perspectives of psychology

Perspectives of PsychologyPerspectives of Psychology

Ms. RebeccaMs. Rebecca

20092009

Do Now:Do Now:

Why do you think people think, feel and Why do you think people think, feel and act in certain ways? Are they born a act in certain ways? Are they born a certain way? Do they learn in school to certain way? Do they learn in school to act a certain way? Do they learn from act a certain way? Do they learn from friends? friends?

Different perspectivesDifferent perspectives

The human mind is really complicated. The human mind is really complicated. So, psychologists have a lot of different So, psychologists have a lot of different ideas about why people act and think the ideas about why people act and think the way they do. way they do.

The next slide lists the 6 most popular The next slide lists the 6 most popular perspectives today. In practice, perspectives today. In practice, psychologist apply the perspective that psychologist apply the perspective that best deals with the problem at hand. best deals with the problem at hand.

I’m a tv expert!I’m a tv expert!

BUT I only watch BUT I only watch Prison Break.Prison Break.

http://www.shockya.com/news/wp-content/uploads/prison_break_ver4_poster.jpg


I can learn a lot about I can learn a lot about Prison Break Prison Break if I if I watch it all the time, watch it all the time, but I wont know but I wont know ANYTHING about ANYTHING about other types of shows other types of shows like comedies, like comedies, documentaries, documentaries, cartoons, the news, cartoons, the news, sports shows etc.…..sports shows etc.…..

http://everydayplaystation.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/spongebob.jpg


I could never claim to I could never claim to know EVERYTHING know EVERYTHING about t.v. by only about t.v. by only watching one watching one show/type of show.show/type of show.

http://rlv.zcache.com/clearly_im_not_an_expert_on_this_topic_tshirt-p2359648477432668033s9b_400.jpg


But maybe if I But maybe if I watched all different watched all different types of shows types of shows (drama, comedy, (drama, comedy, mystery, cartoons, mystery, cartoons, news, sports etc) I news, sports etc) I would be closer to would be closer to being an expert of t.v. being an expert of t.v. shows today. shows today.

http://www.slipperybrick.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/super-sized-remote-control.jpg

Human behavior expertsHuman behavior experts

Just like there are Just like there are many different types many different types of tv shows, there are of tv shows, there are also many different also many different ideas about why ideas about why humans behave the humans behave the way they do.way they do.

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Human BehaviorHuman Behavior

And thoughts come And thoughts come from many different from many different things. things.

Some believe behavior Some believe behavior is learned in childhood; is learned in childhood; some believe some believe experiences in the experiences in the present are more likely present are more likely to impact behavior and to impact behavior and thoughts.thoughts.

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6 Perspectives6 Perspectives

In Psychology today In Psychology today there are 6 different there are 6 different perspectives or ideas perspectives or ideas about where human about where human behavior comes from.behavior comes from.

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6 Perspectives6 Perspectives

1. Biological Perspective1. Biological Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective4. Humanist Perspective4. Humanist Perspective5. Cognitive Perspective5. Cognitive Perspective6. Sociocultural Perspective6. Sociocultural Perspective

Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective

““I was born this way” I was born this way” (The Complete Idiots (The Complete Idiots Guide to Psychology)Guide to Psychology)

http://www.health-in-action.org/library/pdf/Shaken%20Baby/Images/sm%20shake%20baby%20with%20bkgd.jpg


Look at the body to Look at the body to explain the mindexplain the mind

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_394PgFiJSRw/STLOLMPhq9I/AAAAAAAAAD0/w-22z0AJ6PY/s400/mind_body_connection1.jpg


Influence of Influence of hormones, genes, the hormones, genes, the brain, central nervous brain, central nervous system on the way we system on the way we think, feel and actthink, feel and act

http://www.pawnee.org/stressbody.jpg

Questions Biological Perspective Questions Biological Perspective Answers:Answers:

Is personality Is personality inherited from inherited from parents?parents?

Does mental stress Does mental stress cause physical cause physical illness?illness?

