economics and hard-coreconservation management skills. There is anabundance of soft-core advice available in bothareas, but it is broadly irrelevant to the real policychoices and the economic decision-makingsequence, which is about what money should bespent, and how. I see the comparative advantage ofIUCN lying in the scientific and technical aspects ofnature conservation, and we look forward to theconsolidation of a close partnership in this area.


Annex 22

Report of the Programme Committee

MembershipDr Walter Lusigi (Chair) (Kenya)Dr Eric Edroma (Uganda)Dr Elsa Escobar (Colombia)Dr Jay Hair (USA)Dr Reuben Olembo (Kenya)Mr Adrian Phillips (UK)Dr Danny Elder (Committee Secretary, IUCN)Mr Jeffrey McNeely (Committee Secretary,IUCN)

Introduction

Upon appointment by the 18th Session of the IUCNGeneral Assembly, the Programme Committee metto discuss its charge relative to the evaluation ofthe 1991-1993 IUCN Programme document (GA/18/90/11). After consideration of several options, itwas concluded that the Committee resources' andtime could be used best by providing consensusrecommendations on programme direction ratherthan specific comments on the proposedprogramme and/or projects. We felt the latter wereaddressed appropriately by the excellent recom-mendations resulting from the Workshops as wellas comments received from IUCN members. Forthe record, all such contributions were incorpora-ted into an annex of this report (not present here)and recommended for further consideration by theIUCN Council and by the Director General forappropriate integration into the IUCN's 1991-1993programme activities.

Our Committee also considered the reportentitled "Review of IUCN's Programme 1988-1990"by Anil Agarwal and Adrian Phillips, as part ofour evaluation process. The following summarizesour conclusion and recommendations.

The IUCN Programme 1991-1993 DraftDocument (GA/18/90/11)

Overall, we commend the Director General and theSecretariat staff for the development of an excellentdraft programme document. A document of thismagnitude (228 pages) does not normally lenditself to easy comprehension of programme activ-ities as extensive as those proposed to be under-taken by IUCN during the next three years.However, we felt that this draft document was avast improvement over previous submissions and,in general, was quite responsive to the recommen-dations from the 1988 General Assembly in CostaRica. The "Overview" section (Part I, pp. 9-16) andthe summary of "Programme Activities" (Part II,Chapter I to V, pp. 19-52) were presented in a wellorganized and logical manner. The 23 annexes tothe document (pp. 55-228) provided ample detailsfor IUCN members interested in specificprogramme activities. The "Overview" section (PartI) was particularly helpful in establishing therationale for the development of the 1991-1993programme recommendations. In addition toproviding helpful introduction and backgroundsections, it contained very useful information onIUCN's funding (pp. 12-13), including a compar-ison of the 1988-1990 programme activities withthose proposed for 1991-1993 (Box 1, page 11).Further, this part of the document identified themajor new programmes as well as progress oninitiatives implemented during the 1988-1990period. This was followed by a section on thepriorities for the 1991-1993 Programme (pp. 14-15)and the process for their selection (pp. 15-16).

Part I of the draft programme document con-cluded with a summary of the 1991- 1993 budget(Table 1, page 17) by year and programme activity.While this information permitted a quick review ofprogramme expenditure, a comparable listing of

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revenues, by source, offsetting these expenses forthe respective programme activities, was notincluded. In the future we recommend this inform-ation should be included in order to provide acomplete overview of the IUCN's triennial budgetplan. In addition, and as elaborated below, adifferentiation between "core" and "project"specific funds should help eliminate many of theconcerns expressed in various fora over anapparent disproportionate allocation of IUCNfinancial resources between certain regions and/orprogrammes/ projects.

Review of IUCN's Programme 1988-1990

The IUCN Council requested Anil Agarwal andAdrian Phillips to undertake a critical review ofIUCN's programme achievements since the CostaRica General Assembly (February 1988). Theirreport (General Assembly Information Paper No. 2)was presented to this General Assembly onNovember 28 and received strong supportivecomments from several IUCN members. OurCommittee undertook a further, more detailedreview of their report and concurred unanimouslywith their thoughtful recommendations. Wecommend the authors for their superb contrib-utions to efforts to enhance the overall effectivenessof IUCN's programme activities. Further, weincorporate their report into the submission of thisCommittee and hereby, for the record, recommendtheir report be adopted officially and their recom-mendations implemented to the fullest extentfeasible within IUCN policy and budgetary guide-lines.

Programme Recommendations: Overview

As noted above, we did not feel it was within thepurview of our Committee to make specificprogramme or project recommendations. We feltthat was best left within the domain of the expertrecommendations received from the various work-shops and/or comments offered by IUCN mem-bers.

As an alternative, we attempted to identifycross-cutting programme trends and/or overallrecommendations from the various sources ofinformation available to us. Many of these reinforcethe recommendations made in the Agarwal/Phil-lips report. Our summary recommendations forfollow-up deliberations and actions by the IUCNCouncil Commissions and/or the Director Generalare as follows:

1. It is unclear how the IUCN Programme1991-1993 fits within the context of a long-termorganizational strategic vision. It is highlyprobable that IUCN's Programme will need tobe restructured upon completion of the 1991World Conservation Strategy. We recommendthat the IUCN 1994-19% Programme draftdocument reflect its short-term (3 years) andlong-term (12 years) strategic options for achiev-ing the relevant goals of the 1991 WorldConservation Strategy. This approach shouldinclude both a pragmatic focus on specificprogramme objectives, including criteria forevaluating success, as well as a vision of howIUCN aspires to pursue its mission in thefuture.

2. We recommend that Council ask the DirectorGeneral to set up an effective means forinvolving the membership in the developmentof the programme between sessions of theGeneral Assembly. This should be done througha programme planning process which ensuresthat the Director General receives independentadvice on the programme and which enablesinterested members to contribute their ownsuggestions on programme priorities during thecourse of the triennium.

3. IUCN has adopted a revised mission statementat this General Assembly. This mission state-ment must be the operational driving forcebehind all IUCN programme activities, other-wise it is just a statement of good intentions. Inlight of this revised mission statement and theexpectation noted above, the IUCN Council,Commissions and Secretariat should evaluatethe current IUCN Programme for compatibility.

4. The concepts of "natural resources conser-vation" and "environmental protection" must bethe philosophical basis of the IUCN mission,strategic vision and the practical focus of all itsprogramme activities. We feel the debateenjoined on several occasions at this GeneralAssembly over whether IUCN is a "natureprotection" or a "sustainable development"organization is a false and potentially divisiveone. The IUCN Programme should reflect amajor organizational leadership position indefining the linkage between these compatibleconcepts and their essential roles for theachievement of global environmental security.

5. IUCN should incorporate the fundamentals ofethics, culture (including the views ofindigenous people on their role with nature


conservation) and equity (race, age and gender)in all of its conservation programme activities.This recommendation does not necessarilyimply an expansion in programme expenditurebut rather an integration into ongoinginitiatives.

6. We commend the trend of the decentralizationof IUCN programmes through the expansion ofa network of regional/country offices. However,a clear strategic direction for future growth inthis area needs to be established in two respects.First, there is widespread concern among themembership that so far regionalization hasbrought marked benefits to some areas (e.g.Central America, the Sahel and East Africa) butnot to others (e.g. South America, North Africa,Asia and the Pacific). The Director Generalshould give priority to strengthening IUCN'sregional presence in those regions which havenot so far felt the advantages of IUCN'sregionalization. Secondly, the regionalization ofIUCN should involve the establishment of alimited number of adequately staffed andfunded major Regional Offices, with specificproject managers, located in an expandednetwork of country-based offices.

7. The allocation of IUCN core funds for priorityprogrammes should be evaluated for equitybetween different regions and projects. Whereinequities in funding exists (both core andproject), the IUCN Secretariat should assist inthe identification of potential funding oppor-tunities for IUCN specific programme priorities.

8. The availability of credible scientific data isessential to the success of IUCN's conservationprogramme. However, greater attention needsto be given to converting such information intospecific conservation policy recommendations,actions and/or public education initiatives.Additionally this would help alleviate theconcern expressed over the apparent imbalanceof IUCN's programme emphasis between workon science and work on consciousness-raising,advocacy and education.

9. Research and global environmental monitoringprogrammes and their funding should continueto be strengthened. Further, IUCN should beinvolved actively in the process of synthesizing

available information on global environmentaltrends and particular efforts should be made toensure it is made readily available to policy andother decision-makers.

10. Potential environmental impacts and policyimplications of the release of genetically alteredorganism on biological diversity and environ-mental health should be evaluated by anappropriate IUCN Commission.

11. For new programme initiatives involving therole of women in natural resources manage-ment, priority should be placed on their integ-ration into ongoing IUCN programmes ratherthan separate activities. Additionally, IUCNshould evaluate opportunities that would beappropriate for the involvement of different agegroups in conservation programme activities(i.e. youth education and involvement).

12. Greater efforts should be made to identify thetotal IUCN programme activities undertaken byIUCN members either (a) directly with theSecretariat, (b) through the respective Commis-sions or, to the extent feasible, (c) those under-taken independently by member institutions(with listing of appropriate budgets), in directco-ordination with IUCN's programme prior-ities. This would provide both a clearerrepresentation of the overall programme activityof IUCN and a greater sense of identity by andwith its member organizations.

13. IUCN Commissions should co-ordinate theiractivities with one another and relate themdirectly to the IUCN programme priorities.Specifically, the Commissions should provideback-up support of scientific information, adviceetc for IUCN projects on the ground. In turn,IUCN project directors should be expected tofeed the results of their field experience backinto the work of the Director General.

Programme Committee Recommendation

The Programme Committee recommends that thecontents of this report and supporting annexes beapproved and submitted to the IUCN Council,Commissions and Secretariat for appropriateactions.

Annex 22 183

Annex 23

Speech by Sir Shridath Ramphal on accepting thePresidency of the World Conservation Union

I thank you most warmly for the honour you havedone me in electing me as your next President. Inthanking you, allow me to say what a privilege it isto take over the Presidency from my respectedfriend Dr Swaminathan, whose work in so manyfields I have admired for so long and to whom thisorganization owes so much for his leadership overthe last six years.

There is something special for me in acceptingthe Presidency in Australia. First of all, because it isAustralia—which, over the years, I have come toknow and love and admire, and to which (ifAustralians will permit) I feel such a sense ofbelonging from my Commonwealth work. This isboth an ancient land and a young nation, and eachof these dimensions of Australia has meaning forIUCN's mission. Its youthfulness helps us to findpathways to the future without too much of thebaggage of the past. Yet, from its own ancient past,comes the heritage of Australia's first people, whodid not need global assemblies to tell them how tolive in harmony with nature. In the myths of'Dreamtime', in the 'songlines' that mark thegeography of their Aboriginal culture of respect fornature, are lessons that all Australians are re-learning and are in turn helping to teach the world.This Assembly meets not at the ends of the earthbut in one of its environmental homelands. I couldnot wish for a better beginning.

And I accept the honour of the Presidency witha special measure of humility because the trien-nium ahead presents challenges to our humansociety of the most enormous magnitude: chal-lenges which I do not hesitate to say could bear onhuman survival itself, all of them challenges whichIUCN has been urging onto the agenda of humanconcern for the last 40 years and more. What acommentary on the relevance of this organization'swork, not just to the future, but to the very futureof the future.

The objective "to promote and encourage theprotection and sustainable utilization of livingresources"—all living resources—is the most basicobjective of the World Conservation Union. In thepursuit of it, over the years, your activities mayhave seemed esoteric to the uninformed. Today, farfewer are uninformed, and no-one believes themesoteric. Thematic programmes on tropical forests,on wetlands, on marine ecosystems, on plants, onthe Sahel, on Antarctica, on population andsustainable development and on women in conser-vation: all these speak a language that the world'speople understand. How can one be anything buthumble in accepting the leadership of a movementwhose aims in their realization are so crucial to theunfolding of human destiny?

In the triennium ahead, we shall have as wellthe United Nations Conference on Environmentand Development which must confront the centralchallenge with which this movement has for solong been occupied, namely the ways in which wesimply have to establish a harmony betweenhumanity and nature. That conference will have toface the reality which the world has for so longbeen evading, that which our Director General onceso pointedly described—that "unless there is devel-opment that abates the pollution of poverty, naturewill remain embattled with the desperate de-prived". As IUCN's long campaign for the world'sattention to these issues is at last being heeded,though still with far too much reservation andhesitancy, our work assumes a further dimensionof importance calling for even greater commitmentto the basic aims which inspired IUCN's founda-tion in 1948.

Bringing together the governmental and non-governmental sectors, spanning a wide spectrum ofenvironmental knowledge and concern, IUCNstands poised to help the world community in theprocess of careful, considerate and constructive


thought and action that lies ahead. I look forwardto working with you to that end, drawing uponyour many strengths and promising you mycomplete commitment to the cause for which you

have stood, and which I join you in adopting as myown.

Thank you for your confidence.

Annex 23 185

Annex 24

Presentations on behalf of Indigenous Peoples

Implications for Aborigines ofAustralian Conservation Policy andPlanning

by Sue Gordon, on behalf of theChairperson, Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander Commission

The ancestors of my people have lived in this landfor many thousands of years. From the earliesttimes Aborigines lived as gatherers and hunters,and have acquired a detailed understanding of theworkings of their environment. More than 2,000generations of ancestral experience with the landhave bequeathed to Aboriginal people a range ofways of living attuned to all the natural environ-ments of the Australian continent.

Aboriginal people believe that there was acreation epoch during which ancestral beingsappeared and travelled upon a formless earth. Aswell as forming the landscape and imbuing it withlife, the actions of the ancestral beings setprecedents for behaviour and established tradi-tional social and religious law. Aboriginal peoplealso believe that they are responsible for theupkeep and continuance of the created orderthrough attention to the law, and through rituallyrenewing and re-enacting creation.

Aboriginal care for the land has its practical sideas well. The most widespread Aboriginal manage-ment technique is regular, low intensity burning ofover-mature vegetation. This periodic removal ofover-mature vegetation cuts the risk of large-scalecatastrophic fires. The patchwork effect establishesa wider range of habitats, and a higher diversity ofanimal and plant life, than in uniformly agedvegetation. This small plot burning regime alsoallows animals to find refuge in regenerating areasduring burning. Such burning also encourages the

growth of green pick for grazing animals, and thegermination of a range of human food plants.

Non-Aboriginal land managers and conservat-ionists are becoming increasingly confident thatAboriginal patchwork burning provides a key tomaintaining the populations of many Australiansmall mammals now facing extinction. This tradi-tional land management technique may also haveapplication in similar environments overseas.

The importance of fire management to tradi-tional Aborigines can be seen in the dismay ofelders returning to their country after absences ofmany years and finding that the land has falleninto disrepair.

Recent ecological research confirms what weAboriginal people have said so often, that Aus-tralian environments of two hundred years agowere to a large extent dependent upon Aboriginalintervention for their maintenance. They were notthe 'natural' untouched systems that EuropeanAustralians have thought them to be ever since thiscontinent was described as 'terra nullius' or 'no-one's land'.

During the past decade of granting land rightsto Aboriginal groups in some states, an increasingrecognition has emerged of the logic of traditionalland management strategies. A role in non-Aboriginal nature conservation has begun toemerge. As a result of this recognition there havebeen some fundamental developments in Aus-tralian park management. This has chiefly occurredin the Northern Territory.

A number of Northern Territory national parksare now established on land which has beenreturned to traditional owners, and in turn leasedback as parks for conservation and recreation.Examples of such lease-backs in the NorthernTerritory are at Uluru National Park (Ayers Rock),Kakadu National Park and Nitmiluk National Park(Katherine Gorge).

The details of the leases vary, but they share a

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number of important elements reflecting bothAboriginal ownership of the land and recognitionof Aboriginal interest and practice in conservation.I might mention the following:

• Where Aboriginal land is leased back, tradi-tional owners receive financial returns; this maybe in the form of park rental, and paymentssuch as gate takings, camping fees and fromconcession holders.

• Aborigines from relevant groups are trainedand employed to work in the park. Employmentcan be as rangers, park labour and othernecessary positions, and from time to time, asspecial consultants on such matters as theinterpretation of Aboriginal culture for tourists.

• Special consultation may occur in areas such asfire management, management of significantsites, siting of facilities, or granting of publicaccess to particular areas.

• Aborigines may be employed on specificmanagement projects such as the re-establish-ment of rare mammals in conservation areas.

• Aborigines may be given preference in suchareas as contracting for works.

• Management is required to assist Aborigines toestablish enterprises within parks.

• Leases and their terms and conditions are to beregularly renegotiated between the parties. Thishas allowed Aborigines to revise aspects ofleases and negotiate improvements, as iscurrently occurring with the Kakadu lease.

• Living areas and facilities for traditional ownersare to be established within parks so thattraditional owners can pursue their chosenlife-style within the park boundaries.

• Traditional owners maintain their traditionalrights to hunt, fish and gather plants fordomestic purposes. However, in many leasesthese rights may be subject to review if stocksbecome depleted.

• Traditional owners are guaranteed access to,and protection of, sites of significance.

• In recognition of their ownership of the land,Aboriginal owners are to have a major role inpark decision-making, over both day-to-daymatters and larger policy concerns.

It has been suggested that in the early days of

lease-back arrangements, Aboriginal owners maynot have understood the full implications of whatthey had been asked to agree to. With provisionsfor the periodic review of leases, this has meantthat, with their increasing experience and under-standing, Aboriginal owners have been able toimprove lease conditions. As an example, theowners of Kakadu and Uluru have been able tonegotiate quite substantial rental increases.

However I have been talking about develop-ments in the Northern Territory, where moresubstantial progress has been made than in otherstates. Elsewhere, and particularly here in WesternAustralia, government has yet to fully acknowledgethe importance of Aboriginal traditional ties tonational park areas. Despite some progress inincorporating Aboriginal concerns in park manage-ment planning, there is still more that can be doneat policy and day-to-day management levels. Someof the critical issues are:

• Joint management of national parks by Abori-ginal traditional owners and government auth-orities. This must include appropriate title to bevested with the traditional owners and lease-back or other arrangements put in place.

• Granting of suitable living areas for Aboriginalpeople within parks.

• Traditional hunting and fishing rights.

• Employment in park management and enter-prise projects.

• Power to withhold consent to mining and otheractivities.

Yet there may be some hope on the horizon inWestern Australia. The recently approved manage-ment plan for the Purnululu (Bungle Bungle)National Park makes explicit recognition of tradi-tional associations with the lands, of hunting andgathering rights, of living areas and of involvementof Aborigines in management and land rehabilit-ation. This initiative needs to be extended to othernational parks throughout Western Australia.

Moreover, despite these advances, the benefitsto Aborigines from national parks and conservationare not necessarily uniformly positive throughoutAustralia. Although Aborigines may be permittedto hunt and gather in areas where their traditionsremain central to their lifestyle, this right may notbe granted in other areas. However, many non-traditional Aborigines also regard freedom to huntand fish as an ancestral right and complain thatthey should not be bound by nature conservationregulations. For instance, the question of the need

Annex 24 187

to conserve the dugong population in the TorresStrait must be reconciled with the traditionalhunting rights of the Islanders. Aboriginescomplain that they are not responsible for thedegradation of the natural environment and theyshould not therefore be penalized for others'actions.

Although Aboriginal culture, and particularlyart, is a major attraction in a number of sometimeslong-established parks and reserves in Australia(examples include the Kuringai Chase near Sydney,Mootwingee and Lake Mungo in Western NSW,the Grampians in Victoria and the Flinders Rangesin South Australia), the interests of Aborigines maynot always be thoroughly considered in manage-ment plans. Indeed, until relatively recently, it waspossible for State authorities to manage areas fortheir Aboriginal heritage values without adequatelyconsulting or involving the descendants of theartists who created the works being managed. Inrecent years this has led to Aboriginal protest, forexample against the NSW National Parks andWildlife Service at Mootwingee in western NSW.Access roads to the ancient art were blockaded asAborigines pressed for their ownership of theirheritage to be recognized.

One of the most important issues facing nationalparks and Aboriginal people is that of mining. It isalarming that here in Western Australia thegovernment has recently decided to permit miningoperations in three national parks. Aboriginalpeople have substantial residential and culturalinterests in two of these, Rudall River and Hamers-ley Range National Parks, while the third, D'Entre-casteaux National Park, is immediately adjacent toa significant Aboriginal archaeological site at LakeJasper. This site is unique in the southern hemi-sphere in that it was preserved by being sub-merged under the Lake about 5,000 years ago. Inall three Aboriginal concerns have not beenaddressed in relation to the management of theparks, land tenure arrangements within them andthe protection of important sites.

This failure to address Aboriginal interestsadequately gives us cause to question whetherState governments have the commitment to putAboriginal interests high on their priorities whendeciding on the future direction of national parks.Effective Commonwealth leadership may well beneeded to give proper attention to the aspirationsand interests of Aboriginal people in the manage-ment of national parks.

In my view, the Commonwealth must reject therecommendations of the Industry Commission that'nature value', that is the natural environment,should no longer be a criterion for listing areas ofland on the national estate and that mining shouldbe permitted in national parks.

In conclusion I would like to suggest that thesuccess of the Aboriginal people, in the often harshand changing environments of Australia, is due inpart to a cultural inheritance of living with the landand sharing a detailed knowledge of naturalsystems. This approach is complemented by aspiritual belief in which people are inextricablylinked to the landscapes in which they live, andover which they have a responsibility to exercisecare and concern.

Governments and industry should pay attentionto this age-old conservation wisdom instead ofseeing financial profitability as the main deter-minant of how land is to be used. If this occurred,we all might be assured a sustainable environment,such as that achieved by my people for manythousands of years here in Australia.

IUCN and Indigenous Peoples:A New Partnership

by Mary Simon, President, InuitCircumpolar Conference


In recent years indigenous peoples of the worldhave taken a strong interest in the activities ofworldwide organizations such as the InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources, the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, the United Nations Working Group onIndigenous Peoples, the International LabourOrganization, The Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species and the InternationalWhaling Commission.

At the last General Assembly of IUCN (CostaRica, February 1988), the Assembly requested theDirector General to place a high priority oncooperation with IUCN's NGO members and otherNGOs in their efforts to build public support for,and influence governments and internationalbodies in favour of actions on, implementingIUCN's Programme and the goals of the WorldConservation Strategy. Moreover, the GeneralAssembly requested the Director General to de-velop strong cooperative relationships with NGOsof indigenous peoples having traditional know-ledge of renewable resource management.

Indigenous peoples are in full agreement withthe three basic conservation objectives being pur-sued by The World Conservation Union, which are:

(a) To secure the conservation of the renewablenatural resources of the earth, and particularlyits biological diversity, as an essentialfoundation for human nature;

(b) To ensure that these natural resources aredeveloped and used in a wise and sustainableway;

(c) To guide the development of human communi-ties towards ways of life that are both of goodquality and in enduring harmony with nature.

In many instances, indigenous peoples have askedinternational organizations to recognize andincorporate their extensive traditional knowledge,based on their special relationship with theenvironment and living resources, in promoting theconservation and wise use of nature and naturalresources. We are pleased to note that the Commis-sion on Environmental Law has already takensome decisions that highlight the importance of therights of indigenous peoples.

As indigenous peoples, we can make a uniquecontribution to the world in fulfilling the goals andobjectives of IUCN. After all, there are over200 million indigenous people.

In its report "Our Common Future", the WorldCommission on Environment and Developmentdiscusses the importance of empowering vulner-able groups (p. 114). The report underlines the factthat these communities are the repositories of vastaccumulations of traditional knowledge andexperience that link humanity with its ancientorigins. Moreover, the starting point for a just andhumane policy for such groups is the recognitionand protection of their traditional rights to landand the other resources that sustain their way oflife—rights they may define in terms that do not fitinto standard legal systems. This recognition mustalso give local communities a decisive voice in thedecisions about resource use in their area. Hence amore careful and sensitive consideration of theirinterests is a touchstone of a policy for sustainabledevelopment.

In order to ensure that these objectives arefulfilled, indigenous peoples would like to putforward and submit to the attention of this GeneralAssembly a series of concrete initiatives to reflectthe New Partnership between IUCN and Indigen-ous Peoples. We propose that the objectives ofIUCN should include:

1. To promote full participation of indigenouspeoples in activities of IUCN;

2. To ensure that the traditional knowledge ofindigenous peoples is fully integrated in thevarious environmental initiatives and policies ofIUCN;

3. To develop projects and positions on theenvironmental rights of indigenous peoples, asdefined in the World Charter for Nature.

Advocacy Role of IUCN

No doubt, such a very important internationalorganization as IUCN should play a leading role insupporting indigenous peoples. Here are someelements of this advocacy role that IUCN couldundertake:

1. To urge all national and regional governmentsto take fully into account the views andaspirations of indigenous peoples in relation todevelopment projects;

2. To inform the international community of theenvironmental concerns of indigenous peoples;

3. To support indigenous peoples in situationswhere non-indigenous people are competingover a natural resource.

Scientific, technical and financialassistance

As pointed out in the document "Caring for theWorld—A Strategy for Sustainability", advice andtechnical assistance should be exchanged among allpartners. Partnership can be built around NGOswho work with indigenous peoples (p. 29).

In the document, the fourth of eight principlesfor sustainability reads, "Aim for an equitabledistribution of the benefits and costs of resourceuse and environmental management". In thiscontext, achieving equity means expanding oppor-tunities for the disadvantaged.

To help achieve this, IUCN should:

1. Set up an Inter-Commissional Task Force to dealwith issues especially relevant to IndigenousPeoples;

2. Provide and earmark funds for assistance toindigenous groups;

3. Provide scientific and technical assistance tothese groups.

In closing, I would like to mention to this GeneralAssembly the great importance we attach to therecent regime of having an indigenous CouncilMember of IUCN, and we believe this should andwill continue.

I would also like to reiterate the importance ofthe objectives we have proposed for IUCN on thisnew partnership between IUCN and indigenouspeoples, and of the concrete and practical sugges-tions made to ensure the fulfilment of theseobjectives. To follow-up on this, the indigenouspeoples have submitted a resolution to this GeneralAssembly.

Annex 24 189

Territories and Self-Determinationof Indigenous Peoples: Pillars ofDefence of Amazonian Biodiversityfor Humanity

by Wilfrido Aragón Aranda, Vice-president of the Coordinating Body for theIndigenous Peoples' Organization of theAmazon Basin (COICA)

I bring with me greetings from more than onemillion citizens living on 6 million sq. km in theAmazon and comprising some 300 indigenouscommunities. These communities were originallyorganized into regional federations, then unifiedalong national lines to form the Interethnic Associ-ation for the Development of the Peruvian Forest(AIDESEP—Asotiation Interetnica de Desarrollo de laSelva Peruana), the Confederation of IndigenousPeoples of the Equatorian Amazon (CON-FENIAE—Confederation de Nationalidades Indigenasde la Amazonia Ecuatoriana), the Indigenous Con-federation of Eastern Bolivia (CIDOB—Confedera-tion Indigena del Oriente Boliviano), the NationalIndigenous Organizat ion of Colombia(ONIC—Organizatión National Indigena de Colombia)and the Union of Indigenous Nations of Brazil(UNI—Unión de Nationes Indigenas del Brasil) andfinally united into the Coordinating Body for theIndigenous Peoples' Organizations of the AmazonBasin (COICA—Coordinadora de las OrganizationesIndigenas de la Cuenca Amazónica). COICA is thefruit of 25 years of work by many differentindigenous peoples in the Amazon basin to organ-ize ourselves in the defence of our territories,identity and way of life.

COICA is present at this important event ofIUCN to contribute to the achievement of theUnion's aims and conclusions, which will serve toensure a higher standard of living and re-establisha harmonious balance in ecological biodiversity.

For thousands of years, long before and notonly during the time of IUCN, we indigenousAmazonian peoples have lived a way of life whichuses the Amazonian forest so wisely and integrallythat we have been able to keep its biodiversitycompletely intact. We are now struggling underadverse conditions to curb anti-ecological settle-ment, development and socially unjust policiesbeing imposed on the Amazon. We have also beeninvolved in important activities to restore andpromote indigenous technologies, updated toachieve real and sustainable development in theAmazon. Nevertheless, in spite of the leading role

we are playing, we have come to this IUCNGeneral Assembly as an "observer". Thisincoherency must be rectified. We thereforepropose that COICA be recognized as an officialparticipant in these meetings.

Over the past 40 years, two factors have broughtthe native peoples in the Amazon basin out of theirisolation. First, the spread of agriculture intoadjacent regions has uprooted hundreds ofthousands of native and non-native inhabitantswho immigrate to these outlying areas in search ofland, gold or work. Second, modern industrialcentres in the northern hemisphere have helpedLatin American states to bring the Amazon basinunder the direct control of state bodies and toexploit the resources there.

Generally speaking, our organizations have thesame basic principles and are representative in thatthey begin in local communities, where leaders areelected to represent them in the regional or ethnicfederations and in the national confederations.They struggle for autonomy, they endeavour torepresent the interests of local communities ratherthan following political parties, missionaries, localgovernmental institutions and others who woulduse these organizations to benefit themselves. Theyhave a common platform, including the defenceand care of their territories, their way of life, theirsocial rights and their right to autonomous devel-opment including health and education.

Our native villages, our territories and theAmazon belong to us—we are inseparable. Thedestruction of any one part affects the other. Butfor us, it is not only a question of conservation andconserving ourselves, of protection and protectingourselves. The destruction of the forest also affectsall our countries together, and humanity as well,because the Amazon forest is the most importantabsorber of carbon dioxide in the world. Itsfunction as regulator and stabilizer of the atmos-phere and climate and, for that matter, life onearth, is affected.

We have inhabited and used the forest withoutdamaging it. We have managed it totally andintegrally and, in this sense, have been its defen-ders for centuries. When we started growingweaker as peoples, protection for the Amazon alsodeclined. Now, we have renewed strength thanksto our organizations and have again assumed theleading role in the defence and safeguard of ourAmazonian environment.

We are at a historically decisive crossroads.Either our peoples and the forest survive togetheror we disappear together. The forest is not justanother special project or another environment forus, but life itself. It is the last possible place for usto live because emigrating means death for us as a


people. The Amazon is also the only heritage wecan leave our children. I hope this gives you anidea of our resolve to protect the Amazonian forest.There is but one direction to take, without hesita-tion or turning back.

I would like to end with a final thought, anappeal, and a real plan of action.

1. We do not suggest another form of technologybut an ecological way of life. We do not suggesta plan, a project, a manual or ideas on asustainable future through political support andfinancial resources. We are more than onemillion citizens and hundreds of peoples andorganizations, which have no other resources ordestiny on earth than to live in harmony withthe Amazon and to manage it integrally for thesustainable development of generations to come.

2. We come before you not only with 500 years ofresistance and defence of humanity's lungs, theAmazon, but also with a proposal for a real andeffective alliance to ensure a lasting, sustainablefuture for all.

We know the effectiveness of uniting the energyand efforts behind common objectives rather thanseparating them.

In conclusion:

• we ask that COICA be granted membership ofIUCN to strengthen our collective activities;

• we ask the Assembly to support the indigenousproposals which we call Basis for an Indigenousand Environmentalist Alliance (Base para unaAlianza Indígena y Ambientalista);

• we ask the Assembly for its support to theobjectives of "an Amazon for humanity" (Ama-zonia para la humanidad) as stated in the IquitosDeclaration;

• we ask the Assembly to encourage the joining ofefforts between IUCN and the CoordinatingCommittee between COICA and Environ-mentalists and Conservationists, as establishedin the Iquitos Declaration and in the alliancebetween COICA and European cities.

As we are men who say what we think and dowhat we say, we hope that the feeling of solidarityat this Assembly will lead to decisive and historicmeasures for our peoples, the Amazon and bio-diversity of the earth.

Annex 24 191

Annex 25

Presentations at the Session on the UN Conference onEnvironment and Development

Statement by Ambassador TommyT B Koh, Chairman, PreparatoryCommittee, UNCED

It is both a pleasure and a privilege to have thisopportunity to speak to the General Assembly ofthe World Conservation Union. The World Conser-vation Union is a unique organization because itbrings together, on the basis of equality, states,government agencies and non-governmentalorganizations in the cause of conservation. I notethat your present membership includes 55 states, 95government agencies (over half of which are indeveloping countries), and over 400 non-govern-mental organizations, including such well-knownones as the World Wide Fund for Nature and theSierra Club. Altogether 106 countries are represen-ted in IUCN's membership. I note also the fact thatyou not only analyse problems and producestrategies for solving them, but that you actuallyimplement your ideas through practical action onthe ground, especially in developing countries. Iwould urge you to expand your membership in theThird World and to do more to assist the develop-ing countries to adopt and implement nationalprogrammes for the protection and sustainable useof their natural resources.

Stockholm and Rio

Your Director General, Dr Martin Holdgate, hasrequested me to say a few words on the 1992 UNConference on Environment and Development andthe progress that has been achieved by thePreparatory Committee. The world's firstConference on the Environment was held inStockholm in 1972. Twenty years later, the worldwill meet again in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. There is

one important difference between the 1972Conference and the 1992 Conference. The 1972Conference had a single focus: protection of theenvironment. The 1992 Conference has twinfocusses: environment and development. Inconvening the 1992 Conference, the UN GeneralAssembly required us to pay equal attention tomankind's aspiration for economic progress and abetter life, on the one hand, and the imperative toprotect and preserve our environment on the other.

Pollution and Prosperity

Many people in Asia believe that there is acontradiction between these twin objectives. Look-ing at the situations in the Republic of Korea,Taiwan and Hong Kong, they believe that it isimpossible for a developing country to achieverapid economic progress while upholding highenvironmental standards to protect its land, water,air and other natural resources. They believe thatpollution is a necessary price to pay for prosperityand that after a country has taken off economically,it could then take remedial action to rectify theharm it has done to its environment. I do notsubscribe to this view. I would point to theexperience of Singapore in the last 25 years tosupport my view that there is no inherent contra-diction between environment and development.Singapore's achievements in the past 25 yearssuggest that it is possible for a developing countryto strike a balance between its aspirations foreconomic progress and for a healthy environment.To be sure, there are trade-offs and difficult choicesto be made. However, comparing the situation inSingapore with those in other parts of East andSoutheast Asia, one feels justified in believing thatan environmentally sensitive development policycan work.

It is also interesting to compare the situation in

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Japan with those in the Soviet Union and EasternEurope. In Japan, spectacular economic achieve-ments were matched by progress in protecting theenvironment. In the Soviet Union and EasternEurope, economic stagnation was accompanied byenvironmental disaster. This contrast seems tosupport the central thesis in the report of theBrundtland Commission, that there is a positivecorrelation between development and environmentand that without sustainable development the veryprocess of development would be in jeopardy.

UNCED Preparatory Committee

Let me now say a few words about the work of thePreparatory Committee for the 1992 Conference.The Committee is a large one and consists of all themember states of the UN plus some states whichare not UN members. The Committee has twoWorking Groups. The first Working Group, chairedby Ambassador Bo Kjellen of Sweden, deals withthe protection of the atmosphere and landresources, the conservation of biological diversityand the environmentally sound management ofbiotechnology. The second Working Group, chairedby Minister Bukar Shaib of Nigeria, deals with theprotection of the oceans and the seas, the protec-tion of freshwater resources, the environmentallysound management of wastes and toxic chemicals,and the prevention of illegal international traffic intoxic and dangerous products and wastes. Therewill be a third Working Group on law andinstitutions; the exact mandate of this WorkingGroup and the timing of its establishment have notyet been agreed upon.

The Preparatory Committee has held two meet-ings. The first meeting, which was held in March1990, in New York, was an organizational meeting.The second meeting of the Committee was held inNairobi, in August 1990. In Nairobi, the Committeeand its two Working Groups began a review of itsagenda and adopted a preliminary programme ofwork. The Committee also adopted a liberaldecision regarding the participation of non-govern-mental organizations in the preparatory process.

Conference should adopt either an Earth Charter oran Earth Declaration. Third, the Conference shouldadopt a programme of work which Maurice Stronghas labelled as Agenda 21, the figure "21" standingfor the 21st Century. As for the means of imple-menting the agenda, Maurice Strong has suggestedthat the Preparatory Committee should focus onthree things: financial resources, technologytransfer and institutions.

IUCN's Contributions

How can the World Conservation Union contributeto the work of the Preparatory Committee? First,on the conservation of biological diversity and theenvironmentally sound management of biotech-nology, the Preparatory Committee has acknow-ledged the important contributions which havebeen made by IUCN. I would urge IUCN tocontinue to assist the negotiating process on thesetwo interrelated subjects and to try to complete thenegotiations for the adoption of a new internationallegal instrument on biological diversity before June1992. Second, I would urge IUCN to take advan-tage of the Preparatory Committee's decision, takenin Nairobi, to enable non-governmental organiza-tions to contribute to our preparatory process.There already exists a strong bond between IUCNand the UNCED Preparatory Committee. Yourincoming President, Sir Sonny Ramphal, is ourSpecial Advisor. IUCN is contributing significantlyto the professional work of the UNCED Secretariaton a whole variety of questions. I look forward toworking closely with you as we prepare for Rio in1992.

Statement by Mr A.S. Blunn,Secretary, Department of the Arts,Sport, the Environment, Tourismand Territories, Government ofAustralia

Maurice Strong's Hopes for 1992

At the Nairobi meeting, our Secretary-General, MrMaurice Strong, presented his ideas on what thePreparatory Committee should attempt to producefor the 1992 Conference. First, he suggested that theConference should open for signature, a number ofconventions, for example, on climate change, bio-logical diversity and possibly forestry. Second, the

UNCED is important simply because it is the firstglobal conference on the whole question of theenvironment and development. In the twenty yearssince Stockholm, which concentrated on theenvironment, the picture has changed very signific-antly in terms of the focus and extent of environ-mental concerns—moral, scientific, political andeconomic. The Conference provides the oppor-tunity to address, or re-balance, old and newinterests including the concerns of nations and

Annex 25 193

regions which twenty years ago were simply notinvolved. Of special concern to Australia are theinterests of the Asia-Pacific region and, in particu-lar, that recognition be given to the small islandstates of the Pacific.

In terms of concrete outcomes, Australia isparticularly interested in seeing the Conferenceachieve effective conventions on climate changeand biodiversity. We also support the principle of acharter of environmental rights and a morecomprehensive international approach to sea andair pollution and land degradation.

The real test of UNCED, however, will not bethe conclusion of specific conventions, importantthough they are, but whether or not UNCED setsthe right international environment and develop-ment agenda for the next twenty years.

"Agenda 21" must do more than simply identifyissues. It must give the lead to achieving environ-mentally sound and sustainable development on aworld scale and make sure that the mechanismscapable of achieving those objectives are in place. Itmust address the underlying causes of environ-mental problems, including the problems of popu-lation growth, poverty, urbanization and un-balanced consumption patterns.

The most difficult questions we will face willprobably not be about the state of the environment,who or what caused the problem, or even what wehave to do to rectify the particular problem,although some of those will be difficult enough.The most difficult questions will be whethercollectively the nations of the world have the willto make the necessary changes and to mobilize theresources required.

It is important that the Conference should notbecome a battlefield on which regional or factionalfights or short-term economic expediencies areallowed to obscure the issues, the science or theprinciples. It is disappointing to see that in theearly meetings of the Preparatory Committee therehave been firm lines developing between what areperceived as the interests of the developing and thedeveloped countries. If that pattern continues, theConference cannot achieve its full potential and theglobal environment will be poorly served.

To achieve that potential, we will have tore-examine many of the accepted precepts andunderlying assumptions of the current world order.Environment and sustainability now clearly rankamong the most important international issues onthe UN agenda. However, it would be complacentto assume that the current institutional arrange-ments and the relationships and resource relativ-ities in the existing UN system are appropriate forthe post-1992 international environment.

Australia's Ambassador to the United Nations,

in a recent address to the General Assembly,expressed the view that it is time to have a hardlook at the institutionalized practices and structuresof the system, as some of them did not seem to berelevant to the 1990s. In his opening address to thisIUCN Assembly, Professor Slatyer suggested thatthere are some major weaknesses in the UN systemwhen it comes to dealing with environmentalissues.

