Personality

Personality

• Personality Determinants– Heredity– Environmental Factors– Situational Conditions

• Personality Traits– Enduring characteristics that describe a pattern in

an individual’s behaviour.

Catell’s 16 PF : Personality Traits

1. Reserved 2. Less intelligent 3. Affected by feelings4. Submissive5. Serious6. Expedient7. Timid8. Tough-minded9. Trusting10. Practical11. Forthright12. Self-assured13. Conservative14. Group-dependent15. Uncontrolled16. Relaxed

vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.

OutgoingMore intelligentEmotionally stableDominantHappy-go-luckyConscientiousVenturesomeSensitiveSuspiciousImaginativeShrewdApprehensiveExperimentingSelf-sufficientControlledTense

Source: R. B. Catell, “Personality Pinned Down,” Psychology Today, July 1973, pp. 40-46.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator• Personality test to determine how people usually act or feel in

particular situations.

• Classifications:– Extroverted (E) or Introverted (I)– Sensing (S) or Intuitive (N)– Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)– Perceiving (P) or Judging (J)

• Combined to form types, for example:– ESTP– INTJ

Big Five Personality Factors

Focused Personality Approaches

• Type A & B• Locus of Control (internal/external)• Self-Esteem• Self-Monitoring• Machiavellism• Risk Taking• Proactive/Reactive Personality

Emotions

What Are Emotions?

• Two related terms:– Emotions

• Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.

– Moods• Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and

that lack a contextual stimulus.

Affective Events Theory

Work Environment Characteristics of

the job Job demands Requirements for

emotional labour

Work Events Daily hassles Daily uplifts

Emotional Reactions Positive Negative

Job Satisfaction

Job Performance

Personal Dispositions Personality Mood

Source: Based on N. M. Ashkanasy and C. S. Daus, “Emotion in the Workplace: The New Challenge for Managers,” Academy of Management Executive, February 2002, p. 77.

Emotions: Happiness at the Workplace

Layard (2005): Happiness: Lessons from a New Science, p.21

Emotional Labour

• When an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions.

– Emotional Dissonance– Felt Emotions– Displayed Emotions– Surface Acting– Deep Acting

Emotional Intelligence• Noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that

influence a person's ability to interact with others.

• Four dimensions:

– Self-awareness– Self-management– Other-awareness– Other-management