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Biological Perspective’s impact on Biological Perspective’s impact on PsychologyPsychology

- developed medicines to - developed medicines to treat depression and treat depression and other disordersother disorders

-helped people to -helped people to understand that mental understand that mental illnesses are illnesses are uncontrollable uncontrollable sometimes, like physical sometimes, like physical illness. Removed some illness. Removed some stigmas of mental illness.stigmas of mental illness.

http://www.viewpoints.com/images/review/2007/259/19/1189989620-84591_full.jpg

2. Psychoanalytic Perspective2. Psychoanalytic Perspective

““It’s only the tip of the It’s only the tip of the iceberg”iceberg”

http://www.las.iastate.edu/careerservices/Photos/iceberg.jpg


Behavior is driven by Behavior is driven by mental conflicts deep mental conflicts deep inside us!inside us!

http://www.emory.edu/ACAD_EXCHANGE/2006/octnov/neurlogy.jpg


Freud said that Freud said that people have conflicts people have conflicts between their urges between their urges and what society says and what society says is ok.is ok.


We learn when we are We learn when we are children to hide our children to hide our real feelings, so we real feelings, so we push our urges push our urges waaaaaaay down until waaaaaaay down until we are adults and then we are adults and then we don’t really know we don’t really know the “real” reasons we the “real” reasons we do what we do do what we do because they are so because they are so deep within us.deep within us.

http://eccasa.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mother-child-discipline-small-1.jpg


BUT we can get clues BUT we can get clues about our real” about our real” feelings from our feelings from our dreams and dreams and seemingly seemingly unexplainable unexplainable behaviorbehavior

http://leoashton.vizua.com/blues%20clues/blues_clues_wp_1024.jpg

2. What Psychoanalytic 2. What Psychoanalytic Psychologists think?Psychologists think?

Childhood experiences really affect how Childhood experiences really affect how we are as adults.we are as adults.

Human behavior sometimes doesn’t make Human behavior sometimes doesn’t make sensesense

Talking about our feelings in a comfortable Talking about our feelings in a comfortable setting can help people work through their setting can help people work through their “true” feelings to solve problems.“true” feelings to solve problems.

3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective

““We’re all just rats We’re all just rats caught in a maze”caught in a maze”

http://members.madasafish.com/~cj_whitehound/Rats_Nest/artwork/clipart/white_rat_in_maze.gif


Rats can find food in Rats can find food in a maze if they’ve a maze if they’ve found food in the found food in the same place before.same place before.

Their behavior Their behavior changes if the changes if the location of the food location of the food changes.changes.

http://www.tallhill.com/products/labrat/spec/labrat_spec_files/RatMazeDestroy.jpg


John Watson studied John Watson studied rats in mazes and said rats in mazes and said that people are the that people are the same. same.

Behavior is just a Behavior is just a response to response to something. The something. The consequence consequence determines whether determines whether the behavior happens the behavior happens again.again.

http://dogtrainerblues.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/dog-training-commands.jpg


What do Behaviorist/Learning What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists do?Psychologists do?

Try to understand people by studying what Try to understand people by studying what happens to them and how they respond. happens to them and how they respond.

If the consequence is good, they If the consequence is good, they shouldshould repeat the behavior. If not, they won’t do repeat the behavior. If not, they won’t do the behavior again.the behavior again.


Example:Example:Stimulus: You find out there’s a testStimulus: You find out there’s a testResponse: You studyResponse: You studyConsequence: You get an “A”Consequence: You get an “A”Based on the good consequence of Based on the good consequence of

getting an “A”, you continue the behavior getting an “A”, you continue the behavior of studying for tests.of studying for tests.


What do What do Behaviorist/Learning Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists say?:Psychologists say?:

--Behavior Behavior Modification:Modification: you you can can learnlearn to change bad to change bad behaviorbehavior

You can get over your You can get over your fears!fears!

http://www.asktheexterminator.com/artman2/uploads/1/spider_fear.gif

4. Cognitive Perspective4. Cognitive Perspective

““I Think, Therefore I I Think, Therefore I Am”Am”

http://www.haroldsplanet.com/daily/images/78_ithinkithink.gif


Study the way people Study the way people can gain, organize, can gain, organize, and remember and remember knowledge that knowledge that guides behavior.guides behavior.

http://standupforamerica.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/think-before-you-act.jpg


We’re much more than rats! We react to We’re much more than rats! We react to the environment but we also act on it to do the environment but we also act on it to do things like:things like:

Solve problemsSolve problemsMake decisionsMake decisionsThink about options before we actThink about options before we act


Also, FEELINGS affect Also, FEELINGS affect what we do too! what we do too!