Australia has no fixed position on internationaloutcomes and generally supports the current UNorganizations, particularly UNEP and UNDP,broadly in their current roles. Indeed, most of theexamples that Professor Slatyer cited as environ-mental successes are ones that UNEP has beeninstrumental in achieving. Nonetheless, we believethat UNCED should look at the whole UN systemfrom the General Assembly—where environmentissues now get considered only every secondyear—down to the regional and sub-regional level,to ensure that the UN system best serves the needsof the environment.

Above all, we need to find ways to ensurerational and constructive debate on the issues andto find ways to go forward quickly in areas ofcommon agreement while working to resolvegenuine differences. Issues such as funding andtechnology transfer are difficult but they are notgoing to go away or even get any easier. They mustbe solved.

Much can be done regionally. For example,Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea shareresponsibility for one of the world's principalmega-diversity zones. There is scope for doingmuch more together to maximize the impact ofnational measures to protect natural resources andto share information and expertise on sustainableresources.

Within Australia there have recently been somepromising moves in this direction. These includethe establishment of formal mechanisms toconsider how ecologically sustainable developmentcan be achieved.

Mechanisms have also been developed toinvolve the principal non-government organiza-tions (NGOs). For example, the environmentalNGOs are closely involved with the FederalMinister through existing processes, includingmeetings with the governing bodies of the majorconservation organizations. These mechanisms,along with the regular consultations the Ministerhas with industry and other groups, will be builtinto Australia's preparatory process for UNCED. Inaddition, Australia's Ambasssador for the Environ-ment, Sir Ninian Stephen, will be conveningregular meetings of broader community organiza-tions, business, environmental NGOs, aboriginal


and youth groups, etc., to provide Australia'sformal consultative process on UNCED. We willuse this forum to consult with community organ-izations in the preparation of Australia's nationalreport to UNCED.

Statement by Mr Morifing Kerné,Ministre de l'Environnement etL'Elevage, Mali

Mr President, I would like to take this opportunityto extend to you my warm congratulations on yourwell-deserved election to the Presidency of ourorganization. At the same time, I would like toexpress our deep gratitude to your distinguishedpredecessor Dr Monkombu Swaminathan, whoconducted our work with a great deal of tact fortwo terms. I should also, Mr President, like toexpress my sincere congratulations to all those whohave been elected or designated to preside over thedestiny of our Organization for the three years tocome; I wish them every success. My special thanksgo to Dr Martin Holdgate for the good relationsmaintained by IUCN with my country, Mali.

Our participation in this important gathering ofthe IUCN General Assembly is first and foremost areflection of our commitment to nature conserva-tion and our unflagging support to the Union inthe noble aims which it pursues.

There is no other attitude for us to adoptconsidering that we have come a very, very longway from the Sahel where conservation is aninescapable stage in the path to development.

This 18th Session of the General Assembly hasmarked yet another success for our Union. Theorganization of this gathering, the participation, thediscussions and the recommendations which weare to adopt are commensurate with the impor-tance of the subject: Conservation in a ChangingWorld.

We express the hope that all members of IUCNwill commit themselves firmly to the implemen-tation of the recommendations and resolutions. Ourdiscussions have focussed at length on the questionof conservation and sustainable development. Thiscould not have been otherwise, given that the twoconcepts are two sides of the same coin. The WorldConservation Union (IUCN) derives its specificcharacter from the statutory structure of its mem-bership and its major concern with the conserva-tion of natural resources. For many countries,particularly developing countries, the exploitationof natural resources remains the foundation of

development. Their development requires that therelationship of conflict between conservation andnatural resources should be transformed into arelationship of complementarity. There can be noconservation without development, just as theprocess of sustainable development is inconceiv-able without conservation.

It is pleasing to note that this debate onsustainable development is going well and is agood prelude to the United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development that is to be held inBrazil in 1992. This will be the second conference ofits kind after Stockholm 1972. It is now anestablished principle that a sound environment isessential to sustainable economic growth, whetherin developped or developing countries. There is nodoubt that the "World Conservation Strategy",which the IUCN is actively engaged in reformulat-ing, will be an important contribution to the Brazilmeeting in 1992.

I do not doubt for a moment, that, as in thepast, our organization will be in the forefront inensuring that this world gathering will prove thesuccess that the peoples of the world are entitled toexpect.

During the 21st century, much will be at stakefor mankind, for ourselves and for future gener-ations. It is vital that we prepare for it during thenext 10 years. All of us must participate in thedebate to make it more productive. As far as Africais concerned, many initiatives have been taken atthe national or regional levels to establish a balancebetween lagging development and conservation ofrapidly deteriorating resources. This is a realchallenge which it will be difficult for us to meetwithout the cooperation of the international com-munity.

During his term of office as acting President ofOAU, the President of the Republic of Maliinitiated a discussion on debt and development onthe one hand, and environment and development,on the other.

This initiative led to a decision to convene anAfrican Conference on Environment and Sustain-able Development at Bamako in accordance withthe OAU Resolution of 1989. Originally, thisConference was to have been held in June 1990. Forvarious reasons to do with the OAU Secretariat,this timetable could not be met and the new date of14-17 December 1990 was set.

Despite the persistent foot-dragging of some,who want to strip the Bamako Conference of itsreal content and to confine it to a debate on thesingle subject of transboundary transfer of toxicwastes, the OAU decision regarding the agenda forthis meeting has been maintained.

The Bamako meeting is strictly in line with the

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concerns of the United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development to be held in Brazilin 1992 and will be a prime opportunity for theAfrican States to formulate a common platformwith a view to their participation in this worlddebate.

At Bamako we will have to:

• outline Africa's response to the report of theWorld Commission on Environment andDevelopment in preparation for the BrazilConference;

• strengthen the reciprocal commitments ofAfrican states as between themselves withregard to major common problems, sharedwater and energy resources, coordination andconsistency between the programmes of neigh-bouring countries;

• prohibit the import into Africa of dangerouswastes in all their forms and control trans-boundary movements in the dumping ofdangerous wastes produced in Africa.

It is my earnest hope that there will be a majorparticipation in Brazil 1992 by OAU and indeed alldeveloping countries so that the internationalcommunity can share with us one of our majorconcerns.

In conclusion, Mr President, I would like towish all members of the World ConservationUnion, good heart for a better future.

Statement by Mr Celso Schenkel,Brazilian Institute of theEnvironment and RenewableNatural Resources (IBAMA)

I am very pleased to speak here on behalf of theGovernment of Brazil, the country where theUnited Nations has chosen to hold the Conferenceon Environment and Development. Environmentand development are essential for Brazil and reflectthe growing concern for the environment through-out the world.

The people of Brazil are very gratified to see inthis international effort the desire to unite interestin conserving the natural environment with theequally important idea of socio-economic develop-ment.

For example, the conservation of the Amazonand its natural resources—undoubtedly one of the

main topics of discussion concerning theenvironment— is closely connected to the processof sustainable development in other regions of thecountry and continent. It makes no sense to talkabout one without considering the other.

I hope that the United Nations Conference findsthat although definitive answers to what is essen-tially a dynamic question cannot be found, it can atleast point out acceptable ways to harmonize thewell-being of populations with the conservation ofnature.

The Government of Brazil is happy to see thatinterest among non-governmental organizations isgrowing and that they are working with officialbodies in these areas. With this in mind, I ampleased to announce that the Government of Brazilintends to become a member of IUCN in 1991. Thisis an example of the numerous activities under-taken by Brazil and its people in search of solutionsto problems which arise when attempts are madeto conserve the natural environment withoutinhibiting development, the legitimate aspiration ofall countries and their peoples.

In conclusion, I should like to thank theinternational community for showing its confidencein Brazil and in Brazilians by choosing our countryas the site for the 1992 Conference. I am sure thatthere will be something for all of us to learn and toteach on that occasion.

Thank you very much.

Statement by Ms YolandaKakabadse, NGO Liaison Officer,UNCED Secretariat

NGO Participation in the Preparation ofUNCED


The United Nations, the UNCED PreparatoryCommittee and the UNCED Secretariat would liketo stress once again the importance of the participa-tion of the non-governmental community in thepreparation of the Conference.

Several working parties have been created at theSecretariat, covering topics such as land andagriculture, oceans, atmosphere, biodiversity, bio-technology, toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes,and environmental education. For these and manyother subjects of common concern, we wouldwelcome your support; there is a lot of creativityand discussion in the non-governmental sector, andthis must be taken into account in both thedeveloped and non-developed worlds. It is also

important that the different NGO communities findsome channels through which they can organizetheir input and their forthcoming proposals atnational, international and regional level. This is anopportunity to start building up that alliancementioned in the World Conservation Strategy forthe 1990s.

One initiative, the International FacilitatingCommittee, based in Geneva, Switzerland, isalready underway. Its purpose is to raise the levelof international debate around the Conferencebeyond the traditional pursuit of sectoral andnational interest.

To this end, three kinds of opportunities foraction are foreseen: 1) Enabling the independentsectors to contribute intellectually and to parti-cipate in person at the three remaining meetings ofthe Preparatory Committee and its WorkingGroups; 2) Convening a 'summit' of independent

sectors to share and reflect upon the similaritiesand differences within their sectors' proposals foragendas and action plans for UNCED; and3) Facilitating arrangements for parallel events toUNCED in Brazil.

The UNCED Secretariat takes this opportunityto call upon the NGO members at this meeting todevelop their own agendas for the present decadeand for what we are calling Agenda 21. We alsocall on governments to allow this work to takeplace as a joint effort.

However, it is important to note that theUNCED Secretariat is also open to other initiatives.Maurice Strong, my colleagues at the Secretariat,and I will do all we can to co-ordinate, provide andfacilitate the positive work of NGOs towards whatwe believe will be one of the most importantevents of the decade.

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Annex 26

Remarks by the Director General, Dr M.W. Holdgate, onIUCN's Contribution to the Work of the UN Conferenceon Environment and Development

It is clear that IUCN, as a World ConservationUnion linking the governmental and non-govern-mental sectors and with extensive membership inboth "north" and "south", has a great potentialcontribution to make to the work of the UNConference on Environment and Development. It isalso evident from the presentations just made tothe General Assembly and the comments in thediscussion that the Union's members recognize theimportance of UNCED and want to participate. Inparticular, they want to help ensure that theConference addresses the environmental issues ofkey importance to our members with the necessaryurgency.

There are three main ways in which the Unioncan respond as an institution (obviously manymembers, especially State members, will be makingother, direct contributions).

The first way is by participating in the preparat-ory process. We will send a delegation, led by theDirector General, to the March meeting of thePreparatory Committee, and hope and trust thatthe Chairman of the Committee, whose presencehere today we greatly appreciate, will give us thefloor on appropriate occasions! We will alsomaintain and develop the close links that havealready been established between the Secretariat ofUNCED and the Secretariat of IUCN. These in-formal links involve the tropical forests, marine,wetlands, biodiversity, population and environ-ment, and environmental law components of theSecretariat and, subject to resources, I will behappy to see other programmes involved as well. Ishould emphasize that these informal links allowmembers of the UNCED Secretariat to obtainadvice from IUCN experts from day to day, but donot involve the Union's staff in specific new work,for which we would have to seek funding.

The second way is by using the World Conser-vation Union's machinery to develop analyses

which can be delivered as specific inputs toUNCED. Some are already well advanced. In thisGeneral Assembly we have discussed "Caring forthe World", the current draft of the successor andcomplement to the World Conservation Strategy.We hope that when completed this text can betransferred effectively to the UNCED PreparatoryCommittee. If the document is seen as a product ofa process involving 65 States, 110 GovernmentAgencies and over 500 NGOs, and is recognized asa challenging document highly relevant to"Agenda 21"—the programme for the nextcentury—it should have important influence.

Similarly, I hope that the IV World ParksCongress, to be held in Venezuela in 1992, willproduce an important global plan of action forsafeguarding biological diversity through theprotection of habitats in the various categories ofprotected areas. This plan, drawing on the Union'scurrent, cooperative programme on the conserva-tion of biological diversity, should give practicalexpression to the actions that will need to be takenin making any International Convention on Bio-diversity an operational reality.

The Antarctic Conservation Strategy could beanother input, although I think that all attendingthis General Assembly hope that by 1992 inter-national action will have led to the completion of anew legal instrument on Antarctic conservation.Other inputs should arise from the Commissions,and from special workshops. I think that we shoulddo our utmost to ensure that any workshops andconferences organized within the IUCN systembetween now and 1992 are designed also toprovide an input to the UNCED process.

The third way in which the World ConservationUnion can contribute is through exchange anddevelopment of thought among our members inthe different regions of the world. The BergenConference, convened by the Government of

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Norway and the UN Economic Commission forEurope in May 1990, demonstrated the benefit ofdiscussions that bring governmental and non-governmental sectors together, and if IUCN cansecure the funding we would be well placed toarrange other regional forums, especially in thedeveloping world, which could be a valuableextension of the UN's own preparatory process. Ishall be approaching possible funding agencies onthis score, and urging my regional representativesto take the matter seriously.

Of course there is a reciprocal link we mustbuild. The next IUCN General Assembly is likely tobe held in the autumn of 1993—just over a yearafter UNCED. The findings of the UN Conference,and the ways in which they can be carried forwardin the World Conservation Union's distinctivecontext, must be high on the agenda for thatAssembly. Indeed, the theme of that Assemblycould well be the Union's contribution to "Agenda21".

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Annex 27

Citations for the Conferral of Honorary Membership of theWorld Conservation Union

Members of Honour of the World ConservationUnion are eminent individuals able to contribute toadvancing the mission of the Union. They arenominated by the Council and elected by theGeneral Assembly.

Professor Dr HRH Princess Chulabhorn

Professor Dr HRH Princess Chulabhorn, a memberof the Thai Royal Family, is a distinguishedchemist who has made a significant contribution tothe conservation of the natural environmentthrough her scientific work. She has demonstratedher particular concern with chemicals which areharmful to the environment and among her profes-sional affiliations has chaired and advised manyworking groups and committees directly concernedwith the sustainable use of natural resources.Professor Dr HRH Princess Chulabhorn isPresident of the Chulabhorn Foundation, Chair ofthe Foundation for Promotion of Nature Conserva-tion and Environmental Protection in Thailand andhas represented her country on many occasions atinternational environmental fora.

drafting of major environmental laws relating toland, water, air and noise pollution. Dr Burhennewas the Co-founder of the German Wildlife Protec-tion Association and of World Wildlife FundGermany. He is the founding member of theEnvironmental Round Table, which brings togetherorganizations and representatives from industry,science, labour, government and NGOs. He is alsoa founding member of the German Council forEnvironmental Law and has served as Chairman ofthe German Federal Commission on ThermalPollution. At the international level, he was in 1950the first German representative to the IUCNGeneral Assembly and has participated since thenin the activities of the Union in various capacities.His most recent service to the Union has been asChairman of the Commission on EnvironmentalPolicy, Law and Administration since 1977 untilthis very day. He has been the mentor of prac-tically every initiative undertaken by IUCN in thefield of environmental law, including the Charterfor Nature adopted by the UN General Assembly,the CITES and Ramsar Conventions and morerecently the draft Convention for the Conservationof Biological Diversity.

Wolfgang Burhenne

Dr Wolfgang Burhenne was born in Germany andbegan his career in 1948 as Deputy Chief ofWildlife Management in the Bavarian State Minis-try for Food, Agriculture and Forestry. Later on heserved as the Legislative Adviser to the BavarianParliament while pursuing further parallel studiesat the Academy of Political Science in Munich. Heorganized the Interparliamentary Working Centre,which in 1953 produced the InterparliamentaryDeclaration on the Conservation and Use ofNatural Resources. From 1953 to 1972 the Centrewas responsible for the initiating, negotiating and

François Ramade

Professor François Ramade was born in France andis a Professor of Ecology at the University of ParisSouth (Orsay). Since 1973 he has also been theDirector of the Ecology and Zoology Laboratory atthis University. His major areas of research are thestudy of the ecological consequences of pollution ofaquatic ecosystems especially by pesticides, and theapplication of the fundamental ecological laws tothe conservation of nature. He is the author ofimportant scientific works on the ecology of naturalresources, ecotoxicology, two manuals on ecolo-gical science and many others. He is a member of

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the International Association of Ecology and of theEuropean Science Foundation, and is the Presidentof Honour of the French Federation of Societies forthe Protection of Nature. Professor Ramade hasbeen associated with IUCN since 1979 as a memberof the Council and Bureau, and as a member of theEcology Commission, in which he has chaired theTask Forces on Population and Resources, Eco-toxicology and Conservation of the MediterraneanCoastal and Marine Ecosystems.

Thane Riney

Born in the United States of America, Thane Rineyhas made an outstanding contribution to conserva-tion science, especially in the field of sustainableland-use. After studying at the University ofCalifornia Berkeley, he spent some years in NewZealand on wildlife and habitat research. He wasan early proponent of ecosystem conservation andwas specially selected to lead a team of FulbrightScholars to Zimbabwe in 1958-61, which did muchto catalyse that country's wildlife programme. Thiswork was extended to over 20 countries in Africa,under the auspices of IUCN. During this time andwhile head of FAO's Forest and Forest ProductsDivision Mr Riney catalysed and/or participated inmany far-sighted initiatives in Africa, including thetwo African Wildlife Training Colleges, and theWildlife and Protected Area ManagementProgramme of Botswana. Mr Riney also worked atthe Environmental Institute of EdinburghUniversity and briefly for the Australian Common-wealth Parks Service. He now lives in the small

town of Denmark in Western Australia, where hecontinues to advise, mainly Aboriginal groups, onsound resource management practices. While anarchitect in conservation science, Thane Riney has awonderful ability to show others, including thosewithout formal education, how they can see forthemselves what is going amiss in their localecosystems.

Mats Segnestam

Of Swedish nationality, Mats Segnestam was for 15years the Secretary General of the Swedish Societyfor the Conservation of Nature, one of the mostactive NGO members of IUCN. He has been astrong supporter of IUCN's work for 20 years andthis General Assembly in Perth is the eighthAssembly that he has attended. He has been amember of the Species Survival Commission and ofthe Commission on National Parks and ProtectedAreas, while demonstrating a keen interest in thework of the other Commissions. Mats Segnestamworked in IUCN as Marine Programme Officer fortwo years, and later became a Regional Councillorand Member of the Bureau for six years. He hasalso been a member of the Programme AdvisoryGroup established by the Director General ofIUCN, a member of the 1988 General AssemblySteering Committee and the Chairman of the IUCNReview committee at the 1984 General Assembly.At present Mats Segnestam is Senior PolicyAdviser on the Environment to the SwedishInternational Development Authority (SIDA).

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Annex 28

Citation for the Award of the John C. Phillips MemorialMedal for Distinguished Service in InternationalConservation to Professor Mohamed Kassas

Dr John Charles Phillips was a pioneer of theconservation movement. Born in 1876, he special-ized in medicine and zoology and made significantcontributions to science, particularly in taxonomyand genetics.

Dr Phillips worked constantly to increase publicawareness of wildlife conservation. He was vitallyconcerned with international cooperation for theconservation of nature. In his memory, his friendsestablished a Memorial Medal recognizing out-standing service in international conservation, andentrusted the awarding of the medal to IUCN.

At its 29th meeting on 26 November, Councilformally resolved to award the John C. PhillipsMedal to Professor Mohamed Kassas.

Professor Mohamed Kassas

Professor Kassas was born in July 1921, andgraduated in 1944 from the University of Cairo. In1950 he obtained his Ph.D. from the University ofCambridge for research in wetland ecology. Overthe past 40 years he has carried out extensivestudies on plant ecology in the desert regions ofEgypt and the Sudan. His work provided newinsights into vegetation patterns, successions andthe processes and causes of desertification. Hisunderstanding of desert ecology led directly to hisbecoming one of the pioneers who warned theworld about the dangers of increasing humanpressure and misuse on these vulnerable systems.He played a leading part in the UNESCO AridLand Research Programme (1950-1960) and theUnited Nations Conference on Desertification(1977).

Professor Kassas has been one of the leadingscientific figures in his native country, Egypt, for

several decades. He is a member of the EgyptianAcademy of Scientific Research and Technology,and Chairman of the Environmental ResearchCouncil of the Institut d'Egypte. In 1959 hereceived a State Award for Research in Biology,followed in 1978 by the Order of the Republic, in1981 by the Order of Merit, and in 1982 by a StateAward for Science. He is an appointed member ofthe Shoura Council (the Second House of theEgyptian Parliament). He has also played adistinguished part in international scientific affairs.From 1970 to 1972 he was Vice-Chairman of theInternational Coordinating Council for MAB (UN-ESCO), and from 1972 to 1973 Vice President of theICSU Scientific Committee on Problems of theEnvironment (SCOPE), from 1973 to 1976 AssistantDirector General of the Arab League Educationaland Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and from1978 to 1984 President of IUCN. He has been aSenior Adviser to the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme since its establishment in 1972, andwas co-Editor for UNEP's publication on The WorldEnvironment, 1972-1982. In 1978 he was jointrecipient of the Pahlavi International Prize for theEnvironment. He is a Member of the Club of Rome,Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Science,recipient of a Gold Medal for Education from theGovernment of the Sudan, and the ALECSO GoldMedal in 1978.

Professor Kassas was an outstanding Presidentof IUCN, combining considerable scientific know-ledge and ability with great human warmth and aquick and sympathetic understanding of people. Asa conciliator, and quiet achiever of solutions thatendure, he has served the international communi-ties of science and conservation with dedicationand success, and is a fitting recipient of the highesthonour which IUCN can confer.

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Annex 29

Citations for the Peter Scott Awards for ConservationMerit by the Species Survival Commission

The Peter Scott Awards for Conservation Merit aregiven to those who have made an outstandingcontribution to the conservation of wild animalsand plants, especially of threatened species and ofspecies exploited by humankind. The recipient maybe one or more individuals, or an organization, oreven a communal entity such as a village.

The Awards are made by the Species SurvivalCommission of IUCN. Recipients are chosen by theCommision's Steering Committee, of which theDirector General of IUCN is a member ex officio,and are presented by the Chair of the Commission.

The Award consists of a medal and a citation.

Didier Marchessaux

Shortly after the last IUCN General Assembly, theSpecies Survival Commission lost a valued memberin a fatal accident in the Western Sahara.

Didier Marchessaux, a world-renowned experton the endangered Mediterranean monk seal, wasone of four scientists involved in a serious accidentwhen their Land-Rover struck a landmine, presum-ably a relic of the Polisario war. Marchessaux waslargely responsible for establishing the Cap Blancreserve, and was a key figure for future researchand development of the park.

The Peter Scott Award will be presented to thewidow of Didier Marchessaux later this month ather home in France.

Grenville Lucas

In 1974, Grenville Lucas began his service to theSpecies Survival Commission as Secretary of theThreatened Plants Committee. In 1981 hesucceeded Sir Peter Scott as Chairman of theSpecies Survival Commission. As the Deputy

Keeper and then Keeper of the Herbarium at theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Mr Lucas focused hisscientific work on African plants.

"Partnership in conservation" served as thetheme of his years as SSC Chairman. During hischairmanship, membership in the Commissionincreased from hundreds to its current total ofnearly 2,500 members from 137 countries. As notedby one Specialist Group Chairman, the efforts ofGren Lucas as Chairman of the Species SurvivalCommission "enhanced survival of species of faunaand flora throughout the world". We are verygrateful for his leadership and make this PeterScott Award with admiration and fondness.

Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust

The Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust is recog-nized for its leadership in conservation over thelast two decades. With carefully developedprogrammes, the Trust has had an impact on manyvital areas of conservation today: basic scientificresearch, training of people from developing coun-tries in captive breeding and species recoverytechniques, creating programmes to instill localpride in native species, and developing cooperativeprogrammes with governments and conservationorganizations for species and habitat protection.

The Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust hasrealized Sir Peter Scott's vision of uniting govern-mental and conservation communities for thesurvival of plants and animals in many placesaround the world. This Award recognizes work ofthe Trust in Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco,Indonesia, Brazil and the Caribbean, as well as theoutstanding training programme in Jersey, whichhas prepared more than 240 people from 54countries for leadership roles in local conservationprogrammes.

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The Village of Shiraho

Shiraho Reef is the most diverse coral reef in Japanand is the location of the largest colonies of bluecoral in the world.

The people of Shiraho have lived in harmonywith the reef for generations, depending on it fortheir survival. Ten years ago the Government ofJapan decided to construct an airport on this reef.With the traditional focus of the village at risk,village elders were obliged to challenge the de-cision. Through their dedicated efforts, thousandsof people throughout Japan and the world havelearned about the importance of the Shiraho Reef.The Species Survival Commission, with supportfrom WWF-Japan and the Nature Conservation

Society of Japan, sponsored scientific surveys thatconfirmed the stand taken by the village elders anddocumented the essential role that the reef plays inmaintaining the biological diversity of marineecosystems in the region of Shiraho.

The Village of Shiraho, as represented by itselders, serves as an example to all of us inconservation. The security of the Shiraho Reef isstill in question, as an IUCN Recommendationadopted at this General Assembly has shown, butwithout the commitment and continuing dedicationof many village people to prevent airport construc-tion, Shiraho Reef would already have beenlost—and the world would have lost one of itsmost wonderful biological treasures. The PeterScott Award is therefore given to the Village ofShiraho.


Annex 30

Citations for the Fred M. Packard International ParksValour and Merit Awards by the Commission on NationalParks and Protected Areas

The Fred M. Packard Award commemorates thefirst Secretary of CNPPA, who began the UnitedNations List of National Parks and Protected Areas. Heworked with vigour to ensure the establishment ofan Award for Valour for field wardens fightingpoachers, mostly in the developing world. At thethird World National Parks Congress in Bali, 1982,the Award was expanded to include people whohave contributed to protected areas far above andbeyond the call of duty.

Biocenosis A.C and Lic VictorManzanilla Schaffer (Mexico)

Under the leadership of Sr Robles, Juan JoséConsejo and Javier de la Maza, and with thecooperation of the Governor of the Yucatan, VictorManzanilla, a systematic programme for thecreation of nature reserves has been established.They have enlisted the cooperation of the local,state and federal governments in the establishmentof reserves, including the Calakmul BiosphereReserve. They have incorporated comprehensivemanagement plans in each of these reserves. Theirwork exemplifies the integration of the interests oflocal people, the academic community and alllevels of government. They are forging the pathwhich all protected area managers who believe infuture generations must follow.

Harold K. Eidsvik (Canada)

By awarding Harold Eidsvik the Fred M. PackardAward, the Commission acknowledges his commit-ment to national parks worldwide, in addition tohis dedicated service to national parks in Canada.Harold Eidsvik has made an outstanding contribu-tion to the Commission on National Parks and

Protected Areas, as a member since 1972, and asExecutive Officer from 1977 to 1980, and servedwith distinction as Chair from 1983 to 1990. HalEidsvik has not only served with distinction butwith commitment, with energy, with humour andwith a delightful turn of phrase for the rightoccasion. He has been a truly outstanding suppor-ter of the cause.

Ponsiano Ssemwezi (Uganda)

Mr Ponsiano Ssemwezi retired as Director ofUgandan National Parks in August 1989. Prior tohis appointment as Director, he served in the fieldas a Warden and, later, Chief Warden. Hisdistinguished career spanned a turbulent time inthe history of Uganda. A brutal military regime ledto the destruction of wildlife and park facilities. MrSsemwezi persevered in his tireless, and at manytimes perilous, task of convincing the militaryregime that the parks and their wildlife must besaved. In spite of great hardship and personal risk,he succeeded. As a "Life Warden" he continues toserve the parks he loves. The international conser-vation community is grateful for his continuingdedication.

Jiri Svoboda (Czechoslovakia)

Director (Emeritus), Krkonose National Park. From1974 to 1984, Jiri Svoboda provided outstandingleadership in the management of KrkonoseNational Park. The education and interpretativeprogrammes he initiated remain today as anoutstanding example of his work. He extendedpark management beyond the park's boundary andinitiated a programme of international cooperationwhich, in June 1990, culminated in the InternationalConference entitled "Parks, People and Pollution".

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Citoyen Mankoto ma Mbaelele (Zaire)

The Fred M. Packard Award to Citoyen Mankoto maMbaelele (Zaire) was given to him by the DirectorGeneral, Dr Martin Holdgate, at the occasion of thecelebrations of the 50th Anniversary of the GarambaNational Park, Zaire, in May 1989. The citation reads:

President Délégue General de l'Institut Zairoispour la Conservation de la Nature. In following theexample given by the President of the Republic andfounder of the popular movement of the Revolu-tion, Citoyen Mankoto has given the lead inencouraging the people of Zaire to conserve therichness of their natural heritage on behalf of thewhole world. His efforts provide a courageousmodel for all those who work to establish a durablebalance between people and nature on our planet.

Samuel A. Cooke and The NatureConservancy of Hawaii

The Fred M Packard Award to Samuel A. Cooke andThe Nature Conservancy of Hawaii was presented at aceremony in The Conservancy's new offices in Hawaii.

Samuel A. Cooke, Chairman of The Nature Conser-vancy of Hawaii, has, over a period of ten years,demonstrated distinguished leadership. Growthhas taken place in: "nature conserved" from zero to43,000 acres; membership by 150 per cent to 9000;funded raised to US$ 13 million. Samuel Cooke'simaginative leadership was instrumental in thesuccess of the "Endangered Hawaiian Forest BirdProject" and the "Islands for life Campaign". Dueto The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, the State isa better place for nature as well as for people.


Annex 31

Citations for the Tree of Learning Awards by theCommission on Education and Communication

The Tree of Learning Award was instituted by theIUCN Commission on Education and Communica-tion to recognize and honour men and women ofdistinction around the world who, by theirpersonal commitment and exemplary leadership,have made an outstanding contribution to environ-mental education.

The Award, which is a silver inlaid plaque,depicts the Bodhi tree, under which the Buddha issaid to have meditated and received his enlighten-ment.

Professor Dr HRH Princess Chulabhorn

Princess Chulabhorn, the youngest child of TheirMajesties King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit ofThailand, received her BSc in Organic Chemistrywith First Class Honours, whereafter she wasawarded a PhD in Organic Chemistry. She has hada Postdoctorate training at the University of Ulm inGermany, and is presently a candidate for a PhD inToxicology.

She has received several international prizesand honours for her work, and is a president ormember of many national and international bodiesconcerned with scientific research, health, environ-ment and heritage.

She has received honorary degrees from severalacademic institutions, including from Japan, Korea,Germany and the United States of America. She isa Patron of the International Foundation forScience, in Sweden, and she was awarded theEinstein Gold Medal of UNESCO.

She is presently Founder and Director of theChulabhorn Research Institute, in Thailand, andChair of the Foundation for Promotion of NatureConservation and Environmental Protection.

Nancy W. Anderson

Nancy Anderson, from the United States ofAmerica, took a BA degree at George WashingtonUniversity in Public Administration, and under-took graduate studies in government and politicalscience.

She is many things. To list just a few:

• Director, Global Action Network, a computer-ized network providing information on legisla-tion and background material on environmentalissues;

• Director, New England Environmental Network(NEEN), a network of individuals and organiza-tions working towards sustainable developmentand environmental protection.

• Director, the New England Environmental Con-ference. The Twelfth Annual Conference, inMarch 1990, attracted over 1700 persons fromthroughout the region and across the nation,and was co-sponsored by over 400 environmen-tal groups, government agencies and businesses.

More recently, she organized, with Nathaniel arapChumo of Kenya, the Eastern Africa EnvironmentalNetwork, patterned after the New EnglandEnvironmental Network. She will be assisting withthe First Annual Eastern African EnvironmentalConference, in Kenya, in Spring 1991.

Dr Michael Atchia

A citizen of Mauritius, Dr Atchia received degreesfrom the Universities of Calcutta, London, Salford,Chelsea College of Science and Technology, andthe Institute of Biology, in biology, chemistry,

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education, environmental resources, environmentaleducation and microbiology.

He was President of "Action Civique" from1983 to 1985 and was a leading environmentalist,writer of popular environmental items and presen-ter on TV and radio of environmental programmesin the island of Mauritius until 1986.

Dr Atchia has been a Science and Biologyteacher since 1962, teaching in Calcutta, London,Nigeria and Mauritius before becoming a teacher-trainer, curriculum developer and textbook writerat the Mauritius Institute of Education, where heworked from 1975 to 1986.

From 1969 to 1986, Dr Atchia was consultant to14 different international organizations includingUNESCO, WHO, UNEP, the African CurriculumOrganization (ACO) and the Science EducationProgramme for Africa (SEPA).

Since 1986, he has been Chief of EnvironmentalEducation and Training at the United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) working from itsworld headquarters, in Nairobi, Kenya.

Dr Maria Luisa Cohen

Dr Cohen, an Italian, graduated with a BA inPhilosophy from the University of Trieste, and hasa Diploma in Art and Design from St Martin'sSchool of Art, London.

Her wide variety of experience includes doingcomic strips for children, freelance illustration,promoting social surveys for a housing association,teaching at the International School in Geneva andcampaigning for the elimination of phosphates indetergents.

She directed the International Children's Fest-ival of Spring "Peace with Nature" in Assisi, forthe European Year of the Environment, aconference of 300 children from 45 countries.

Dr Victor A. Kolybine

From the Ukraine, Dr Kolybine began his career asa researcher and university professor in biologyand pedagogical sciences, and biology teachertraining. He became head of the department in theNational Centre for Young Naturalists in ecologicaleducation. He later acted as Scientific Secretary ofthe Zoological Institute of the Ukrainian Academyof Sciences and Director of the Laboratory ofEcology.

He was appointed to the UNESCO Secretariat in1976 as Programme Specialist in EnvironmentalEducation and subsequently became head of theUNESCO-UNEP International Environmental

Education Programme. He is presently Director ofthe Division of Education for the Quality of Life.

Author of over 100 publications, Dr Kolybineworked on the preparation of the backgrounddocuments for the Tbilisi Conference on Environ-mental Education (1977) and for the MoscowCongress on Environmental Education and Train-ing (1987). Dr Kolybine also provided importantinputs for the philosophy of a global strategy forthe development of environmental education.

Yami Lester

Mr Lester is a Yankunytjarjara man, born atWallatina in North West South Australia.

Yami is frequently called in by Aboriginalcommunities, governments and private enterpriseto assist in resolving conflict and negotiations onenvironmental issues affecting the Pitjantjatjarapeople, such as mineral exploration and tourism.

Yami is currently the Director of the Pitjantjat-jara Council, Alice Springs. His responsibilitiesextend over large areas of the Northern Territory,South Australia and Western Australia.

Yami's contribution to nature conservation,tourism and mining are uniquely Aboriginal andhave achieved cross-cultural balance, by two-waycooperation and achievements where others couldnot hope to succeed.

Yami's strength of commitment to Aboriginalinterests, to the land and the law are matched by agentle manner and a sense of humour which haveeased many a difficult situation. His contributionsto nature conservation are indeed outstanding.

Professor John C. Smyth

John Smyth began his career as a lecturer inzoology and rose to become Professor of Biology,Dean of the School of Science, and a member of theBoard of Governors of Paisley College, Scotland.He is now Honorary Professor in the Departmentof Environmental Science at Stirling University.

Among his many activities in environmentaleducation, he has been Chairman of the ScottishEnvironmental Education Council (since 1983) andis now President. A member of the SteeringCommittee of the IUCN Commission on Educationand Communication, and Chairman of the NorthWest Europe Committee of the Commission(1980-1985), he is presently Chairman of a WorkingGroup set up the Secretary of State for Scotland tomake recommendations for a national strategy forenvironmental education.


Annex 32

Presidential Address by the President Elect of the WorldConservation Union, Sir Shridath Ramphal

We have come to the end of a memorable GeneralAssembly and I join in all the expressions ofcongratulation and gratitude to those who havemade it such a superlative occasion—principally, ofcourse, to our hosts in Australia: from the City,from the State, from the Commonwealth Govern-ment. And I am sufficiently new as your PresidentElect to express my congratulations to the member-ship of IUCN for the excellence of your contribu-tions and for the quality of your commitment andresolve. What you have done here in Perth overthis last week is of importance to the world'sfuture. There is no hyperbole in that statement; nomere self-congratulation; simply a worthy reality,of which the World Conservation Union can beproud. Certainly, Perth provides a backdropagainst which I am proud to become yourPresident.

At the close of this Assembly, therefore, let mesay a few things that I consider relevant to the taskyou have set me in working with you over the nexttriennium. Merely to use that word "triennium" isto conjure up the enormity of the challenge that liesahead of us. 1991-1993 will be testing years forIUCN; but they will be, as well, exciting years—fullof opportunity for advancing the noble aims of theWorld Conservation Union: those aims, set (it nowseems such a long time ago) in 1948, have beenrefined over the years with enlightenment andintegrity so that IUCN has remained both true toitself and to human needs. It has been a longprocess of caring for the world. That process willbe a continuing one—guiding us over manytriennia and gaining in intensity and commitmentover the decades ahead. As ever, our onwardprogression must be deeply rooted in those prin-ciples that have stood the organization well in thepast. What are some of those principles ?

Equity, of course, is high among them. Theworld is an uneven place—environmentally andgeographically—and in other important respects as

well. Progress towards the human society we allseek will not be possible if present gross inequi-ties—in access to resources, for example—remain;or while the world's commercial and economicsystems are as distorted as they are at present byso many abuses that nations inflict on one another.

Ethics, surely, is another and about this I shallhave more to say later.

And, we have, as always, to be honest. First ofall with ourselves and then with all the constituen-cies to which we must reach out. Truth isfrequently uncomfortable; so often it challengesdeeply held beliefs and deeply ingrainedprejudices. We must not allow such discomfort tohold us back. Our duty, like that of Plato'sphilosopher kings in another context, is surely tolearn all we can about the realities of the environ-ment and of human impacts on it; and, havinglearned, to tell our fellows. Since 1948, worldknowledge, world opinion, has moved on—and ata hugely accelerating pace in the last decade. In thebeginning, IUCN was at the frontier of knowledgeand awareness. We must remain there—at theforefront of the process of deepening insights andstrengthening effectiveness in achieving equity andharmony in the future.

It follows that we must be fearless. If we areclear that the world community is heading fordisaster, it is our duty to speak out; we cannot beconstrained to silence for fear of giving offence tothose in authority—whether governments or otherestablishments. Correspondingly, if we believe thatpositive action to encourage people to limit the sizeof their families is an essential part of the ethic ofcare for future generations, then we must sayso—though we know there are those with whosebeliefs such an injunction will clash. If we are clearthat the world economic system functions throughthe exploitation of one section of humanity byanother, we have to criticize it—though this is notthe path of easy popularity. If we believe that it is

209

impossible for humanity to live in harmony withnature without some redistribution of peoplearound the world, this too we will need tosay—deeply unpopular though its implications willbe. We have to face the logic of our convictions andannounce them with clarity and commitment. Thatis what the world, the professional world, and thesteadily caring world of informed and concernedpeople, expects of IUCN.

Yet, we must not, at the same time, be arrogantor strident. Humanity is culturally diverse andthere is much we have to learn from the traditionsof ancient people and from groups that are nowethnic minorities. We should never be so commit-ted to our own views that we have no time for therespectful study of the views of others.

In discharging my functions as your President, Ishall endeavour to be guided by these principles,among others.

Let me turn now to some other matters. Ourunion has to adopt, in the years ahead, anenlightened strategy of sustainable development.That strategy will be at the heart of our credo ofcaring for the world. I want to say a few wordsabout this concept of sustainable development—asone who had something to do with its evolution inthe Brundtland Commission, and because ofanxiety lest it become a code-word meaningdifferent things to different people: all embracing itas a virtue, but only as a virtue that others mustpractise. "Sustainable development", in the Com-mission's now classic sense of "meeting the needsof the present without compromising the capacityof future generations to meet their own needs",relates to all development, not just to "develop-ment" in a specialized Third World context; itrelates to the development of all countries, allpeoples, indeed, to the development of our humansociety.

The development of rich countries must besustainable; as must the development of poor ones.Developed countries must pursue a path of sustain-able development; as must countries still under-developed.

Of necessity, the burden of respecting sustaina-bility falls particularly heavily on developed coun-tries whose patterns of development to date sodemonstrably fail to meet the standard of sustaina-bility.

