perspectives of psychology
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Perspectives of Psychology. Ms. Rebecca 2009. Do Now:. Why do you think people think, feel and act in certain ways? Are they born a certain way? Do they learn in school to act a certain way? Do they learn from friends?. Different perspectives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Perspectives of PsychologyPerspectives of Psychology
Ms. RebeccaMs. Rebecca20092009
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Do Now:Do Now:Why do you think people think, feel and Why do you think people think, feel and
act in certain ways? Are they born a act in certain ways? Are they born a certain way? Do they learn in school to certain way? Do they learn in school to act a certain way? Do they learn from act a certain way? Do they learn from friends? friends?
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Different perspectivesDifferent perspectivesThe human mind is really complicated. The human mind is really complicated.
So, psychologists have a lot of different So, psychologists have a lot of different ideas about why people act and think the ideas about why people act and think the way they do. way they do.
The next slide lists the 6 most popular The next slide lists the 6 most popular perspectives today. In practice, perspectives today. In practice, psychologist apply the perspective that psychologist apply the perspective that best deals with the problem at hand. best deals with the problem at hand.
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I’m a tv expert!I’m a tv expert! BUT I only watch BUT I only watch
Prison Break.Prison Break.
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I’m a tv expert!I’m a tv expert! I can learn a lot about I can learn a lot about
Prison Break Prison Break if I if I watch it all the time, watch it all the time, but I wont know but I wont know ANYTHING about ANYTHING about other types of shows other types of shows like comedies, like comedies, documentaries, documentaries, cartoons, the news, cartoons, the news, sports shows etc.…..sports shows etc.…..
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I’m a tv expert!I’m a tv expert! I could never claim to I could never claim to
know EVERYTHING know EVERYTHING about t.v. by only about t.v. by only watching one watching one show/type of show.show/type of show.
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I’m a tv expert!I’m a tv expert! But maybe if I But maybe if I
watched all different watched all different types of shows types of shows (drama, comedy, (drama, comedy, mystery, cartoons, mystery, cartoons, news, sports etc) I news, sports etc) I would be closer to would be closer to being an expert of t.v. being an expert of t.v. shows today. shows today.
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Human behavior expertsHuman behavior experts Just like there are Just like there are
many different types many different types of tv shows, there are of tv shows, there are also many different also many different ideas about why ideas about why humans behave the humans behave the way they do.way they do.
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Human BehaviorHuman Behavior And thoughts come And thoughts come
from many different from many different things. things.
Some believe behavior Some believe behavior is learned in childhood; is learned in childhood; some believe some believe experiences in the experiences in the present are more likely present are more likely to impact behavior and to impact behavior and thoughts.thoughts.
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6 Perspectives6 Perspectives In Psychology today In Psychology today
there are 6 different there are 6 different perspectives or ideas perspectives or ideas about where human about where human behavior comes from.behavior comes from.
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6 Perspectives6 Perspectives1. Biological Perspective1. Biological Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective4. Humanist Perspective4. Humanist Perspective5. Cognitive Perspective5. Cognitive Perspective6. Sociocultural Perspective6. Sociocultural Perspective
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Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective ““I was born this way” I was born this way”
(The Complete Idiots (The Complete Idiots Guide to Psychology)Guide to Psychology)
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Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective Look at the body to Look at the body to
explain the mindexplain the mind
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Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective Influence of Influence of
hormones, genes, the hormones, genes, the brain, central nervous brain, central nervous system on the way we system on the way we think, feel and actthink, feel and act
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Questions Biological Perspective Questions Biological Perspective Answers:Answers:
Is personality Is personality inherited from inherited from parents?parents?
Does mental stress Does mental stress cause physical cause physical illness?illness?
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Biological Perspective’s impact on Biological Perspective’s impact on PsychologyPsychology
- developed medicines to - developed medicines to treat depression and treat depression and other disordersother disorders
-helped people to -helped people to understand that mental understand that mental illnesses are illnesses are uncontrollable uncontrollable sometimes, like physical sometimes, like physical illness. Removed some illness. Removed some stigmas of mental illness.stigmas of mental illness.
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2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective ““It’s only the tip of the It’s only the tip of the
iceberg”iceberg”
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2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective Behavior is driven by Behavior is driven by
mental conflicts deep mental conflicts deep inside us!inside us!
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2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud said that Freud said that
people have conflicts people have conflicts between their urges between their urges and what society says and what society says is ok.is ok.
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2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective We learn when we are We learn when we are
children to hide our real children to hide our real feelings, so we push feelings, so we push our urges waaaaaaay our urges waaaaaaay down until we are down until we are adults and then we adults and then we don’t really know the don’t really know the “real” reasons we do “real” reasons we do what we do because what we do because they are so deep within they are so deep within us.us.
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2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective BUT we can get clues BUT we can get clues
about our real” about our real” feelings from our feelings from our dreams and dreams and seemingly seemingly unexplainable unexplainable behaviorbehavior
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2. What Psychoanalytic 2. What Psychoanalytic Psychologists think?Psychologists think?