Example: Someone Example: Someone who is told they have who is told they have cancer but there is cancer but there is treatment would react treatment would react very differently to the very differently to the news than a person news than a person who found out they had who found out they had cancer and were going cancer and were going to die.to die.

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Cognitive Psychologists develop theories Cognitive Psychologists develop theories about mental processes and test those about mental processes and test those theories by creating situations where theories by creating situations where people are expected to behave in a people are expected to behave in a predictable way (if they predictable way (if they don’t don’t behave in a behave in a predictable way, the theory is predictable way, the theory is wrongwrong).).


Where do we see Where do we see Cognitive Cognitive PsychologyPsychology? ?

Self-help booksSelf-help books Attitude adjustments Attitude adjustments

can help people can help people because it’s all about because it’s all about how they how they feel feel about a about a situation/problem.situation/problem.

http://askchris.essexcc.gov.uk/Files/BookJackets/4354.jpg

5. Sociocultural Perspective5. Sociocultural Perspective

To understand human To understand human behaviors you have to behaviors you have to understand the understand the culture in which they culture in which they live.live.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_wEbegOTGaXY/SYogSJSrooI/AAAAAAAAAHw/rpWXmiu_Bq4/s400/2.21.09+different+cultures.jpg


What’s “normal” in What’s “normal” in one country may be one country may be weird in another.weird in another.

http://bcdairyfoundation.ca/nutrition_education/images/So_what_is_normal.jpg


In the U.S. In the U.S. individuality is valuedindividuality is valued

In Asia it’s better to In Asia it’s better to be part of a groupbe part of a group

http://www.framersguide.com/images/_individuality1.jpg


Eating disorders are a Eating disorders are a bigger problem in the bigger problem in the U.S. where the ideal U.S. where the ideal is to be really thin. is to be really thin. Higher rate of Higher rate of violence in the U.S.violence in the U.S.

http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/december6/gifs/eating.jpg

6. Humanistic Perspective6. Humanistic Perspective

““Look on the Bright Look on the Bright Side” Side”


People are naturally People are naturally good. They will try to good. They will try to be the best they can be the best they can be UNLESS other be UNLESS other people get in their people get in their way.way.

http://hellejorgensen.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c748c53ef0115707d77ce970b-500wi


Example: Children Example: Children are good until are good until teachers/parents etc. teachers/parents etc. tell them they AREN’T tell them they AREN’T good. good.

http://alicebag.com/angryteacher.jpg


Then, children begin Then, children begin to believe that they to believe that they can’t be good so they can’t be good so they stop trying.stop trying.

http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/050930/050930_brats_vmed.widec.jpg


Main ideas in Main ideas in Humanist PsychologyHumanist Psychology Self-esteem is VERY important!Self-esteem is VERY important!A person’s view of their life is much more A person’s view of their life is much more

important that what actually happens in important that what actually happens in their life. their life.

History of Psychology

Do Now: What kinds of human behavior are you curious about?

Example: why do people find others attractive?

Why do some people get angry easier than others?

Hmmm interesting! People have

ALWAYS been interested in the behaviors of other people, that’s…

PSYCHOLOGY! Questions about

human behavior have been asked throughout history.

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I. Ancient Greece (2000 years ago) A. Socrates: said we

can learn about ourselves by looking at our own thoughts and feelings: introspection.

http://psicologia.unipd.it/home/fso/images/psychology.gif

http://paulbuckley14059.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/introspection.jpg

B. Aristotle (384-322) Experiences from

the past affect our feelings later.

Example: Being with our parents makes us feel safe because they have kept us safe in the past.

http://westernparadigm.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/aristotle.jpg

B. Aristotle (384-322) He also said: People try to avoid pain and find

pleasure.

http://www.rsrevision.com/images/calvin_happy.jpg

C. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Confusion and

madness are caused by problems in the brain.

http://philippinehealthconnections.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/hippocrates1.jpghttp://www.simpsonstrivia.com.ar/simpsons-photos/wallpapers/homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg

II. The Middle Ages Most Europeans

believed problems like confusion and anger issues were caused by being possessed by demons.

http://beyondtheblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/devil.jpg

II. The Middle Ages “pure” metals AND

people SHOULD sink to the bottom of water

People who were thought to be possessed were thrown into deep water….

http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/10ReasonsWhyLearningSwimmingisNecessary_D69D/image_6.png

III. Modern Science (1500s-1700s) The Scientific

Approach was invented, leading to the birth of modern Psychology in the 1800s.

