perspectives, research, and moving forward april 10, 2008 mandy carr, ph. d. executive director,...
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Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward
April 10, 2008April 10, 2008
Mandy Carr, Ph. D.Mandy Carr, Ph. D.Executive Director, Beef Safety ResearchExecutive Director, Beef Safety Research
National Cattlemen’s Beef AssociationNational Cattlemen’s Beef Association
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
History to the approachHistory to the approach Focus 880,000+ cattle at 35+ processing facilitiesFocus 880,000+ cattle at 35+ processing facilities
This began efforts to develop multiple interventionsThis began efforts to develop multiple interventions
Stocker Feedlot PackerProcessor
Retailer
FoodserviceConsumer
Seed Stock
Cow/Calf
800,000+
2,70085%
3595% 280,000,000+
19921992 19941994 19961996 2002200219981998 20002000 20042004 20082008
2008Video of BPs
Carcass microbial mapping
2003E. coli Summit
1997Founding of BIFSCo
Steam/thermal pasteurization
Acidified sodium chlorite
Steam vacuum
Organic acid wash
Safety Interventions & Best Practices
1993Blue Ribbon Task Force
20062006
Best Practice evolution and Safety Summits
19901990
Hide wash
Cattle washing
Vaccine
Sodium chlorate
On farm ecology
Neomycin
Direct fed microbials
2006
BIFSCo cited as model for other industries
Transportation and lairage
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Interventions Interventions (at plant, part of post-harvest)(at plant, part of post-harvest)
Hide on washHide on washWaterWaterWater w/chemicalWater w/chemical
SpraysSpraysOrganic acids - lactic, aceticOrganic acids - lactic, aceticAcidified sodium chloriteAcidified sodium chlorite
TemperatureTemperatureHot water Hot water Steam vacuumSteam vacuumSteam pasteurizationSteam pasteurization
Carcass Interventions
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Many options availableMany options available
Industry’s dedication to implementationIndustry’s dedication to implementation
19921992 19941994 19961996 2002200219981998 20002000 20042004 20082008
2008Video of BPs
Carcass microbial mapping
2003E. coli Summit
1997Founding of BIFSCo
Steam/thermal pasteurization
Acidified sodium chlorite
Steam vacuum
Organic acid wash
Safety Interventions & Best Practices
1993Blue Ribbon Task Force
20062006
Best Practice evolution and Safety Summits
19901990
Hide wash
Cattle washing
Vaccine
Sodium chlorate
On farm ecology
Neomycin
Direct fed microbials
2006
BIFSCo cited as model for other industries
Transportation and lairage
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Key knowledge learned for pre-harvest Key knowledge learned for pre-harvest HidesHidesTransfer to the carcassTransfer to the carcass
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Interventions (at plant pre-harvest)Interventions (at plant pre-harvest)Live washLive wash
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Key knowledge for pre-harvest Key knowledge for pre-harvest EnvironmentEnvironment
Prevalence of food-borne pathogens in air samples collected from clean loadout areas and dirty, dusty
loadout areas in beef feedyards
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% p
os
itiv
e
E. coli O157 Salmonella
clean
dusty
PenPen 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 TotalTotal
# of Animal# of Animal 3535 3636 3030 3232 3030 3131 2929 3232 3232 3232 319319
Sep Feces % PositiveSep Feces % Positive 66 66 77 33 77 33 33 66 66 33 55
Oct Feces % PositiveOct Feces % Positive 4343 6767 6060 1919 8383 3636 1010 4747 2222 1616 4040
Nov Feces % PositiveNov Feces % Positive 3434 6161 6767 3838 6767 3939 1010 7272 6363 3838 4949
Dec Feces % PositiveDec Feces % Positive 2626 4242 8383 3131 4343 2626 77 3838 3434 66 3434
Jan Feces % PositiveJan Feces % Positive 33 88 1010 66 2323 33 33 1919 33 33 88
Feb Feces % PositiveFeb Feces % Positive 00 00 77 00 1717 33 00 66 00 00 33
Mar Feces % PositiveMar Feces % Positive 00 00 00 00 1010 33 33 66 1313 00 33
Apr 04 Feces % PositiveApr 04 Feces % Positive 00 00 33 00 33 00 00 33 00 1313 22
Apr 18 Feces % PositiveApr 18 Feces % Positive 33 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 99 9494 1111
May 02 Feces % PositiveMay 02 Feces % Positive 00 00 00 00 00 33 33 00 1919 8888 1111
Fecal prevalence for E. coli O157:H7
PenPen 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 TotalTotal
# of Animal# of Animal 3535 3636 3030 3232 3030 3131 2929 3232 3232 3232 319319
Sep Hide % PositiveSep Hide % Positive 3737 4242 6060 6666 7373 7171 7979 4747 4141 2828 5454
Oct Hide % PositiveOct Hide % Positive 8989 100100 100100 9494 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 100100 9898