Childhood experiences really affect how Childhood experiences really affect how we are as adults.we are as adults.
Human behavior sometimes doesn’t make Human behavior sometimes doesn’t make sensesense
Talking about our feelings in a comfortable Talking about our feelings in a comfortable setting can help people work through their setting can help people work through their “true” feelings to solve problems.“true” feelings to solve problems.
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3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective
““We’re all just rats We’re all just rats caught in a maze”caught in a maze”
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3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective
Rats can find food in Rats can find food in a maze if they’ve a maze if they’ve found food in the found food in the same place before.same place before.
Their behavior Their behavior changes if the changes if the location of the food location of the food changes.changes.
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3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective
John Watson studied John Watson studied rats in mazes and said rats in mazes and said that people are the that people are the same. same.
Behavior is just a Behavior is just a response to something. response to something. The consequence The consequence determines whether the determines whether the behavior happens behavior happens again.again.
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3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective
What do Behaviorist/Learning What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists do?Psychologists do?
Try to understand people by studying what Try to understand people by studying what happens to them and how they respond. happens to them and how they respond.
If the consequence is good, they If the consequence is good, they shouldshould repeat the behavior. If not, they won’t do repeat the behavior. If not, they won’t do the behavior again.the behavior again.
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3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective
Example:Example:Stimulus: You find out there’s a testStimulus: You find out there’s a testResponse: You studyResponse: You studyConsequence: You get an “A”Consequence: You get an “A”Based on the good consequence of Based on the good consequence of
getting an “A”, you continue the behavior getting an “A”, you continue the behavior of studying for tests.of studying for tests.
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3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective
What do What do Behaviorist/Learning Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists say?:Psychologists say?:
--Behavior Behavior Modification:Modification: you you can can learnlearn to change bad to change bad behaviorbehavior
You can get over your You can get over your fears!fears!
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4. Cognitive Perspective4. Cognitive Perspective ““I Think, Therefore I I Think, Therefore I
Am”Am”
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4. Cognitive Perspective4. Cognitive Perspective Study the way people Study the way people
can gain, organize, can gain, organize, and remember and remember knowledge that knowledge that guides behavior.guides behavior.
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4. Cognitive Perspective4. Cognitive PerspectiveWe’re much more than rats! We react to We’re much more than rats! We react to
the environment but we also act on it to do the environment but we also act on it to do things like:things like:
Solve problemsSolve problemsMake decisionsMake decisionsThink about options before we actThink about options before we act
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4. Cognitive Perspective4. Cognitive Perspective Also, FEELINGS affect Also, FEELINGS affect
what we do too! what we do too! Example: Someone who Example: Someone who
is told they have cancer is told they have cancer but there is treatment but there is treatment would react very would react very differently to the news differently to the news than a person who than a person who found out they had found out they had cancer and were going cancer and were going to die.to die.
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4. Cognitive Perspective4. Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive Psychologists develop theories Cognitive Psychologists develop theories
about mental processes and test those about mental processes and test those theories by creating situations where theories by creating situations where people are expected to behave in a people are expected to behave in a predictable way (if they predictable way (if they don’t don’t behave in a behave in a predictable way, the theory is predictable way, the theory is wrongwrong).).
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4. Cognitive Perspective4. Cognitive Perspective Where do we see Where do we see
Cognitive Cognitive PsychologyPsychology? ?
Self-help booksSelf-help books Attitude adjustments Attitude adjustments
can help people can help people because it’s all about because it’s all about how they how they feel feel about a about a situation/problem.situation/problem.
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5. Sociocultural Perspective5. Sociocultural Perspective To understand human To understand human
behaviors you have to behaviors you have to understand the understand the culture in which they culture in which they live.live.
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5. Sociocultural Perspective5. Sociocultural Perspective What’s “normal” in What’s “normal” in
one country may be one country may be weird in another.weird in another.
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5. Sociocultural Perspective5. Sociocultural Perspective In the U.S. In the U.S.
individuality is valuedindividuality is valued In Asia it’s better to In Asia it’s better to
be part of a groupbe part of a group
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5. Sociocultural Perspective5. Sociocultural Perspective Eating disorders are a Eating disorders are a
bigger problem in the bigger problem in the U.S. where the ideal U.S. where the ideal is to be really thin. is to be really thin. Higher rate of Higher rate of violence in the U.S.violence in the U.S.
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6. Humanistic Perspective6. Humanistic Perspective ““Look on the Bright Look on the Bright
Side” Side”
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6. Humanistic Perspective6. Humanistic Perspective People are naturally People are naturally
good. They will try to good. They will try to be the best they can be the best they can be UNLESS other be UNLESS other people get in their people get in their way.way.
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6. Humanistic Perspective6. Humanistic Perspective Example: Children Example: Children
are good until are good until teachers/parents etc. teachers/parents etc. tell them they AREN’T tell them they AREN’T good. good.
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6. Humanistic Perspective6. Humanistic Perspective Then, children begin Then, children begin
to believe that they to believe that they can’t be good so they can’t be good so they stop trying.stop trying.