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Scientific Approach Ideas about

human behavior and thinking should be supported by evidence.

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1879 Beginning of Psychology as a

modern lab science.

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A. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Established a lab

in Germany He founded

structuralism: the study of the basic elements of consciousness (being awake and experienceing the world)

http://www.shiga-med.ac.jp/~koyama/pain/Wundt.gif

Consciousness:How we experience the world 1. Objective

Sensations: sight, taste, hearing, touching, smelling

2. Subjective Feelings: Emotional responses to the world.

http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/Literary_Criticism/structuralism/structur.JPG

Structuralists Believed the human mind combined these

2 types of experiences

Ex: You can see an apple as red and taste it as sweet but ALSO you can feel good when you see an apple because you REMEMBER how good it feels to bite into it.

Structuralism eventually died out….

Gestalt (configuration) Psychology

We integrate info into meaningful wholes.

Some things are more than the sum of their parts.

Ex: Blind Monks and an elephant story

Music more than notes….

B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Structuralists

are WRONG! You can’t break

down people’s experiences!

Stream of Consciousness

http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/james.gifhttp://www.imprint.co.uk/phrencol.gif

B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Functionalism is

how mental processes (thinking) help people/animals adapt to their environment.

http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/sociology/images/functionalism_ro.gif

“Function”alism

Consciousness has a function: to help people adapt to their environment.

We adapt to do things like wash our hand before eating so we don’t get sick. We don’t just wash for no reason.

How did Functionalists do research? Observe people’s

behavior in a lab and use introspection (researchers asked people how they felt inside)

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0yVDybV0ui4/SVNbEpPP0MI/AAAAAAAAAJY/xeOOVkdobA8/s400/Milgram_Experiment.png

Other ideas of Functionalists Behavior is

learned

Example: Students study because the learn that it will help them get better grades.

Habitshttp://www.elanguages.ac.uk/images/GLP_0152.jpg

John B. Watson (1878-1958) and Behaviorism Consciousness is a

private event known only by an individual.

Psychology is a science and needs to ONLY use observable, measurable, events (ex. Behaviors)

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Behaviorism

Observable behavior NOT self-examination of ideas and experiences

Ivan Pavlov: Dogs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMJJpbRx_O8&feature=related

John Watson: Psych should be more like a lab science. He studied human reflexes

Little Albert: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) and Reinforcement

When animals are rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to do that behavior again (ex. Dog treats)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

People learn behaviors the same way. (school)

http://cultblender.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bfskinner.jpg

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and the school of Psychoanalysis

Most famous early psychologist.

Psychoanalysis- people have unconscious motives and conflicts within themselves that affect their behavior.

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For Example Freud believed that

dreams might be a representation of wishes that you have deep down but didn’t know about.

Sheldon gets analyzed:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZq_U2hbnvs&feature=related

http://images.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alpinelakes.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/dreaming.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gengen89.livejournal.com/&usg=__TBWJEy4wBfiXUw5UNjOe_jUSO4Y=&h=516&w=597&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=bBpUEHKMkYnaDM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddreaming%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

Also Freudian Slip:

http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u148/FreudianSlipCartoon.gif

Psychodynamic Thinking Most of what is in your mind is

unconscious. We are full of impulses and urges that conflict with what society says we can do.

So Freud said he could help people know their unconscious feelings and find acceptable ways to deal with them.

Humanistic Psychology

People (humans) have the freedom to choose things themselves. Conscious experience. We are not controlled by rewards and punishments.

Child Development

Jean Piaget: Gave tests to children and discovered that younger kids consistently failed certain parts.

Kids think differently!

Now you have learned a little bit about different psychologists

It’s your turn to choose one psychologist to present about to the class!

History Heads Assignment!

Homework:

Read pp19-36 and complete the Check Your Vocabulary and Apply Your Knowledge Section. (total 31 questions)

perspectives of psychology

Documents

expert of

tv expert

different types of tv

lot of different ideas

different things

human behavior

behavior expertsjust

popular perspectives