For developing countries, the concept carries aspecial implication beyond sustainability; itrequires development itself. It is that developmentthat must be sustainable—development that meetsthe needs of the present, the desperate needs of thepoor.

For the industrial countries, therefore, sustain-able development means modifying, modulating,

moderating development so that it becomes sus-tainable in a global context. For the developingcountries, it means facilitating development, anddoing so on a basis that is also sustainable in aglobal context.

Earlier this year, a Stanley Foundationconference expressed this integrated nature ofenvironment and development in plain andsuccinct language:

"There will be no effective action on theenvironment (it concluded) without equallyeffective action on development."

There has been, in this Assembly, some concernlest the highlighting of sustainable development inIUCN's Programme involves a departure from theUnion's basic purpose. Such concern is legitimate;but we should be careful not to be, or appear to be,unmindful of new challenges or new dimensions ofold challenges. It would be cosy (though it wouldhardly be ethical or rational) for conservationists toforget that two-thirds of humanity live under thestress of poverty. But since conservation is aboutbringing humanity into harmony with nature, it issimply not practicable to ignore the impact of suchmassive stress on conservation itself—as you havefound in virtually every area of IUCN's activities:from the work of the Commissions to the Union'sthematic programmes on the ground.

The socio-economic condition of human beingsis directly relevant to our work for nature. That iswhy we have to care for the world, all the world,the earth and all its living resources—including itspeople. That is why we must have a broadly basedstrategy of sustainability to give conservation achance to be credible in the eyes of the world'speople—represented so strongly in IUCN's globalmembership—and through that credibility a chanceto succeed.

I have no doubt whatever that we can be bothcredible and faithful to our highest ideals, forIUCN's work in furtherance of those ideals hasbeen a process of continuous evolution—and wherethere is a continuum the beginning and the end arenot in conflict but in harmony. We are always thestronger for the newness that genuine evolutionbrings: the refreshment that permits the moredynamic pursuit of an early vision. Without allthis, IUCN would itself become an endangeredspecies—but without a global constituency tomourn it. Convinced as we are of our ownworthiness, let us not be so complacent as tobelieve that our relevance is all that self-evident toanother generation that waits impatiently to have aworld to inherit.

When the report of the Brundtland Commissionwas launched in London in 1987, one of the young


people invited to receive it from Mrs Brundtlandwas Jenny Damayanti of Indonesia, who made thismoving plea:

"Please Presidents, Prime Ministers andGenerals, listen to the poor, to the voice of thehungry people who are forced to destroy theenvironment. Listen to the silent death of dyingforests, lakes, rivers and the seas, the dying soilof the earth, poisoned and trampled by humangreed, poverty and inequality. We, the young,hear them loud and clear."

The young understand intuitively how environ-ment and development are integrated, how ecologyand economy are entwined. There were resonancesof Jenny Damayanti in our General Assembly herein Perth. We, too, do well to listen.

At the heart of every civilization worthy of thename is an ethical core. From it springs, forexample, the duty of care for each other. Lawscodify that duty and constrain behaviour that failsto respect it. In the global neighbourhood that ourworld has become, that duty of care has to beextended, therefore, to the environment which is,after all, our life support system—the "mother ofhumanity" as the ancients of many cultures sawthe earth—the first people of Australia amongthem. We have to promote that ethic of caring forthe environment and of caring for our fellowhumans as being at the very heart of IUCN'smission. Unless we develop an ethical basis forhuman survival, a shadow will forever fall betweenthe promise of our technical solutions and theirfulfilment.

Such an ethical commitment has itself to rest onan acknowledgement that it is our own genius,unconstrained by ethics, that is leading us todespoil our earthly home. The threat comes notfrom a hostile habitation but from the dominationwe have assumed over our life-sustaining planet. Ido not need to remind you that acid rain does notfall unaided from the heavens above. The ozonelayer has not opened up as a natural phenomenon.The seas are not threatening to rise, or the earth togrow warmer, as an act of God. The problems ofpoverty, of population increase, of hunger, are ofour own making. A nuclear holocaust, by accidentor by design, will not be blameable on an"Armageddon" thesis. To all these threats tohuman survival, our genius, our science, ourpolitics of power have contributed. Having evolvedto exercise dominion over the earth, we now facethe by-product of self-destruction. We speak of thisdanger as a threat to the environment; and so, inpart, it is. But it is essentially a threat to the humanspecies.

And the sad truth is, that whether we go by a

nuclear bang or an environmental whimper, theearth and its other species may be the better for ourexit. Mother Earth will heal her wounds, howevergrievous; our planet's flora and fauna, howevertransfigured, may have a better chance to surviveand flourish. Having made ourselves the earth'smost dangerous and greedy predator, Homo sapiensmay not be missed. But does it have to happen ?Can we not mend our ways and save ourselves ?The answer overwhelmingly is "yes"—providedwe develop and live by an ethical commitment tosustainability.

So, as IUCN enters the next triennium, we musthave no illusions about the magnitude of our task.Ranged against us are formidable foes: greed,selfishness, ignorance, smugness, meanness ofspirit, lack of vision, are only some of them; andthey exist in all countries, among all peoples. Wemust overcome them, and IUCN's role in thecampaign to do so is a vital one. It will call forintegrity in our judgements and conclusions asscientists and professionals of many kinds; it willdemand courage in speaking out in all ourcountries and throughout our global neighbour-hood. There will be detractors, doubters, dis-believers and many who would rather not hear.There will be honest differences of view; and somecontrariness. And there will not necessarily bevindication in our time.

We can be sure, however, that there will be atime when another generation asks: "What did theythink they were doing, putting human survival atrisk ? Did no-one speak out while there was stilltime to warn ?". Let us make certain that some willanswer then: "Yes, some did; IUCN in particular,through scientists and non-scientists alike, govern-mental people and non-governmental organiza-tions, ecologists and green parties and environmen-tal groups of many kinds, above all ordinarypeople who cared enough". And those who spokeout will include some in the business community towhom our Union has not been ready yet to openthe doors of membership, but to whom we must ofcourse keep open windows of opportunity fordialogue—for the ready and constructive inter-change of ideas and information on steering ourglobal economy with true sensitivity towards asustainable, dignified future.

IUCN's message of "Caring for the World"must reach the world; its "Strategy of Sustain-ability" must become a global credo. I have alreadypledged myself to that cause; but the real action iswith you all: in your Commissions; in yournational organizations; in all you do in, and with,and for IUCN, in that "field full of folk" that is ourworld.

In the end, the message from Perth is a message

Annex 32 211

for us to carry, but a message as well for us all. Ibid you receive and carry that message so thatwhen we meet in 1993, we can say in goodconscience that we not only tried, butsucceeded—enough at any rate to have made theeffort worthwhile and to go on striving. The roadahead may sometimes appear dark, but it is not a

darkness that should deter us. RabindranathTagore, a century ago, wrote of "The lantern thatwe carry in our hands making enemy of thedarkness of the farther road". IUCN's lantern is alight the world needs. We must not weary ofcarrying it down the pathways of the future.


Annex 33

Closing Address by the Director General,Dr M.W. Holdgate

I have been wondering how best to sum up thevalue of this General Assembly to the Union. Ithink that I can do so very simply. It has broughtintegration, and integrity.

Integration, because it has brought the member-ship, the Council, the Commissions and the world-wide Secretariat together. We leave Perth with acommon mission and purpose, and a programmebinding us to work together, to care for the worldof nature, to serve the world of man, and to build asustainable future.

Integrity, because we have developed a missionstatement and message which is authoritative,honest, scientifically valid and socially relevant.

We have emphasized that IUCN's centralpurpose is to ensure the conservation of nature,and we have reminded ourselves that we do not dothis only for utilitarian reasons. We are the childrenof the earth, and whatever happens to the earthhappens to us. We are a part of nature, andwithout nature we lose inspiration for the spirit,support for our lives, and the foundation for ourgrandchildren's future. We have remindedourselves that we need to be concerned with theethics of environmental care as well as with thematerial rewards that sustainable use can and mustbring.

The world is reeling under the onslaught ofhumanity. The desperate poor are being forced intoactions which reduce their chances of escape. Theover-consumption of the rich, and the distortions ofthe world's trading and economic systems whichthey dominate, are locking millions into hopeless-ness. It is our task to help the worldwidecommunity find a way out of this appallingsituation, and towards a new balance, so that the 8to 10 billion people the earth will contain less thana century from now live in a style that nature cansupport.

This General Assembly has emphasized that weare not obliged to use all of nature. We have

demonstrated this belief by urging that Antarcticabe set aside as a wilderness, shielded fromdestructive use. We are similarly committed toprotecting the integrity of our national parks andnature reserves, especially as centres within whichthe biological diversity of our planet can beconserved. But we have also accepted the need forrealism. Over much of the world, human needs areincreasing, and must be met in a fashion which isenvironmentally responsible and sustainable. ThisUnion has a duty to help governments and localcommunities—men and women—young andold—to develop practical strategies and methodswhich will allow the essential process of develop-ment to occur in a fashion which does notundermine the resilience of nature or the prospectsof future generations. We also need a capacity topredict and warn, where development processesseem likely to bring people into collision with theenvironment to the detriment of both.

We have discussed the overall strategy for the1990s—the document "Caring for the World"—andI hope that we are now clear about our future path.We have discussed the Conservation Strategy forAntarctica, and the many National ConservationStrategies and sub-strategies that are essentialproducts of our work. We have also discussed inconsiderable depth the scientific programmes of theUnion—our programmes for species survival, hab-itat protection, the conservation and wise use offorests, wetlands, coastal and marine environments,and arid rangelands, and the ways in whichthrough our programme we can increase under-standing of the relationship between populationand resources, of the role of women in naturalresource management, of the potential impacts ofthe global change that humanity is threatening tobring about, and the roles of law, education,communication, and social action in shapingtomorrow's world. We have recognized throughthese discussions that our conservation activities

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must be promoted and developed within the widersocial context, just as social policies have to bebased on a sound understanding of the naturalworld which is their ground of being and theirultimate constraint.

I believe this General Assembly has seen thebeginning of a major change in the role of IUCN.Over the greater part of our past 42 years we haveexhibited many of the characteristics of the legend-ary boffin. We have sought to be a body concernedwith careful, considered scientific analysis; with thepresentation of well-argued propositions for othersto take or leave as they think fit; and with supportto our individual members in their work ofadvocacy and action. But this General Assemblyhas argued that we have to be more positive andforceful as advocates and leaders. I welcome theacceptance by the membership of more of anadvocacy role for IUCN. But let us be clear on onething. If your President, your Council and I as thehead of your permanent organization are to act asyour advocates, we must do so for the wholemovement represented by the members of IUCNand not a particular sector of that movement. Iftherefore we are to have a leadership and advocacyrole for IUCN we have to have much strongerinternal communication. We cannot base ourcampaigns and statements simply on the judge-ments of those who happen to come together onceevery three years in a General Assembly. TheCouncil and Director General are challenged in themission statement you have adopted to set up newmechanisms for communication with, and consul-tation of, the membership all the time and that isan essential.

Dialogue is essential. But I put it to you that wemust not only have an improved internal dialogue.We have to promote the advancement of under-standing of conservation, and especially of theneed for care of nature as the foundation of alldevelopment and all futures. Let us face facts. Lessthan a century from now the earth may have twiceas many people to support. Today's 5.3 billion arenot living in harmony either with one another orwithin nature. Three-quarters of the world is goingto industrialize. If that industrialization is donebadly, using the technology of the past, disasterwill be upon us within the lifetime of many peoplein this hall. That industrialization must be donewell, and this means new technology—technologythat we have not yet invented. That invention, andthe installation of what the inventors produce, willbe done largely by the private sector of industry,regulated by governments who will all the time betorn between political pressures for short-termeconomic return and their logical acceptance of the

need for long-term sustainability. I believe that inthis situation a dialogue between the business andindustrial sector, the governmental sector and theenvironmental sector is essential and that IUCN,with its breadth of membership, is extremely wellplaced to bring this about. This General Assemblyhas for good reason declined to admit the businesssector into a new category of associate member-ship. But I do not think we can step aside from adialogue, in which we, as advocates for the earth,bring home to industry and government theimperative of new patterns of technology anddevelopment, and at the same time help them tounderstand the environmental sensitivities andconstraints which industrialisation must respect ifit is not to bring disaster. I propose to develop suchconsultation in the next three years.

When we come together for the next GeneralAssembly much will have happened. We will havelaunched "Caring for the World" (under whatevertitle it finally bears). There will have been manyimportant meetings—organized through UNEP,UNESCO, and the international Conventions suchas Ramsar and CITES. We will have held theFourth World Parks Congress in Venezuela early in1992, a meeting which promises to be a globalconference on the conservation of biologicaldiversity rather than a specialist meeting on parksalone. We will have held the United NationsConference on Environment and Development. Ihope we will have begun to arrange IUCN regionalforums to bring our membership together at thatlevel to discuss our common interests. They aregoing to be demanding and exciting years. I hopethat by the next General Assembly we will haveseen a quantum leap in IUCN's internal strengths,and in the Union's collective contribution to thefuture of our world, which needs the insights andcommitments of our membership more than it hasever done before.

In closing, may I thank you all for your support,encouragement and friendly criticism during thisGeneral Assembly. May I record my debt to ouroutgoing President, Dr Swaminathan, and mydelight at the election of Sir Shridath Ramphal tosucceed him. The next three years will see theculmination of my contribution to IUCN and I feelheartened by all that I have heard here in thesemagnificent surroundings, so generously providedand furnished by our Australian hosts, whom Ithank most sincerely for all that they have doneand are doing for IUCN. We go from here with astrong and committed Secretariat and I would liketo pay tribute to my own staff for their loyalty. Iwish you all well in the next three strenuous years,when we can do so much for the world.


Annex 34

Farewell Address by the President of the WorldConservation Union, Dr M.S. Swaminathan FRS

We are reaching the end of a truly memorableGeneral Assembly—memorable for the beauty ofits setting, for the generosity of the host country, itsCommonwealth and State Governments and itspeople, for the efficiency of the Organizing Com-mittee, for the sense of pride in performancedemonstrated by everyone connected with thearrangements, and for the wonderful help given byour interpreters to ensure that language is nobarrier for effective communication among womenand men drawn from over 100 countries and all thecontinents. Above all, this is a memorable Assem-bly because of the spirit of understanding andcommitment to the cause of conservation of naturalresources and the sense of urgency in preventing afurther deterioration in the human environmentdisplayed by the members of the Union andobservers, irrespective of their affiliation—govern-mental, non-governmental or inter-governmental.

This General Assembly has also been memor-able in another respect—to the attention drawnfirst by the Prime Minister of Australia in hisinaugural address, and later by the representativesof the indigenous and aboriginal people fromseveral regions and countries, that the harmonywithin nature we are seeking today was central tothe ethos of the pre-industrial age. When I visitedGuyana early this year, the beautiful country of ourincoming President, whose inspiring address wehave just heard, I was told of an old Amerindianlegend: "The sky is held up by trees. If the forestdisappears, the sky—the roof of the world—col-lapses and nature and man perish together." Toour forefathers, forests were not just carbon sinksbut were the very foundations of life. The abori-ginal Charter for Nature was born from the worldof day-to-day life and not from the world of wordswe generally witness at international meetings.This explains why it has such deep emotional andspiritual impact, in contrast to the conventions andprotocols we now draw up where excellence in

drafting is often measured by the ability tosubstitute platitudes for precision in commitments.

"Conservation in a changing world" has beenthe theme for this General Assembly. No better titlecould have been chosen. The world has certainlyundergone great changes since we started our workeight days ago. Chances of war in the MiddleEast—probably involving weapons capable ofinducing not only mutilations and death but alsomutations and genetic harm—have increased. It isunfortunate that just when chances for the conver-sion of guns into grain and goods to satisfy theminimum needs of the bottom billion of the humanfamily were getting brighter, this welcome trendshould have received such a severe set-back.

In several countries, including our host country,economic recession with possibilities of enhancedunemployment have set in. Trade and subsidywars have led to the undermining of the livelihoodsecurity of fanners in both developed and develop-ing countries, often for opposite reasons.

In life pleasure and pain go together. During thelast eight days there have been several happyevents also. On 28 November, the World Bank,UNEP and UNDP announced the establishment ofa Global Environment Facility—the first step in thelong road to a global commitment to the spread of"green" policies and technologies world wide. On1 December, it was reported that a team ofAustralian and Chinese scientists working at theUniversity of Sydney have developed methods ofenabling wheat plants to derive nitrogen from theatmosphere, thereby opening the possibility ofdelinking yield from the consumption of mineralfertilizers.

The inclusion of Spanish as an official language,the decision to adopt a decentralized organizationalstructure with regional and national offices, andthe establishment of a voluntary fund for facil-itating the more widespread participation ofdeveloping country representatives in the work of

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the Union, will help the Union to become trulyearth-centric, rather than continue to remain pre-dominantly Euro-centric. I consider this transitionas one of the most important contributions of thisGeneral Assembly.

The Resolution on Antarctica we have adoptedtoday, seeking a permanent exclusion of mineralexploration and exploitation in Antarctica, under-lines our resolve that considerations of public goodand inter-generational equity rather than privateprofit and short-term economic gains should consti-tute the basic ground rules in the management ofglobal commons.

The presentation of the Si-A-Paz or PeaceNational Park project jointly by the Nicaraguanand Costa Rican delegates brought home effec-tively the point that what human beings divide,nature can help to unite.

We do not know precisely the number ofspecies that must have become extinct during thedays we debated on methods of protecting theprotected areas, although we know that continuedhabitat destruction and species extinction are sadrealities. However, what we do know moreprecisely is the number of children who die eachday because of hunger, malnutrition and disease.The exhortation in the IUCN Mission Statementadopted at this General Assembly that the use ofnatural resources must be based on principles ofecological sustainability and equity is therefore anappropriate one, to save the children of today andof tomorrow.

As we leave Perth, we are entering a seasontraditionally associated with peace and goodwill.This is also the season when we should count ourblessings. We recall with gratitude the vision ofmen like the Swiss environmentalist Paul Sarasin,Sir Julian Huxley, of the participants in the twopreparatory conferences held at Brunnen in 1946and 1947 and of organizations like the Ligue Suissepour la protection de la nature, UNESCO and theGovernment of France which led to the birth ofIUCN in 1948. We recall again with gratitude thecontributions of conservation giants like Sir PeterScott who founded the Species Survival Commis-sion of IUCN. Coming to the last triennium, werecall with pride and pleasure the 40th AnniversaryMeeting at Fontainebleau and the commemorationof our 40th Anniversary by UNESCO and theGovernment of France. And we feel grateful toCouncillors like Dr Jean Claude Lefeuvre, whomade our 40th Anniversary ceremony so meaning-ful.

We count the commitment of our members andnetwork partners as well as the leadership of ourDirector General and the dedication of IUCN staffamong our principal blessings. Above all, we are

fortunate to add to this list of blessings ourincoming President, Sir Shridath Ramphal, a worldleader of rare distinction in international ethics,peace and social justice and whose contributions tocontemporary history have been truly remarkable.

Miss Susannah Begg challenged us during theAustralian Presentation on 29th November todefine our vision for the world in which theyounger generation will have to spend theirproductive lives. The answer of this GeneralAssembly is clear—for the youth of today and oftomorrow to be happy and healthy, we must movetowards a Conservation Society—a society wherethe best in modern agricultural, industrial, informa-tion and management technologies are integratedin an ecologically desirable manner with traditionalwisdom and technologies, and a society where bothunsustainable life-styles and unacceptable povertywill become anachronisms of the past.

The birth and growth of a Conservation Societywill not be an easy task. In democratic societies,public policy generally tends to be influenced bythe time span between two elections, while indictatorships this time span extends to the nextcoup. In both cases, the next generation is far toodistant. Accomplishing higher economic growthrates rather than extinguishing the ecological firesengulfing our world becomes the primarypreoccupation of Governments under these polit-ical environments.

Thus, it is a sad fact that the outcome of theUruguay Round of GATT trade negotiations mayhave a greater impact on the world's forests thanour resolutions. It is a sad fact that the decisionstaken in the halls of the World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO) and the International Unionfor the Protection of New Varieties of Plants(UPOV) and the GATT-TRIPS (Trade-related Intel-lectual Property Rights) negotiations will havemore influence on the progress in the developmentof an agreed global convention on biologicaldiversity than our resolutions. It is also a sad factthat slowing down the change in climate andsafeguarding the ozone layer will depend more onthe decisions of industrialized countries and multi-national corporations on the relative importance ofpatent and planet protection than on our resolu-tions.

The magnitude of the educational task before usconservationists is clear. This is a battle which wewill win ultimately but every day's delay in thespread of the ethos of a Conservation Society willonly add to the misery of millions of children,women and men, since it is the poor and themarginalized who suffer most from environmentaldegradation. We should therefore sharpen our toolsfor arousing public and political consciousness. I


am happy that one such tool I proposed five yearsago—an Amnesty for Earth Organization—took anembryonic shape at this General Assembly.

I wish to end with the same quotation from thesong sung so movingly by the children of theNedlands Primary School at our openingCeremony, which I quoted in my opening address.

"So life's a song that I must singA gift of love I must share

And when I see the joy it bringsMy spirits soar through the air"

I pray that the New Year—just 26 days away—maybring more joy than sorrow—more songs of hopethan of despair—and that each and every one herewill experience both personal happiness andprofessional fulfilment. I thank you most sincerelyfor all the kindness and cooperation you have sogenerously extended to me at this General Assem-bly and during the past six years.

I wish you all a safe return journey, a HappyChristmas and a satisfying New Year.

I declare the 18th General Assembly of theWorld Conservation Union closed.

Annex 34 217

List of Participants

Argentina

Mr Fernando ArduraVocal del DirectorioAdministración de Parques

NacionalesSecretaría de Agricultura y

GanaderíaAv. Santa Fe 6901059 Buenos AiresArgentinaTel. (541) 3116633Telex 21535 dgaag ar

O Administración deParques Nacionales

Lic Jorge AumedesPresidente del DirectorioAdministración de Parques

NacionalesSecretaría de Agricultura y

GanaderlaAv. Santa Fe 6901059 Buenos AiresArgentina

Tel. (541) 3116633Telex 21535 dgaag ar

O Administración deParques Nacionales

Mr Francisco ErizeFundación Vida Silvestre

ArgentinaDefensa 245Buenos AiresArgentinaTel. (54 1) 3314864

NG Fundación Vida SilvestreArgentina

Sr Francisco IngouvilleFundación Ambiente y

Recursos Naturales (FARN)Monroe 21421428 Buenos AiresArgentinaTel. (54 1) 7819171Fax (54 1) 7816115

O Fundación Ambiente yRecursos Naturales(FARN)

Key and Abbreviations

STGA

NGIN

AFO

SSC

Delegate of a State memberDelegate of a Government AgencymemberDelegate of a National NGO memberDelegate of an International NGOmemberDelegate of an Affiliate memberObserver

Species Survival CommissionCNPPA Commission on National Parks and

CELCOECESP

CEC

Protected AreasCommission on Environmental LawCommission on EcologyCommission on EnvironmentalStrategy and PlanningCommission on Education andCommunication

Note: The Commission titles are as modifiedby the 18th Session of the General Assembly.

Dr Prof. Raymond LaurentFundación Miguel LilloMiguel Lillo 2514000 TucumánArgentinaTel. (54 81) 251277Fax (54 81) 311462

O SSC

Australia

Mr Robert AdamsConservation Commission of

the Northern TerritoryP.O. Box 496Palmerston NT 0831AustraliaTel. (61 89) 894467

O Conservation Commis-sion of the NorthernTerritory

Mr Peter AlabasterACT Parks and Conservation

ServiceACT Legislative AssemblyP.O Box 158Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 751111

GA ACT Parks andConservation Service

Ms Pam AllanDepartment of the Arts, Sport,

the Environment, Tourismand Territories

P.O. Box 91WentworthvilleAustraliaTel. (61 2) 6317006

O Department of the Arts,Sport, the Environment,Tourism and Territories

Mr Nicholas T. AllenManager Environmental

ServicesBHP Utah Minerals Inter-

national Asia PacificDivision

140 William StreetMelbourne VIC 3000AustraliaTel. (61 3) 6093342Fax (61 3) 6093532Telex 30408

O BHP Utah MineralsInternational Asia PacificDivision

Mr Peter Ambrosyc/ Harper-MacRae &

Associates P/LLevel 67, MLC CentreMartin PlaceSydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2387630Fax (61 2) 2211987Telex AA72566 COHQ

O

Mrs Audrey AndersonWider Visions24 David CrescentHillarysPerth WA 6025AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4010025

O Wider Visions

Mr David AnnandaleKinhill Engineers (Environ-

mental Group)7/3 Ellen St.Fremantle WAAustraliaTel. 3352898

O Kinhill Engineers(Environmental Group)

Dr Mike ArcherUniversity of New South

WalesAustralia

O University of New SouthWales

Ms Jacqueline AshtonWWF-AustraliaP.O. Box 528Sydney NSW 2001AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2476300

O WWF Australia

Mr Roger AttwaterPeel-Harvey Catchment

Support GroupP.O. Box 376Pinjarra WAAustraliaTel. 5311954

O Peel-Harvey CatchmentSupport Group

219

Mr John BachePresidentCrocodile Farmers Association

of AustraliaP.O. Box 38503Winnellie NT 0821AustraliaTel. (61 89) 844099Fax (61 89) 470374

O Crocodile FannersAssociation of Australia

O SSC

Mr Alex BainbridgeAustralian Conservation

Foundation340 Gore StreetFitzroy VIC 3065AustraliaTel. (61 3) 4161455Fax (61 3) 4160767

O Australian ConservationFoundation

Dr Graham BainesEnvironment Pacific3 Pindari StreetThe GapBrisbane QLD 4061AustraliaTel. (61 7) 3003304Fax (61 7) 3002611

O COE

Mr John BannisterThe Western Australia

MuseumFrancis St.Perth, WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 3284443Fax (61 9) 3288686

O SSC

Dr Sue BarkerSouth Australian Department

of Environment andPlanning

55 Grenfell StreetAdelaide SA 5001AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2167777

GA South AustralianDepartment ofEnvironment andPlanning

Dr Bryan A. BarlowCSIRO Division of Plant

IndustryP.O. Box 1600Canberra City ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 2465039Fax (61 62) 2465530

O CSIRO Division of PlantIndustry

Mr Robert BeetonUniversity of Queensland

GattonGatton QLD 4343AustraliaTel. (61 75) 620325Fax (61 75) 623081Telex QUCOL AA 40866

O CEC

Ms Susannah BeggLeader of the Australian Youth

Delegation to the 1990Montreal ConventionMeeting

AustraliaO

Ms Pam BeggsMinister for TourismState GovermentGovernment HousePerth WAAustralia

O State Goverment

Mr Ahmet BektasWilderness SocietyParliament HouseHobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 02) 306201Fax (61 02) 231406

NG Wilderness Society

Dr Richard BellBaha" International Com-

munity Office of theEnvironment

15 McKenzie RoadSamson WA 6163AustraliaTel. (61 09) 3376585Fax (61 09) 3104997

O Baha' InternationalCommunity Office of theEnvironment

Mr Glen BennettEnvironmental Education

ConsultantMinistry of EducationCurriculum Policy Branch151 Royal StreetEast Perth WA 6004AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4204810Fax (61 9) 4205005

O Ministry of Education

Mr Marcus BeresfordConservation Council of South

Australia120 Wakefield StreetAdelaide 5000AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2235155Fax (61 8) 2322490

NG Conservation Council ofSouth Australia

Mr Raj BessarabFriends of the Earth-Australia18 Pelham RoadArmadale WA 6112AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3997518Fax (61 9) 3322507

O Friends of the Earth-Australia

Ms Ana BissetIsland Coordinating CouncilP.O. Box 264Thursday Island

AustraliaTel. (61 70) 691446Fax (61 70) 691868

O Island CoordinatingCouncil

Mr David BlackDept. of the Arts, Sport, the

Environment, Tourism &Territories

Corporate Policy DivisionDept. of Primary Industries

and EnergyP.O. Box 858Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 723502Fax (61 62) 725448

O Department of the Arts,Sport, the Environment,Tourism & Territories

Mr Neil BlakeAustralian Conservation


NG Australian ConservationFoundation

Mr A. S. BlumSecretaryDepartment of the Arts, Sports,

the Environment, Tourism &Territories

G.P.O. Box 787Canberra City ACT 2601Australia

O Department of the Arts,Sports, the Environment,Tourism & Territories

Mr John David BlythDepartment of Conservation

and Land ManagementP.O. Box 104Como WA 6152AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3868811Fax (61 9) 3861578

O Department ofConservation and LandManagement, WA

Prof. Bemhard Willem BoerEnvironmental Law CentreSchool of LawMacQuarie UniversitySydney NSW 2109AustraliaTel. (61 2) 8057099Fax (61 2) 8057686

NG Environmental LawCentre

Ms Marion BowersVice-PresidentSave African Endangered

Wildlife FoundationAustralian Branch229 Oxford StreetLeederville WA 6007Australia

Tel. (61 9) 4446550Fax (61 9) 4441073

O Save AfricanEndangered WildlifeFoundation

Ms Kate BoydNational Parks Association of

New South Wales Inc.P.O. Box A96Sydney S. NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 264 7994Fax (61 2) 264 7160

NG National ParksAssociation of NewSouth Wales Inc.

Mr Desmond E. BoylandAssistant DirectorNational Parks and Wildlife

Service of QueenslandP.O. Box 155North Quay QLD 4002AustraliaTel. (61 7) 2277797Fax (61 7) 2277676

GA National Parks andWildlife Service ofQueensland

Mr Mark BrabazonExecutive OfficerDept. of Conservation and

Land ManagementHayman RoadP.O. Box 104Como WA 6152AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3868811Fax (61 9) 3861578

O Dept. of Conservationand Land Management

Mr Ernie BridgeMinister for Agriculture, WAMinistry of Agriculture, WACapita Centre197 St George's TerracePerth WA 6000Australia

O Ministry of Agriculture,WA

Dr Peter BridgewaterDirectorAustralian National Parks and

Wildlife ServiceP.O. Box 636Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 500222Fax (61 62) 473528Telex 62971 aa

GA Australian NationalParks and WildlifeService

O CNPPA

Dr Bob BrownThe Wilderness SocietyParliament HouseHobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 02) 306201


Fax (61 02) 231406NG The Wilderness Society

Ms Elizabeth BrownDavid Sheppard Conservation

FoundationAustralia

O David SheppardConservation Founda-tion

Dr Mick BrownForestry Commission of

Tasmania199 Macquarie St.HobartTasmania 7001AustraliaTel. (61 02) 308202Fax (61 02) 238280

O Forestry Commission ofTasmania

Mr Peter R. BrownSenior Tutor in Wildlife

ManagementVictoria College, Rusden

Campus662 Blackburn RoadClayton, VIC 3168AustraliaTel. (61 3) 853333Fax (61 3) 5447413

O SSC

Dr Andrew Arnold BurbidgeDept. of Conservation and

Land ManagementP.O. Box 104Como WA 6152AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4055100Fax (61 9) 3061769

O Dept. of Conservationand Land Management

O SSC

Mr John Burgess26 Adelaide St.South Hobart,Tasmania 7004AustraliaTel. (61 02) 306487

O

Ms Chris BumupAssistant DirectorBusiness Council of AustraliaP.O. Box 7225Melbourne VIC 3004AustraliaTel. (61 3) 8676288Fax (61 3) 8677861

O Business Council ofAustralia

Mr Noel BushnellGavin Anderson & Co.124 Exhibition StreetMelbourne VIC 3000AustraliaTel. (61 3) 6546555Fax (61 3) 6548179

O

Dr David R. Butcher

Executive DirectorThe Royal Society for the

Prevention of Cruelty toAnimals

201 Rookwood RoadYagoonaSydney NSW 2199AustraliaTel. (61 2) 7095433Fax (61 2) 7962258

O SSC

Mr Harry ButlerConservation Commission of

the Northern TerritoryP.O. Box 496PalmerstonDarwin NT 0831AustraliaTel. (61 89) 894533Fax (61 89) 323849

GA Conservation Commis-sion of the NorthernTerritory

Ms Norma CalcuttConservation Council of

Western Australia10 Rosser StreetCottesloe WA 6011AustraliaTel. (61) 3844274Fax (61) 2200653

NG Conservation Council ofWestern Australia

Ms Debbie CallisterTRAFFIC OceaniaPA Box R594Royal ExchangeSydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2478133Fax (61 2) 2474579Telex 176177 btats

O TRAFFIC Network

Mr William CarrManager of EnvironmentDepartment of Resources

DevelopmentDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


P.O. Box 787Canberra ACT 2601Australia

O Department of ResourcesDevelopment, Dept. ofthe Arts, Sport, theEnvironment, Tourism &Territories

Hon. Fred Chaney MPShadow Minister for the

EnvironmentP.O. Box 1005Midland WA 6056Australia

O Dept. of the Arts, Sport,the Environment,Tourism & Territories

Mr Stephen P. CharlesMurdoch UniversityBiological and Environmental

Sciences

South St.Murdoch WA 6150AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3322727Fax (61 9) 3104997

O Biological andEnvironmental Sciences,Murdoch University

Mr Tony ChartersActing SecretaryWet Tropics Ministerial

CouncilP.O. Box 155North Quay QLD 4002AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2277713

O Wet Tropics MinisterialCouncil

Mr Paul ChattertonThe Wilderness Society130 Davey St.HobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 02) 349366Fax (61 02) 235112


Dr David ChittleboroughBaha'i International Com-

munity Office of theEnvironment

2 Oriana AvenueRostrevor SA 5073AustraliaTel. (61 8) 13361862Fax (61 8) 3365242

O Baha'í InternationalCommunity Office of theEnvironment

Dr Robert Graham Chittle-borough

24 Watt Street SwanboumeSwanbourne WA 6010AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3831516

O

Ms Janet CohenAustralian Conservation



Mr Ross ColliverAustralian Conservation

Foundation79 Stirling StreetPerth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2200669Fax (61 9) 2200668


Mr John CordellDirector, Pacific ProgrammeCultural Survival

c/o Tropical Health Pro-gramme

University of QueenslandHerston QLD 4006AustraliaTel. (61 7) 3663548Fax (61 7) 2522579

O Cultural Survival

Mr Peter CosierDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


41 George StreetNorwood 5067Australia


Dr John CoulterDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


41 George StreetNorwood 5067Australia


Ms Janet CoveneyHon. SecretaryAustralian National Parks

Council (ANPC)13 Park RoadMiddle Park VIC 3206AustraliaTel. (61 3) 6992830

NG Australian NationalParks Council (ANPC)

Ms Donna CraigEnvironmental Law CentreSchool of LawMacquarie UniversitySydney NSW 2109AustraliaTel. (61 2) 8057077Fax (61 2) 8057686

NG Environmental LawCentre, MacquarieUniversity

Dr Wendy CraikGreat Barrier Reef Marine Park

AuthorityP.O. Box 791Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2470211Fax (61 6) 2475761

GA Great Barrier ReefMarine Park Authority,Queensland

Mr Peter CrannyQueensland Forest ServiceP.O. Box 944Brisbane QLD 4001AustraliaTel. (61 7) 2340004Fax (61 7) 2340271Telex QUEFOR AA43988

O Queensland ForestService


Ms Rosey CrispQueensland Conservation

CouncilP.O. Box 238North QuayBrisbane QLD 4002AustraliaTel. (61 7) 2210188

NG Queensland Conserva-tion Council

Mrs Ethnee CritchleyHeytesbury StudKeysbrook WA 6206Australia

O

Lt Col R.A. CritchleyHeytesbury StudKeysbrook WA 6206AustraliaTel. 5252158

O

Dr David DaleConservation Council of

Western Australia1 Canning AvenueMt Pleasant WA 6153AustraliaTel. (61 63) 648663Fax (61 63) 648663


O Wilderness Society

Mr Adrian DaveyResource & Environmental

ScienceUniversity of CanberraP.O. Box 1Belconnen ACT 2616AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2522517Fax (61 6) 2522166

O Resource & Environmen-tal Science, University ofCanberra

Dr Jim DavieQueensland University of

TechnologyDept. of Planning & Landscape

ArchitectureP.O. Box 2434Brisbane QLD 4000AustraliaTel. (61 7) 2232111Fax (61 7) 2291510

O COE

Prof. Bruce DavisInstitute of Antarctic &

Southern Ocean StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaP.O. Box 2526HobartTasmania 7001AustraliaTel. (61 2) 202972Fax (61 2) 202973Telex 58150

O CNPPAO Australian Committee

for IUCN

Ms Paula DeeganConservation Council of

Western AustraliaP.O Box 137West Perth WA 6005AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4811244Fax (61 9) 3221048


Mr John DejoseThe International Union of

Directors of ZoologicalGardens

c/o Perth Zoo WesternAustralia

P.O. Box 489South Perth WA 6151AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4740335Fax (61 9) 3673921

IN The International Unionof Directors ofZoological Gardens

O SSC

Ms Anne-Marie DelahuntAustralian Heritage Commis-

sionP.O. Box 1567Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2712111Fax (61 6) 2732395

GA Australian HeritageCommission

Mr John DellWestern Australian Naturalists'

Club (Inc)P.O. Box 156Nedlands WA 6009AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3898085

O Western AustralianNaturalists' Club (Inc)

Mr Tim DendySouth Australian Dept. of

Environment and Planning55 Grenfell StreetAdelaide SA 5001AustraliaTel. (61 8) 216 7777

GA South Australian Dept.of Environment andPlanning

Ms Joanne DiSanoFirst Assistant SecretaryDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


P.O. Box 787Canberra City ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2741590Fax (61 6) 2573010

ST Dept. of the Arts, Sport,the Environment,Tourism & Territories

Hon Donald Dobie M.P.Dept. of the Arts, Sport, the




Mr John DormanNational Parks Association of

New South Wales Inc.12 Rodgers St.Teralba NSW 2284AustraliaTel. (61 49) 581564Fax (61 2) 2647160

NG National ParksAssociation of NewSouth Wales

O CNPPA

Mr Peter DringRoyal Agricultural Society of

Western AustraliaP.O. Box 111Carnamah 6517AustraliaTel. (61 99) 511233Fax (61 99) 511091

O Royal AgriculturalSociety of WesternAustralia

Mr Craig DubyACT GovernmentACT Legislative AssemblyP.O. Box 158Canberra City ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 751111

GA ACT Parks andConservation Service,Conservation and LandManagement Branch

Mrs Elaine DuncanWider Visions24 David CrescentHillarys 6025Perth WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 4010025

O Wider Visions

Mr Nicholas DuncanPresidentSave African Endangered

Wildlife FoundationAustralian Branch229 Oxford StreetLeederville WA 6007AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4446550Fax (61 9) 4441073

O Save AfricanEndangered WildlifeFoundation

Mr Murray EdmondsState ManagerGreening AustraliaUnit 5Leederville Village106 Oxford StreetLeederville WA 6007


NG Greening Australia Ltd.