Nov Hide % PositiveNov Hide % Positive 9191 100100 100100 100100 9797 100100 9797 9797 100100 100100 9898
Dec Hide % PositiveDec Hide % Positive 4949 9797 100100 100100 100100 100100 8686 8888 3838 8484 8484
Jan Hide % PositiveJan Hide % Positive 33 9292 6767 1616 100100 8787 5252 100100 7878 4747 6464
Feb Hide % PositiveFeb Hide % Positive 33 1111 1313 99 9797 1616 33 8484 99 33 2424
Mar Hide % PositiveMar Hide % Positive 00 00 00 00 6060 1313 33 3131 00 00 1010
Apr 04 Hide % PositiveApr 04 Hide % Positive 00 00 00 00 77 1919 1414 33 33 9797 1414
Apr 18 Hide % PositiveApr 18 Hide % Positive 6666 4444 6363 5656 2727 8484 5959 3838 9494 100100 6363
May 02 Hide % PositiveMay 02 Hide % Positive 33 1717 00 66 33 00 00 66 4444 9191 1717
Hide prevalence for E. coli O157:H7
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)
Research to demonstrate effectivenessResearch to demonstrate effectiveness
In approval processIn approval process
Direct Fed MicrobialsDirect Fed Microbials
Approved for animal health and performance, NOT as a pre-Approved for animal health and performance, NOT as a pre-harvest intervention for pathogensharvest intervention for pathogens
Cumulative proportion of steers that were positive culture-positive for E. coli O157:H7 by treatment group and by sampling period.
4 Year Cumulative Summary Reduction of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot Cattle Using NP 51
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2001 2002 2003 2004
Pe
rce
nt
po
sit
ive
fo
r E
. co
li O
15
7
Control
NP 51
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Interventions (prior to Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)plant pre-harvest)PhagesPhages
Viruses that target specific Viruses that target specific bacteria bacteria
Have been widely used in Have been widely used in Eastern Europe in place of Eastern Europe in place of antibioticsantibiotics
Invade targeted bacteria, Invade targeted bacteria, replicate, kill the bacterium, replicate, kill the bacterium, but not other bacteriabut not other bacteria
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Controlphage
E. coli O
157:
H7
stra
in 9
33 (
log 10
CF
U/g
dig
esta
)
Tissue
Rumen Cecum Rectum
a b
P < 0.05
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Sodium chlorateSodium chlorate
Phages target and invade specific bacteriaChlorate kills bacteria that have the enzyme nitrate
reductase onlyKills E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella but not other
bacteria
10
100
1000
104
105
106
107
-40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30933 control933 chlorate86-24 control86-24 chlorate6058 control6058 chlorate
E. coli O157:H7 in cows
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)NeomycinNeomycin
Labeled for use in cattleLabeled for use in cattle‘‘treatment and control of colibacillosis (bacterial treatment and control of colibacillosis (bacterial
enteritis) caused by enteritis) caused by Escherichia coliEscherichia coli’’
In-feed and in-water preparationsIn-feed and in-water preparations1-day withdrawal period1-day withdrawal period
O157 Reduction in Prev• Feces – 98.2%• Hides – 95%Theuninck - Cargill
O157 Reduction in Prev• Feces – 100%• Hides – 78.9%Belk - CSU
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Prevalence of cattle shedding E. coli O157:H7Summer 1999 / 2002
44 pens of cattle
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43
pens ranked by prevalence
Pre
vale
nce
Prevalence of cattle shedding E. coli O157:H7Winter 2000 / 2001 / 2002
30 pens of cattle
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
pens ranked by prevalence
Pre
vale
nce
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
2001 2002
Summer Winter
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/ecoltest.htm
Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)VaccinesVaccines
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
An
ima
ls te
stin
g p
osi
tive
Post Challenge Sampling Days
Fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7
Trt P = 0.03Day P <.0001
Controls
SRP Vaccinates
Challenge Study
10.4
2.531.48 0.91
0
4
8
12
16
20
Fecal prevalence Fecal concentration
Fiel
d Effi
cacy
Stu
dy 2
: 200
7
Measure of effect Magnitude
• Vaccine Efficacy(%) 86% reduction
• Concentration 98% reduction
• Performance No effect (P>0.60)
Both comparisons associated with P ≤ 0.02
““The most important finding of The most important finding of this study was that vaccinated this study was that vaccinated cattle were less likely to be cattle were less likely to be colonized at the TRM.” colonized at the TRM.”