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6. Humanistic Perspective6. Humanistic PerspectiveMain ideas in Main ideas in Humanist PsychologyHumanist Psychology Self-esteem is VERY important!Self-esteem is VERY important!A person’s view of their life is much more A person’s view of their life is much more
important that what actually happens in important that what actually happens in their life. their life.
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Homework:Homework: Read pp28-31 in your textbookRead pp28-31 in your textbook
Using what you have learned in class, and the info in Using what you have learned in class, and the info in your book you must make up a scenario where someone your book you must make up a scenario where someone needs psychological help. needs psychological help.
Then, write down what someone with each of the Then, write down what someone with each of the perspectives would say is the root of the problem and perspectives would say is the root of the problem and perhaps how it can be fixed. You should have 6 different perhaps how it can be fixed. You should have 6 different reasons for the problem. reasons for the problem.
Be prepared to share with someone in the class!Be prepared to share with someone in the class!
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History of Psychology Do Now: What kinds of human
behavior are you curious about?
Example: why do people find others attractive?
Why do some people get angry easier than others?
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Hmmm interesting! People have
ALWAYS been interested in the behaviors of other people, that’s…
PSYCHOLOGY! Questions about
human behavior have been asked throughout history.
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I. Ancient Greece (2000 years ago) A. Socrates: said we
can learn about ourselves by looking at our own thoughts and feelings: introspection.
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B. Aristotle (384-322) Experiences from
the past affect our feelings later.
Example: Being with our parents makes us feel safe because they have kept us safe in the past.
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B. Aristotle (384-322) He also said: People try to avoid pain and find
pleasure.
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C. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Confusion and
madness are caused by problems in the brain.
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II. The Middle Ages Most Europeans
believed problems like confusion and anger issues were caused by being possessed by demons.
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II. The Middle Ages “pure” metals AND
people SHOULD sink to the bottom of water
People who were thought to be possessed were thrown into deep water….
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III. Modern Science (1500s-1700s) The Scientific
Approach was invented, leading to the birth of modern Psychology in the 1800s.
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Scientific Approach Ideas about
human behavior and thinking should be supported by evidence.
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1879 Beginning of Psychology as a
modern lab science.
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A. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Established a lab in
Germany He founded
structuralism: the study of the basic elements of consciousness (being awake and experienceing the world)
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Consciousness:How we experience the world 1. Objective
Sensations: sight, taste, hearing, touching, smelling
2. Subjective Feelings: Emotional responses to the world.
http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/Literary_Criticism/structuralism/structur.JPG
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Structuralists Believed the human mind combined
these 2 types of experiences
Ex: You can see an apple as red and taste it as sweet but ALSO you can feel good when you see an apple because you REMEMBER how good it feels to bite into it.
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B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Structuralists
are WRONG! You can’t break
down people’s experiences!
Stream of Consciousness
http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/james.gifhttp://www.imprint.co.uk/phrencol.gif
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B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Functionalism is
how mental processes (thinking) help people/animals adapt to their environment.
http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/sociology/images/functionalism_ro.gif
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How did Functionalists do research? Observe people’s
behavior in a lab and use introspection (researchers asked people how they felt inside)
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0yVDybV0ui4/SVNbEpPP0MI/AAAAAAAAAJY/xeOOVkdobA8/s400/Milgram_Experiment.png
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Other ideas of Functionalists Behavior is
learned
Example: Students study because the learn that it will help them get better grades.
Habitshttp://www.elanguages.ac.uk/images/GLP_0152.jpg
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John B. Watson (1878-1958) and Behaviorism Consciousness is a
private event known only by an individual.
Psychology is a science and needs to ONLY use observable, measurable, events (ex. Behaviors)
http://www.fitconsultinginc.com/images/innovate.gif
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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) and Reinforcement When animals
are rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to do that behavior again (ex. Dog treats)
People learn behaviors the same way.
http://cultblender.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bfskinner.jpg
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The Gestalt School Context (the
placement of things) influences the way we interpret things.
Learning is active, not just habit.
http://www.targetorientedgolf.com/gestalt.gif
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and the school of Psychoanalysis Most famous early
psychologist. Psychoanalysis-
people have unconscious motives and conflicts within themselves that affect their behavior.
http://skepdic.com/graphics/freud1.jpg
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For Example Freud believed
that dreams might be a representation of wishes that you have deep down but didn’t know about.
http://images.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alpinelakes.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/dreaming.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gengen89.livejournal.com/&usg=__TBWJEy4wBfiXUw5UNjOe_jUSO4Y=&h=516&w=597&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=bBpUEHKMkYnaDM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddreaming%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den
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Also Freudian Slip:
http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u148/FreudianSlipCartoon.gif
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Psychodynamic Thinking Most of what is in your mind is
unconscious. We are full of impulses and urges that conflict with what society says we can do.
So Freud said he could help people know their unconscious feelings and find acceptable ways to deal with them.
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Now you have learned a little bit about different psychologists It’s your turn to choose one
psychologist to present about to the class!
History Heads Assignment!