Ms Pam EiserFraser Island Defenders

Organization3 Roslyn AvenuePanania NSW 2213AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2476300Fax (61 2) 2478778

NG Fraser Island DefendersOrganization

O CNPPAIUCN Council Member

Mr Murray ElliottConservation Commission of

the Northern TerritoryP.O. Box 496PalmerstonDarwin NT 0831AustraliaTel. (61 89) 894467


Ms Adele FarinaSecretary to Minister PearceWA State GovernmentGovernment HousePerth WAAustralia

O

Mr Anthony FeamsideInstitute of Foresters of

AustraliaP.O. Box E73Queen Victoria TerraceCanberra ACT 2600AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2887656Fax (61 6) 2880441

NG Institute of Foresters ofAustralia

Dr Margaret A. Feilman75 Malcolm StreetWest Perth, WA 6005AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3219989

O

Mr Ken FeltonForestry Commission of

TasmaniaP.O. Box 207BHobartTasmania 7001AustraliaTel. (61 02) 308181Fax (61 02) 238280

O Forestry Commission ofTasmania

O SSC

Mr Chris FitzhardingExecutive DirectorSouth West Development

AuthorityAustralia

O South West Develop-ment Authority


Dr Timothy FlanneryHead Mammal SectionAustralian Museum6-8 College St.Sydney South NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 3398114Fax (61 2) 3604350

O SSC

Mr Wayne FletcherDirector, Biodiversity SectionDept. of the Arts, Sport, the




Mr Thomas FoxA/g Deputy DirectorNational Parks and Wildlife

Service of New South WalesP.O. Box 1967Hurstville NSW 2220AustraliaTel. (61 2) 5856418Fax (61 2) 5856555Telex 26034 aa

GA National Parks andWildlife Service of NewSouth Wales

Mr Paul FrewerDeputy Premier's OfficeGovernment HouseCanberra City ACT 2601Australia

O

Mr Ian William FryDirectorWildlife SurvivalThe Environment Centre608 Dean St.Albury NSW 2640AustraliaTel. (61 60) 230813Fax (61 60) 215629

NG Wildlife SurvivalO CEL

Hon Christine Gallus MPDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


967 South RoadMelrose Park SA 5039AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2779877Fax (61 8) 2779915


Ms Morag GambleThe Wilderness Society130 Davey St.HobartTasmania 7000Australia

Tel. (61 02) 349366Fax (61 02) 235112

NG The Wilderness Society

Mr McGlynn GeneAustralian Conservation



Mr David GibbsPresidentWWF AustraliaP.O. Box 528Sydney NSW 2001AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2476300

O WWF Australia

Dr John R GilesZoological Parks Board of New

South WalesP.O. Box 20Mosman NSW 2088AustraliaTel. (61 2) 9692777Fax (61 2) 9697515

GA Zoological Parks Boardof New South Wales,National Parks andWildlife Service of NewSouth Wales

O SSC

Dr Brendon GooneratnePresidentProject JonahP.O. Box 234Baulkham HillsSydney NSW 2153AustraliaTel. (61 2) 854335Fax (61 2) 8768694Telex 26064 virus aa

NG Project Jonah, Australia

Mr Reg GordenMinister of Aboriginal AffairsWA State GovernmentCapita House197 St George's TerracePerth WA 6000Australia

O WA State Government

Commissioner Sue GordonAssistant General ManagerAboriginal and Torres Strait

Islander CommissionP.O. Box 17WodenCanberra ACTAustraliaTel. (61 6) 2893377Fax (61 6) 2853742

O Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islander Commis-sion

Ms Carla GortonAustralian Conservation

Foundation

340 Gore StreetFitzroy VIC 3065AustraliaTel. (61 3) 4161455Fax (61 3) 4160767


Ms Yvonne GosselinkMinistry of Economic

Development AustralianForest & Land Management

Capita House197 St George's TerracePerth WA 6000Australia

O Ministry of EconomicDevelopment AustralianForest & LandManagement

Ms Raeme Goves-JackaConservation Council of

Western Australia1-54 BroadwayNedlands WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 3863761Fax (61 9) 2200653


Mr Alistair GrahamThe Wilderness Society130 Davey St.HobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 02) 349366Fax (61 02) 235112


Ms Robyn GrahamPolicy & Planning, Antarctic

DivisionDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


Channel HighwayKingstonTasmania 7050AustraliaTel. (61 02) 290209Fax (61 02) 295050


Ms Rosemary GrahamAustralian Conservation



Dr Colin Peter GrovesDept. of Prehistory &

AnthropologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 494590

Fax (61 62) 492711Telex 62760 natuniv

O SSC

Mr Charles Richard HallCurtin University of Techno-

logySchool of Civil EngineeringKent StreetBentley WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 3517824Telex (61 9) 3512818

O Curtin University ofTechnology

Ms Kay HallahanMinister for the ArtsWestern Australia State

GovernmentCapita House197 St George's TerracePerth WA 6000Australia

O Western Australia StateGovernment

Ms Helen HallidayP.O. Box 1373Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2480888Fax (61 6) 2480110

O SSC

Mr John P HannonAustralian Crocodile Farmers

AssociationP.O. Box 4694Darwin NTAustraliaTel. (61 89) 819588

O Australian CrocodileFarmers Association

O SSC

Mrs Barbara HardyWWF Australia60 Marine ParadeSeacliff SA 5049AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2967338

O WWF Australia

Mr Bill HareAustralian Conservation



Mr Colin HarrisSouth Australian Department


55 Grenfell StreetAdelaide SA 5001AustraliaTel. (61 8) 216 7777



Ms Jill HarrisConservation Council of

Western Australia228 Brisbane St.Northbridge WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2277926Fax (61 9) 2200653


Mrs Clodagh HarrisonProject Jonah3/213 Edgecliff RoadWoollahra 2025AustraliaTel. (61 2) 8991211Fax (61 2) 8992151Telex 26064 virus aa

NG Project Jonah

The Hon R. J. L. Hawke AC,MP

Prime Minister of AustraliaCanberraAustralia

Mr Christopher David HaynesDepartment of Conservation


GA Department ofConservation and LandManagement, WesternAustralia

Mr Edward HegerlDirectorAustralian Littoral Society, Inc.P.O. Box 49Moorooka QLD 4105AustraliaTel. (61 7) 8485235Fax (61 7) 8925814

NG Australian LittoralSociety, Inc.


O COE

Mr Don HenryDirectorWWF AustraliaP.O. Box 528Sydney NSW 2001AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2476300Fax (61 2) 2478778

NG WWF Australia

Mr John HibberdKestel ResearchP.O. Box 2546Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2473670Fax (61 6) 2575336

O

Mr Peter HitchcockNational Parks and Wildlife

Service of New South Wales

P.O. Box 1967Hurstville NSW 2220AustraliaTel. (61 2) 5856305Fax (61 2) 5856555Telex 26034 aa


The Hon. Barry HodgeChairmanLands and Forest Commission

of Western Australia50 Money RoadMelville WA 6156AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3303309Fax (61 9) 3171605

O Lands and ForestCommission of WesternAustralia

Mr Rod HolesgroveDirector, Policy Liaison SectionDept. of the Arts, Sport, the




Mr Theo HooyAustralian National Parks and



Dr Stephen Donald HopperDepartment of Conservation


O Department ofConservation and LandManagement, WesternAustralia

O SSC

Ms Elaine HomeConservation Council of

Western Australia91 Webster St.Nedlands WA 6009AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4440606Fax (61 9) 2200653


Dr Geoffrey W Howard

138 Leicester St.Parkside 5063AustraliaTel. (61 8) 3730303

O

Mr Russell Hume26 Holdsworth St.Fremantle WA 6160Australia

O

Mr Geoffrey Hume-CookWilderness Society15 Glendower StPerth WA 6000Australia


Dr Bob HumphriesWestern Australian Environ-

mental Protection Authority1 Mount StreetPerth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2227000Fax (61 9) 3221598

O Western AustralianEnvironmentalProtection Authority

Dr Tor HundloeEnvironment Institute of

AustraliaAustralia

O Environment Institute ofAustralia

Mr Peter John HunnamWWF-AustraliaP.O. Box 528Sydney NSW 2001AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2476300Fax (61 2) 2478778

O WWF-Australia

Ms Penny HusseyWestern Australian Naturalists'

Club (INC)P.O. Box 156Nedlands WA 6009AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3898085

O Western AustralianNaturalists' Club (INC)

Dr Ross HynesDept. of Environment and

Heritage13th Floor160 Ann St.Brisbane QLD 4000AustraliaTel. (61 7) 2277804Fax (61 7) 2277803

O Dept. of Environmentand Heritage

Dr Nina JablonskiDept. of Anatomy and Human

BiologyUniversity of Western

AustraliaNedlands WA 6009Australia

Tel. (61 9) 3803296Fax (61 9) 3801051

O Centre of HumanBiology

Mr Colin JacksonAustralian Trust for Conserva-

tion VolunteersP.O. Box 423Ballarat VIC 3350AustraliaTel. (61 53) 331483Fax (61 53) 332290

O Australian Trust forConservation Volunteers

Ms Sue JacksonEnvironment Centre N.T.P.O. Box 2120Darwin, NTAustraliaTel. (61 89) 811984Fax (61 89) 410387

NG Environment CentreN.T.

Dr David JamesResource Assessment

CommissionLocked Bag 1Queen Victoria TerraceCanberra ACT 2600AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2715111Fax (61 6) 2715929

GA Resource AssessmentCommission

Mr John Adrian JeffreysDirectorWildlife Preservation Society of

Queensland4th Floor 160 Edward StreetBrisbane QLD 4000AustraliaTel. (61 7) 2210194Fax (61 7) 2210701

NG Wildlife PreservationSociety of Queensland

Mr Hank JenkinsAustralian National Parks and



O SSC

The Hon. Gary Johns MPMember of Australian House

of RepresentativesP.O. Box 64Redcliffe QLD 4020AustraliaFax (61 7) 2841379

O Member of AustralianHouse of Representa-tives, Chair of CaucusEnvironment Committee


Ms Louana JohnstonAustralian Conservation



Mr Ross JohnstonAustralian Conservation



Mr Lindsay C. JolleySouth Australian National

Parks & Wildlife ServiceP.O. Box 444Murray Bridge 5253AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2167777Fax (61 8) 2311392

O South AustralianNational Parks &Wildlife Service

Mr Graeme KelleherChairmanGreat Barrier Reef Marine Park


GA Great Barrier ReefMarine Park Authority

The Hon. Ros Kelly MPMinister for the Arts, Sport, the

Environment, Tourism andTerritories

Parliament HouseCanberra ACT 2600Australia

ST Department for the Arts,Sport, the Environment,Tourism and Territories

Mr Garth KelseyAustralian Conservation



Mr Richard A. KenchingtonResource Assessment

CommissionLocked Bag 1Queen Victoria TerraceCanberra ACT 2600


GA Resource AssessmentCommission

O CESPO COE

Ms Amrit W. Kendrick15 Parkside Ave.Mt Pleasant WA 6153AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3646619Fax (61 9) 3824947

O

Mr Gary A. Kendrickc/o Botany DepartmentUniversity of Western

AustraliaCrawley WA 6009AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3802217Fax (61 9) 3824947

O

Mr Danny KennedyEnvironmental Law Centrec/o Macquarie UniversitySydney NSWAustraliaTel. (61 2) 8057077

NG Environmental LawCentre

Mr Michael G. KennedyWWF-AustraliaP.O. Box 302Avalon 2107AustraliaTel. (61 2) 9189482Fax (61 2) 9189644

NG WWF-AustraliaO SSC

Dr Aila KetoRainforest Conservation

Society Inc.19 Colorado AvenueBardon QLD 4065AustraliaTel. (61 7) 3681318Fax (61 7) 3683938

O Wet Tropics Manage-ment Authority

Prof. Jiro KikkawaInternational Union of Forestry

Research Organizations(IUFRO)

c/o Department of ZoologyUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaBrisbane QLD 4072AustraliaTel. (61 7) 3772966Fax (61 7) 3710057

O IUFROO COE

Dr D. KitchenerSenior CuratorWestern Australia MuseumFrancis StreetPerth WA 6000Australia

Tel. (61 9) 3284411Fax (61 9) 3288686

O SSC

Mr Cam KneenNational Association of Forest

IndustriesP.O. Box 254West Perth WA 6005AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3222088Fax (61 9) 4811019

O National Association ofForest Industries

Mr John KoeyersConservation Council of

Western AustraliaP.O. Box 347Margaret River WA 6285AustraliaTel. (61 97) 572073Fax (61 97) 2200653


Mr Peter KoffelMurdoch University26 Davies StBeaconsfield WA 6162AustraliaTel. 3354775

O Murdoch University

Mr Michael KrockenbergerAustralian Conservation



Dr Gerald KuchlingDepartment of Zoology ,University of Western

AustraliaPerth WA 6009AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3802243Fax (61 9) 3801029Telex 92992 aa

O SSC

Mr Doug LaingDepartment of Foreign Affairs

and TradeOffice of the Ambassador for

the Environment4 Treasury PlaceEast Melbourne VIC 3002AustraliaTel. (61 3) 6552686Fax (61 3) 6509467

O Department of ForeignAffairs and Trade

Dr Padma LalAustralian Bureau of

Agricultural and ResourceEconomics

P.O. Box 1563Canberra ACT 2601Australia

Tel. (61 6) 2469544Fax (61 6) 2469699

O Australian Bureau ofAgricultural andResource Economics

Dr David LambBotany DepartmentUniversity of QueenslandBrisbane QLDAustraliaTel. (61 7) 3772045Fax (61 7) 8703854Telex AA40315 UNIVQLD

O COE

Dr Judy LambertMinisterial AdvisorDept. of the Arts, Sports, the


Parliament HouseCanberra ACT 2600AustraliaTel. (61 62) 777640Fax (61 62) 734130

O Dept. of the Arts, Sports,the Environment,Tourism & Territories

Dr Bill LaneEnvironmental Services

Australia (ESA) Pty LtdP.O. Box 226St. Leonards NSW 2065AustraliaTel. (61 2) 9065789Fax (61 2) 9067452

O Environmental ServicesAustralia (ESA) Pty Ltd

Mr Jim LaneDepartment of Conservation

and Land Managementc/o Executive DirectorP.O. Box 104Como WA 6152AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3868811Fax (61 9) 3861578Telex 94585 aa


Dr Carmen LawrencePremier of Western AustraliaWestern Australia State

GovernmentCapita HousePerth WA 6000Australia

O Western Australia StateGovernment

Mr Dean LeePacific Whale FoundationUnit l81 Mary St.Como WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 4501271

O Pacific Whale Founda-tion


The Hon. S. LenehanMinisterMinistry of Environment and

PlanningParliament HouseAdelaide SA 5000Australia

GA South AustraliaDepartment ofEnvironment andPlanning

Ms Angie LensinkAustralian Conservation

FoundationPerth Branch79 Stirling StreetNorth Perth WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 2200665


Dr Godfrey LettsConservation Commission of

the Northern TerritoryP.O. Box 496PalmerstonDarwin NT 0831AustraliaTel. (61 89) 894533Fax (61 89) 323849


O SSC

Mr Nigel LiveseyEnvironment Centre NT79 Stirling St.Perth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2200654Fax (61 9) 2200653

NG Environment Centre NTO Wilderness Society

Mr Owen William LoneraganUnited Nations Association of

Australia (WA Division)16 Deverell WayBentley WA 6102AustraliaTel. (61 66) 4584615

O United NationsAssociation of Australia(WA Division)

Mr David LuckEnvironment GroupAustralian International

Development AssistanceBureau (AIDAB)

P.O. Box 887Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2764650Fax (61 6) 2764626

GA Australian InternationalDevelopment AssistanceBureau (AIDAB)

Mr Getano Lui JrIsland Coordinating CouncilP.O. Box 264Thursday Island QLD 4875


O Island CoordinatingCouncil

Dr John M. LumbDepartment of Conservation

and Environment, Victoria240 Victoria ParadeEast Melbourne VIC 3002Australia

GA Department ofConservation andEnvironment, Victoria

Mr Ian MacKenzieNational Association of Forest

Industries225 Adelaide TerracePerth WA 6062AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4216826


Mr Brendan MackeyCentre for Resource and

Environmental StudiesAustralian National UniversityP.O. Box 4Canberra City ACTAustralia

O COE

Dr Jonathan MajerCurtin University of Techno-

logySchool of BiologyP.O. Box 01987Perth WA 6001AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3517964Fax (61 9) 3512495Telex 92983 aa

O Curtin University ofTechnology

O Australian Entomologi-cal Society

Mr Alec MarrThe Wilderness SocietyParliament House130 Davey St.HobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 349366Fax (61 2) 235112


Mr Duncan Antony MarshallAustralian Council of National

TrustsP.O. Box 1002Civic Square ACT 2608AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2476766Fax (61 6) 2491395

NG Australian Council ofNational Trusts

Mr Bemie MastersConservation Council of

Western AustraliaP.O. Box 162

Capel WA 6271AustraliaTel. (61 97) 272474Fax (61 97) 2200653


Dr Freya MathewsMurdoch UniversitySocial SciencesMurdoch WA 6150AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3322698


Mr Richard MayDepartment of Conservation



Prof. Arthur McCombMurdoch UniversityEnvironmental ScienceMurdoch WA 6150AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3322191Fax (61 9) 3104997


Ms Joanne McCormickNational Association of Forest

IndustriesP.O. Box R1276Perth WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 4216840Fax (61 9) 2211658


Ms Margaret McDonaldAustralian Conservation



Mr Peter McGinnityGreat Barrier Reef Marine Park



Mr Lauchlan MclntoshP.O. Box 363Dickson ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2498955

Fax (61 6) 2474985Telex 62285

O

Dr Frank McKinnellDepartment of Conservation

and Land Managementc/o Executive DirectorP.O. Box 104Como WA 6152AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3868811Fax (61 9) 3861578Telex 94585 aa

NG Institute of Foresters ofAustralia

Dr Don McMichaelDept. of the Arts, Sport, the




Mr Keiran James McNamaraDepartment of Conservation



Dr I.R. McPhailDirector GeneralSouth Australian Department


55 Grenfell St.Adelaide SA 5001AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2167777


Mr David MenereDepartment of Primary

Industries and EnergyP.O. Box 858Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2723933Fax (61 6) 2724875Telex 2723933

O Department of PrimaryIndustries and Energy

Mr Geoff MercerDepartment of Conservation

and Land ManagementP.O. Box 72Geraldton 6530AustraliaTel. (61 99) 215955


Fax (61 99) 215713O Department of

Conservation and LandManagement, WesternAustralia

Prof. Harry MesselVice ChairmanAustralia, SSCHopewood Gardens13 Thornton St.Darling PT. NSW 2027AustraliaTel. (61 2) 6923383Fax (61 2) 6602903Telex 26169 unisyd aa

O SSC

Drjudy MesserNature Conservation Council

of New South Wales39 George StreetSydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2472228Fax (61 2) 2475945

NG Nature ConservationCouncil of New SouthWales

Mr Greg MiddletonDepartment of Parks, Wildlife

and Heritage, TasmaniaP.O. Box 44AHobartTasmania 7001AustraliaTel. (61 02) 302336Fax (61 02) 238765

GA Department of Parks,Wildlife and Heritage,Tasmania

O CNPPA

Ms Kerrie Milbum-ClarkBusiness Council of AustraliaP.O. Box 7225Melbourne VIC 3004AustraliaTel. (61 3) 8676288Fax (61 3) 8677861

O Business Council ofAustralia

Mr Denis Henry MillanDepartment of Land Administ-

rationCentral Government BuildingsCathedral AvenuePerth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3231222Fax (61 9) 3231201Telex 93784 lands aa

O Department of LandAdministration

Ms Christine MilneThe Wilderness SocietyParliament HouseHobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 306201Fax (61 2) 231406


Mr Robert K. MorlandDepartment of Land Administ-

rationCentral Government BuildingsCathedral AvenuePerth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3231222Fax (61 9) 3231201Telex 93784 lands aa

O Department of LandAdministration, WesternAustralian StateGovernment

Ms Leonie MorrisonThe Wilderness SocietyParliament House130 Davey St.HobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 349366


Mrs Judith MortlockNational Parks and Wildlife

Service of New South WalesGovernment HouseLord Howe Island 2898AustraliaTel. (61 65) 632066Fax (61 65) 632127


Mr Seamus MulhollandDepartment of Conservation

and Land ManagementHayman RoadP.O. Box 104Como WA 6152AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3676333

O Department ofConservation and LandManagement

Ms Josephine MummeryDept. of the Arts, Sport, the




Ms Frances MurrayAustralian Conservation



Mr Nicholas NewlandSouth Australian National

Parks and Wildlife Service

P.O. Box 1782Adelaide SA 5001AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2167867Fax (61 8) 2311392


O South AustralianNational Parks andWildlife Service

Dr Peter NewmanMurdoch UniversityAustralia

O

Dr Ray NiasWWF-AustraliaP.O Box 528Sydney NSW 2001AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2476300Fax (61 2) 2478778

NG WWF-Australia

Mr Frank Nicholls61-4 Sydney StreetPrahran VIC 3181AustraliaTel. (61 3) 516611

O CEL

Dr Ebbe S. NielsenDivision of EntomologyCSIROP.O. Box 1700Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 464258Fax (61 62) 464264

O Division of Entomology,CSIRO

O SSC

Mrs Robyn M. Nolan MLAACT Legislative Assembly1 Constitution AvenueP.O. Box 1020Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 758574Fax (61 62) 758114

O ACT LegislativeAssembly

Mr Peter NugentDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


31 Winswood CloseVermont South VIC 3133AustraliaTel. (61 3) 7203233Fax (61 3) 7205250


Ms Molly OlsonGreenpeace AustraliaP.O. Box 51East Balmain NSW 2041AustraliaTel. (61 2) 5557044

Fax (61 2) 5557154NG Greenpeace AustraliaIN Greenpeace International

Mr Victor OnionsCrocodile Farmers Association

of AustraliaP.O. Box 669Cairns QLD 4870AustraliaTel. (61 70) 547955Fax (61 70) 331048

O Crocodile FarmersAssociation of Australia

O SSC

Mrs Kay Osbornec/- Harper-MacRae &

Associates PlcLevel 67, MLC CentreMartin PlaceSydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2387630Fax (61 2) 3211987Telex AA72566COHQ

O

Mr Robert Osbornec/- Harper-MacRae &

Associates PlcLevel 67, MLC CentreMartin PlaceSydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2387630Fax (61 2) 2211987Telex AA72566 COHQ

O

Mr Terry O'BrienNational Association of Forest

IndustriesP.O. Box 254West Perth WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 3222088Fax (61 9) 4811019


Commissioner Terry O'ShaneAboriginal and Torres Strait

Islander CommissionP.O. Box 17WodenCanberra ACTAustraliaTel. (61 62) 893377Fax (61 62) 853742

O Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islander Commis-sion

Mr Eric I. PalingMurdoch UniversityBiological and EnvironmentalScienceMurdoch WA 6150AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3322385Fax (61 9) 3104997


Mr David PappsNational Parks and Wildlife

Service of New South Wales


P.O. Box 1967Hurstville NSW 2220AustraliaTel. (61 2) 5856477Fax (61 2) 585655Telex 26034 aa


Mr Mark ParnellConservation Council of South

Australia66 Grote StreetAdelaide SA 5000AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2316586Fax (61 8) 2311068


Mrs Cathy ParsonsACT Parks and Conservation

ServiceP.O. Box 1119Tuggeranung ACT 2909AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2935125Fax (61 6) 2935158


Mr Terence PeacockAustralian Trust for Conserva-

tion VolunteersP.O. Box 423Ballarat VIC 3350AustraliaTel. (61 53) 327490Fax (61 53) 332290

O Australian Trust forConservation Volunteers

The Hon. Bob PearceMinister for the Environment,

WADepartment of Conservation

and Land Management8th Floor Curtin House60 Beaufort StreetPerth WA 6000Australia


Mr Rodney PearseDept. of Parks, Wildlife and

Heritage, TasmaniaP.O. Box 44AHobartTasmania 7001AustraliaTel. (61 02) 306230Fax (61 02) 238765

GA Dept. of Parks, Wildlifeand Heritage, Tasmania

Dr Robert PrinceWestern Australian Wildlife

Research Centre, WoodvaleP.O. Box 51Wanneroo WA 6065

AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4055115Fax (61 9) 3061641Telex 94616 aa


O SSC

Ms Dianne ProctorExecutive DirectorFamily Planning Federation of

AustraliaSuite 3, 1st FloorLUA House39 Geils CourtDeakin ACT 2600AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2851244Fax (61 6) 2825298

O Family PlanningFederation of Australia

Mr Stephen Francis PrytzThe Australian Manufacturing

Council SecretariatP.O. Box 196World Trade CentreMelbourne VIC 3005AustraliaTel. (61 3) 6115208Fax (61 3) 6115232

O The AustralianManufacturing CouncilSecretariat

Mr Jim PuckridgeConservation Council of South

Australia3/75 EsplanadeHenley SouthAdelaide SA 5022AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2285566


Dr Rosemary PurdieAustralian Heritage Commis-



Ms Jill ReadingAustralian Conservation

Foundation79 Stirling St.Perth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2200669Fax (61 9) 2200668


Dr Trevor David RedheadCSIRODivision of Wildlife and

EcologyP.O. Box 84Lyneham ACT 2602


O CSIRO

Ms Dorothy RedreauGreening AustraliaUnit 5106 Oxford St.Leederville WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 2275771Fax (61 9) 2275760

O Greening Australia

Ms Mary RegtsConservation Council of

Western AustraliaP.O. Box 61Inglewood WA 6052AustraliaTel. (61 9) 271 7662Fax (61 9) 220 0653


Dr Barry RichardsonAustralian National Parks and



O SSC

Mr Tim RichmondAustralian National Parks and

Wildlife ServiceP.O. Box 636Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 500223Fax (61 62) 473528Telex 62971


Ms Margaret RobertsonThe Wilderness Society1st Floor53 Liverpool St.Sydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2677929Fax (61 2) 2642673


Mr Peter RobertsonThe Wilderness SocietyP.O. Box 169Stirling St.Perth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2200667Fax (61 9) 2200653

NG The Environment Centre,NT, Inc.


Mr Fred Robinson

Director of Planning andResearch

South-West DevelopmentAuthority

AustraliaO

Ms Sally RobinsonSenior Environment Officerc/o CALM50 Hayman Rd.Como WA 6152Australia

O

Ms Jan Louise RoddaConservation Council of

Western Australia19 Hubble St.East Fremantle WA 6158AustraliaTel. 339 2297

O Conservation Council ofWestern Australia

Mr Peter RosendorfPress SecretaryOffice of the Minister for the

EnvironmentCapita House197 St George's TerracePerth WA 6000Australia

O

Dr Helen RossAustralian National UniversityAustralia

O Australian NationalUniversity

Mr Jon RowdonThe Wilderness Society25 Crawshaw CrescentManning 6152AustraliaTel. 450 3390


Mr Graeme RundleWA National Parks and

Reserves Associationc/o The Peninsula Community

Centre219 Railway RoadMaylands WA 6051AustraliaTel. (61 2) 3234381

O DASETT

Mr Brian SadlerDirector of Water ResourcesWater Authority WAAustralia

O Water Authority WA

Mr Uilou SamaniMurdoch UniversitySchool of Biological and

Environmental SciencesMurdoch WA 6150AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3142535Fax (61 9) 3322738



Ms Rachael SatourImpaja TelevisionAlice SpringsAustralia

O Impaja Television

Mr Donald S. SaundersDepartment of Conservation

and Environment, Victoria240 Victoria ParadeEast Melbourne VIC 3002AustraliaTel. (61 3) 4124111

GA Department ofConservation andEnvironment, Victoria

Mr Gary SaundersonThe Wilderness SocietyP.O. Box 8169Stirling St.Perth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2200667Fax (61 9) 2200653

O The Wilderness Society

Mr Frank J. SchaperGreening Australia31 Malcolm StreetFremantle WA 6160AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2276177Fax (61 9) 2276871

NG Greening Australia

Miss Martine ScheltemaGreening AustraliaUnit 5Leederville Village106 Oxford StreetLeederville WA 6007AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2275771Fax (61 9) 2275760

NG Greening Australia

Mr John SeedRainforest Information CentreP.O. Box 368Lismore NSW 2480AustraliaTel. (61 66) 218505Fax (61 66) 222339

O Rainforest InformationCentre

Mr Jimmy SeowSenior Environmental OfficerPetroleum Division Mines

Dept.Perth WAAustralia

O Petroleum DivisionMines Dept.

Mr Vincent Noel ServentyPresidentWild Life Preservation Society

of Australia8 Reiby RoadHunters Hill NSW 2110AustraliaTel. (61 2) 3818020Fax (61 2) 8173705

NG Wild Life PreservationSociety of Australia

Mr Jim SharpExecutive DirectorDept. of Conservation and

Land ManagementP.O. Box 104Como WA 6152AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3868811Fax (61 9) 3861578Telex 94585 aa

O Dept. of Conservationand Land Management,Western Australia

Dr Gwen ShaughnessyAustralian National Parks and

Wildlife ServiceP.O. Box 636Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 466211Telex 62971 aa


Dr Sydney Ronald SheaExecutive DirectorDepartment of Conservation



IUCN Council Member

Mr Brian SheridanNational Association of Forest

Industries37 Noble CourtDianellaAustraliaTel. 2765527


Mr Jeff ShortSenior Experimental ScientistCSIRO Division of Wildlife &

EcologyL.M.B. 4P.O. MidlandAustralia

Mr Gerard CWH SieroLandmarc Consultancy1 King Edward StreetSouth Perth WA 6151Australia

O

Mrs Rachel SiewertConservation Council of

Western Australia79 Stirling St.Perth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2200652Fax (61 9) 2200653


Dr Chris SimpsonWestern Australian Environ-



Mr John SinclairFraser Island Defenders

OrganizationP.O. Box 71Gladesville NSW 2111AustraliaTel. (61 2) 8174660Fax (61 2) 8161642

NG Fraser Island DefendersOrganization

Mr Allan Andrew SkinnerActing Executive DirectorDepartment of Land Administ-

rationWA State GovernmentCentral Government BuildingsCathedral AvenuePerth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3231222Fax (61 9) 3231201Telex 93784 lands aa

O Department of LandAdministration, WAState Government

Prof. Ralph SlatyerChief ScientistDepartment of the Prime

Minister and CabinetBarton ACT 2600AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2715217

ST DASETT

Mr Jason SmithAustralian Conservation



Mr Wayne SmithAustralian Conservation



Mr Paulo SouzaP.O. Box 3582Manuka ACTAustralia

O

Mr Rod SquireForestry Commission of NSWP.O. Box 2667Sydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2341517

GA Forestry Commission ofNSW

Mr Bob StensholtAssistant Director GeneralAustralian International

Development AssistanceBureau (AIDAB)


GA Australian InternationalDevelopment AssistanceBureau (AIDAB)

Sir Ninian StephenAmbassador for the Environ-

mentDept. of the Arts, Sport, the


P.O. Box 787Canberra City ACT 2601Australia


Mr John StickneyPastoralists and Graziers

Association of WesternAustralia

789 Wellington StreetPerth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3212788Fax (61 9) 4814106

O Pastoralists and GraziersAssociation of WesternAustralia

Ms Sharon SullivanDirectorAustralian Heritage Commis-



Ms Ros SultanAustralian Conservation

Foundation340 Gore St.Fitzroy VIC 3065AustraliaTel. (61 3) 4161455Fax (61 3) 4160767


Dr Keith SuterFoundation DirectorTrinity Peace Research Institute72 St. George's Terrace


Perth WAAustraliaTel. (61 9) 4813773Telex AA 96855

O Trinity Peace ResearchInstitute

Mr John SuttonWest Australian Environmental

Protection Authority1 Mount StreetPerth WA 6000AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2227000Fax (61 9) 3221598

O West AustralianEnvironmentalProtection Authority

Mr Mark Swadlingc/- Harper-MacRae &

Associates PlcLevel 67, MLC CentreMartin PlaceSydney NSW 2000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 2387630Fax (61 2) 2211987Telex AA72566 COHQ

O

Mr Keith TarloThe Wilderness Society130 Davey St.HobartTasmania 7000AustraliaTel. (61 2) 349366Fax (61 2) 235112


Ms Diane Mary TarteAustralian Littoral Society, Inc.P.O. Box 49Moorooka QLD 4105AustraliaTel. (61 7) 8485235Fax (61 7) 8925814

NG Australian LittoralSociety, Inc.


Mr Ian TaylorDeputy PremierWA State GovernmentGovernment HousePerth WAAustralia

O WA State Government

Mr Max ThorbjornsenPeace Education Foundation39 Holmesfield CrescentCarine 6020AustraliaTel. 447 6952

O Peace EducationFoundation

Mr John A. TilemannDept. of Foreign Affairs and

TradeCanberra ACT 2605AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2612312

Fax (61 6) 2612144O Dept. of Foreign Affairs

and Trade

Dr Susan TingayAustralian Conservation



Prof. Clem TisdeUDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of QueenslandSt Lucia QLD 4072AustraliaTel. (61 7) 3773520

O University of Queens-land

Mr Jeffery V. TownsendDept. of Environment, Land

and PlanningP.O. Box 158Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2468885Fax (61 6) 2468579

O Australian Committeefor IUCN

Mr Phillip ToyneAustralian Conservation



Dr Elizabeth TruswellDept. of Primary Industries

and EnergyBureau of Mineral ResourcesP.O. Box 378Canberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 62) 499427Fax (61 62) 576465

O Dept. of PrimaryIndustries and Energy

O Australian NationalCommission forUNESCO

Dr Andy TurnerAss. Secretary, Nature

ConservationDept. of the Arts, Sport, the




Mr Roger John UnderwoodDept. of Conservation and



Mr Matti UrvetConservation Commission of

the Northern TerritoryP.O. Box 496Palmerston NT 0831AustraliaTel. (61 89) 894533


Mr Peter S. ValentineGeography DepartmentJames Cook UniversityTownsville QLD 4811AustraliaTel. (61 77) 814111Fax (61 77) 814020

O CNPPA

Senator Jo VallentineP.O. Box 137Perth WA 6005AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4811244Fax (61 9) 3221040

O

Dr Kevin VangWilderness Society130 Davey StreetHobartTasmania 7005Australia

NG Wilderness SocietyO Ministry of Environment

and Conservation, PapuaNew Guinea

Dr Nigel WaceCentre for Resource and

Environment StudiesAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT 2601AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2490670Fax (61 6) 2490757Telex 62760

O COE

Dr Brian Harrison WalkerChiefCSIRODivision of Wildlife and

EcologyP.O. Box 84Lynham ACT 2602AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2421742Fax (61 6) 2411742Telex 62284

O COE

Mr Ken Wallace

Dept. of Conservation andLand Management

P.O. Box 100Narrogin 6312AustraliaTel. (61 98) 811113Fax (61 98) 811645


Mr Ray WallaceDirectorOffice of Catchment Manage-

mentc/o CALM50 Hayman Rd.Como WA 6152Australia

O

Mrs Hazen WallerPLEA Network Greenhouse

Action AustraliaRMB 878Creswick VIC 3363AustraliaTel. (61 53) 434288

O PLEA NetworkGreenhouse ActionAustralia

Mr Doug WatkinsLot 25Kinley RoadBanjup 6164AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4172422

O

Dr John Richard WatsonDept. of Conservation and

Land Management44 Serpentine RoadAlbany WA 6330AustraliaTel. (61 98) 417133Fax (61 98) 417105


Dr Christopher WattsChief ScientistSouth Australian MuseumNorth TerraceAdelaide SA 5000AustraliaTel. (61 8) 2238873Fax (61 8) 2321714

O SSC

Dr Grahame J.W. WebbConservation Commission of

the Northern TerritoryG. Webb Pty. Ltd.P.O. Box 38151. 0821Winnellie NT 0821AustraliaTel. (61 89) 221355Fax (61 89) 470678


O SSC


Prof. Leonard WebbA.E.S. Griffith Universityc/o P.O. Box 338Alderley (Brisbane) QLD 4051AustraliaTel. (61 7) 3565782

O COE

Mr Neil WestburyState Manager ATSIC WAAboriginal and Torres Strait

Islander Commission117 Darlington Rd.DarlingtonPerth WA 6070AustraliaTel. (61 9) 2203200

O Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islander Commis-

Mr Garry WhissonWestern Australian Environ-



Mr Bernard WhiteInstitute of Foresters of

Australia Inc.338 Salvado RoadFloreat Park WA 6014AustraliaTel. (61 9) 3874869

NG Institute of Foresters ofAustralia Inc.

Mr John F. Whitehouse17 Mawson StreetSt Ives NSW 2075AustraliaTel. (61 2) 233622

O CNPPA

Dr Keith D. WilliamsACT Parks and Conservation

ServiceP.O. Box 1119Tuggeranong ACT 2905AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2463187Fax (61 6) 2470852

O ACT Parks andConservation Service

Mr Robyn WilliamsChairman of the Commission

for the FutureAustralia

O

Mrs Lynette WilliamsonInternational Association of

Zoo EducatorsPerth Zoo Education Centre20 Labouchere RoadSouth Perth WA 6151AustraliaTel. (61 9) 4740360Fax (61 9) 3673921

IN International Associationof Zoo Educators

Mr Brian Wills-JohnsonPublic Relations ManagerALCOA of Australia Ltd.535 Bourke StreetMelbourne VIC 3000AustraliaTel. (61 3) 6166111Fax (61 3) 6166143Telex 30446

O ALCOA of AustraliaLtd.