““Vaccinated cattle were 98.3 Vaccinated cattle were 98.3 percent less likely to be percent less likely to be colonized by colonized by E. coliE. coli O157:H7 O157:H7 in TRM (odds ratio = 0.014, in TRM (odds ratio = 0.014, PP<0.0001).” <0.0001).” 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Vaccine Placebo
Treatment
Pro
babi
lity
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
HALFVAC NOVAC ALLVAC
Vaccination treatment
Pro
bab
ilit
yCattle in the vaccinated region were 62% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than cattle in the unvaccinated region (p=0.002)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
NO YES
Vaccination treatment
Pro
bab
ilit
y
Within commingled pens vaccinated cattle were 58% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than unvaccinated cattle (p=0.005)
Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety
Interventions, both pre- and post-harvest Interventions, both pre- and post-harvest are vital parts of a system of hurdles in are vital parts of a system of hurdles in beef production and processingbeef production and processing
No “silver-bullet” for common application No “silver-bullet” for common application and because of the multi-hurdle system, and because of the multi-hurdle system, one intervention does not have to beone intervention does not have to be
These procedures These procedures cannotcannot be applied to be applied to replace…replace…
Good manufacturing practices such as:Good manufacturing practices such as: Equipment hygiene during productionEquipment hygiene during production Employee hygiene and hand washingEmployee hygiene and hand washing Sanitation – before, during and after operationsSanitation – before, during and after operations
Proper chilling:Proper chilling: proper time & temperatureproper time & temperature product and carcass spacing to insure air flowproduct and carcass spacing to insure air flow
Continuous employee training for proper Continuous employee training for proper techniquetechnique
Beef Safety FY 2007 Priorities Pathogen ManagementPathogen Management
Pre-harvest - pathogen ecology, management Pre-harvest - pathogen ecology, management practices, interventionspractices, interventions
Post-harvest – sustained activity of multiple Post-harvest – sustained activity of multiple interventionsinterventions
Key knowledgeKey knowledge
Non-O157Non-O157 In In 10,159 samples10,159 samples (carcass, trim and ground beef), (carcass, trim and ground beef),
15 isolates15 isolates are serotypes that match CDC top 6; a are serotypes that match CDC top 6; a fraction of these have the ability to cause diseasefraction of these have the ability to cause disease
Distillers grainsDistillers grains Few studiesFew studies Variations of corn with DG Variations of corn with DG Conflicting data - too early to tellConflicting data - too early to tell
MDR SalmonellaMDR Salmonella Strains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illnessStrains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illness
Effectiveness of interventionsEffectiveness of interventions MDR SalmonellaMDR Salmonella Non-O157Non-O157 O157O157 SalmonellaSalmonella
Beef Industry Food Safety CouncilBeef Industry Food Safety Council Best practices evolvementBest practices evolvement Beef Industry Safety SummitBeef Industry Safety Summit Unify industry to address major safety issuesUnify industry to address major safety issues www.bifsco.orgwww.bifsco.org update and redesign update and redesign
Education/DisseminationEducation/Dissemination Research Annual ReportResearch Annual Report
Fact sheets, executive Fact sheets, executive summaries, web resourcessummaries, web resources
Develop educational modules Develop educational modules and meetingsand meetings
Host industry meetingsHost industry meetings
www.beefresearch.orgwww.beefresearch.org
Beef Safety FY 2008 Priorities
Safety Threat ResearchSafety Threat Research Pre-harvest – pathogen ecology, management Pre-harvest – pathogen ecology, management
practices, interventions, emerging pathogens, practices, interventions, emerging pathogens, resistance developmentresistance development
Post-harvest – survey use of BP and interventions, Post-harvest – survey use of BP and interventions, risk assessment for processed product, optimization risk assessment for processed product, optimization of current interventions of current interventions
Projects completed May 2009Projects completed May 2009
Safety Threat MonitoringSafety Threat Monitoring
BIFSCoBIFSCo Safety SummitSafety Summit Small plant outreachSmall plant outreach Best PracticesBest Practices VideosVideos
Implementation & Knowledge TransferImplementation & Knowledge Transfer Annual report, executive summaries, white papers, Annual report, executive summaries, white papers,
fact sheetsfact sheets Web resourcesWeb resources
19921992 19941994 19961996 2002200219981998 20002000 20042004 20082008
2008Video of BPs
Carcass microbial mapping
2003E. coli Summit
1997Founding of BIFSCo
Steam/thermal pasteurization
Acidified sodium chlorite
Steam vacuum
Organic acid wash
Safety Interventions & Best PracticesSafety Interventions & Best Practices
1993Blue Ribbon Task Force
20062006
Best Practice evolution and Safety Summits
19901990
Hide wash
Cattle washing
Vaccine
Sodium chlorate
On farm ecology
Neomycin
Direct fed microbials
2006
BIFSCo cited as model for other industries
Transportation and lairage
Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward
Mandy Carr, Ph.D.Mandy Carr, Ph.D.
Executive Director, Beef Safety ResearchExecutive Director, Beef Safety Research
National Cattlemen’s Beef AssociationNational Cattlemen’s Beef Association