Dr Barry Robert WilsonDept. of Conservation and


GA Dept. of Conservationand Land Management,Western Australia

Dr George R. WilsonDept. of Primary Industries

and EnergyBureau of Rural ResourcesCanberra City ACT 2600AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2724544Fax (61 6) 2724533Telex 62188 a

O SSC

Ms Margaret WilsonConservation Council of

Western Australia7 Longfellow RoadGooseberry Hill WA 6076AustraliaTel. 293 2078Fax 220 0653


Ms Felicity WishartAustralian Conservation



Mr Simon WoodleyGreat Barrier Reef Marine Park



Dr Paul WycherleyKings Park and Botanic GardenKings Park BoardWest Perth WA 6005


O Kings Park Board/KingsPark Botanic Garden

Dr John YoungUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia

O

Bahamas

Mrs Lynn P. HoloweskoThe Bahamas National TrustHiggs & KellyP.O. Box N-1113NassauBahamasTel. (809) 3227511Fax (809) 3250725

NG The Bahamas NationalTrust

O CNPPA

Bangladesh

Mr Rahat Uddin AhmedExecutive DirectorComilla ProshikaHouse No 12Road 12Dhanmondi R/ADhaka 1209BangladeshTel. (88 02) 811239

NG Comilla Proshika Centrefor Development

Mr A.M.M. Nurul AlamMinistry of Environment and

ForestNational Botanic GardenMirpurDhaka 1216BangladeshTel. (88 02) 381038

ST Ministry of Environmentand Forest

Mr Mir Masud AliPolli Unnayan Sangstha

(POUSH)22 Rupchan Lane (1st Floor)SutrapurDhaka 1100BangladeshTel. (88 02) 241118Fax (88 02) 813218Telex 632406 SEDI BJ

NG Polli Unnayan Sangstha(POUSH) (RuralDevelopment Organiza-tion)

Md AzamPublic Relations OfficerMinistry of Environment and

ForestBuilding 6Bangladesh Secretariat

DhakaBangladeshTel. (88 02) 416035

ST Ministry of Environmentand Forest

Dr Monowar HossainManaging DirectorMultidisciplinary Action

Research Centre (MARC)House 2ARoad 5DhanmandiDhaka 1205BangladeshTel. (88 02) 861903Fax (88 02) 883542Telex 642940

NG Multidisciplinary ActionResearch Centre (MARC)

Mr Sanowar HossainSecretaryPolli Unnayan Sangstha

(POUSH)43 New Eskaton RoadDhakaBangladeshTel. (88 02) 402801Telex 642639 ocn bj


Prof. K.Z. HusainPresidentWildlife Society of Bangladesh38/B Issakhan RoadDhaka 1000BangladeshTel. (88 02) 501306

NG Wildlife Society ofBangladesh

Ms Liana Kaiser-MahmudProgramme OfficerFAO Representative's Office in

BangladeshP.O. Box 5039Dhaka PC 1205BangladeshTel. (88 02) 310311-4Fax (88 02) 813446

O FAO Representative'sOffice in Bangladesh

Dr Ahmed KamalMultidisciplinary Action

Research CentreDept. of HistoryDhaka UniversityDhakaBangladeshTel. (88 02) 329857Fax (88 02) 883542Telex 642940 adab

NG Multidisciplinary ActionResearch Centre

Ms Veena KhalequeUnited Nations Development

Programme (UNDP)House No 60, Road No 11-ADhanmandi Residential AreaDhaka


BangladeshTel. (88 02) 310370Fax (88 02) 8131%Telex 642582 UNDP BJ

O United NationsDevelopment Pro-gramme (UNDP)

Dr M. Salar KhanDepartment of BotanyUniversity of DhakaDhaka 1000BangladeshTel. (88 02) 506378

O SSC

Dr Fasih Uddin MahtabPlanning and Development

Services Limited31 Bijoy NagarNorth South RoadDhaka 1000BangladeshTel. (88 02) 405064Fax (88 02) 813218Telex 642546 CKC BJ

O Planning and Develop-ment Services Limited

Mr Haroun Er RashidPolli Unnayan Sangstha

(POUSH)43 New Eskaton RoadDhaka 1000BangladeshTel. (88 02) 402801Telex 642639 OCNBJ


Barbados

Mr David SimmonsCaribbean Conservation

AssociationSavannah LodgeThe GarrisonSt Michael'sBarbadosTel. (809) 4265373Fax (809) 4298483

IN Caribbean ConservationAssociation

Belgium

Mrs Roseline BeudelsIRSNB29 rue Vautier1040 BruxellesBelgium

ST Ministere de l'EducationNationale

Dr Jean-Pierre d'HuartDirector of ConservationWWF-BelgiumChaussee de Waterloo 6081060 BrusselsBelgium


Tel. (32 2) 3473030Fax (32 2) 3440511Telex 23986 wwfbel

NG Université de LiègeNGWWF-BelgiumO SSC

Dr H. KalchreuterFédération des Associations de

Chasseurs de la CEE (FACE)European Wildlife Research

Institute (EWI)7823 Bonndorf-GlashuetteGermanyTel. 7653 1891Fax 7653 9269

IN Federation desAssociations deChasseurs de la CEE(FACE)

Dr Wilfried de PauwAmbassadorRoyal Belgian Embassy19 Arkana StreetCanberra ACT 2600AustraliaTel. (61 6) 2732501Fax (61 6) 2733392

ST Ministere de l'EducationNationale

Mr Claus StuffmannCommission of the European

CommunitiesDirectorate General Environ-

mentRue de la Loi 200B-1049 BrusselsBelgiumTel. (32 2) 2354116Fax (32 2) 2350144Telex 21877 comeu b

O Commission of theEuropean Communities

Belize

Mrs Janet Patricia GibsonPresidentBelize Audubon SocietyP.O. Box 282Belize CityBelizeTel. (5012) 44015Fax (5012) 74819

NG Belize Audubon Society

Mr Vincent GillettFisheries Dept.P.O. Box 148Belize CityBelizeTel. (5012) 44552

O

Bhutan

Mr Til MongarDept. of ForestryRoyal Government of BhutanP.O. Box 130

ThimphuBhutan

NGWWF-US

Bolivia

Sra Mónica Moraes M.Sc.Liga de Defensa del Medio

Ambiente (LIDEMA)Casilla 11237La PazBoliviaTel. (591 2) 356249

NG Liga de Defensa delMedio Ambiente(LIDEMA)

O SSC

Sr Juan Carlos NavarroFundación Amigos de la

NaturalezaAttn: Sr JustinianoAv. Irala 421P.O. Box 224141327 Santa CruzBoliviaTel. (591 33) 33806Fax (591 33) 41327

NG Fundación Amigos de laNaturaleza

Botswana

Mr S.D. LiphukoActing Permanent SecretaryMinistry of Local Government

and LandsP. Bag 006GaboroneBotswanaTel. (267) 354254Fax (267) 352384Telex 2589bd

O Government ofBotswana

Dr Paul ShawKalahari Conservation SocietyP.O. Box 859GaboroneBotswanaTel. (267) 314259Fax (267) 374557Telex 2410 bd

NG Kalahari ConservationSociety

Brazil

Sr Nauile Barros FilhoZootecnistaSociedade de Defesa do

Pantanal (SODEPAN)Parque de Exposiçoes "Laucido

Coelho"Avenida Américo Carlos de

Costa, 320Joquei ClubsCEP 79020 Campo Grande/MSBrazil

Tel. (55 67) 7211891Fax (55 67) 7215026

NG Sociedad de Defesa doPantanal (SODEPAN)

Prof. Keith Brown, Jr.Universidade Estadual de

CampinasDepartamento de ZoologíaInstituto de BiologíaC.P. 6109Campinas Sao Paulo 13.081BrazilTel. (55 19) 2397022Fax (55 19) 2393124

O SSC

Dr José Pedro de OliveiraCosta

Vice PresidentAssociçâo de Defesa do Meio

AmbienteRua Conselheiro Carrao 640Bela Vista 01328Sao PauloBrazilTel. (55 11) 2825806Fax (55 11) 2805468

NG Associacáo Brasileira deEcología

NG Associacáo de Defesa doMeio Ambiente(ADEMA)

NG Fundaçâo Pró-Natureza(FUNATURA)

NG Sociedade Brasileira dePaisagismo

O Secretaria do MeioAmbiente do Estado deSao Paulo

O Companhia Energeticade Sao Paulo (CESP)

IUCN Council Member

Prof. Norma Crud MacielFundagáo Brasileira para a

Conservagáo da Natureza -FBCN

Rua Miranda Valverde, 103Botafogo22281 Rio de Janeiro, RJBrazilTel. (55 21) 2665008Telex 2137984 fbcn br

NG Fundagáo Brasileira paraa Conservagáo daNatureza (FBCN)

Mrs Ana Maria FonsecaGeneral DirectorBiodiversity FoundationR. Bueno Brandao 372Sta TerezaBelo HorizonteMG 31010BrazilTel. (55 31) 22675985Fax (55 31) 0736234

O Biodiversity Foundation

Sr Ricardo Freire da SilvaAssociaçâo Brasileira de Caga e

Conservaçao (ABC)Rua Mourato Coelho, 1372Sao Paulo, SP - 05417Brazil

Tel. (55 11) 8138238Fax (55 11) 2209955

NG Associaçao Brasileira deCaça e Conservaçao(ABC)

NG Associaçao dosPescadores com IscaArtificial (APIA)

Dra Maria Tereza Jorge-PáduaPresidenteFundaçâo Pró-NaturezaSCLN 107, Bloco B, salas

201/1070.743 Brasíla - DFBrazilTel. (55 61) 2745449Fax (55 61) 2745324

NG Fundaçâo Pró-Natureza(FUNATURA)

O CNPPA

Ms Sonia E. RigueiraConservation InternationalRua Bueno Brandao 39331.010 Bela Horizonte - MGBrazilTel. (55 31) 2265145Fax (55 31) 2265145

IN Conservation Inter-national

Dr Celso S. SchenkelDirectorInstitute Brasiliero do Meio

Ambiente (IBAMA)Av. L4 NorteSAIN70800 Brasilia DFBrazilTel. (55 61) 2253241

GA Institute Brasiliero doMeio Ambiente(IBAMA)

Mr Herbert SchubartSpecial AdvisorInstitute Nacional de Pesquisas

da AmazoniaAlameda Cosme Ferreira1756 CX P 478CEP 69083ManausAmazonasBrazilTel. (55 92) 2369683Fax (55 92) 2360255

O Institute Nacional dePesquisas da Amazonia

Bulgaria

Prof. Dr S. T. NedialkovConseil EcologiqueAcadémie Bulgare des Sciences1000 SofiaPl. Slaveikov 7BulgariaTel. (359 2) 892476

O CNPPA

Burkina Faso

Ms Marguerite KaboréMinistère de l'Environnement

et du Tourisme03 B.P. 7044Ouagadougou 03Burkina FasoTel. (226) 307027Fax (226) 307764Telex 5555 segegouv

ST Ministère del'Environnement et duTourisme

Mr Jean Baptiste KambouSecrétaire GeneralMinistère de l'Environnement

et du TourismeOuagadougouBurkina Faso

ST Ministère del'Environnement et duTourisme

Cameroon

M M. AmineMinistère du TourismeYaoundéCameroonTel. (237) 220007Fax (237) 8318kn

ST Ministère du Tourisme

M Joseph B. BesongDirection des ForêtsMinistère de l'AgricultureYaoundéCameroonTel. (237) 221106Telex 8325 kn


Mr Augustin BokweDirectorWildlife and National ParksMinistry of TourismYaoundeCameroonTelex CG TOUR 8318kn


Mr Tony UtangaMinistry of Internai AffaireP.O. Box 98RarotongaCameroonTel. (237) 29370

O CNPPA

Canada

Dr Frank BaldwinDucks Unlimited Canada1190 Waverley St.WinnipegManitoba R3T 2E2CanadaTel. (1 204) 4771760Fax (1 204) 4527560

NG Ducks Unlimited Canada

Mr James BeckettDept. of Fisheries and OceansFisheries Research Branch200 Kent St.Ottawa, Ontario KlA OE6CanadaTel. (1 613) 9900279Fax (1 613) 9969055

GA Government of CanadaDept. of Fisheries andOceans

Prof. Dr Tony BlackbournNipissing University CollegeNorth BayOntario P1B 8L7CanadaTel. (1 705) 4743450Fax (1 705) 4741947

O

M Jean-Luc BourdagesUnion québécoise pour la

conservation de la nature160, 76e Rue EstCharlesbourgQuébec G1H 7H6CanadaTel. (1 418) 6289600Fax (1 418) 6263050

NG Union québécoise pourla conservation de lanature

Mr Ken Brynaert200 - F Woodridge CresentNeapean, Ontario K2B 7S9CanadaTel. (1 613) 8286915Fax (1 613) 8286915

NG Fondation Internationalpour la Sauvegarde duGibier (FISG) (France)

IN European Bureau forConservation andDevelopment

O Fur Institute of CanadaIUCN Council Member

Dr James R. ButlerDepartment of Forest Science

University of Alberta,Edmonton

855 General Service BuildingAlberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6CanadaTel. (1 403) 4922819Fax (1 403) 4924323

O CNPPA

Mr Tony ClarkeDirector GeneralCanadian Wildlife Service17th FloorPlace Vincent MasseyHull, Quebec K1A OH3CanadaTel. (1 819) 9971301Fax (1 819) 9536283

GA Canadian WildlifeService—EnvironmentCanada

Mr George ClavelleThe Wood Bison Re-

establishment Foundation253-375 York Ave.

Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3J3CanadaTel. (1 204) 9439581Fax (1 204) 9571067

NG The Wood BisonRe-establishmentFoundation

Ms Sylvie CôtéEnvironment Canada10 Rue Wellington22eme Etage, Tour NordHull, Quebec KIA OH3CanadaTel. (1 819) 9539000Fax (1 819) 9537025

ST Canadian ParksService—EnvironmentCanada

Mr Roger DumelieCanadian International

Development Agency200 Promenade du PortageHull, Quebec KIA OG4CanadaTel. (1 819) 9943380Fax (1 819) 9534676

O Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency

Dr Martin H. EdwardsProfessor of PhysicsRoyal Military CollegeKingston, Ontario K7K 5LOCanadaTel. (1 613) 5416414Fax (1 613) 5429489

NGWWF- CanadaNG Canadian Nature

Federation (CNF)NG Federation of Ontario

NaturalistsO SSCO CEL

Mr Harold K. EidsvikChairmanIUCN Commission on National

Parks and Protected AreasCanadian Parks Ser-

vice—Environment CanadaDepartment of the Environ-

mentOttawa, Ontario K1A OH3Canada



Dr Bert EinsiedelProtected Areas Management

ProgramFaculty of ExtensionStudents Union BuildingUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2J7CanadaTel. (1 403) 4923029Fax (1 403) 4920627

O CEC

Mr Bob GardinerExecutive Vice President


Canadian Association forHumane Trapping

1202-1390 Bay StreetTorontoOntario M5H 2Y2CanadaTel. (1 416) 363 2614Fax (1 416) 363 8451

O Canadian Association forHumane Trapping

Ms Cindy GildayRR Department of Northwest

TerritoriesYellowknife NWT X1A 2L9CanadaTel. (1 403) 9203391Fax (1 403) 8730114

O Department RenewableResources, Governmentof the North WestTerritories

Mr George GreeneIUCN ConsultantGreene Associates1 Nicholas St.Suite 406Ottawa K1N 7B7CanadaTel. (1 613) 230 0162Fax (1 613) 563 4758

NG School for Resource &Environmental Studies,Dalhousie University

O CESP

Prof. Peter JacobsChairman, IUCN Commission

on Sustainable Development644 Belmont Ave.Westmount, Quebec H3U 2W2CanadaTel. (1 514) 3437119Fax (1 514) 3432183

O CESPIUCN Council Member

Mr Norman James703 Evans Ave.Suite 202Toronto, Ontario M9C SE9CanadaTel. (1 416) 6950311Fax (1 416) 6950381

O WWF International

Dr David M. JarzenCanadian Museum of NatureP.O. Box 3443, Station DOttawa, Ontario K1P 6P4CanadaTel. (1 613) 9540355Fax (1 613) 9544724

GA Canadian Museum ofNature

Mr Harvey JessupFur Harvest ManagerFur Institute of CanadaYukon Renewable ResourcesFish & Wildlife ManagerP.O. Box 2703Whitehorse, Y1A 2C6CanadaTel. (1 403) 6675767

Fax (1 403) 6684363O Fur Institute of Canada

Mr Sven JurschewskyDeputy Director, EnvironmentExternal Affairs CanadaDepartment of the Environ-

mentOttawa, Ontario K1A OH3Canada


Mr Peter KilburnPresident and CEOInternational Institute for

Sustainable DevelopmentOffice No. 202333 Broadway Ave.Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 059CanadaTel. (1 204) 9450985Fax (1 204) 9450999

O International Institute forSustainable Develop-ment

Mr Kevin LloydDepartment of Renewable

ResourcesGovernment of the North West

TerritoriesYellowknife NWT X1A 2L9CanadaTel. (1 403) 8737411Fax (1 403) 8730293

O Department RenewableResources, Governmentof the North WestTerritories

Mr David Morton LohnesCanadian Parks Service10 Wellington St.Hull, Quebec K1A 0H3CanadaTel. (1 819) 9942639Fax (1 819) 9945140


M Harvey L. MeadMinistere de l'Environnement

du Quebec3900 Rue Marly, 6e etageSainte-Foy G1X 4E4CanadaTel. (1 418) 6437860Fax (1 418) 6437812

GA Ministere del'Environnement duQuebec

Mr Duncan Stewart MorrisonExecutive Vice-PresidentDucks Unlimited Canada1190 Waverley St.Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2E2CanadaTel. (1 204) 4521760Fax (1 204) 4527560

NG Ducks Unlimited Canada

Dr David MunroDirector, WCS 90s Project2513 Amherst Ave.Sidney BC V8L 3H1CanadaTel. (1 604) 6560367

O CESPHonorary Member of IUCN

Prof. James Gordon NelsonHeritage Resources Centre

University of WaterlooWaterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1CanadaTel. (1 519) 8851211Fax (1 519) 7462031

O CNPPAO COE

Mr Douglas K. PollockActing Director GeneralCanadian Wildlife Ser-

vice—Environment Canada17th FloorPlace Vincent MasseyHull, Quebec K1A OH3CanadaTel. (1 819) 9971245Fax (1 819) 9536283

GA Canadian WildlifeService—EnvironmentCanada

Mr Robert Prescott-AllenPADATA627 Aquarius RoadRR2 Victoria, BC V9B 5B4CanadaTel. (1 604) 4741904Fax (1 604) 4746976

O SSCO CNPPAO CESP

Dr George RabbCalgary Zoological SocietyAttn: Mr KarstenP.O. Box 3036Station "B"Calgary, Alberta T2M 4R8CanadaTel. (1 403) 2329300

NG Calgary ZoologicalSociety

NG Metropolitan TorontoZoological Society

O SSCIUCN Council Member

Mr Brian RobertsEnvironment CanadaIndian Affairs and NorthernDevelopment, Fur Trade

SectionLes Terrasses de la ChaudiereHull, Quebec K1A OH4CanadaTel. (1 819) 9977247Fax (1 819) 9970514


Mr Ralph RobertsCanadian International

Development Agency

200 Promenade du PortageHull, Quebec K1A OG4CanadaTel. (1 819) 9976586Fax (1 819) 9534676

O Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency

Dr Ian RutherfordCanadian Parks Service10 Wellington St.Hull, Quebec K1A OH3CanadaTel. (1 819) 9979525Fax (1 819) 9539745


M Donat SavoieSenior AdvisorInuit Circumpolar Conference

(ICC)650, 32nd Ave.Suite 404Lachine, Quebec H8T 3K4CanadaTel. (1 514) 6370203Fax (1 514) 6373146

IN Inuit CircumpolarConference (ICC)

Ms Mary SimonPresidentInuit Circumpolar Conference

(ICC)650, 32nd Ave.Suite 404Lachine, Quebec H8T 3K4CanadaTel. (1 514) 6370203Fax (1 514) 6373146


Dr D. Scott SlocombeWilfred Laurier UniversityDept. of GeographyWaterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5CanadaTel. (1 519) 8848854Fax (1 519) 8848854

O

Mr Val SmythProtected Areas Management

ProgramFaculty of ExtensionUniversity of Alberta216 Students Union BuildingEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2J7CanadaTel. (1 403) 4923029Fax (1 403) 4920627

O CEC

Chad

M Ban-Ymary DaboulayeDirecteurDirection des Parcs Nationaux

et Reserves de FauneB.P. 905Njamena


ChadTel. (235) 512305Fax (235) 514397

O Direction des ParcsNationaux et Reservesde Faune, Ministère duTourisme et del'Environnement

O CNPPA

Chile

Abogado Pedro FernandezBitterlich

PresidenteComité Nacional pro Defensa

de la Fauna y FloraCasilla 3675SantiagoChileTel. (56 2) 771607Fax (56 2) 377290

NG Comité Nacional proDefensa de la Fauna yFlora (CODEFF)

Dr Alfonso A. GladeCONAFAv. Bulnes 259OF 604Santiago de ChileChileTel. (56 2) 6996677Fax (56 2) 715881Telex 240001 conaf cl

O CONAF

Sr Carlos NotonJefe de DepartamentoCorporación Nacional Forestal

(CONAF)Avnda. Bulnes 259SantiagoChileTel. (56 2) 6991257Fax (56 2) 715881Telex 240001 conaf cl

GA Corporación NacionalForestal y de Protecciónde Recursos NaturalesRenovables (CONAF)

Dr Miguel Stutzin SchottlanderComité Nacional pro Defensa

de la Fauna y FloraSanta Filomena No. 185Casilla 3675SantiagoChileTel. (56 2) 377290Fax (56 2) 377290

NG Comité Nacional proDefensa de la Fauna yFlora (CODEFF)

Sr Hernan TorresIUCN-ConsultantAvda Bulnes 259, of. 604SantiagoChileTel. (562) 6991257Fax (562) 715881Telex 240001 conaf cl

O SSCO CNPPA

China

Mr Dong ZhiyongChina Wildlife Conservation

AssociationHepingli, Beijing 100714ChinaTel. (86 1) 4216343Fax (86 1) 4214180

NG China WildlifeConservation Associa-tion

Mr Hsu Kuo-ShihSuperintendentTaroko National Park4 Tien Hsiang Road HualienTaiwan 97203China

O Taroko National Park

Prof. Ji WeizhiVice-DirectorDivision of Primate Research

Kunming Institute ofZoology

Academia SinicaKunming, Yunnan 650107ChinaTel. (86 8) 7182661

O SSC

Prof. Liu Yu HuSouth China Institute of Botany

Academia SinicaGuangzhouChinaTel. (86 20) 705626

NG South China Institute ofBotany Academia Sinica

O SSC

Mr Liu YuanChina Wildlife Conservation

AssociationHepingli, Beijing 100714ChinaTel. (86 1) 4213184Fax (86 1) 4219149


Prof. Dr Kuang Yang LueProfessorNational Taiwan Normal

University Dept. of Biology#88, Sec. 5, Roosevelt RoadTaipei 11718TaiwanChinaTel. (886 2) 9326234Fax (886 2) 9312904

O SSC

Mr Meng XianlinChina Wildlife Conservation

AssociationHepingli, Beijing 100714ChinaTel. (86 1) 4216343Fax (86 1)4214180


Ms Kristin NowellConsultantNational Taiwan UniversitySealed Air CorporationNo 20 LN 238Tun HWA N. RoadTaipeiChinaTel. (886 2) 3634606Fax (886 2) 7135334

O SSC

Prof. Wang SungExecutive Vice-ChairmanEndangered Species Scientific

Commission, PRCInstitute of ZoologyAcademia Sinica19 Zhong-guan-cun LuHaidian, Beijing 100080ChinaTel. (86 1) 2562717Fax (86 1) 2565689Telex 22040 baoas cn

O SSC

Prof. Wang Xianpu (Huen-pu)Institute of Botany, Academia

Sinica141 Hsichimenwai St.Beijing 100044ChinaTel. (86 1) 8312840Fax (86 1) 8312840

AF Institute of Botany,Academia Sinica

O SSCO CNPPA

Prof. Kaiya ZhouNanjing Normal University,Dept. of BiologyNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210024ChinaTel. (86 25) 631636Fax (86 25) 307448

O SSC

Colombia

Dr Julio Carrizosa UmañaCalle 10 No. 1-87Aptdo. 60076Bogota D.F.ColombiaTel. (571)2411922

O

Sra Elsa Matilde EscobarSociedad Colombiana de

EcologiaCalle 71A # 6-30 Piso 17BogotaColombiaTel. (57 1) 2127209Fax (57 1) 2119776

NG Fundación Natura (FN)NG Fundación Puerto

Rastrojo (FBPR)NG Sociedad Colombiana de

Ecologia

Sr Juan Mayr MaldonadoDirector ejecutivoFundación Pro-Sierra Nevada

de Santa MartaApartado Aero 5000BogotaColombiaTel. (57 1) 2173487Fax (57 1) 2183256

NG Fondo para la Proteccióndel Medio Ambiente enColombia (FENCOLOMBIA)

NG Fundación Pro-SierraNevada de Santa Marta

Dr Antonio Puerto TovarEmbajadorFundación Natura-ColombiaEmbassy of Colombia101 Northbourne AvenueTourner, ACT 2601CanberraAustraliaTel. (61 6) 2951384Fax (61 6) 2571448

O Fundación Natura-Colombia

Dr Heliodoro SanchezSpecialist ProfessionalINDERENAApartado Aereo 13458BogotaColombiaTel. (57 1) 2860601Fax (57 1) 2859987Telex 44428

NG Fondo para la Proteccióndel Medio Ambiente enColombia (FENCOLOMBIA)

O INDERENAO CNPPA

Congo

Dr Assitou DingaDirecteurDirection de la Faune Ministere

de l'économie forestièreB.P. 2153BrazzavilleCongoTel. (242) 831718Fax (242) 832458

O Direction de la FauneMinistère de l'économieforestière du Congo

M Dominique N'SossoProjet Inventaire et Amenage-

ment de la FauneB.P. 2153BrazzavilleCongoTel. (242) 831718Fax (242) 832458

O CNPPA


Costa Rica

Mr Jim BarborakUniversity for Peace/Wildlife

Conservation InternationalApartado 2773000 HerediaCosta RicaTel. (506) 379976Fax (506) 242053

NG University for Peace/Wildlife ConservationInternational

O SSCO CNPPA

Ing Mario A. BozaViceministroMinisterio de Recursos

Naturales, Energía y MinasApartado 101041000 San JoséCosta RicaTel. (506) 552122Fax (506) 570697

O Ministerio de RecursosNaturales, Energía yMinas

O CNPPA

Dr Gerardo BudowskiHonorary Member of IUCNP.O. Box 1982300 CurridabatSan JoséCosta RicaTel. (506) 253008Fax (506) 534227Telex 3534 Horizo Cr

O CECO COE

Lic Inés Gallegos GurdianFundación de Parques

NacionalesApto. 1108-1002Paseo de los EstudiantesSan JoséCosta RicaTel. (506) 330116Fax (506) 336838

NG Fundación de ParquesNacionales

Dr Rodrigo GamezDirectorInstituto Nacional de

BiodiversidadSanto Domingo3100 HerediaCosta RicaTel. (506) 409287Fax (506) 362816

O World ResourcesInstitute

Sr Juan Carlos GodoyCentro Agronómico Tropical

de Investigación yEnseñanza (CATIE)

P.O. Box 69Turrialba 7170Costa RicaTel. (506) 561712Fax (506) 561533

O Centro AgronómicoTropical de Investigacióny Enseñanza (CATIE)

O CNPPA

Mr James LynchPresidenteAsociación ANAIApartado 1702070 Sabanilla de Montes de

OcaSan JoséCosta RicaTel. (506) 246090

NG Asociación ANAI

Mr Victor H. MorganDirector EjecutivoAsociación Demográfica

CostarricenseP.O. Box 10203San José 1000Costa RicaTel. (506) 4361Fax (506) 314430

NG Asociación DemográficaCostarricense

Dr Carlos QuesadaBiomass Users NetworkApdo 127-2070SabanillaSan JoséCosta RicaTel. (506) 408997Fax (506) 408998

O Biomass Users Network

Bió1 Alberto Salas-AvilaVice PresidentCorporación de Investigaciones

para el Desarrollo Socio-Ambiental

Aptdo. 103-4050AlajuelaCosta RicaTel. (506) 331072Fax (506) 416513

NG Corporación deInvestigaciones para elDesarrollo Socio-Ambiental (CIDESA)

Dr Tomás SchlichterCentro Agronómico Tropical

de Investigación yEnsenanza (CATIE)

P.O. Box 19TurrialbaCosta RicaTel. (506) 561712Fax (506) 561533Telex 8005 catie cr

IN Centro AgronómicoTropical de Investigacióny Ensenanza (CATIE)

Dr Rodrigo Tarté PonceDirector GeneralCentro Agronomico Tropical

de Investigación yEnsenanza (CATIE)

P.O. Box 19Turrialba 7170Costa RicaTel. (506) 566081

Fax (506) 561533Telex 8005 catie cr

IN Centro AgronómicoTropical de Investigacióny Enseñanza (CATIE)

Côte d'lvoire

Mrs Dulce CastletonIUCN Consultant01 B.P. 1712Ambassade americaineAbidjanCôte d'lvoireTel. (225) 322546Fax (225) 223259Telex 23660

O Population and NaturalResources Programme

Czechoslovakia

Dr Jan CerovskyChief ScientistCzechoslovakian Institute for

Nature ConservationSlezska 9120 29 Praha 2CzechoslovakiaTel. (42 2) 2152609

NG Brontosaurus MovementNG Czech Union for Nature

ConservationNG Slovak Union for Nature

and LandscapeConservation

AF CzechoslovakianInstitute for NatureConservation

O CECIUCN Council Member

Dr Jiri PallUniversity of AgricultureDept. of Landscape Ecology61200 BrnoZemedelska 1Czechoslovakia

O CESP

Denmark

Ms Sarah BanfieldWorld Assembly of Youth

(WAY)C/o Ms Margaret JackYouth Affairs Council of

Australia84 Eastern RoadSouth Melbourne VIC 3205AustraliaDenmarkTel. (61 3) 6961696Fax (61 3) 6967352

IN World Assembly ofYouth (WAY)

O CEC

Mr Hans Jakob HelmsGreenland Homerule,

Denmark Office

Sjaelebodernez1122 Copenhagen KDenmarkTel. (45) 33134224Fax (45) 33322024

O Greenland Homerule,Denmark Office

Mr Veit KoesterHead of Ecological DivisionMinistry of the Environment,

National Forest and NatureAgency

Slotsmarken 132970 HoersholmDenmarkTel. (45) 45765376Fax (45) 45765477Telex 21485 nature dk

ST Ministry of theEnvironment, NationalForest and NatureAgency

GA Nature PreservationCouncil, Attn: TheChairman

NG Biologforbundet, Attn;Mr Jens Ole Ravn-Nielsen

NG Danish Society for theConservation of Nature

NG Dansk OmitologiskForening, Attn: Mr FinnDanielsen

NG Friluftsraadet, Attn: TheManaging Director

O CELIUCN Council Member

Mr Finn LyngeGreenland Homerule,

Denmark Office, Ministry ofthe Enviroment

Kastanjens Kvarter 38299 NivaaDenmarkTel. (45) 42249446Fax (45) 31540533


Mr Gordon ShepherdWWF - DenmarkAttn: Ms Skat-RordamRyesgade 3 F2200 Copenhagen NDenmarkTel. (45) 35363635

NG WWF-Denmark

Ms Birgith SlothMiljoministeriet, Skov og

NaturstyreisenSlotsmarken 132970 HoersholmDenmarkTel. (45) 45765376Fax (45) 45765477Telex 21485 nature dk


O SSC


Dominican Republic

Arq Christian MartinezVillanueva

DirectorDirección Nacional de ParquesAve. IndependenciaEsq. CervantesSanto DomingoDominican RepublicTel. (500809) 6827628Fax (500809) 6856633

GA Dirección Nacional deParques

NG Fundación para elMejoramiento Humano -PROGRESSIO

Ecuador

Sr Wilfrido AragonVice PresidentCoordinadora de las Organisa-

ciones Indigenas de laCuenca Amazonica

6 de Diciembre159 y Paz MinoCasilia 4180QuitoEcuadorTel. (59 32) 543973Fax (59 32) 541668

O Las OrganisacionesIndigenas de la CuencaAmazonica

Ms Nancy BenavidesCECIAP.O.Box 9068 S-7QuitoEcuadorTel. (59 32) 542058

NG Corporación Omitholó-gica del Ecuador(CECIA)

Sr Rafael Paredes ProañoPrimer SecretarioMinisterio de Relaciones

Exteriores10 de Agosto y Carrion s/nQuitoEcuadorTel. (59 32) 501261Fax (59 32) 504933Telex 2705, 2142

ST Ministerio de RelacionesExteriores

Dr Juan Fernando SevillaDirector de ProyectosFundación NaturaCasilla 253QuitoEcuadorTel. (59 32) 447341Fax (59 32) 434449Telex 21211 natura

NG Fundación Natura

Sr Danilo Silva ChiribogaEcocienciaP.O. Box 257 (suc 12 de

Octubre)

QuitoEcuadorTel. (59 32) 502409

NG EcoCiencia, FundaciónEcuatoriana de EstudiosEcológicos (ECOC)

Sr Luis SuarezConsultor de la UICN - ITTOEcoCiencia and Wildlife

Conservation InternationalWCI-NYZSP.O. Box 257 (suc. 12 de

Octubre)QuitoEcuadorTel. (59 32) 502409

O EcoCiencia and WildlifeConservation Inter-national

Egypt

Dr Ahmed Amin IbrahimEnvironment Affairs Agency11 (A) Hassan Sabry St.ZamalekCairoEgyptTel. (202) 3416546Fax (202) 3420768

ST Academy of ScientificResearch and Techno-logy

El Salvador

Lic Ana Celia DominguezFundación MontecristoP. O. Box 3383San SalvadorEl SalvadorTel. (503) 230534Fax (503) 266430

O Fundación Montecristo

Ethiopia

Mr Gedion AsfawHeadNatural Resources and Human

SettlementOffice of the National

Committee for CentralPlanning

P.O. Box 1037Addis AbabaEthiopiaTel. (25 11) 128959

O Natural Resources andHuman Settlement,Office of the NationalCommittee for CentralPlanning

Mr Ahmed BahriChief, Population DivisionUN Economic Commission for

AfricaP.O. Box 3005

Addis AbabaEthiopiaTel. (25 11) 510177Fax (25 11) 200191

O UN Economic Commis-sion for Africa

Mr Berhanu DebeleVice MinisterMinistry of AgricultureP.O. Box 62347Addis AbabaEthiopiaTel. (25 11) 155303Fax (25 11) 511543Telex 21460 gtzfp et

O Ministry of Agriculture

Com Mersie EjiguMinisterOffice of the National

Committee for CentralPlanning (ONCCP)

P.O. Box 1037Addis AdabaEthiopiaTelex 21531 onccp et

O Office of the NationalCommittee for CentralPlanning (ONCCP)

Fiji

Dr Bob LloydUniversity of South PacificP.O. Box 1168SuvaFijiTel. (679) 313900Fax (679) 300373

IN University of SouthPacific

Mr Bhaskaran NairP.O. Box 2350Government BuildingsSuvaFijiTel. (679) 211759Fax (679) 303515

O

Mr Epeli NasomeTown & Country Planning

DepartmentP.O. Box 2350Government BuildingsSuvaFijiTel. (679) 211600

O

Mr Birandra SinghNational Trust for FijiP.O. Box 2089Government BuildingsSuvaFijiTel. (679) 301807Fax (679) 302646

NG National Trust for FijiO CECO CNPPA

Mr J. VeitayakiSouth Pacific Action Commit-

tee for Human Ecology andEnvironment

P.O. Box 1168SuvaFijiTel. (679) 313900Telex 2276 fj

NG South Pacific ActionCommittee for HumanEcology and Environ-ment (SPACHEE)

Mr Timoci WagaisavouNative Land Trust BoardSuvaFijiTel. (679) 312733

O Native Land Trust Board

Finland

Ms Ulrica CronstromFinnish Society for Nature and

EnvironmentP.O. Box 24000151 HelsingforsFinlandTel. (358 90) 644731Fax (358 90) 605850

NG Finnish Society forNature and Environment

Dr Matti HelminenMinistry of the EnvironmentNational Board of ForestryP.O. Box 23300121 HelsinkiFinlandTel. (3580) 6163249Fax (3580) 6163325

ST Ministry of theEnvironment, Inter-national Affaire Division

NG WWF - FinlandO CNPPA

Mr Esko JaakkolaMinistry of the EnvironmentP.B. 399Ratakatu 3FinlandTel. (3580) 1991222Fax (3580) 1991499Telex 123717 ymin sf

ST Ministry of theEnvironment, Inter-national Affaire Division

Mr Esko JoutsamoSecretary GeneralFinnish Association for Nature

ConservationP.O. Box 16900151 HelsinkiFinlandTel. (3580) 642881Fax (3580) 6221815

NG Finnish Association forNature Conservation

Ms Aira PaivokeProgramme Officer


Ministry for Foreign Affairs ofFinland

Finnish InternationalDevelopment Agency(FINNIDA)

Mannerheimintie 15 C00260 Helsinki 26FinlandTel. (3580) 13416429Fax (3580) 13416262Telex 124636 umin sf

ST Ministry of theEnvironment, Inter-national Affairs Division

France

Mme BarbutMinistère de la Coopération et

du Developpement20 rue Monsieur75700 ParisFranceTel. (331 4) 7831139Fax (331 4) 3089740Telex 202363 f

ST Ministere des AffairesEtrangeres

Dr Veronique BarreChargé de MissionSRETIE - Ministere de

l'Environnement14 Boulevard du General

Leclerc92524 Neuilly sur Seine CedexFranceTel. (331 4) 7581212Fax (331 4) 7470900Telex 620602 denvir f

GA ORSTOMNGWWF - FranceNG Club Alpin FrançaisO SRETIE - Ministere de

l'Environnement

Dr Jenny DavisSocietas Internationalis

LimnologiaeThiefosse88290 Saulxures sur MoselotteFrance

IN Societas InternationalisLimnologiae

M Vincent DuvilleCom. de Résistance à la

Destruction de l'Environne-ment Martiniquais

Voie No. 5Rue du Professeur Garcin97200 Fort de FranceMartiniqueTel. (596) 641824Fax (596) 563503

NG Com. de Résistance à laDestruction del'EnvironnementMartiniquais

Dr Joanne Fox-PrzeworskiOECD2 rue Andre Pascal75775 Paris Cedex 16

FranceTel. (331 4) 5249058Fax (331 4) 5249058

O OECD

Dr Gérard GalatInstitut Français de Recherche

Scientifique pour leDeveloppement (ORSTOM)

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GA ORSTOMO SSC

Dr Ann Galat-LuongInstitut Français de Recherche

Scientifique pour leDeveloppement (ORSTOM)

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M Alain GilleFederation Française des

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Direction de la Protection dela Nature

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de la NatureDirecteur du Laboratoire

d'Ecologie et de Zoologie del'Universite de Paris-Sud

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O COE

Ms Jane RobertsonDivision of Ecological SciencesUNESCO7, Place de Fontenoy75000 ParisFranceTel. (331 4) 5684052Fax (331 4) 0659897Telex 204 471 paris

O UNESCOO CNPPA

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O CEL

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Gabon

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O Dépt. des Eaux et Forets


Germany, FederalRepublic of

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O University of Hamburg

Dr Wolfgang BurhenneExecutive GovernorInternational Council on

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O Deutsche Gesellschaftfür TechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ)

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O SSC

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O SSC

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Ghana

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Guinea-Bissau

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O COE

Honduras

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O USAID ForestryDevelopment Project

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Hungary

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O CEC


India

Dr C.R. BabuReaderDept. of Botany, University of

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O SSC

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O CNPPA

Dr G. M. OzaGeneral SecretaryInternational Society of

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O SSCO CECO CNPPAO COE

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Development BoardNew DelhiIndiaTel. (91 11) 361712

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O SSCO CNPPAO COE

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Indonesia

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tal Forum

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O SSC

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O FAOO SSC

Ms DamayantiNetwork for Forest Conserva-

tion in IndonesiaJl. Tebet Dalam I G NO -35JakartaIndonesiaTel. (62 21) 8293923Fax (62 21) 8293923

O Network for ForestConservation inIndonesia

Ir Subagio HadiseputroDepartment of ForestryForestry Central BuildingManggala Wanabaktin. Gatot SubrotoJakartaIndonesia


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Dr Linda PrasetyoDirectorate General of Forest

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O SSC

Dr Widodo S. RamonoChief, Species ConservationDirectorate of Nature

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O SSC

Dr Charles SantiapillaiWildlife EcologistWWF Indonesia ProgrammeP.O. Box 133BogorJawa Barat 16001IndonesiaTel. (62 251) 327316Fax (62 251) 328177

O SSC

Prof. Dr Mohamad SoerjaniCentre for Research of Human

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O COE

Dr Benni SorminSchool of Environmental

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O School of EnvironmentalManagement, Ministryof Forestry

O CNPPA

Mr Effendy SumardjaMinistry of Forestry


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Israel

Mr Azaria AlonSociety for the Protection of

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O CEC

Italy

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Prof. Walter RossiConsiglio Nazionale delle

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Japan

Dr Shigeru AzumaPrimate Research Institute

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O CEC

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O SSC

Mr Hiromi ImotoJapan Wildlife Research CenterHongo 3-39-12Bunkyo-kuTokyoJapanTel. (81 3) 8138897Fax (81 3) 8138898

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O SSC

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O

Prof. Dr Katsuhiko KondoDirector of the LaboratoryLaboratory of Plant Chromo-

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Prof. Tatsuro KunugjDivision of International

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O SSCO CECO COE

Prof. Hideo ObaraWWF Japan74 Nihonseimei Akabanebashi

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NG National ParksAssociation of Japan

Mr Toshiyuki WanibuchiMayor of Kushiro CityKushiro City Office7-5 Kurogane-choKushiro CityJapanTel. (81 154) 23515Fax (81 154) 224473

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Ms Setsuko Yamazato287-12 ShirahoIshigaki-shiOkinawa 907-02Japan

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O SSCO CNPPA

Mr Zenji Yoshimine3-56 Kinjocho NahaOkinawa 903JapanTel. (81 988) 843150

O

Jordan

Prof. Kamel Abu JaberHon. Secretary GeneralRoyal Society for the

Conservation of Nature(RSCN)

P.O. Box 6354AmmanJordanTel. (% 26) 811689Fax (96 26) 628258Telex 21456 SABCO

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Mrs Loretta Abu-JaberRoyal Society for the

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Conservation of Nature

Kenya

Mr Nehemiah Arap RotichExecutive DirectorEast African Wildlife SocietyP.O. Box 20110NairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 227047Fax (254 2) 337423Telex 22153

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O CEC

Mr Paul I.M. ChabedaKenya Wildlife Service

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Dr Chris GakahuWildlife Conservation

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O SSC

Mrs Minnie M GatahiSenior EcologistMinistry of Environment and

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Dr M.D. GwynneUNEPP.O. Box 30552NairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 333930Fax (254 2) 520281

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Hon O. K'OmbudoAssistant MinisterMinistry of Environment and

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O United NationsEnvironment Pro-gramme

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O SSC

Mr Stephen P. MeacherWorld Society for the

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O World Society for theProtection of Animals

O SSC

Mrs Danielle MitchellUNEP/GEMSP.O. Box 30552NairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 520600Fax (254 2) 520281

O

Dr Theuri NjokaEast African Wild Life SocietyP.O. Box 20110NairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 592403

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Dr Steven G. NjugunaAssociate DirectorNational Museums of KenyaEast Africa Wildlife SocietyP.O. Box 40658NairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 742131Fax (254 2) 741424Telex 22892

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O CEC

Prof. H.W.O. Okoth-OgendoDirectorPopulation Studies and

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and PopulationProgramme

Dr Reuben OlemboDeputy Assistant Executive

DirectorOffice of the Environment

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O SSC

Mrs Lydia R OnsongoMinistry of Tourism and

WildlifeP.O. Box 40241NairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 501081Fax (254 2) 505866


Dr Mark Stanley PriceAfrican Wildlife FoundationP.O. Box 48177NairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 23235Fax (254 2) 332294Telex 22152

NG African WildlifeFoundation

O SSC

Dr Mbaruk A. SulemanChief, Animal ResourcesInstitute of Primate ResearchP.O. Box 24481KarenNairobiKenyaTel. (254 2) 882571Fax (254 2) 882546Telex 22892

O SSC

Kiribati

Mr Teekabu TikaiMinistry of Natural Resource

DepartmentP.O. Box 241BairikiTarawaKiribatiTel. (686) 21099Fax 21120

O Republic of Kiribati

Lao, People'sDemocratic Republic

Mr Paul C.L. AnspachResident Project ManagerIUCN Shifting Cultivation

ProjectP.O. Box 807VientianeLao, People's Democratic

RepublicFax 8562604Telex 4491 te vte Is

O IUCN ShiftingCultivation Project

Mr Lamthong HanglaMinistry of Agriculture and

ForestryP.O. Box 2932VientianeLao, People's Democratic

RepublicTel. 5488Fax dof 3807Telex 4491 ts Is vte

ST Ministry of ForeignAffairs

Mr Khampeuane KingsadaDirector of ForestryMinistry of Foreign AffairsP.O. Box 2932VientianeLao, People's Democratic

RepublicST Ministry of Foreign

Affairs

Mr VenevongphetDept. of Forests and Environ-

mentP.O. Box 2932VientianeLao, People's Democratic

RepublicTel. 5920

O Ministry of ForeignAffairs

O SSC

Mr Bounthong XaisidaDept. of Forestry and

EnvironmentVientianeLao, People's Democratic

RepublicTel. 5920


O SSC

Liechtenstein

Dr Wolfgang BurhenneCommission Internationale

pour la Protection des Alpes(CIPRA)

Heiligkreuz 52FL 9490 VaduzLiechtenstein

IN Commission Inter-nationale pour laProtection des Alpes(CIPRA)

Luxembourg

Mr Kenneth A. BrynaertDirection des Eaux et ForêteAtt.: Directeur des Eaux et

Forêts67 rue Michel WelterL-2730 Luxembourg

ST Direction des Eaux etForêts


Madagascar

M P. RandrianarijaonaDirecteur des Eaux et ForêtsMinistere de la Production

Animate et des Eaux etForêts

AntananarivoMadagascarTel. (26 12) 40811Telex 22520 MPAEF MG

ST Ministere d'Etat auxAffaires Etrangeres

S.E. Maxime ZaferaMinistreMinistere de la Production

Animale et des Eaux etForêts

AntanarivoMadagascar

ST Ministere d'Etat auxAffaires Etrangeres

Malawi

Mr Henri NsanjamaChief Parks & Wildlife OfficerMinistry of Forestry and

Natural ResourcesP.O. Box 30131Capital CityLilongwe 3MalawiTel. (26 5) 723566Fax (26 5) 723089Telex 44456 mi

GA Department of NationalParks and Wildlife,Ministry of Forestry andNatural Resources

O SSC

Malaysia

Mr Patrick AndauWildlife Department7th FloorSabah Bank TowerTun Fuad Stephens complex88300 Kota KinabaluSabahMalaysiaTel. (60 88) 214999Fax (60 88) 222476

GA Wildlife Department,Sabah

Mr Brian John GilliganAsian Wetland BureauInstitute for Advanced StudiesUniversity of MalayaLembah Pantai59100 Kuala LumpurMalaysiaTel. (60 3) 7572176Fax (60 3) 7571225Telex 39845 unimal ma

O Asian Wetland Bureau

Mr Mohamed Khan BinMomin Khan

Director GeneralDepartment of Wildlife and

National ParksKM 10 Cheras RoadKuala LumpurMalaysia

ST Department of Wildlifeand National Parks,Peninsula Malaysia

O SSC

Ms Lee Su WinMalayan Nature Society485 Jalan 5/534600 Petalling JayaMalaysiaTel. (60 3) 7912185Fax (60 32) 7917722

NG Malayan Nature Society

Mr Sian Tuan MokAsean Institute of Forest

ManagementSuite 903IGB Plaza 6Jalan KamparKuala LumpurMalaysiaTel. (60 3) 4429251Fax (60 3) 4422340Telex 28212

O Asean Institute of ForestManagement

Mr Abang MorshidDeputy Director of Forestry,

SarawakKm 10 Jalan Ceres56100 Kuala LumpurMalaysia


Mr Musa NordinDept. of Wildlife and National

ParksKM10 Jalan CherasKuala LampurMalaysiaTel. (60 3) 9052872Fax (60 3) 9052873


Mr Ken ScrivenDirectorWWF - MalaysiaP.O.Box 1076950724 Kuala LumpurMalaysiaTel. (60 3) 2554495Fax (60 3) 2540346Telex 30423

NGWWF - Malaysia

Mr Hooi Chiew ThangForestry Dept. HeadquartersJalan Sultan Salahuddin50660 Kuala LumpurMalaysiaTel. (60 3) 2988244Fax (60 3) 2925657

O Forestry Dept.Headquarters

Dr Yow-Pong ThoMalayan Research InstituteKepongSelangorMalaysiaTel. (60) 7769230

O Malayan ResearchInstitute

Mali

S.E. M. Morifing KoneMinistreMinistère de l'Environnement

et de l'ElévageBamakoMaliTel. (22 3) 226359

ST Ministère del'Environnement et del'Elévage

Dr Dieudonne OuedraogoCentre d'Etudes et de

Recherche sur la Populationpour le Développement

B.P. 1530BamakoMaliTel. (22 3) 223043Fax (22 3) 222178Telex 432 insah


Mr Nampaa N. SanoghoDirecteur GénéralDirection des Eaux et ForêtsB.P. 275BamakoMaliTel. (22 2) 225850Telex 2615 mj eforet

ST Ministère del'Environnement et del'Elévage

Ms Fatoumata SowYouvarou Projectc/o Bureau national de l'UICNB.P. 1567BamakoMali


Mauritania

M Ibrahima ThiawChef du ServiceMinistère du Développement

RuralReboisement et Faune à-la

Direction de la Protection dela Nature

B.P. 170 NouakchottMauritania

Tel. (222 2) 51763Fax (222 2) 51834

O Ministère du Développe-ment Rural

Mauritius

Mr Ashoka K. ReetooPresidentMAUCESCOYAP.O. Box 61Port LouisMauritiusTel. (230) 2125593

NG Mauritius Council forEnvironmental YouthAgenda (MAUCES-COYA)

Mr S.C Chan Wan ThuenPermanent SecretaryMinistry of Lands and the

EnvironmentEdith Cavell StreetPort LouisMauritiusTel. (230) 2082831

ST External Affairs andEmigration

Mexico

Arq Hector Ceballos-LascurainIUCN ConsultantCamino al Ajusco 551Tepepan, Xochimilco16020 Mexico, D.F.MexicoTel. (52 905) 67687Fax (52 905) 2501043

O CNPPA

Prof. Ramón Perez Gil SalcidoPresidenteFundación Chiapaneca "M.

Alvarez del Toro" para laProtección de la Naturaleza

Apartado Postal # 970Tuxtla Gutierrez29000 ChiapasMexicoTel. (52 961) 33362Fax (52 961) 10750Telex 74445 bturme

NG Fundación Chiapaneca"M. Alvarez del Toro"para la Protección de laNaturaleza

O SSC

Monaco

Prof. François DoumengePrincipauté de Monaco Service

des Relations ExtérieuresVilla GirasoleBoulevard de SuisseMonte CarloMonacoTel. (33 93) 153600


Fax (33 93) 505297Telex 469037 REMONA

ST Principaute de MonacoService des RelationsExterieures

AF Centre Scientifique deMonaco

O COE

Mongolia

Mr Goidyn DembereldorjMongolian People's Republic

Ministry for Foreign AffairsUlaanbaatar 11Khudaldaany gud. 5MongoliaMongoliaTel. 29619


Mr Osoryn AmarkhuuMongolian Association for

Conservation of Nature andEnvironment

Ulaanbaatar 12Central Post OfficeP.O. Box 530MongoliaTel. 26330

O Mongolian Associationfor Conservation ofNature

Morocco

M Abdelouhab KannouniDirection des Eaux et Forêts et

de la Conservation des SolsRabatMoroccoTel. (21 27) 763015Fax (21 27) 764446Telex 36696

ST Ministere des AffairesEtrangeres

Mozambique

Mr Elija W. ChambaDirector of WildlifeDirecçâo Nacional de Florestas

e Fauna BraviaMinistry of AgricultureP.O. Box 1406MaputoMozambiqueTel. (258) 460096Fax (258) 460060Telex 6195 monap mo

O Direcçâo Nacional deFlorestas e Fauna Bravia,Ministerio da Agricul-tura

Mr Bernardo P. FerrazNational Institute of Physical

PlanningEnvironment Division

C.P. 1310MaputoMozambiqueTel. (258) 465041Telex 6500 mo


Mr Roberto ZolhoDNFFB Ministry of Agriculture1406 ManputoMozambiqueTel. (258) 460036Fax (258) 460060Telex 6-209 sogma mo


Myanmar

Mr T.A. ChoEmbassy of the Union of

Myanmar22 Arkana StreetYarralumlaCanberra ACT 2600AustraliaMyanmarTel. (61 62) 733811Fax (61 62) 734357Telex 61376myanmar aa

O Embassy of the Union ofMyanmar

Namibia

Dr Eugene JoubertAssistantMinistry of Wildlife Conserva-

tion and TourismP. Bag 13348Windhoek 9000NamibiaTel. (264 61) 220241Fax (264 61) 221930

AF Ministry of WildlifeConservation andTourism

Mr Hanno RumpfPermanent SecretaryMinistry of Wildlife, Conserva-

tion and TourismP.O. Box 13346Windhoek 9000NamibiaTel. (264 61) 220241Fax (264 61) 212663

AF Ministry of Wildlife,Conservation andTourism

Mr Polla SwartAssistantMinistry of Wildlife Conserva-

tion and TourismP.O. Box 13348Windhoek 9000

NamibiaTel. (264 61) 2202241Fax (264 61) 221930

AF Ministry of WildlifeConservation andTourism

Nepal

Dr Lekh Nath BelbaseNational Planning CommissionSingha DurbarKathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 228 200Fax (977 1) 2265 00Telex 2635 YOJANA NP

ST Department of NationalParks and WildlifeConservation

Mr Sushil BhattaraiMinistry of Forests and Soil

ConservationDepartment of Soil Conserva-

tion and WatershedManagement

Babar MahalP.O. Box 4719NepalTel. (977 1) 220828


Mr Rabi B. BistaMinistry of Forests and Soil

ConservationBabar MahalKathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 223862Fax (977 1) 228415

ST Department of NationalParks and WUdlifeConservation

O CNPPA

Mr Anil ChitrakarEnvironmental Camps for

Conservation Awareness(ECCA)

P.O. Box 3923KathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 521506Fax (977 1) 521506Telex 2566 hohil np

O Environmental Campsfor ConservationAwareness (ECCA)

Hoa Jahal Nath KhanalMinister of ForestsMinistry of Forestry and Soil

ConservationBabar MahalKathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 220160Fax (977 1) 223868


Dr Hemanta Raj MishraSecretary, Governing Board,

TrusteesKing Mahendra Trust for

Nature ConservationP.O. Box 3712Babar MahalKathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 224639Fax (977 1) 226602Telex 2567 kmtnc np

O SSCO CNPPA

Mr Bhim Bahadur RawalMinistry of Forests and Soil

ConservationKathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 412 558

ST Department of National-Parks and WildlifeConservation

Mr Biswa Nath SapkotaNational Planning Commission

SecretariatSingh DurbarKathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 227998


Mr Krishna SigdyalNepal Forum of Environmental

CommunicatorsP.O. Box 930KathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 410815Fax (977 1) 524386Telex 2340 agent np

NG Nepal Forum ofEnvironmentalCommunicators

Krishna TamrakarP.O. Box 57KathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 471597

O

Mr Biswa Nath UpretiDept. of National Parks and

Wildlife ConservationHis Majesty's GovernmentP.O. Box 860KathmanduNepalTel. (977 1) 220912Fax (977 1) 226602Telex 2567 kmtnc np

ST Dept. of National Parksand Wildlife Conserva-tion

O CNPPA


Netherlands

Mr W. BergmansVereniging tot Behound van

Natuurmonumenten inNederland

c/o IUCN LedencontactDamrak 28-30 10121012 LJ AmsterdamNetherlands

NG Vereniging tot Behoundvan Natuurmonumentenin Nederland

O SSC

Ms Simone BilderbeekLandelijke Vereniging tot

Behoud van de Waddenzeec/o IUCN LedencontactDamark 28-301012 LJ AmsterdamNetherlandsTel. (31 20) 261732

NG Landelijke Verenigingtot Behoud van deWaddenzee

Mr Guido BroekhovenKoninklijke Nederlandse

Natuurhistorische Verenig-ing (KNNV)

Lange Nieuw Straat 1063512 PN UtrechtNetherlandsTel. (31 30) 394 521Fax (31 30) 394 527

NG Koninklijke NederlandseNatuurhistorischeVereniging (KNNV)

Dr Peter J.H. van BreePrzewalski Horse Reserves

FoundationAttn: Mrs GrosjeanMathenesserstraat 101-a3027 PD AmsterdamNetherlandsTel. (31 20) 5255437Fax (31 20) 5257238Telex 16460 facwn nl

NG Przewalski HorseReserves Foundation

NG Netherlands Foundationfor International NatureProtection

O SSC

Mr Jeffrey CaninGreenpeace InternationalKeizersgracht 1761016 DW AmsterdamNetherlandsTel. (31 20) 5236555Fax (31 20) 5236500

IN Greenpeace InternationalO SSC

Dr Steven De BieDepartment of Nature

Conservation AgriculturalUniversity

P.O. Box 80806700 DD WageningenNetherlandsTel. (31 8370) 83174

Fax (31 8370) 84411O SSCO IUCN Sahel Programme

Mr Hendrick Huibert De IonghCentre for Environmental

StudiesUniversity of LeidenGarenmarkt IA2300 RA LeidenNetherlandsTel. (31 71) 277474Fax (31 71) 226478Telex 39427 BURUL

AF Centre for Environmen-tal Studies, University ofLeiden

Dr Chris GeerlingShell International Health

Safety and EnvironmentP.O. Box 1622501 AN The HagueNetherlandsTel. (31 70) 377 3139Fax (31 70) 377 6024Telex 36000

O SSC

Drs Rudolf de GrootNature Conservation

DepartmentAgricultural UniversityRitzema Bosweg 32A6703 AZ WageningenNetherlandsTel. (31 8370) 82247Fax (31 8370) 84411

NG Netherlands Foundationfor Nature Protection

O CESP

Mr Frederik Joost HesselinkDirectorStichting Milieu-EducatieP.O. Box 130303507 LA UtrechtNetherlandsTel. (31 30) 713 734

NG Stichting Milieu-Educatie

Dr Rik LeemansGlobal change (Mondiale

Biosfeer) National Institutefor Public Health andEnvironmental Protection

RIVMP.O. Box 13720 BA BilthovenNetherlandsTel. (31 30) 749111Fax (31 30) 250740

O Global change (MondialeBiosfeer) NationalInstitute for PublicHealth and Environmen-tal Protection

Mr Christiaan Maas Gees-teranus

Nature Conservation CouncilMaliebaan 123581 CN UtrechtNetherlandsTel. (31 30) 331441Fax (31 30) 331471

AF Nature ConservationCouncil

O CEC

Mr Peter NijhoffStichting Natuur en MilieuDonkerstraat 17NL 3511 KB UtrechtNetherlandsTel. (31 30) 331328Fax (31 30) 331311

NG Stichting Natuur enMilieu

O CESP

Dr Johanna C. van Noordwijk-van Veen

ChairWWF Netherlandsle Hogeweg 2Postbus 73700 AA ZeistNetherlandsTel. (31 3404) 22164Fax (31 3404) 12064Telex 76122 wnf nl

NG WWF Netherlands

Mr Egbert PelinckMinistry of Foreign AffairsP.O. Box 200612500 EBThe HagueNetherlandsTel. (31 70) 348 4286Fax (31 70) 348 4303Telex 31326


Dr Jaap PietersDeputy Director GeneralRural Areas and Quality

ManagementMinistry of Agriculture &

FisheriesPostbus 204012500 EK The HagueNetherlandsTel. (31 70) 3793911Fax (31 70) 793600Telex 32040lavi

ST Directorate for NatureConservation, Environ-mental Protection andNature Management

IUCN Council Member

Mr Max SlingenbergMinistry of Agriculture, Nature

Management & FisheriesP.O. Box 204012500 EK The HagueNetherlandsTel. (31 70) 379 2934Fax (31 70) 347 8228

ST Directorate for NatureConservation, Environ-mental Protection andNature Management

Mr Roger C. WilsonDirector, Treaties and

ConventionsGreenpeace InternationalKeizersgracht 176

1016 DW AmsterdamNetherlandsTel. (31 20) 523 6555Fax (31-20) 523 6500Telex 18775 gpint nl

IN Greenpeace International

Netherlands Antilles

Mr Tom Van't HofThe BottomSabaNetherlands AntillesTel. (599 4) 63348Fax (599 4) 63348

O CNPPAO COE

New Caledonia

Dr Vili FuavaoSouth Pacific Regional

Environment Programme(SPREP)

South Pacific CommissionP.O. Box D5Noumea CedexNew CaledoniaTel. (687) 262000Fax (687) 263818Telex 3139 nm

O South Pacific RegionalEnvironment Pro-gramme (SPREP)

New Zealand

Prof. Carolyn BurnsDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoP.O. Box 56DunedinNew ZealandTel. (64 34) 797971Fax (64 34) 797584

IUCN Council Member

Mr Mark ChristensenRussell McVeagh SolicitorsP.O. Box 8AucklandNew ZealandTel. (64 9) 398839Fax (64 9) 3678592

O Russell McVeaghSolicitors

Dr Paul R. DingwallDepartment of Conservation35 Cheshire StreetWellington 5New ZealandTel. (64 4) 710726

O IUCN Consultant onAntarctic Conservation

Dr David R. GivenDepartment of Scientific and

Industrial Research (DSIR)P.O. Box 1578


WellingtonNew ZealandTel. (64 3) 252511Fax (64 3) 252074

GA Department of Scientificand Industrial Research(DSIR)

O SSCO CESP

Mr Alistair GrahamEnvironment & Conservation

Organizations of NewZealand (ECO)

7 MacDonald CrescentP.O. Box 11057Wellington 1New ZealandTel. (64 4) 846971

NG Environment &Conservation Organiza-tions of New Zealand(ECO)

Dr Wren GreenDepartment of ConservationP.O. Box 10-420WellingtonNew ZealandTel. (64 4) 710726Fax (64 4) 711082

ST Department ofConservation

Mr Michael HaglerGreenpeace Internationalc/o Greenpeace N.Z. Inc.Private BagWellesley StreetAucklandNew ZealandTel. (64 9) 776128Fax (64 9) 3032676

IN Greenpeace International

Mr Leslie HutchinsNew Zealand Conservation

Authority38 O'Neill CrescentAlexandraNew ZealandTel. (64 3) 4487322Fax (64 3) 4487322

GA New Zealand Conserva-tion Authority

Dr Richard Jakob-HoffSenior CuratorAuckland ZooMotions RoadPt. ChevalierAucklandNew ZealandTel. (64 9) 787487Fax (64 9) 780199

O Auckland Zoo

Mr John KlaricichNew Zealand Conservation

AuthorityWaiwhatawhataHokianga RD 3KaikoheNorthlandNew ZealandTel. Opononi 751

O New Zealand Conserva-tion Authority

Prof. George Alexander KnoxP.O. Box 5254PapanuiChristchurchNew ZealandTel. (64 3) 3521030Fax (64 3) 642999

O COE

Mr P.H.C. (Bing) Lucas1/268 Main RoadTawaWellingtonNew ZealandTel. (64 4) 325581Fax (64 4) 325759

O CNPPA

Mr Bill MansfieldDepartment of ConservationP.O. Box 10-420WellingtonNew ZealandTel. (64 4) 710726Fax (64 4) 711082


Dr Leslie F. MolloyDepartment of ConservationP.O. Box 10-420WellingtonNew ZealandTel. (64 4) 710726Fax (64 4) 713279


O CNPPA

Prof. Kevin F. O'ConnorCentre for Resource Manage-

ment, Lincoln UniversityP.O. Box 56CanterburyNew ZealandTel. (64 3) 252811Fax (64 3) 252156Telex 4703 linsir

NG Lincoln University,Canterbury

Mr Gordon ShepherdWWF-New Zealand35 Taranki StreetP.O. Box 6237Wellington NorthNew Zealand

NG WWF-New Zealand

Mr Keith TarloRoyal Forest and Bird

Protection SocietyCampaign to Save Nature

ForestsP.O. Box 631WellingtonNew ZealandTel. (64 4) 728154Fax (64 4) 732952

NG Royal Forest and BirdProtection Society ofNew Zealand

Mr Tumu Te HeuheuNew Zealand Conservation

AuthorityP.O. Box 381TaumarunuiNew ZealandTel. (812) 58212Fax (812) 56664


Mr David A. ThornNew Zealand Conservation

Authority51 Evelyn RoadHowickAucklandNew ZealandTel. (64 9) 5347949Fax (64 9) 5347949


Nicaragua

Lic L.B. Cardenal SevillaMain Ecology AdvisorMinistry for the EnvironmentKM 12c NorteP.O. Box 5123ManaguaNicaraguaTel. (505) 319163184Fax (505) 31274

ST Ministry of the ExteriorNG Nicaraguan Environ-

mentalist Movement

Dr Jaime Incer BarqueroMinisterMinistry of the EnvironmentIRENAApartado Postal 5123NicaraguaTel. (505 2) 31848Fax (505 2) 31274

ST Ministry of the ExteriorGA Dirección General de

Recursos (DIRENA)

Lic Juan José Montiel RochaPresidenteAsociación de Bió1ogos y

Ecó1ogos de Nicaragua(ABEN)

Apdo. Postal No. 2431ManaguaNicaraguaTel. (505 2) 74563Fax (505 2) 663303

NG Asociación de Bió1ogos yEcó1ogos de Nicaragua(ABEN)

Niger

M Abdou DaoureSecretaire général AdjointMinistere de l'Hydraulique et

de l'EnvironnementMinistere de l'Agriculture et de

l'Environnement

B.P. 12277NiameyNigerTel. (227) 723889Telex 5509NI

O Ministère des AffairesEtrangeres et de laCooperation

M Albert FerralConservateur Musee NationalOrganisation Nigerienne de

Volontaires pour laPreservation de l'Environne-ment (ONVPE)

B.P. 2842NiameyNigerTel. (227) 734573

NG Organisation Nigeriennede Volontaires pour laPreservation del'Environnement(ONVPE)

M Michel KeitaSecrétaire PermanentMinistere de l'Agriculture et de

l'EnvironnementComite National Code RuralB.P. 12277NiameyNigerTel. (227) 735821Fax (227) 732215

O CESP

M Amadou MamadouB.P. 280NiameyNigerTel. (227) 732313Fax (227) 734163Telex 5308ni

IUCN Council Member

M Anada TiegaDirecteur Faune, Pêche,

PiscicultureMinistere de l'Hydraulique et

de l'EnvironnementB.P. 257NiameyNigerTel. (227) 733338Telex 5509 NI

ST Ministere des AffairesEtrangeres et de laCoopération

O SSC

Nigeria

Dr Pius Amaeze AnaduExecutive DirectorNigerian Conservation

FoundationP.O. Box 74638Victoria IslandNigeriaTel. (234 1) 683563

NG Nigerian ConservationFoundation

O SSC

Lisf of Participants 247

Chief Philip C. AsioduChairmanNigerian Conservation

Foundation58/60 Broad StreetP.O. Box 9310LagosNigeriaTel. (234 1) 630646Fax (234 1) 630229Telex 21686 ng

NG Nigerian ConservationFoundation

Mr E.CJ. OkaforFed. Ministry of Agriculture,

Water Resources and RuralDevelopment

Federal Department of Forestryand Agricultural LandResources

Block 432Zone 1, WuseAbujaNigeriaTel. (234 9) 5230177

O Fed. Ministry ofAgriculture, WaterResources and RuralDevelopment

Norway

Mr Jan AbrahamsenMinistry of EnvironmentP.O. Box 8013-Dep.0030 Oslo 1Norway

ST Royal Ministry ofEnvironment

Mr Steinar EldoyDirectorate for Nature

ManagementTungasletta 27004 TrondheimNorwayTel. (47 7) 580500Fax (47 7) 915433

GA Directorate for NatureManagement

O CNPPA

Mr Harald KristoffersenNorwegian Agency for

International DevelopmentP.O. Box 8142 Dep.0033 Oslo 1Norway

O Norwegian Agency forInternational Develop-ment

Mrs Berit LeinDirectorate for Nature

ManagementTungasletta 27004 TrondheimNorwayTel. (47 7) 580500Fax (47 7) 915433

GA Directorate for NatureManagement

Mr Thor MidtengSenior OfficerNorges NaturvernforbundP.O. Box 2113Grunerlokka0505 Oslo 5NorwayTel. (47 2) 715520Fax (47 2) 715640

NG Norges Naturvernfor-bund

Mr Rolf SelrodMinistry of EnvironmentP.O. Box 8013-Dep0030 Oslo 1Norway

ST Royal Ministry ofEnvironment

Mr Gordon ShepherdWWF i NorgeHegdehaugsveien 22N-0167 Oslo 1Norway

NG WWF Norway

Ms Anne Marie SkjoldEnvironmental AdviserRoyal Ministry of Foreign

AffairsP.O. Box 8114 Dep.0032 Oslo 1NorwayTel. (47 2) 343600Fax (47 2) 349580Telex 71004 NOREG N

O Royal Ministry ofForeign Affairs

Oman

Mr Ali Bin Amer Al-KiyumiDirector - NCSMinistry of EnvironmentP.O. Box 323MuscatOmanTel. (968) 696444Fax (968) 602320Telex 5404

ST Ministry of Environmentand Water Resources

Mr Moosa bin Jaffer Al-Moosawi

Ministry of EnvironmentP.O. Box 323MuscatOmanTel. (968) 696444Fax (968) 602320Telex 5404


Mr Ralph H. DalyAdviser for ConservationDiwan of Royal CourtP.O. Box 246MuscatOmanTel. (968) 736207Fax (968) 740550

Telex 5667 ace (on)O SSC

Dr Paul N. MuntonMinistry of EnvironmentP.O. Box 323MuscatOmanTel. (968) 696444Fax (968) 602320Telex 5404


O SSC

Pakistan

Ms Mehrunnisa Ahmad AliDirectorTeachers Resource Centre67-B Garden RoadKarachiPakistanTel. (92 21) 717967Fax (92 21) 229259

NG Teachers ResourceCentre

Dr Gufaraz AhmedChairmanPakistan Oil and Gas

Development CorporationMasood Mansion BuildingMarkaz F/8IslamabadPakistan

O Pakistan Oil and GasDevelopment Cor-poration

Syed Babar AliWWF PakistanPackages LimitedShahrah-e-RoomiLahore 54770PakistanTel. (92 42) 370158Fax (92 42) 370429

NG WWF PakistanIUCN Council Member

Ms Shagufta AlizaiShirkat Gah1 Bath Island RoadKarachi 75530PakistanTel. (92 21) 573079Telex 24154 mark pk

NG Shirkat Gah

Mr Dawood Nassar GhaznaviDirectorWWF PakistanAli Industrial Technical

InstituteFerozepur RoadP.O. Box 5180LahorePakistanTel. (92 42) 856177Fax (92 42) 370429Telex 44866 pkgs pk

NG WWF Pakistan

Ms Neelam HabibWWF Pakistan1 Bath Island RoadKarachi 75530PakistanTel. (92 21) 573046Telex 24154 mark pk

NG WWF Pakistan

Mr Shamsul HaqueJoint SecretaryEnvironment and Urban

Affairs DivisionMinistry of Housing and

WorksShaheed e Millat SecretariatBlue Area F 6-1IslamabadPakistanTel. (92 51) 822757

O Ministry of Housing andWorks

Dr Parvez HassanHassan & HassanPAAF Building7D Kashmir Egerton RoadLahorePakistanTel. (92 42) 303825Fax (92 42) 869483Telex 44805 hasan pk

O CEL

Dr Akmal HussainEnvironmental Protection

Societyc/o Sayyed Engineers (Pvt) Ltd40 Ahmad Park,Garden TownLahorePakistanTel. (92 42) 867484

O EnvironmentalProtection Society

Senator Javed JabbarMNJ Communications Pvt Ltd48-B Block 6PECHSKarachiPakistanTel. (92 21) 432865Fax (92 21) 436559Telex 23108 MNJ PK

O

Mr Abeed Ullah JanNational Council for

Conservation of WildlifeMinistry of Food and

AgricultureBlock BIslamabadPakistanTel. (92 51) 825289Telex 5844 minfa pk

ST National Council forConservation of Wildlifein Pakistan

Mr Muhammad Zaheer KhanPresidentScientific and Cultural Society

of PakistanB-7 Sheet No. 25


Model ColonyKarachi 75100PakistanTel. (92 21) 409336Fax (92 21) 468906

NG Scientific and CulturalSociety of Pakistan

Mr Shoaib S. KhanGeneral ManagerAga Khan Rural Support

ProgrammeGilgitNorthern AreasPakistanTel. 2480

O Aga Khan Rural SupportProgramme

Mr Abrar Husain MirzaConservator WildlifeSindh Wildlife Management

BoardStratchen RoadP.O. Box No. 3722Karachi No. 1PakistanTel. (92 21) 523176

GA Sindh WildlifeManagement Board

NG WWF Pakistan

Dr Ishaq MirzaPakistan Space and Upper

Atmosphere ResearchCommission (SUPARCO)

Sector 28, Gulzar-E-HijriOff University RoadP.O. Box 8402Karachi 75270PakistanTel. (92 21) 471127Fax (92 21) 460092Telex 25720 space pk

GA Pakistan Space andUpper AtmosphereResearch Commission(SUPARCO)

Mr Abdul Latif RaoNational Council for

Conservation of WildlifeMinistry of Food and

AgricultureGovernment of Pakistan485 St. 84G 6-4 IslamabadPakistanTel. (92 51) 823520Telex 5844 minfa pk

ST National Council forConservation of Wildlifein Pakistan

O SSCO CNPPA

Miss Fehmida Firdous SiddiquiProject Officer, Marine TurtlesSindh Wildlife Management

BoardStratchen RoadP.O. Box 3722Karachi No.lPakistanTel. (92 21) 523176

GA Sindh WildlifeManagement Board

Ms Syeda Bushra WaheedResearch Officer, Env. SectionHydro Electric Planning Org.

Water and Power Develop-ment Authority

Sunny ViewKashmir RoadLahorePakistanTel. (92 42) 62192Fax (92 42) 211732

O Hydro Electric PlanningOrg. Water and PowerDevelopment Authority

Ms Asma ZiaAdministratorShirkat Gah1 Bath Island RoadKarachi 75530PakistanTel. (92 21) 573079Telex 24154 mark pk

NG Shirkat Gah

Ms Soni ZuberiEnvironmental Projects OfficerIUCN1 Bath Island RoadKarachi 25530PakistanTel. (92 21) 573082Telex 24154 mark pk

Panama

Mr Luis Lin Mou SueAsociación Conservationista

CaribaroApartado 17Bocas Del T o r oPanamaPanamaTel. (507) 789244

NG Asociación Conserva-tionista Caribaro(ACCA)

O Fundación de ParquesNacionales y MedioAmbiente (PA.NA.M.A.)

Sr Juan Carlos NavarroDirector EjecutivoAsociación Nacional para la

Conservación de laNaturaleza

Apartado 1387Zona 1PanamaPanamaTel. (507) 648100Fax (507) 641836

NG Asociación Nacionalpara la Conservación dela Naturaleza (ANCON)

NG Asociación para laInvestigación yPropagarión de EspeciesPanameñas (AIPEP)

NG Proyecto de Estudio parael Manejo de AreasSilvestres de Kuna Yala(PEMASKY)

Mr Eric Fernando RodriguezRivera

Institute) de Recursos NaturalesRenovables (INRENARE)

Apartado 2016ParaisoAncónPanamaTel. (507) 324330

GA Institute Nacional deRecursos NaturalesRenovables (IN-RENARE)

Papua New Guinea

Mr A. Murray EagleOK Tedi Mining Ltd.P.O. Box 1TabubilPapua New GuineaTel. (675) 583390Fax (675) 589390

O OK Tedi Mining Ltd.

Mr John GenolaganiDepartment of Environment

and ConservationP.O. Box 5266BorokoPapua New GuineaTel. (675) 254397Fax (675) 254372

O Department ofEnvironment andConservation

Mr Guy KulaDepartment of Environment



Mr Vincent NyamaAssistant SecretaryDepartment of Environment



Mr Mick RagaWildlife ConservationP.O. Box 6601BorokoPapua New GuineaTel. (675) 272500Fax (675) 271044

O Wildlife Conservation

Dr Simon M. SauleiPNG Forest Research InstituteP.O. Box 314

LaePapua New GuineaTel. (675) 424188Fax (675) 424357

O COE

Mr Lester SeriDepartment of Environment



Mr John Fraser StewartP.O. Box 480Port MoresbyPapua New GuineaTel. (675) 217027Fax (675) 213646

O

Dr Kevin VangMinistry of Environment and

ConservationDepartment of Environment

andConservationP.O. Box 6601BorokoPapua New GuineaTel. (675) 271537Fax (675) 271044

O Ministry of Environmentand Conservation

Mr Brian Peter VernonP.O. Box 196LaePapua New GuineaTel. (675) 424270Fax (675) 426172

O SSC

Mr David VosselerDepartment of Environment



Mr David G. VosselerFoundation of the People of the

South PacificP.O. Box 1119Boroko, NCDPapua New GuineaTel. (675) 258470Fax (675) 252670

O Foundation of the Peopleof the South Pacific

Mr Kembi WatokaDept. of Environment &

ConservationP.O. Box 6601Boroko


Papua New GuineaTel. (675) 271275Fax (675) 271900

O Dept. of Environment &Conservation

Paraguay

Rosa M. Villamayor OrueSub Secretaria de Recursos

Naturales y Medio AmbienteMinistro de AgriculturaEspaña # 114AsuncionParaguayTel. (59521) 291793Fax (59521) 447473Telex 629 PYMDN

O CECO CNPPA

Peru

Sr Antonio Andaluz Westrei-cher

Presidente EjecutivoPROTERRAAv. Esteban Campodonico 208Urb. Sta. CatalinaLa VictoriaLimaPeruTel. (51 14) 723800Fax (51 14) 417001

NG PROTERRA

Ing Eric CardichDirector TécnicoSociedad PachamamaCamino Real 479, 8vo. pisoLima 27PeruTel. (51 14) 416031Fax (51 14) 411990Telex 21275 pe

NG Sociedad PachamamaO CNPPA

Mr Tony LuscombeVice PresidentAsociación de Ecología y

ConservaciónVanderghen 560-2ALima 27PeruTel. (51 14) 407276Fax (51 14) 467888

NG Asociación de Ecología yConservación (ECCO)

Sr Gustavo Suarez de FreitasDirector TécnicoFundación Peruana para la

Conservación de laNaturaleza (FPCN)

Chinchón 858/ASan IsidroAptdo. 18-1393LimaPeruTel. (51 14) 422796Fax (51 14) 406706

Telex 25129NG Fundación Peruana para

la Conservación de laNaturaleza (FPCN)

NG Sociedad Peruana deDerecho Ambiental(SPDA)

Ing Manuel Uceda C.Director GeneralDirección General de Forestal y

FaunaNatalio Sanchez 220Of. 304Lima 11PeruTel. (51 14) 233978Fax (51 14) 406706

O Dirección General deForestal y Fauna (DGFF)

Philippines

Mr Adlai J. AmorChairmanAsia-Pacific Forum of

Environmental JournalistsP.O. Box 18431099 ManilaPhilippinesTel. (632) 5224582Fax (632) 5224365Telex 27674 pfa ph

O Asia-Pacific Forum ofEnvironmentalJournalists

Mr Danilo BaleteHaribon Foundation for the

Conservation of NaturalResources

Suite 306 Sunrise Con-dominium

226 Ortigas AvenueSan JuanMetro ManilaPhilippinesTel. (632) 7211048Fax (632) 7211693

NG Haribon Foundation forthe Conservation ofNatural Resources

Mr Antonio M. ClaparolsPresidentEcological Society of the

Philippines53 Tamarind RoadForbes Park, MakatiMetro ManilaPhilippinesTel. (631) 7351Fax (631) 7357Telex 29006 JRSPH

NG Ecological Society of thePhilippines

Ms Louella M. DolarSilliman University Marine

LaboratoryDumaguete City 6200Philippines

O Silliman UniversityO SSC

Mr Cesar NuevoDirectorCollege of ForestryUniversity of the PhilippinesLos Banos College UPLBLaguna 3720PhilippinesTelex 4163

O College of Forestry

Mr Ruben RayalaProtected Areas and Wildlife

BureauDepartment of Environment

andNatural ResourcesQuezon Blvd.DilimanQuezon CityPhilippinesTel. (632) 978511Fax (632) 981010Telex 757 2000 pi

GA Protected Areas andWildlife Bureau,Department of theEnvironment andNatural Resources

O SSC

Mr Amado TolentinoAttorneyPollution and Adjudication

Board (DENR-EMB)7 Mahiyain StreetDilimanQuezon City 1100PhilippinesTel. (632) 9217878Fax (632) 968586

O CEL

Poland

Prof. Kazimierz KlimekNational Council for

Conservation of Nature inPoland

c/o Nature and NaturalResource

Protection Centre ul. Lubicz 46ul. Lubicz 4631'512 KrakowPolandTel. (48 12) 215637

NG National Council forConservation of Naturein Poland

O CNPPAO CESP

Prof. T.P. SzaferPolish Ecological Club10 Nullo StreetKrakowPolandTel. (48 12) 111431

NG Polish Ecological Club

Portugal

Sr Alberto Caires Vila NovaServigo National de Parques,

Reservas e de Conservaçaoda Natureza

Rua da Lapa, 731200 LisboaPortugalTel. (351 1) 563317Fax (351 1) 523103Telex 44089

ST Serviço National deParques, Reservas e deConservagao daNatureza

Sr José M. Carvalho deVasconcelos

Servigo Nacional de Parques,Reservas e de Conservaçaoda Natureza

Rua da Lapa, 731200 LisboaPortugalTel. (351 1) 352 317Fax (351 1) 523103Telex 44 089

ST Servigo Nacional deParques, Reservas e deConservagao daNatureza

S.E. Ambassadeur Luis GomesMinistry of Foreign AffairsRua da Lapa 731200 LisboaPortugalFax (351 1) 523103Telex 44089

ST Serviço Nacional deParques, Reservas e deConservagao daNatureza

Republic of Korea

Mr Choi Yoon YoungAssistant DirectorMinistry of Home Affairs77 Sejong-no chong hoguSeoul 110Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 7312350Fax (82 2) 7312836Telex 24756

GA Division of NaturePreservation, Ministry ofHome Affairs

Mr Kang Bong KilAssistant Director, JeonNam

Prov.Ministry of Home Affairs77 Sejong-no chong hoguSeoul 110Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 7312350Fax (82 2) 7312836Telex 24756



Mr Kang Hong SukAssistant Director, KyongNam

Prov.Ministry of Home Affairs77 Sejong-no chong hoguSeoul 110Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 7312350Fax (82 2) 7312836Telex 24756


Dr Hoon Soo KimKorean Association for

Conservation of Nature207-Chongnyangri-dong

Dongdaemun-guSeoul 130-012Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 9652894

NG Korean Association forConservation of Nature

Mr Kim Hyun SikAssistant Director, Seoul CityMinistry of Home Affairs77 Sejong-no chon noguSeoul 110Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 7312350Fax (82 2) 7312836


Mr Lee Hwa-YoungThe National Parks Association

of Korea203-807 Yoowon Apt.Tangsan-DongYoungoungpo-KuSeoul 150-045Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 6750426

NG The National ParksAssociation of Korea

Mr Rhee Kyu OongMinistry of Home Affairs77 Sejong/no chong hoguSeoul 110Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 7312350Fax (82 2) 7312836Telex 24756


Mr Lee Young HyunAssistant Director, Taegu CityMinistry of Home Affairs77 Sejong-no chong hoguSeoul 110Rep. of KoreaTel. (82 2) 7312350Fax (82 2) 7312836Telex 24756


Romania

Prof. Dr A. VadineanuState Secretary, Environment

Dept.Ministry of EnvironmentStrada Artera Noua N-SSedii MinistereTronson 5-6Sectorul 5BucarestRomaniaTel. (40 0) 316044Fax (40 0) 316199Telex 11457 cnape

O Ministry of Environment

Samoa

Mr Josefatu RetiAssistant Director, Environ-

mentDepartment of Lands and

EnvironmentPrivate Mail BagApiaSamoaTel. (685) 22-4812Fax (685) 21-504Telex malo apia SX

ST Department of Landsand Environment


Saudi Arabia

Mr Mohammed B. Al ToriafNational Commission for

Wildlife Conservation andDevelopment

P.O. Box 61681Riyadh 11575Saudi ArabiaTel. (966 1) 4418700Fax (966 1) 4410797Telex 405930 sncwcdsj

O National Commission forWildlife Conservationand Development(NCWD)

Mr Yousef I. Al WetaidNational Commission for

Wildlife Conservation &Development (NCWCD)

P.O. Box 61681Riyadh 11575Saudi ArabiaTel. (966 1) 4418700Fax (966 1) 4410797Telex 405930SNCWCD SJ

GA National Commission forWildlife Conservation &Development (NCWCD)

Mr Muhammad AlkahataniMeteorology and Environment

Protection Administration(MEPA)

Attn: The President

King Faisal UniversityP.O. Box 1982DammanSaudi ArabiaTel. (966 3) 5800164

O Meteorology andEnvironment ProtectionAdministration (MEPA),Ministry of Defence andAviation

O Tourism DevelopmentDepartment, AssirPrincipality

Mr Khalid M.A. ArkanjiMeteorology and Environmen-

tal Protection Administration(MEPA)

Ministry of Defence andAviation

P.O. Box 1358Jeddah 21431Saudi ArabiaTel. (966 2) 6512312Fax (966 2) 6554188

ST Meteorology andEnvironmentalProtection Administ-ration (MEPA), Ministryof Defense and Aviation

Dr Graham ChildIUCN Senior Advisorc/o National Commission for

Wildlife Conservation &Development

P.O. Box 61681Riyadh 11575Saudi ArabiaTel. (966 1) 4418700Fax (966 1) 4410797Telex 405930

GA National Commission forWildlife Conservationand Development(NCWD)

O SSCO CNPPAIUCN Council Member

Mr Abdulwahab DakkakMeteorology and Environmen-

tal Protection Administration(MEPA)

P.O. Box 1358Jeddah 21431Saudi ArabiaTel. (966 2) 6517832Fax (966 2) 6513640

ST Meteorology andEnvironmentalProtection Administ-ration (MEPA), Ministryof Defence and Aviation

ProfDr Abdel Rhman ElHawawi

National Commission forWildlife Conservation andDevelopment

P.O. Box 61681Riyadh 11575Saudi ArabiaTel. (966 2) 4418700Fax (966 2) 4410797Telex 405930


Mr Othman A. LlewellynNational Commission on

Wildlife Conservation andDevelopment

P.O. Box 61681RiyadhSaudi ArabiaTel. (966 1) 4418700Fax (966 1) 4410797Telex 405930 sncwcdsj


Mr Mohammad S.A. SulayemDirector of PlanningNational Commission for

Wildlife Conservation &Development (NCWCD)

P.O. Box 61681Riyadh 11575Saudi ArabiaTel. (966 1) 4418700Fax (966 1) 4410797Telex 405930SNCWCD sj

GA National Commission forWildlife Conservation &Development (NCWCD)

O CNPPA

Senegal

Mr Bocaroumar SallDirecteur des Eaux, Forêts,

ChassesMinistere du Developpement

Rural et de l'HydrauliqueB.P. 1831Dakar - HannSenegalTel. (221) 320856Fax (221) 320475Telex 21248 comides

O Ministère du Développe-ment Rural et del'Hydraulique

Seychelles

M John MascarenhasPermanent SecretaryDepartment of the Environ-

mentB.P. 445MaheSeychelles

ST Department of theEnvironment, Ministryof Planning and ExternalRelations

The Hon. Guy F. RobertConsulRepublic of SeychellesSeychelles

O


Singapore

Ambassador Tommy T.B. KohChairmanUNCED Preparatory

CommitteeMinistry of Foreign AffairsSingapore

O UNCED PreparatoryCommittee

Solomon Islands

Mr Henry IsaMinistry of Natural ResourcesP.O. Box G24HoniaraSolomon IslandsTel. (677) 23696Fax (677) 21245Telex 66306 soinat hq

O CNPPA

Mr Vincent VaguniMarovo Lagoon Resource

Management ProjectTamenekeVia Seghe Postal AgencyWestern ProvinceSolomon Islands

O Marovo LagoonResource ManagementProject

South Africa

Mr Keith CooperDirector (Conservation)Wildlife Society of Southern

Africa100 Brand RoadDurban 4001South AfricaTel. (2731)210909Fax (27 31) 219525

NG Wildlife Society ofSouthern Africa

Dr Bruce DavidsonWildlife Society of Southern

AfricaMedical BiochemistryWits. Medical SchoolParktown 2193South AfricaTel. (27 11) 647256Fax (27 11) 6434318

NG Wildlife Society ofSouthern Africa

O SSC

Prof. Frederick C. EloffNational Parks BoardP.O. Box 787Pretoria 0001South AfricaTel. (27 12) 3439770Fax (27 12) 3430155Telex 321324

GA National Parks Board ofSouth Africa

Mr Sydney Albert GerberDepartment of Environment

AffairsPrivate Bag X447Pretoria 0001South AfricaTel. (27 12) 3103695Fax (27 12) 3222682

GA Department ofEnvironment Affairs,Pretoria

Dr Anthony Hall-MartinDirector (Special Services)National Parks Board of South

AfricaPrivate Bag X 402Skukuza 1350South AfricaTel. (2713)1165611Fax (2713) 1165467Telex 335643


O SSCO CNPPA

Dr George Ritchie HughesChief DirectorNatal Parks BoardP.O. Box 6623200 PietermaritsburgSouth AfricaTel. (27331)471961Fax (27 331) 471037Telex 643 481

GA Natal Parks BoardO SSCO CNPPA

Mr Brian HuntleyNational Botanical InstitutePrivate Bag X7Oaremont 7735South AfricaTel. (27 21) 7621166Fax (27 21) 7623229

AF National BotanicalInstitute (NBI)

O SSC

Dr Johannes H. NeethlingChief DirectorChief Directorate, Nature and

Environmental ConservationPrivate Bag X9086Cape Town 8000South AfricaTel. (27 21) 4834093Fax (27 21) 230939Telex 522368

AF Chief Directorate, Natureand EnvironmentalConservation

Dr Gilbert RobinsonNational Parks BoardP.O. Box 787Pretoria 0001South AfricaTel. (2712)3439770Fax (27 12) 3430155Telex 321324


O SSC

Mr Rob SoutterWWF - South AfricaP.O. Box 456Stellenbosh 7600South AfricaTel. (27 22) 3172801Fax (27 22) 3179517

NGSA Nature Foundation /WWF Southern Africa

O CEC

Mr A.E.G. TrollipNational Parks BoardP.O. Box 787Pretoria 0001South AfricaTel. (27 11) 8831340Fax (27 11) 8834505

GA National Parks BoardO CEL

Dr Richard D. WalmsleyFoundation for Research

DevelopmentP.O. Box 2600Pretoria 0001South AfricaTel. (2712)8413634Fax (27 12) 8042679Telex 3-21312 SA

AF Foundation for ResearchDevelopment

Spain

Sr Andres F. Alcantara ValeroAsociación Malaguena para la

Protección de la VidaSilvestre

Apto. 404629080 MalagaSpainTel. (34 52) 275482

NG Asociación Malaguenapara la Protección de laVida Silvestre (SIL-VEMA)

Mrs Eliza BarahonaSecretaria General de Medio

AmbientePo Castellana 6728071 MadridSpain

GA Secretaria General deMedio Ambiente(SGMA)

Ms Susana CalvoSecretaria General de Medio

AmbientePo Castellana 6728071 MadridSpain

GA Secretaria General deMedio Ambiente(SGMA)

Sr Juan Manuel de BenitoOntañon

Institute Nacional para laConservación de laNaturaleza (ICONA)

Gran Vía San Francisco 35

28005 MadridSpainTel. (34 1) 76189Fax (34 1) 2658379Telex 47591 aeico e

ST Institute Nacional parala Conservación de laNaturaleza (ICONA)

Dr Josep del Hoyo CalduchPresidentLliga per a la Defensa del

Patrimoni Natural(DEPANA)

Arago, 281 2 - 2a08009 BarcelonaSpainTel. (34 3) 2151484Fax (34 3) 4871560

NG Lliga per a la Defensadel Patrimoni Natural(DEPANA)

Sr Antonio MachadoConsejería de Política

Territorial, ComunidadAutónoma de Canarias

Presidencia del GobiernoPlaza 25 de Julio no. 138001 Santa Cruz de TenerifeIslas CanariasSpainTel. (34 22) 272762Fax (34 22) 273215

GA Consejeria de PoliticaTerritorial, ComunidadAutónoma de Canarias

Sr Don Cosine MorilloInstitute Nacional para la

Conservación de laNaturaleza (ICONA)

Gran Vía de San Francisco 3528005 MadridSpainTel. (34 1) 76159Fax (34 1) 2658379Telex 47591 aeico e

ST Institute Nacional parala Conservación de laNaturaleza (ICONA)

GA Agencia Española deCooperacion Inter-nacional (AECI)

Sr Victor Perez-BorregoConsejeria de Politica

Territorial, ComunidadAutonoma de Canarias

Avenida de Anaga 357 PlantaSanta Cruz de TenerifeSpainTel. (34 22) 273354Fax (34 22) 287115

GA Consejeria de PoliticaTerritorial, ComunidadAutenoma de Canarias

Sr Carlos Segovia EspiauAsociación para la Superviven-

cia de la Naturaleza y MedioAmbiente

Aptdo. de Correos 14341080 SevillaSpain


Tel. (34 95) 4214251NG Asociación para la

Supervivencia de laNaturaleza y el MedioAmbiente de Andalucia(ANDALUS)

Mr Gordon ShepherdAsociacidn para la Defensa de

la Naturaleza (ADENA),WWF-Espana

Santa Engracia 6Madrid 10Spain

NG WWF-España

Sri Lanka

Dr Raja V.W.E. AmeresekereSecretaryMinistry of Environment and

Parliamentary Affairs6th FloorUnity PlazaColombo 4Sri LankaTel. (94 1) 589426

O Ministry of Environmentand ParliamentaryAffairs

Mr Herath M. BandaratillakeForest DepartmentRajamalwatta RoadBattaramullaSri LankaTel. (94 1) 566634Fax (94 1) 580089

GA Forest Department

Mr Lalanath De SilvaEnvironmental Foundation Ltd.29, Siripa RoadColombo 5Sri LankaTel. (94 1) 588804Fax (94 1) 546518Telex 22894 sagco ce

NG EnvironmentalFoundation

Dr Sukanya DevarajanScience and Technical AdvisorCanadian International

Development Agency(CIDA)

12, Amaraserere MawathaColombo 5Sri LankaTel. (94 1) 502640Fax (94 1) 502643

O Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency(CIDA)

Dr Ranjen FernandoWildlife and Nature Protection

SocietyNo 10 Daniel AvenueColombo 5Sri LankaTel. (94 1) 25248Fax (94 1) 580721Telex 21537

NG Wildlife and NatureProtection Society

Prof. I.A.U.N. GunatillekeUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri LankaTel. (94 8) 88693Fax (94 8) 32043

O

Mr Malcolm A.B. JansenCoordinator (Projects)March for Conservationc/o University of ColomboCollege HouseThurstan RoadColombo 3Sri Lanka

NG March for Conservation(MFC)

Mr Edmund KernerVice PresidentWorldview International Sri

Lanka Foundation3/2 Hawlton RoadBlockburn South VIC 3130AustraliaSri LankaTel. (61 3) 8025253

O Worldview InternationalSri Lanka Foundation

Dr Sarath W. KotagamaDirectorDepartment of Wildlife

Conservation15, Center RoadJayanthipuraBattaramullaSri LankaTel. (94) 567084

GA Department of WildlifeConservation

Mr Winasa M. LeelasenaNorwegian Agency for

Development Cooperation(NORAD)

34, Ward PlaceColombo 7Sri LankaTel. 698936/692263Fax (94 1) 695009Telex 21340 norad ce

O Norwegian Agency forDevelopment Coop-eration (NORAD)

Mr D.G. PremachandraSecretaryMinistry of Lands, Irrigation

and Mahaweli Development500 T.B. Jayah MawathaColombo 10Sri LankaTel. (94 1) 687375Fax (94 1) 584984

ST Ministry of Lands,Irrigation and MahaweliDevelopment

Mr Anslem de SilvaFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Peradeniya

PeradeniyaSri LankaTel. (94 8) 88130Fax (94 8) 32572

O SSC

Mr L.CA. de S. WijesingheAddl. Director GeneralNatural Resources, Energy and

Science Authority of SriLanka

Maitland PlaceColombo 7Sri LankaTel. (94 1) 596771

O Natural Resources,Energy and ScienceAuthority of Sri Lanka

Sudan

Dr Mutasim NimirSudanese Environmental

Conservation SocietyWildlife Research CentreP.O. Box 16 El MordaOmdurmanSudanTel. (249) 76925Telex 22738 kup sd

O Sudanese EnvironmentalConservation Society

Sweden

Mr Johan BrismanAssistant Director GeneralSwedish International

Development Authority(SIDA)

105 25 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 7285400Fax (46 8) 3222141Telex 114 505

ST Ministry of Environmentand Energy

Dr Lars-Erik EspingAssistant Director GeneralSwedish Environmental

Protection Agency17185 SolnaSwedenTel. (46 8) 7991000Fax (46 8) 292382Telex 11131 environ


Prof. Matin FalkenmarkSwedish Natural Science

Research CouncilP.O. Box 671111385 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 303508

O Swedish Natural ScienceResearch Council

Mr Rune FrisenHead of Department

Swedish EnvironmentalProtection Agency

17185 SolnaSwedenTel. (46 8) 7991405Fax (46 8) 2291106Telex 11131 envir


Prof. Bjorn GanningAmbioRoyal Swedish Academy of

ScienceS-10405 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 150430

O Ambio, Royal SwedishAcademy of Science

Ms Carolyn Hannan-AndersonIUCN ConsultantNypongrand 51175 49 JarfallaSwedenTel. (46) 75814233

O

Ms Madeleine HoistHead of SectionMinistry of the Environment103 33 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 7631000Fax (46 8) 241629Telex 15499


Ms Gudrun A. C. HubendickSwedish Society for the

Conservation of NatureP.O. Box 4625S-11691 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 7026581Fax (46 8) 7022702

NG Swedish Society for theConservation of Nature

Dr Hans LundbergEnvironmental SecretaryRoyal Swedish Academy of

SciencesEnvironmental SecretariatP.O. Box 50005S-104 05 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 150430Fax (46 8) 155670Telex 17073

NG Royal Swedish Academyof Sciences

O COE

Mr Valfrid PaulssonDirector GeneralSwedish Environmental

Protection AgencyS-171 85 SolnaSwedenTel. (46 8) 7991000Fax (46 8) 292382Telex 1131 environ s



Mr Mats SegnestamSenior Policy Advisor

EnvironmentSwedish International

Development Authority(SIDA)

S-105 25 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 7285406Fax (46 8) 3222141Telex 114 50 s


Dr Magnus SylvenHead of ConservationWWF - SwedenUlriksdals SlottS-171 71 SolnaSwedenTel. (46 8) 850120Fax (46 8) 851329

NG WWF - Sweden

Mr Carl ThamDirector GeneralSwedish International

Development AuthorityS-10525 StockholmSwedenTel. (46 8) 7285410Fax (46 8) 332076


Switzerland

Dr Aldo AntoniettiOffice federal de l'environne-

ment, des foêts et dupaysage

Division principaleProtection nature et paysage3003 BerneSwitzerlandTel. (41 31) 618081Fax (41 31) 61782

ST Office federal del'environnement, desForêts et du paysage

NG Academie Suisse desSciences Naturelles

NG Comité d'Action pour laDéfense des Animaux enPeril (CADAP)

NG Ligue Suisse pour laProtection de la Nature

M Jaques S. BerneyCITES SecretariatC.P. 786, rue du Maupas1000 Lausanne 9SwitzerlandTel. (41 21) 200081Fax (41 21) 200084Telex 454584 ctes ch

O CITES Secretariat

Dr Mark CollinsSocietas Europaea Lepidop-

terologica (SEL)c/o Hanjurg GeigerGeneral Secretary

Zoologisches Institut derUniversitat BernSwitzerland

IN Societas EuropaeaLepidopterologica (SEL)

O SSC

Mr Charles de HaesDirector GeneralWWF InternationalAvenue Mont-Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 64 91 11Fax (41 22) 64 58 29Telex 419 618

O WWF International

Mrs Elizabeth HoldgateIUCNAvenue du Mont Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerland

O

Mr Peter JacksonChairman, IUCN Cat Specialist

Group1172 BougySwitzerlandTel. (41 21) 8086012

O SSC

Dr Timothy H. JohnsonSchweizer VogelschutzAttn: M. HirtPostfach8036 ZurichSwitzerlandTel. (41 1) 463 7271Fax (41 1) 461 4778

NG Schweizer Vogelschutz(SVS)

Ms Yolanda KakabadseNGO Liaison OfficerUnited Nations Conference on

Environment and Develop-ment (UNCED)

B.P. 801231 ConchesSwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 7891676Fax (41 22) 7893536

IUCN Council Member

Mr Adam MarkhamWWF InternationalAvenue du Mont Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 649525Fax (41 22) 645829Telex 419 618 WWF CH

O WWF International

Dr Claude MartinDeputy Director GeneralWWF InternationalAvenue du Mont Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 649111Fax (41 22) 645829Telex 419 618

O WWF International

Mr John Edward NashHonorary TreasurerWWF-IntemationalAvenue du Mont Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerland

O WWF-International

Sir Shridath RamphalPresident, IUCNIUCN1196 GlandSwitzerland

IUCN President-elect

Dr Michael Royston27, Ch. de la Fontaine1292 ChambesySwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 7582147Fax (41 22) 7983842

O

Mr Robert SanGeorgeWWF InternationalAvenue du Mont Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 649559Fax (41 22) 645358

O WWF International

Mr Gordon ShepherdDirector, Conservation Policy

CampaignsWWF InternationalAv. du Mont-Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 649511Fax (41 22) 645829Telex 419 618 wwf ch

NG WWF - SuisseO WWF International

Dr Rudolf SlooffWorld Health OrganizationDivision of Environmental

Health1211 Geneva 27SwitzerlandTel. (41 22) 7913580Fax (41 22) 7910746Telex 415416 oms

O World Health Organiza-tion

Tanzania

Mr David BabuDirectorTanzania National ParksP.O. Box 3134ArushaTanzaniaTel. (255 57) 3471Telex 42130 tz

GA Tanzania National Parks

Mr Godfrey L KamukalaNational Environment

Management CouncilP.O. Box 20671Dar-es-Salaam

TanzaniaTel. (255 51) 234603Telex 41959 Nemaco tz

GA Wildlife Division,Ministry of NaturalResources and Tourism

Dr David N. ManyanzaTanzania National ParksCollege of African Wildlife

ManagementMwekaP.O. Box 3031MoshiTanzaniaTel. Kibosho 18Telex 43082 Curing tz

GA Tanzania National Parks

Mr Constantius A. MlayWildlife DivisionMinistry of Natural Resources

and TourismP.O. Box 1994Dar-es-SalaamTanzaniaTel. 23230/21246Fax (255 51) 23230Telex 41725 nareto tz


O CNPPA

Mr Paul J MshangaTanzania National ParksNgorongoro Conservation

Area AuthorityP.O. Box 1Ngorongoro CraterTanzaniaTel. (255 57) 3339

GA Tanzania National ParksGA Wildlife Division,

Ministry of NaturalResources and Tourism

Mr N.K. MsimbiraMinistry of Lands, Housing

and Urban DevelopmentP.O. Box 9132Dar-es-SalaamTanzaniaTel. (255 51) 67724Telex 41725 nareto tz


Mr Wilfred NgirwaTanzanian National ParksMinistry of Agriculture &

LivestockP.O. Box 9192Dar-Es-SalaamTanzaniaTel. 26052 or 25284Telex 41246 TZ



Thailand

Prof. Sanit AksomkoaeFaculty of ForestryKasetsart UnivesityBangkok 10903ThailandTel. (66 2) 5790171

O IUCN WetlandsProgramme AdvisoryCommittee

Dr Howard E. DaughertyCoordinator Natural Resources

Prog-Asian Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 2754Bangkok 10501ThailandTel. (66 2) 5160110Fax (66 2) 5162128

O Asian Institute ofTechnology

Professor Dr HRH PrincessChulabhorn

Thailand

Mr Jonathan E. Murray195 Soi Ruam SantiSaphan Kwai 10400BangkokThailandTel. (66 2) 2797945Fax (66 2) 2519184

O SSC

Mr Suwan PuangsamleeNational Environment Board60/1 Pibulwatana 7Rama 6 RoadBangkok 10400ThailandTel. (66 2) 2798088Fax (66 2) 2798088Telex 20838 minsten

O National EnvironmentBoard

Lt Bunnalert RushatakulRoyal Forest DepartmentPaholyothin RoadBangkhen DistrictBangkok 10900ThailandTel. (66 2) 5791151Fax (66 2) 5798611

ST Royal Forest Department

Mr Suvat SinghapantDirectorRoyal Forest DepartmentNational Park DivisionBangkokThailand

ST Royal Forest Department

Mr Erik SkoglundMekong CommitteeMekong SecretariatKasatsuk Bridge, Rama 1 RoadBangkok 10330ThailandTel. (66 2) 2250029

Fax (66 2) 2252796Telex 21322 Mekong TH

O Mekong Committee

Mr Kasem SnidvongsDirector GeneralScience Service DepartmentRama 6 RoadBangkok 10400ThailandTel. (662) 2455004Fax (662) 2479468Telex 20838minsten th

O CESP

Mr Chalermsak WanichsombatNational Environment Board60/1 Pibulwatana 7Rama 6 RdBangkok 10400ThailandTel. (66 2) 2792793Fax (66 2) 2798088Telex 20838

O National EnvironmentBoard

Uganda

Tonga

Ms Netatua P. FifitaP.O. Box 5Nuku'AlofaTongaTel. (676) 23611Fax (676) 23216

O

Trinidad & Tobago

Mr Clarence BacchusManaging DirectorTrinidad and Tobago Forest

Products TANTEAKMinistry of EnvironmentWhitehallPort-of-SpainTrinidad & TobagoTel. (500809) 6650078Fax (500809) 6656645

O Trinidad and TobagoForest ProductsTANTEAK

Tunisia

Mr Mohamed Ali AbrouguiPresidentAss. Tunisienne pour la

Protection de la Nature et del'Environnement

12, rue Tantaoui El JawahiriEl Omrane1005 TunisTunisiaTel. (21 61) 287603Fax (21 61) 233237

NG Ass. Tunisienne pour laProtection de la Natureet de l'Environnement

Mr Thaddaeus O. AcereP.O. Box 9629KampalaUgandaTel. (256 41) 257976Telex 62216 Eniro Ug

O Government of theRepublic of Uganda

Dr Eric EdromaDirectorUganda National ParksP.O. Box 3530KampalaUgandaTel. (256 41) 256534Fax (256 41) 245580Telex 61255 UNDP UGA

GA Uganda National Parks

The Hon. Moses KintuMinister of Environment

ProtectionP.O. Box 9629KampalaUgandaTel. (256 41) 255477


Mr Moses OkuaUganda Game DepartmentP.O. Box 4EntebbeUgandaTel. (256 42) 20073

GA Uganda GameDepartment

Mr Hector S. Opika OpokaPermanent SecretaryMinistry of Environment

ProtectionP.O. Box 9629KampalaUgandaTel. 232598 or 255481Telex 62216 enviroUGA


United Kingdom

Dr Paul AdamSchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of New South

WalesP.O. Box 1Kensington, NSW 2033AustraliaTel. (61 2) 6972076Fax (61 2) 6622918

NG British Ecological Society

Dr Kenneth R. AshbyEnvironment Council25 Hawthorn TerraceDurham DH1 4ELUnited KingdomTel. (44 91) 844649Telex 537 351 Durlib G

NG Environment CouncilO SSC

Ms Janet BarberWWF UKPanda HouseWeyside ParkGodalmingSurrey GU7 1XRUnited KingdomTel. (44 4) 83426444Fax (44 4) 83426409Telex 859 602

NG WWF UKO SSC

Mr Peter Michael BennettConservation Co-ordinatorNational Federation of

Zoological Gardens of GreatBritain & Ireland

Regent's ParkLondon NW1 4RYUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 5860230Fax (44 71) 4834436

NG National Federation ofZoological Gardens ofGreat Britain & Ireland

O SSC

Ms Catherine BickmoreLandscape InstituteTravers Morgan Planning and

Environment Division136 Long AcreLondon WC2E 9AEUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 8365474Fax (44 71) 240959Telex 8812307

NG Landscape Institute

Mr Martin BrasherDepartment of the Environ-

mentDRA2Tollgate HouseHoulton StreetBristol BS2 9DJUnited KingdomTel. (44 272) 218336Fax (44 272) 218182Telex 449321

O

Ms Amie BrautigamDeputy Chairman, SSC Trade

Specialist GroupCenter for Marine Conserva-

tion15 Herbert StreetCambridge CB4 1AGUnited Kingdom

NG Center for MarineConservation

O SSC

Mr Roy BunceDepartment of the Environ-

mentc/o International BranchNature Conservancy CouncilNorthminster HousePeterborough PE1 1UAUnited Kingdom


Tel. (44 733) 40345O Countryside Commis-

sion; CountrysideCommission forScotland; NatureConservancy Council

Dr Peter R. BurbridgeHouse of RossComriePerthshire PH6 2JSUnited KingdomTel. (44 764) 70900Fax (44 764) 70981

O

Mr Duncan CampbellDirectorCountryside Commission for

ScotlandBattlebyRedgortonPerth PH1 3EWUnited KingdomTel. (44 738)27921Fax (44 738) 30583

ST Countryside Commis-sion; CountrysideCommission forScotland; NatureConservancy Council

Mr Tom ClarkBritish Association of Nature

Conservationists (BANC)33 Clarence RoadWimbledonLondon SW19 8QFUnited KingdomTel. (44 81) 5422579

NG British Association ofNature Conservationists(BANC)

Dr Peter David ClarksonScientific Committee on

Antarctic ResearchScott Polar Research InstituteLensfield RoadCambridge, CB2 1ERUnited KingdomTel. (44 223) 62061Fax (44 223) 336549

O Scientific Committee onAntarctic Research

Mr Ralph CobhamIUCN ConsultantCobham Resource ConsultantsAvalon HouseMarcham RoadAbingdonOxford OX14 1V4United KingdomTel. (44 235) 555535Fax (44 235) 553203Telex 83147

O

Dr Mark CollinsRoyal Entomological Society of

London41 Queens GateLondon SW7 5HUUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 5848361

IN Societas EuropeaNG Royal Entomological

Society of LondonO SSC

Ms Joan DavidsonEnvironment AdviserOXFAM-UK69 Painswick RoadCheltenhamGlos. GL50 2EXUnited KingdomTel. (44 242) 528254Fax (44 242) 523707

O CESP

Ms Frances DennisIUCN ConsultantNorthdene33 Eastbury RoadNorthwoodMiddlesex HA6 3AJUnited KingdomTel. (44 9274) 22991Fax (44 9238) 35578

O IUCN Consultant,Population andResources Programme

Mr Mark EdwardsInternational Planned

Parenthood Federation(IPPF)

Inner CircleLondon NW1 4NSUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 486 074Fax (44 71) 487 795Telex 919573 ipepee g

O International PlannedParenthood Federation(IPPF)

Mr Julian EvansEnvironment, Science &

Energy Dept.Foreign and Commonwealth

OfficeKing Charles StreetLondon SW1A 2ALUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 2702627Fax (44 71) 9301249

O

Mr Jorgen Finnemann BruunInternational Fur Trade

Federation20/21 QueenhitheLondon EC4V 3AAUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 489 8159Fax (44 71) 489 8102Telex 917513 iftf gb

IN International Fur TradeFederation

Dr Michael J. FordNature Conservancy CouncilNorthminster HousePeterborough PE1 1UAUnited KingdomTel. 44 733 40345Fax 44 733 898290

ST Nature ConservancyCouncil

O SSC

Dr Sandra G. FowlerThe Mill Cottage5 Ampney CrucisGlos. GL7 5RSUnited KingdomTel. (44 285) 851522

O SSC

Dr José I. Dos R. FurtadoChairman, IUCN Commission

on Ecology19 Langford GreenChampion HillLondon SE5 8BXUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 733 8523Fax (44 81) 299 0197

O COEIUCN Council Member

Mr Alistair GammellRoyal Society for the Protection

of BirdsThe LodgeSandyBeds SG19 2DLUnited KingdomTel. (44 767) 680551Fax (44 767) 692365Telex 82469

NG Royal Society for theProtection of Birds(RSPB)

Dr Ian HainesOverseas Development

AdministrationEland HouseStag PlaceLondon SWIE 5DHUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 273 0210Fax (44 71) 273 0679Telex 263907/8

O Overseas DevelopmentAdministration

Mr Ivan HattinghChairmanTelevision Trust for the

EnvironmentWWFWeyside ParkGodalmingSurrey GU7 1XRUnited KingdomTel. (44 483)426 444Fax (44 483) 426 409Telex 859602

NG Television Trust for theEnvironment (TVE)

Mr David George HughesResearch AssistantZoological Society of Glasgow

and West of ScotlandGlasgow ZooUddingtonGlasgow G71 7RZUnited KingdomTel. (44 41) 771 1185Fax (44 41) 771 2615

NG Zoological Society ofGlasgow and West ofScotland

O SSC

H.R.H. The Duke of EdinburghPatron of IUCNBuckingham PalaceLondon SW1United Kingdom

IUCN Patron

Dr Timothy H. JohnsonInternational Council for Bird

Preservation32 Cambridge RoadGirtonCambridge CB3 OPJUnited KingdomTel. (44 223)277318Fax (44 223) 277200Telex 818794 icbp g

IN International Council forBird Preservation

Dr W.J. JordanCare for the Wild, Chairman of

TrusteesAshfoldsRusper, HorshamSussex RH12 4QXUnited KingdomTel. (44 293) 871596Fax (44 293) 871022

O SSC

Mrs Patricia Koechlin-SmytheWWF-UKSudgrove HouseMiserdenNr StroudGlos.United Kingdom

Miss Shuk Man. Amy LauWWF Hong KongP.O. Box 12721Hong KongTel. (85 25) 261011Fax (85 28) 452374Telex 66711 wwfhk hx

NG WWF Hong Kong

Dr Edward MaltbyDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ExeterAmory Building, Rennes DriveExeterDevon EX4 4RJUnited KingdomTel. (44 392) 263338Fax (44 392) 263305Telex 42894 exuniv e

O

Ms Pauline MarstrandInstitute of Biology20 Queensbury PlaceLondon SW7 2D2United KingdomTel. (44 71) 581 8333Fax (44 71) 823 9409

NG Institute of Biology

Mrs Gillian MillsInternational Fur Trade

Federation20/21 QueenhitheLondon EC4V 3AAUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 489 8159


Fax (44 71) 489 8102Telex 917513 iftf gbg

IN International Fur TradeFederation

Dr Jacqui MorrisFauna and Flora Preservation

Society79-83 North StreetBrighton BN1 1ZAUnited KingdomTel. (44 273)820445Fax (44 273) 725940

IN Fauna and FloraPreservation Society

O SSC

Mr R.F. MorrisonAssociateTouche Ross & CoHill House1 Little Mew St.London EC4A 3TRUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 963 3000Fax (44 71) 583 8517

O Touche Ross & Co

Dr M.E. MoserDirectorIWRBSlimbridgeGloucester GL2 7BXUnited KingdomTel. (44 45) 38980624Fax (44 45) 3890827Telex 437145 wwf g

IN IWRB

Dr Timothy Richard NewLa Trobe UniversityBundogra, V3083AustraliaTel. (61 3) 479 2247Fax (61 3) 479 1188Telex AA 33143

NG Royal EntomologicalSociety of London

O SSC

Dr Max NicholsonEarthwatch Europe57 Woodstock RdOxford OX2 6HUUnited KingdomTel. (44 865) 311 600Fax (44 865) 311 383

IN Earthwatch Europe

Mr John OldhamTravere Morgan136 Long AcreLondon WC2United KingdomTel. (44 71) 836 5474Fax (44 71) 240 9595Telex 8812307 gb

NG Landscape Institute

Dr Brian O'ConnorNature Conservancy CouncilNorthminster HousePeterborough PE1 1UAUnited KingdomTel. (44 733) 40345Fax (44 733) 898290

Telex 931 2130132 ncgST Countryside Commis-

sion; CountrysideCommission forScotland; NatureConservancy Council

Dr John Pernetta2, Thomas StreetKing's LynnNorfolk PE30 5QPUnited KingdomTel. (44 553)767081Fax (44 553) 692608

O

Dr Bishnodat PersaudCommonwealth SecretariatMarlborough HousePall MallLondon SW1Y 5HXUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 839 3411Fax (44 71) 930 2299Telex 27678

O CommonwealthSecretariat

Mr Adrian A.C. PhillipsDirector GeneralCountryside CommissionJohn Dower HouseCrescent PlaceCheltenham GL5O 3RAUnited KingdomTel. (44 242) 521381Fax (44 242) 584270


O CNPPA

Mrs Cassandra PhillipsWWF InternationalThe New GroundsSlimbridgeGlos. GL2 7BTUnited KingdomTel. (44 453) 890333Fax (44 453) 890827

NG Wildfowl and WetlandsTrust

O WWF International

Dr Duncan PooreBalnacamGlenmoristonInverness IV3 6YJUnited KingdomTel. (44 320) 40261

AF International Institute forEnvironment andDevelopment

NG British Association ofNature Conservationists(BANC)

O CNPPAO COE

Mr Ian PresttRoyal Society for the Protection

of BirdsThe LodgeSandy

Beds SG19 2DLUnited KingdomTel. (44 767) 680551Fax (44 767) 692365Telex 82469 RSPBG

NG Royal Society for theProtection of Birds

Dr George RabbMarwell Preservation TrustAttn: Mr KnowlesColden CommonWinchester SO21 1JHUnited KingdomTel. (44 96) 274 407

NG Marwell Zoological ParkNG Zoological Society of

LondonNG Twycross Zoo, East

Midland ZoologicalSociety

Mr Steve RobinsonThe Environment Council80 York WayLondon N1 9AGUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 278 4736Fax (44 71) 837 9688

NG The EnvironmentCouncil

Mr Matthew RowntreeAsh CottageGardiners LaneAshwellNr BaldockHertfordshireUnited KingdomTel. (44 46274) 2715

O WWF-UK

Mr Jeremy L. RussellRoyal Institute of International

Affairs10 St James's SquareLondon SW1Y 4LEUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 934 2944Fax (44 71) 839 3593

O World ConservationMonitoring Centre

O IUCN East EuropeanProgramme

Prof. John C. SmythVice-PresidentRoyal Zoological Society of

ScotlandGlenparkJohnstoneRenfrewshire PA5 OSPScotlandUnited KingdomTel. (44 505)20219

NG Royal Zoological Societyof Scotland

O CEC

Mr Richard Steele"Treetops"20 Deepdene WoodDorkingSurrey RH5 4BQUnited KingdomTel. (44 306) 883106

NG National Trust for Placesof Historic Interest orNatural Beauty

IUCN Council MemberTreasurer, IUCN

Mr Timothy SwansonLondon Environment

Economics CentreDept of LawUniversity College London

. Cower StLondon WC1E 6BTUnited KingdomTel. (44 71) 387 7050Fax (44 71) 383 7127

O London EnvironmentEconomics Centre

Mr Hugh Synge49 Kelvedon CloseKingston-upon-ThamesKT2 5LF Surrey, UKUnited KingdomTel. (44 81) 546 6725Fax (44 81) 974 5127

Proceedings Editor/ChiefRapporteur

Dr Bill SyrattEnvironmental ServicesBP International LtdBritannic HouseMoon LaneLondon EC2Y 9B4United KingdomTel. (44 71) 920 8847Fax (44 71) 628 2709Telex 888811

O Environmental Services

Mr Jorgen B. ThomsenDirectorTRAFFIC International219c Huntingdon RoadCambridge CB3 ODLUnited KingdomTel. (44 223) 277 427Fax (44 223) 277 237

O SSC

Ms Delia Ann TomblesonNature Conservancy CouncilNorthminster HousePeterborough PE1 1UAUnited KingdomTel. (44 733) 340345Fax (44 733) 898290Telex 9312130132 ncg


Dr Chris TydemanWWF UKPanda HouseWeyside ParkCatteshall LaneGodalmingSurrey GU7 1XRUnited KingdomTel. (44 483) 426 444Fax (44 483) 426 409Telex 859 602


NG WWF UKNG British Herpetological

Society (BHS)

Dr Richard WarrickClimatic Research UnitUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited KingdomTel. 44 603 592089Fax 44 468 166405

O Climatic Research Unit

Dr Roger WilkinsonNorth of England Zoological

Society, Chester ZooChester CH2 ILHUnited Kingdom

Dr Adrian P. WoodDept. of Geographical SciencesHuddersfield PolytechnicQueensgateHuddersfield HD1 3DHWest YorkshireUnited KingdomTel. (44 484) 422288Fax (44 484) 516151Telex 518299 hudpol g

O Dept. of GeographicalSciences, HuddersfieldPolytechnic

United States

Dr Tundi AgardyWoods Hole Oceanographic

Inst.Woods Hole, MA 02543United StatesTel. (1 508) 548 1400Fax (1 508) 548 2195

O SSC

Mr Ahkana AkoatkoakInuit Circumpolar Conference

(ICC)Alaska Eskimo Whaling

CommissionP.O. Box 570BarrowAlaska 99723United StatesTel. (1 901) 852 5961Fax (1 901) 852 2402


Col. John A. AndersonLincoln Filene CenterTufts UniversityMedford MA 02155United StatesTel. (1 617) 3813451Fax (1 617) 3813401

NG Lincoln Filene Center forCitizenship and PublicAffairs

Ms Nancy W. AndersonDirectorEnvironmental Citizenship

ProgramLincoln Filene Center

Tufts UniversityMedford MA 02155United StatesTel. (1 617) 3813451Fax (1 617) 3813401


O CEC

Mr John A. Anderson Jr.Lincoln Filene CenterTufts UniversityMedford MA 02155United StatesTel. (1 617) 381 3451Fax (1 617) 381 3401

O Lincoln Filene Center forCitizenship and PublicAffairs

Mrs Nancy AzzamWindstar Foundation2300 Noble Avenue NorthGolden ValleyMinnesota 55422United StatesTel. (1 612) 588 3300Fax (1 612) 588 3066

NG Windstar Foundation

Mr Louis BacardiDirector, Animal ResourcesInternational Society for

Endangered Cats (ICES)Lubee Foundation, Inc.18401 N.W. County Road 231Gainesville FL 32609United StatesTel. (1 614) 4514460

NG International Society forEndangered Cats (ISEC)

Ms Patricia BaldiDirector of PopulationNational Audubon Society801 Pennsylvania Avenue, SEWashington DC 20003United StatesTel. (1 202) 547 9009Fax (1 202) 547 9022

NG National AudubonSociety

Dr Charles V. BarberWorld Resources Institute1709 New York Avenue NWWashington DC 20008United StatesTel. (1 202) 662 2506Fax (1 202) 638 0036

NG World ResourcesInstitute

Mr Benjamin BeckAssociate DirectorSmithsonian InstitutionNational Zoological ParkSmithsonian InstitutionWashington DC 20008United StatesTel. (1 202) 673 4871

NG Smithsonian Institution

Mr Peter BerlePresident

National Audubon Society950 Third AvenueNew York NY 10022United StatesTel. (1 212) 546 9234


Dr Richard BilsborrowResearch ProfessorUniversity of North CarolinaCarolina Population CenterUniversity Square East 300 AChapel HillNorth Carolina 27516-3997United StatesTel. (1 919) 966 2159Fax (1 919) 966 6638

O University of NorthCarolina

Mrs Mena BoulangerDevelopment OfficerChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfield Zoo3300 Golf RoadBrookfield IL 60513United States

O SSC

Ms Amie BrautigamCenter for Marine Conserva-

tionSuite 5001725 De Sales Street NWWashington, DC 20036United States

NG Center for MarineConservation

O SSC

Dr William Y. BrownWaste Management Inc.1155 Connecticut AvenueSuite 800Washington DC 20036United StatesTel. (1 202) 467 4480Fax (1 202) 659 8752

O Waste Management Inc.

Dr Donald BruningWildlife Conservation

InternationalNew York Zoological SocietyBronxNew York 10460United StatesTel. (1 212) 220 5159Fax (1 212) 220 7114Telex 428279

NG Wildlife ConservationInternational, a divisionof the New YorkZoological Society

Ms Mary C. CarrollPresident, Parks InternationalUS National Parks ServiceOffice of International Affairs403 Winsford RoadBryn Mawr PA 19010United StatesTel. (1 215) 527 0184Fax (1 215) 527 5932

O US National ParksService

Mr Charles CecilBureau of Oceans & Inter-

national Environmental &Scientific Affairs

OES/E Room 7825Department of StateWashington DC 20520-7818United StatesTel. (1 202) 647 2232Fax (1 202) 647 0217

ST Bureau of Oceans andInternational Environ-mental and ScientificAffairs, US Departmentof State

Ms Doris Cellarius2439 Crestline Dr. NWOlympia WA 98502United StatesTel. (1 206) 943 6875Fax (1 206) 866 6823

O

Prof. Richard CellariusSierra Club2439 Crestline Dr. NWOlympia WA 98502United StatesTel. (1 206) 943 6875Fax (1 206) 866 6823

IN Sierra Club

Dr Leif ChristoffersenChief, Environment Division,

AfricaThe World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DCUnited StatesTel. (1 202) 473 4459

O The World Bank

Prof. Tim W. ClarkChicago Zoological SocietyBox 2705Jackson WY 83001United StatesTel. (1 307) 733 6856Telex 325 1455

O SSC

Dr Gloria J. DavisEnvironment DepartmentThe World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433United StatesTel. (1 202) 458 2756Fax (1 202) 477 6391Telex 82987

O The World Bank

Ms Gina DeFerrariUS Department of Statec/o Charles O. CecilOES/EWashington DC 20520-7818United States



Dr Marc Jean DourojeanniChief, Environmental

ProtectionInter-American Development

Bank1300 New York Ave. NWWashington DC 20577United StatesTel. (1 202) 6231795Fax (1 202) 6232346

O Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank

O CNPPA

Ms Mary DysonThe World BankRoom 530511818 H Street NWWashington DC 20009United StatesTel. (1 202) 4733425Fax (1 202) 4770968Telex 82987 ftcc

O The World Bank

Mr Augustus EdwardsSpecial AssistantNational Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)

US Department of Commerce14th and Constitution Avenue

NWRoom 5804Washington DC 20230United StatesTel. (1 202) 377 3567Fax (1 202) 377 8203

GA National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administ-ration (NOAA), USDepartment ofCommerce

Mr William EichbaumWWF-US1250 24th Street, NWWashington DC 20037United StatesTel. (1 202) 778-9645Fax (1 202) 293-9211Telex 64505 PANDA

NGWWF-USO CNPPAO CEL

Prof. John Ronald EngelMeadville/ Lombard5701 S.Woodlawn AvenueChicagoIllinois 60637-1602United StatesTel. (1 312) 753 3199Fax (1 312) 702 1225

O CEC

Dr Richard EstesCentre for Field Research

Earthwatch680 Mount Auburn St.Watertown MAUnited StatesTel. (1 603) 9249804Fax (1 603) 9247013

NG Centre for FieldResearch Earthwatch

O SSC

Dr Ardith A. EudeyInternational Primate

Protection League164 Dayton StreetUpland CA 91786United StatesTel. (1 714) 9829832

IN International PrimateProtection League

O SSC

Dr Nathan R. FlesnessExecutive DirectorInternational Species Inventory

SystemMinnesota Zoological Garden12101 Johnny Cake Ridge RoadApple Valley MN 55124United StatesTel. (1 612) 4319317Fax (1 612) 4322757

O SSC

Dr Thomas J. FooseExecutive OfficerSSC Captive Breeding

Specialist Group12101 Johnny Cake Ridge RoadApple Valley MN 55124United States

O SSC

Dr Nancy FosterNational Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)

1335 East West HighwaySilver Spring Maryland 20910United StatesTel. (1 301) 427 2332Fax (1 301) 588 4967

GA National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administ-ration (NOAA), USDepartment ofCommerce

Dr John W. GrandyTreasurerAmerican Committee for

International Conservation(ACIC)

2100 L Street NWWashington DC 20037United StatesTel. (1 202) 452 1100Fax (1 202) 778 6132

NG American Committee forInternational Conserva-tion (ACIC)

NG International PrimateProtection League

O SSCO CELO COE

Mr Lynn A. GreenwaltVice President for International

AffairsNational Wildlife Federation1400 Sixteenth Street NWWashington DC 20036-2266United StatesTel. (1 202) 797 6669Fax (1 202) 797 5486

NG National WildlifeFederation

Dr Jay D. HairPresidentNational Wildlife Federation1400 16th Street NWWashington, DC 20036United StatesTel. (1 202) 797 6842Fax (1 202) 797 6646

NG National WildlifeFederation

O COE

Prof. Dr Lawrence S. HamiltonEast-West Center, EAPI1777 East-West RoadHonoluluHawaii 96848United StatesTel. (1 808) 944 7253Fax (1 808) 944 7970

O CNPPAO COE

Dr Julia Henderson1735 Forest RoadVenice FL 34293United StatesTel. (1 813) 497 4808


Dr Alan HodsonSchool for International

TrainingKipling RoadBrattleboroVermont 05301United StatesTel. (1 802) 257 7751Fax (1 802) 254 6674

O School for InternationalTraining

Dr Arthur HolcombeUN Development Programme3006 Arlington Ave.Bronx NY 10463United StatesTel. (1 212) 906 5803Fax (1 212) 906 5825

O UN DevelopmentProgramme

Mr Thomas HormelLincoln Filene Center, Tufts

UniversityTufts UnversityMedford MA 02155United StatesTel. (1 617) 3813451Fax (1 617) 3813401


Mr Matthew IyaInuit Circumpolar ConferenceEskimo Walrus CommissionP.O. Box 948Nome Alaska 99762United StatesTel. (1 907) 443 5231Fax (1 907) 443 2985

IN Inuit CircumpolarConference

Ms Carrie JacksonLincoln Filene CenterTufts UniversityMedford MA 02155United StatesTel. (1 617) 3813451Fax (1 617) 3813401

O Lincoln Filene Center forCitizenship and PublicAffairs

Dr Andrew D. JohnsWildlife Conservation

International Bronx ZooBronx NY 10460United StatesTel. 541681

NG Wildlife ConservationInternational, a divisionof the New YorkZoological Society

Dr Twig JohnsonAgency for International

DevelopmentS&T/FENRSA-18 Room 509Washington DC 20523-1812United StatesTel. (1 703) 875 4106Fax (1 703) 875 4394

GA Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID)

Ms Keshari KansakarPopulation Research Labora-

toryUniversity of Southern

California3716 South Hope St, Room 385Los Angeles CA 90007United StatesTel. (1 213) 748 7362Fax (1 213) 743 7408


Mr Katsuhide KitataniDeputy Executive DirectorUnited Nations Population

Fund220 East 42nd StreetNew York NY 10017United StatesFax (1 212) 370 0201Telex 422031

O United NationsPopulation Fund

Mrs Berthe K. LaddCoolidge Center for Environ-

mental Leadership1675 Massachusetts AvenueCambridge MA 02138United StatesTel. (1 617) 864 5085Fax (1 617) 864 6503

NG Coolidge Center forEnvironmentalLeadership

Dr Steven LandfriedSteven Landfried ConsultantsRoute oneEvansville


Wisconsin 53536United StatesTel. (1 608) 873 8848Fax (1 608) 822 5533

O CEC

Prof. Joseph LarsonEnvironmental InstituteBlaisdale HouseUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst MA 01003-0040United StatesTel. (1 413) 545 2842Fax (1 413) 545 2304

O

Mr Bruce LeightyWWF-US, Biodiversity Support

Program1250 24th St. N.W.Washington DC 20037United StatesTel. (1 202) 778 9685Fax (1 202) 293 9211

O WWF-US

Ms Connie LewisSenior AssociateKeystone Center4764 Mills DriveAnchorageAlaska 99508United StatesTel. (1 907) 333 9215Fax (1 907) 333 2106

O World ResourcesInstitute

Mr Steve LewisPresidentInternational Association of

Fish and Wildlife AgenciesPost Office Box 53465Oklahoma City OK 73132United StatesTel. (1 202) 624 7890Fax (1 202) 624 7891

IN International Associationof Fish and WildlifeAgencies

Ms Halcyon LiewLincoln Filene Centerc/o Better World Society1100 17th St. NW No. 502Washington DC 20037United StatesTel. (1 202) 331 3770Fax (1 202) 331 3779


Ms Dounia LoudiyiIUCN Consultant7859 Heatherton LanePotomac MD 20854United StatesTel. (1 301) 9839318Fax (1 202) 7975461

O IUCN Consultant,Population and NaturalResources Programme

Prof. Dr Walter LusigiEnvironment Specialist, Africa

Region

The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433United StatesTel. (1 202) 473 4798Fax (1 202) 477 2979Telex 440098

O World BankO CNPPAIUCN Council MemberIUCN Vice President

Dr Craig MacFarlandCharles Darwin Foundation for

the Galapagos Isles836 MabelleMoscow Idaho 83843United StatesTel. (1 208) 883 4876Fax (1 208) 885 6911

NG Charles DarwinFoundation for theGalapagos Isles

O SSCO CNPPA

Mr Laurence N. MasonChief, Office of International

AffairsUS Fish and Wildlife ServiceDept. of the InteriorArlsq. 860Washington DC 20240United StatesTel. (1 703) 358 1754Fax (1 703) 358 2849

GA US Department of theInterior (Fish andWildlife Service,National Park Service)

Ms Maxine McCloskeyCetacean Society InternationalAttn: Dr Barstow190 Stillwold DriveWethersfield CT 06109United StatesTel. (1 301) 229 4967Fax (1 202) 547 6009

NG Cetacean SocietyInternational (CSI)

NG Defenders of WildlifeO SSCO CNPPA

Mr Michael McCloskeySierra Club408 C Street NEWashington DC 20002United StatesTel. (1 202) 547 1141Fax (1 202) 547 6009

IN Sierra ClubO CNPPAO COE

Prof. Richard J. McNeilCornell UniversityDept. of Natural ResourcesIthaca NY 14853United StatesTel. (1 607) 255 5662Fax (1 607) 255 2821

O CECO CNPPA

Mr Tom MeliusUS Department of Statec/o Charles O. CecilOES/EWashington DC 20520-7818United StatesTel. (1 202) 226 3520


Ms Janice MianoChapter RepresentativeNational Audubon SocietyRR#1Box 21Pittsford VT 05763United StatesTel. (1 802) 483 9362


Dr Kenton MillerWorld Resources Institute1709 New York Avenue, NWWashington DC 20006United StatesTel. (1 202) 662 4582Fax (1 202) 638 0036Telex 64414 WRI WASH


O CNPPA

Dr Richard Gordon MillerForesta InstituteP.O. Box 41567Tucson AZ 85717United StatesTel. (1 602) 327 2911

NG Foresta Institute forOcean and MountainStudies

O SSCO CECO COE

Mr Robert C. MilneChief, Office of International

AffairsNational Park ServiceUS Dept. of InteriorP.O. Box 37127Washington DC 20013-7127United StatesTel. (1 202) 343 7063Fax (1 202) 343 7059Telex 1561375npsiadut

GA US Department ofInterior (Fish andWildlife Service,National Park Service)

O CNPPA

Dr Russell A. MittermeierConservation International1015 18th Street NW Suite 1000Washington DC 20036United StatesTel. (1 202) 429 5660Fax (1 202) 887 5188Telex 910 2409104


O SSC

Prof. Robert H. MohlenbrockDepartment of Plant BiologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondale IL 62901United StatesTel. (1 618) 5362331

O SSC

Mr Franklyn MooreEnvironmental Protection

AgencyWashington DCUnited States

GA EnvironmentalProtection Agency

Mr Benjamin Pinikluk NageakInuit Circumpolar ConferenceNorth Slope BoroughDept. of Wildlife ManagementBox 69Barrow, Alaska 99723United StatesTel. (1 907) 8522611Fax (1 907) 9522402

IN Inuit CircumpolarConference

Dr Elliott NorseCentre for Marine Conserva-

tion1725 De Sales St. NWWashington DC 20036United StatesTel. (1 202) 4295609Fax (1 202) 8720619

NG Centre for MarineConservation

Mr Silvio OlivieriConservation International1015 18th St. NW 1000Wahington DC 20036United StatesTel. (1 202) 429 5660Fax (1 202) 887 5188Telex 9104 ciwdc


Mr James OverbayDeputy Chief, National Forest

SystemUS Forest ServiceP.O. Box 96090Washington DC 20090-6090United StatesTel. (1 202) 447 3523Fax (1 202) 447 8758


Mr Andrew PalmerAmerican Oceans Campaign235 Pennsylvania Ave. SEWashington DC 20003United StatesTel. (1 202) 5443526Fax (1 202) 5445625

O American OceansCampaign


Mr Michael PaparianCalifornia Institute of Public

AffairsSierra Club California1014 Ninth St. #201Sacramento CA 95814United StatesTel. (1 916) 444 6906Fax (1 916) 444 0669

NG California Institute ofPublic Affairs (CIPA)

O COE

Dr Pamela J. ParkerChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfield IL 60513United StatesTel. (1 708) 485 0263Fax (1 708) 485 3532

NG Chicago ZoologicalSociety

Mr Richard M. ParsonsCounselSafari Club International455 Carlisle DriveHemdon, Virginia 22070United StatesTel. (1 703) 709-2293Fax (1 703) 709-2296

O Safari Clubs Inter-national

O SSC

Mr Ken PiddingtonThe World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433United StatesTel. (1 202) 473 3202Fax (1 202) 477 0565

O The World Bank

Dr Peter C.H. PritchardVice PresidentFlorida Audubon Society1101 Audubon WayMaitland FL 32751United StatesTel. (1 407) 6472615Fax (1 407) 6472060

O SSC

Mr Allen PutneyCaribbean Natural Resources

Institute (CANARI)1104 Strand St.Suite 206ChristianstedUS Virgin Islands 00820United StatesTel. (1 809) 773 9854Fax (1 809) 773 9854

NG Caribbean NaturalResources Institute(CANARI)

O CNPPA

Mrs Patricia QuillenDirector International ProjectsInternational Society for

Endangered Cats (ISEC)15453 Woods Valley RoadValley Centre CA 92062United StatesTel. (1 619) 749 3946

Fax (1 619) 749 1324NG International Society for

Endangered Cats (ISEC)O SSC

Dr George RabbChair, IUCN Species Survival

CommissionPresident, Chicago Zoological

SocietyChicago Zoological ParkBrookfield IL 60513United StatesTel. (1 708) 387 0269Fax (1 708) 485 3532

IN International Primatolo-gical Society

IN Society for ConservationBiology

NG American Association ofZoological Parks andAquariums (AAZPA)

NG American Committee forInternational Conserva-tion

NG American Society ofIchthyologists andHerpetologists

NG Audubon Park andZoological Garden

NG Cheyenne MountainZoological Park

NG Chicago ZoologicalSociety

NG Greater Los Angeles ZooAssociation

NG Denver ZoologicalFoundation

NG John G. SheddAquarium

NG Lincoln Park ZoologicalGarden

NG Riverbanks ZoologicalPark

NG St. Louis Zoological ParkNG Tulsa ZooNG Zoological Society of

PhiladelphiaNG Zoological Society of San

DiegoChair, SSCIUCN Council Member

Dr Colin P. ReesSenior Ecologist, Asia RegionThe World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433United StatesTel. (1 202) 477 6182Fax (1 202) 477 7335Telex 82987

O The World Bank

Dr Walter V.ReidWorld Resources Institute1709 New York Avenue NWWashington DC 20006United StatesTel. (1 202) 662 2579Fax (1 202) 638 0036Telex 64414 WRIWASH


Prof. Nicholas A. RobinsonCenter for Environmental

Legal Studies, PaceUniversity

School of Law78 North BroadwayWhite Plains NY 10603United StatesTel. (1 914) 422 4244Fax (1 914) 422 4180

NG Center for Environmen-tal Legal Studies, PaceUniversity, School ofLaw

NG Environmental LawInstitute

O CEL

Mr Brian A. RosboroughChairmanCenter for Field Research

(Earthwatch)680 Mount Auburn StreetWatertown MA 02172United StatesTel. (1 617) 926 8200Fax (1 617) 926 8532Telex 5106006452

NG Center for FieldResearch (Earthwatch)

Dr Eldon RossAssociate Deputy Chief,

ResearchUS Forest ServiceP.O. Box 96090Washington DC 20090-6090United StatesTel. (1 202) 447 2702Fax (1 202) 447 8758


Dr James Perran RossExecutive Officer, SSC/CSGDept. of Natural SciencesFlorida Museum of Natural

HistoryGainesville FL 32601United StatesTel. (1 904) 3921721Fax (1 904) 3929367Telex 387530

O SSC

Mr Raymond RoweSenior Forestry AdviserWorld Bank(Room N 5025)1818 H St. NWWashington DC 20433United StatesTel. (1 202) 473 8972Fax (1 202) 334 0568

O World Bank

Mr Cameron H. Sanders, Jr.c/o IUCN-US1400 16th Street NWWashington DC 20036United StatesTel. (1 202)797 5454Fax (1 202) 797 5461

O

Prof. Robert ScheeleUniversity of California

Extension2223 FultonBerkeley CA 94598United StatesTel. (1 415) 643 6827Fax (1 415) 643 8683

O CESP

Dr Mardith Schuetz-MillerForesta Institute6205 Franktown RoadCarson CityNevada 89704United States

NG Foresta Institute

Dr Ulysses SealChairmanSSC Captive Breeding

Specialist Group12101 Johnny Cake Ridge RoadApple Valley MN 55124United StatesTel. (1 612) 43199325Fax (1 612) 4322757

O SSC

Dr Melody SerenaConservation BiologistHealesville SanctuaryP.O. Box 248Healesville VIC 3777United States

O Healesville Sanctuary

Dr Narendra SharmaTask ManagerThe World Bank1818 H Street NW, Room

N-5027Washington DC 20433United StatesTel. (1 202) 473 6661Fax (1 202) 676 0007Telex 440098

O The World Bank

Mr SkyLighthawkPO Box 100KerbyOregon 97531United StatesTel. (1 503) 592 2365Fax (1 503) 592 2365

O Lighthawk

Dr Stuart D. StrahlWildlife Conservation

InternationalNew York Zoological SocietyBronxNew York 10460United StatesTel. (1 212) 220 7158Fax (1 212) 220 7114

IN Wildlife ConservationInternational, a divisionof the New YorkZoological Society

O SSC

Mr Kenneth StromManager


Rowe SanctuaryRoute 2Gibbon NE 68840United StatesTel. (1 308) 469 5282


Mr Tim SullivanSchool of Forestry & Environ-

mental StudiesYale UniversityAttn: Dr Gordon205 Prospect StreetNew Haven CT 06511United StatesTel. (1 708) 485 0263Fax (1 708) 485 3532

NG School of Forestry &Environmental Studies,Yale University

O SSC

Mr Byron SwiftTropical Conservation ProgramWild Wings and Underhill

Foundations3731 W Street NWWashington DC 2007United States

NG Tropical ConservationProgram, Wildwings andUnderhill Foundations

Dr James G. TeerWildlife SocietyP.O. Drawer 1400SintonTexas 78387United StatesTel. (1 512) 364 2643Fax (1 512) 364 2650

NG Wildlife ManagementInstitute

NG Wildlife Society

Dr Thaddeus C. TrzynaPresidentCalifornia Institute of Public

AffairsP.O. Box 189040SacramentoCalifornia 95818United StatesTel. (1 916) 442 2472Fax (1 916) 442 2478

NG California Institute ofPublic Affairs

O CESP

Dr Edgar WayburnSierra Club730 Polk St.San Francisco CA 94109United StatesTel. (1 415) 923 5579Fax (1 415) 776 0350

IN Sierra ClubO CNPPA

Mr Francois WenceliusWorld BankAFTAG1818 H. Street NWWashington DC 20433United States

O World Bank

Mr Len WestThe Nature Conservancy1815 N Lynn St.Arlington VA 22209United StatesTel. (1 703) 247 3730Fax (1 703) 841 4880

NG The Nature Conservancy

Mr Chas WheelockInternational Indian Treaty

CouncilEco/Development Commission710 Clayton Street No. 1San Francisco CA 94117United StatesTel. (1 415) 566 0251Fax (1 415) 826 7253

O International IndianTreaty Council

Dr Peter W. WhitfordThe World BankRoom H-90451818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433United StatesTel. (1 202) 473 2504Fax (1 202) 477 0711Telex 64145

O The World Bank

Dr Michael H. WoodfordApt. B-709500 23rd Street NWWashington DC 20037United StatesTel. (1 202) 3319448

O SSC

Mr Jim WyermanDefenders of Wildlife1244 19th Street NWWashington DC 20036United StatesTel. (1 202) 659 9510Fax (1 202) 833 3349

NG Defenders of Wildlife

Mr James YpsilantisIUCN Population Programme170-49 Cedarcroft RoadApt 1CJamaica Estates NY 11432United StatesTel. (1 718) 291 4209Fax (1 718) 739 0327

O IUCN PopulationProgramme

Uruguay

Mr Ariel CasteloCentra de investigación y

Promoción Franciscano yEcologíco

Canelones 1164MontevideoUruguayTel. (5982) 907648Fax (5982) 985959

NG Centra de investigacióny Promoción Franciscanoy Ecologfco

USSR

Dr Vladimir FlintState Committee for Environ-

ment Protection - GOSCOM-PRIRODA

Ul. Nezhdanovoi 11103009 MoscowUSSRTel. (7095) 2292158Fax (7095) 2296407Telex 411 692borei su

GA State Committee forEnvironment Protection -GOSCOMPRIRODA

Mr Arne KaasikDirectorLahemaa National ParkSu - 202 128 ViitnaLaane-VirumaaEstoniaUSSRTel. (+01432) 45759Fax (+0142) 453310

O CNPPA

Dr V. SakharovHead of International RelationsState Committee for Environ-

ment Protection - GOSCOM-PRIRODA

Ul Nezhdanovoi, 11103009 MoscowUSSRTel. (7095) 2296560Fax (7095) 2296407Telex 411 692borei su

GA State Committee forEnvironment Protection -GOSCOMPRIRODA

Vanuatu

Mr Ernest BaniPrincipal Environment OfficerMinistry of Home AffairsDept. of Physical Planning and

EnvironmentEnvironment SectionPMB 036Port VilaVanuatuTel. (678) 2252Fax (678) 3142Telex 1040 vangov nh


Mrs Suliana SiwatibauUN/ESCAP Pacific CentreP.O. Box 004Port VilaVanuatuTel. (678) 3458

O UN/ESCAP PacificCentre

Venezuela

Dr Nelson AndradeDirector General SectorialMinisterio del Ambiente y de

los Recursos NaturalesRenovables MARNR

Torre Sur, Piso 18, Of. 1805Centra Simón BolívarEl SilencioCaracas 1010-AVenezuelaTel. (58 2) 413298Fax (58 2) 4832445Telex 24305 MARNR VC

ST Ministerio del Ambientey de los RecursosNaturales RenovablesMARNR

Sra Cecilia de BlohmFundación para la Defensa de

la Naturaleza (FUDENA)Apartado Postal 70376Caracas 1071 AVenezuelaTel. (58 2) 2382930Fax (58 2) 2396547

NG Fundación para laDefensa de la Naturaleza(FUDENA)

O SSC

Dra Cristina PardoDirectora GeneralInstituto Nacional de Parques

(INPARQUES), MARNRApartado 76471Caracas 1062VenezuelaTel. (58 2) 2390901Fax (58 2) 2392698Telex 24362 inap vc

ST Ministerio del Ambientey de los RecursosNaturales Renovables

Viet Nam

Prof. Ngoc Thanh DangMinistere des Affaires

EtrangeresNCSRNghia DoTu LiemHanoiViet NamTel. (42) 58333Telex 411525 ncsrvt

O Ministère des AffairesEtrangeres

Dr Trong Cuc LeDeputy-DirectorCenter for Natural Resources,

Management & Environmen-tal Studies

University of Hanoi19 Le Thanh TongHanoiViet NamTel. (42) 53506Telex 411556 tnmt vt

O


Prof. Quy VoDirectorCentre for Natural Resources

Management & Environmen-tal Studies

University of Hanoi19 Le Thanh TongHanoiViet NamTel. 42 53 506Telex 411556

O SSCO CNPPA

Yugoslavia

Prof. Velimir PravdicCroatian Biological SocietyCenter for Marine ResearchRuder Boskovic InstituteP.O.B. 1016YU 41001ZagrebYugoslaviaTel. (3481) 435111Fax (3481) 425497Telex 21383 yu irb

NG Croatian BiologicalSociety

Zaire

Prof. Kasali LumandeMinistère de l'Environnement,

Conservation de la Nature etTourisme

Avenue de ClinicNo 15GombeKinshasaZaireTel. (24312) 30250

O Ministere del'Environnement,Conservation de laNature et Tourisme

Dr Mankoto Ma MbaelelePresident Délégue généralInstitut Zairois pour la

Conservation de la NatureP.O. Box 868 Kin 1KinshasaZaireTel. (24312) 32668Telex 21112 tabaza zr

O Département del'agriculture, deVeloppe-ment et de l'environne-ment

O Institut Zairois pour laConservation de laNature

O CNPPAO CESPO COE

Zambia

Mr William BarclayManaging Director, Wildlife

TrustBarclay Earth MoversP.O. Box 32396LusakaZambiaTel. 229083/229014

NG Wildlife ConservationSociety of Zambia

Mr Fidelis LunguLuangwa Integrated Resource

Development ProjectP.O. Box 510249ChipataZambiaTel. 21126Fax 21321Telex 63060

O CNPPA

Mrs Josephine MuchelembaEnvironment & Population

CenterP.O. Box 36452

LusakaZambiaTel. (260 1) 229508

O Environment &Population Center

O Netherlands Develop-ment Organization

Mr Namukolo MukutuPermanent SecretaryMinistry of Water, Lands and

Natural ResourcesP.O. Box 50694LusakaZambiaTel. (260 1) 251927Fax (260 1) 250120

ST Ministry of Water, Landsand Natural Resources

Zimbabwe

Mrs Thenjiwe LesabeDeputy MinisterMinistry of Environment and

TourismP.Bag 7753CausewayHarareZimbabweTel. (263 4) 794455Telex 26082 zimtor

ST Ministry of Environmentand Tourism

Mr Boyman MancamaChairmanZimbabwe National Conserva-

tion TrustP.O. Box 1108HarareZimbabweTel. (263 4) 704461Fax (263 4) 727133Telex 26048 zw

NG Zimbabwe NationalConservation Trust

Dr Liberty MhlangaGeneral ManagerAgricultural and Rural

Development Authority(ARDA)

P.O. Box 8439CausewayHarareZimbabweTel. (263 4) 705841Fax (263 4) 705847Telex 22272 ARDA ZW

IUCN Council Member

Mr T.P.Z. MpofuMinistry of Environment and

TourismDepartment of Natural

ResourcesP.O. Box 8070CausewayHarareZimbabweTel. (263 4) 705661Telex 26082 zimtor

ST Ministry of Environmentand Tourism

Dr W.K. NdukuDepartment of National Parks

& Wildlife ManagementP.O. Box 8365CausewayHarareZimbabweTel. (263 4) 707624Fax (263 4) 724914

ST Department of NationalParks & WildlifeManagement, Ministryof Wildlife and Tourism

O CNPPA

Mr Kevin van JaarsveldtP.O. Box 124ChiredziZimbabweTel. (263 31) 2709Fax (263 31) 2782

O SSC


List of Staff

Members of the IUCN Secretariatat the General Assembly

IUCN Headquarters (Gland, Switzerland)

Director GeneralMartin HOLDGATEUK

Delmar BLASCOArgentina

Jill BLOCKHUSUSA

Veronique BUDRYSwitzerland

John BURKEUK

Marlene CHAPERONSwitzerland

Head of Governance UnitGeneral AssemblyCoordinator

Programme Assistant,Forests ProgrammeEcology ProgrammeDivision

Secretary, Personnel andGeneral Services Division

Head, CommunicationsDivision

Secretary, DevelopmentDivision

Michael J. COCKERELL Assistant DirectorUK

Sue DALTONUK

Elaine DICKINSONUK

Paul DRIVERUK

Patrick DUGANUK

General, Management

Secretary, GovernanceUnit

Programme Assistant,Ecology Programme,Ecology ProgrammeDivision

Head, ConservationServices Division

Programme Coordinator,Wetlands Programme,Ecology ProgrammeDivision

Stephen EDWARDSUSA

Danny ELDERUSA

Vitus FERNANDOSri Lanka

Juan GARAFULICSweden

Marianne GOLDSwitzerland

Mark HALLEUSA

Fiona HANSONUK

Liz HOPKINSUK

Linette HUMPHREYUK

Margrith KEMPSwitzerland/UK

Jip KETELNetherlands

Claire LINDSAYUK

Programme Coordinator,Species Programme,Ecology ProgrammeDivision

Head of EcologyProgramme Division andHead of Coastal andMarine Programme

Head, Asia and PacificProgramme, RegionalProgrammes Division

Head, ManagementServices Division

Secretary, GovernanceUnit

Director, DevelopmentDivision and HeadRegional ProgrammesDivision

Council AffairsOfficer, Governance Unit

Head, EuropeanProgramme, RegionalProgrammes Division

Programme Assistant,Species Programme,Ecology ProgrammeDivision

Secretary, EuropeanProgramme, RegionalProgrammes Division

Project Manager (Sahel),Africa Programme,Regional ProgrammesDivision

Programme Assistant,Conservation ServicesDivision

265

Jeffrey MCNEELY Chief ConservationUSA Officer, Head of

Biodiversity and ProtectedAreas Special ProgrammeDivision

Fayez MIKHAIL EDP Officer, EDPEgypt Unit, Management

Services Division

Heather MORGANS Comptroller, FinanceUSA Division

Judith NECHVATAL Accounts Clerk,Switzerland/UK Finance Division

Francis PARAKATIL Development Officer,India Development Division

Sue RALLO Secretary, BiodiversityUK and Protected Areas

Special ProgrammeDivision

Christine REYMOND Secretary, Asia andSwitzerland Pacific Programme,

Regional ProgrammesDivision

Lucinda ROLLASON Secretary, AfricaUK Programme, Regional

Programmes Division

Per RYDEN Head, Africa ProgrammeSweden Regional Programmes

Division

Jeff SAYER Programme Coordinator,UK Forests Programme,

Ecology ProgrammeDivision

Ursula SENN-HARRIS Secretary, ForestsSwitzerland/UK Programme, Ecology

Programme Division

Simon STUARTUK

Nathalie TANNERSwitzerland

James THORSELLCanada

Programme Officer,Species Programme,Ecology ProgrammeDivision

Secretary, SocialSciences Division

Programme Coordinator,Protected AreasProgramme, Biodiversityand Protected AreasSpecial ProgrammeDivision

Julia TUCKER Membership Adminis-UK trator, Governance Unit

Pietronella van den OEVERNetherlands Head of Social Sciences

Division

Estelle VIGUET Personal Assistant toSwitzerland/UK Director General

Anne VISCOLO Assistant, SocialSwitzerland/UK Sciences Division

Morag WHITE Publications Officer,UK Communications Division

Doreen ZIVKOVIC Secretary, SpeciesUK Programme, Ecology

Programme Division

IUCN Environmental Law Centre (Bonn,Germany)

Françoise BURHENNE Head of EnvironmentalBelgium Law Centre

Lothar GUNDLINGGermany

Project Coordinator,Environmental LawCentre

IUCN Plant Conservation Office(Richmond, United Kingdom)

Vernon HEYWOODUK

Steve DAVISUK

Nicola POWELLUK

Chief Scientist, PlantConservation and Directorof Botanic GardensConservation Secretariat

Senior Research Officer

Secretary

IUCN Regional Personnel

AFRICA

Regional Office for East Africa (Nairobi, Kenya)

Rob MALPAS Regional RepresentativeUK

Patricia NGARI Projects OfficerKenya


Scott PERKINCanada

Coordinator, NgorongoroCDP, Tanzania

Douglas TAYLOR Technical Adviser,UK Uganda Wetlands

Programme

Regional Office for Southern Africa (Harare,Zimbabwe)

India MUSOKOTWANE Regional RepresentativeZambia

Tabeth MATIZAZimbabwe

ASIA

Wetlands ProgrammeCoordinator

Lao PDR Project Office (Vientiane)

Richard SALTERCanada

Senior ConservationAdvisor

Nepal Project Office (Kathmandu)

Jeremy CAREW-REID IUCN Senior AdvisorAustralia

Oman Project Office (Muscat)

Rodney SALM IUCN ConsultantUK

Jordan Project Office (Amman)

John MCEACHERN Project ManagerCanada

Pakistan Country Office (Karachi, Pakistan)

Aban MARKER-KABRAJICountry RepresentativePakistan

Dhunmai COWASJEE Media Coordinator,Pakistan Journalist's Resource

Centre for the Environ-ment

Nasir M. DOGAR Programme AdministratorPakistan

Rashida DOHADPakistan

Programme Assistant

Saneeya HUSSAIN Media Director,Pakistan Journalist's Resource

Centre

Syed A. QUTUBPakistan

National ConservationStrategy Coordinator

Soni ZUBERIPakistan

Projects DevelopmentOfficer

Sri Lanka Country Office (Colombo)

M. S. Ranatunga Country RepresentativeSri Lanka

CENTRAL AMERICA

Regional Office for Central America (San José,Costa Rica)

Cesar BARRIENTOS Regional RepresentativeGuatemala

Alejandro IMBACH Senior Technical OfficerArgentina

Enrique LAHMANN Regional WetlandsCosta Rica Coordinator

Yanina ROVINSKICosta Rica

Information Assistant

Panama Country Office (Panama City)

Ramon ALVARADO IUCN RepresentativePanama

Nicaragua Country Office (Managua)

Luis Manuel CASTELLOIUCN RepresentativeArgentina

NORTH AMERICA

IUCN-US (Washington, USA)

Byron SWIFT Executive DirectorUSA

Johannah BARRY Development DirectorUSA

Mark DILLENBECK Forest ConservationUSA Officer

Cameron SANDERS Senior AdviserUSA

World Conservation Monitoring Centre(Cambridge, United Kingdom)

Robin PELLEWUK

Michael ADAMUK

Director

GIS Officer, Habitats DataUnit

List of staff 267

Mark COLLINSUK

Jeremy HARRISONUK

Manager, Habitats DataUnit

Manager, Protected AreasData Unit

Marcia SANDERSUSA

Registration Assistant

Zbigniew KARPOWICZ Senior Research Officer,UK Protected Areas Data Unit

Richard LUXMOORE Manager, TradeUK

Harry MILESUSA

Sheila MILLARUK

General Manager/Headof Programme

Personal Assistant toDirector

Specially Contracted Staff

Martine AMADOUSwitzerland

Ingrid CATONFrance

Danièle DEVTTREFrance

George GREENECanada

Peter HULMUK

Catherine LOKSCMNSwitzerland

Nikki MEITHUSA

Paul RESSUSA

Jacqueline SAWYERUK

Hugh SYNGEUK

William VALKFrance

Other Staff

Karin NELSONUSA

Craig PUGHUSA

Translator

Interpreter

Translator

Coordinator, GeneralAssembly Workshops

Consultant, IUCN Bulletin

Translator

Editor, IUCN Bulletin

Media Consultant

Assistant, ForestProgramme

Chief Rapporteur

Interpreter

Office of SSC Chair

Office of SSC Chair

Members of the General AssemblySteering Committee

Pam EISER Chair, General AssemblySteering Committee IUCNRegional Councillor forAustralia and Oceania

Wolfgang BURHENNE Vice-Chair, GeneralAssembly SteeringCommittee, Chairman ofthe IUCN Commission onEnvironmental Policy,Law and Administration

Jan CEROVSKY

Liberty MHLANGA

IUCN Regional Councillorfor East Europe

IUCN Regional Councillorfor Africa

M.A. PARTHA SARATHYChairman, IUCNCommission on Educationand Training

George RABB Chairman, SpeciesSurvival Commission

Members of the AustralianOrganizing Committee

Peter KENNEDY

Joanne DISANO

Barry HODGE

Pam EISER

Don HENRY

Deputy Secretary,Department of the Arts,Sport, the Environment,Tourism and Territories

First Assistant Secretary,Department of the Arts,Sport, the Environment,Tourism and Territories

Western AustraliaGovernment representa-tive

IUCN Regional Councillorfor Australia and Oceania

President, AustralianCommittee for IUCN,Director, World WideFund for Nature


Duncan MARSHALL

Paul RUTHERFORD

Australian Council ofNational Trusts

Australian ConservationFoundation

Western Australia Government LiaisonOfficers

Members of the Australian TaskForce

Hugh CRAFT

Gerry MORVELL

Fiona SMITH

Assistant Secretary

Director

Executive Assistant

Accommodation/Tours Unit

Veronica BLAZELY Head of Unit

Fiona HERNDL

Ann RICHARDS

Sandra GRUGAN

Logistics Unit

Rick STINSON

Tracey WALTERS

Narelle LYONS

Robyn WYLUCKI

Ian CUTHBERT

Media Unit

Phil HURST

April GAZE

Bronwyn ASQUITH

Protocol/Hospitality

Randall SMITH

Head of Unit

Head of Unit

Cassandra LANDRE

Genine READ

Executive Officer

Media Officer

Other Australian staffAhmad AbasJo AndersonTim BenjaminDamien BroderickCathy BullockThelma BurtonOlivier CharpenayAndy CoxLaryssa CrugnaleBronwyn DavidSean DavidLisa DavisMatthew DwyerNeil EliotRosemary EvansKirston FosterShon FryIan GallagherHelen GleadellMark GrahamCourtney HarrisDamien HassanMargarita HerreraJosephine HillCathy JukesShona KennealyHelen KiselouskiMarcia KingAlphonse KluyverBarry LaingBruce McClintockSandy MooreMarcia PegrumMichael PerryRocio RobledoShelley ShierGerard SmirthwaiteHeidi SweidanDave ThompsonMadonna ValentinePaula WhiteheadMelanie Wright

List of staff 269

IUCN - The World Conservation UnionAvenue du Mont-BlancCH-1196 GlandSwitzerland

Telephone: (022) 649 114Telefax: (022) 642 926Telex: 419 605 iucn ch

perth, australia

Documents