Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Highlight OSHA PPE Standards (Subpart I)Occupational Noise ExposureRespiratory Protection

Written PPE Program Elements

PPE Selection and Limitations

Training Tips

Complete a Hazard Assessment

OBJECTIVES

A. 10%

B. 25%

C. 5%

What percentage of disabling work-related injuries will involve the

head, eyes, hands or feet?

OSHA requires certain PPE based on the hazards employees are exposed to.

OSHA also requires training for employees in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of PPE.

Why Must Employers Provide PPE?

Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards

OSHA regulations require employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, work procedures, and hazardous substances that can cause injury.

Employers must institute all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards before using PPE to protect against hazards.

Engineering Controls

If . . .

You can physically change the machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the potential hazard,

Then . . .

You have eliminated the hazard with an engineering control.

Engineering Controls

Examples… Initial design specifications Ventilation Substitution with less harmful

material Enclosure of process Isolation of process Change of process

Work Practice Controls

If . . .

You can remove your employees from exposure to the potential hazard by changing the way they do their jobs,

Then . . .

You have eliminated the hazard with a work practice control.

Work Practice Controls

Examples . . . Job Rotation of Workers Wet Methods Personal Hygiene Housekeeping and Maintenance

Establishing a PPE Program A written PPE program sets out procedures

for selecting, providing and using PPE as part of an employer’s routine operation.

The first essential step is to assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of PPE.

Once the proper PPE has been selected, the employer must provide training to each employee who is required to use PPE

PPE Assessment 1910.132 (d)

Assess the nature and degree of the workplace hazards.

Select PPE and require use.

Communicate selection decisions.

PPE should properly fit employees.

Written Certification

Documentation must include: workplace identification person conducting the certification date(s) of hazard assessment document shall be identified as a certificate of

hazard assessment

Training

Apply to all employees that wear PPE Conditions when PPE is required Selection criteria How to properly wear PPE Limitations of PPE Proper care, maintenance and useful life of

PPE Demonstrate that they understand the

training

Training – Cont’d

Re-train when changes in workplace occurs Re-train when there are changes in the type

of PPE Re-train when the employee has

inadequacies in knowledge and use of PPE Certification of training:

name of employee date of training

Examples of PPE Eye - safety glasses, goggles

Face - face shields

Head - hard hats

Feet - safety shoes

Hands and arms – gloves

Bodies – vests

Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs

True or False?

Wearing PPE, even if improperly is better than not wearing it at all.

Limitations of PPE First use engineering controls and workplace

controls then, use PPE

The protection is only as good as the PPE selected; PPE must be appropriate for job task and hazard

PPE may interfere with other PPE or work operations

PPE must be properly worn

PPE must be maintained and stored properly

PPE must be inspected

Eye Protection1910.133

Causes of Eye Injuries

Dust and other flying particles, such as metal shavings or wool fibers

Molten metal that might splash

Acids and other caustic liquid chemicals that might splash

Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter

Intense light such as that created by welding and lasers

Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection

Must protect against specific hazard(s) encountered by employees

Must be comfortable to wear

Must not restrict vision or movement

Must be durable and easy to clean and disinfect

Must not interfere with the function of other required PPE

Must meet the requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1989 for devices purchased after July 5, 1994, and ANSI Z87.1-1968 for devices purchased before that date

Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection

Eye Protection for Employees with

Eyeglasses Eyeglasses designed for ordinary wear do not

provide the required protection against workplace hazards.

Proper choices include: Prescription spectacles with side shields and protective

lenses meeting requirements of ANSI Z87.1 that also correct the employee’s vision

Proper choices include: Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses

mounted behind protective lenses

Goggles that can fit comfortably over corrective eyeglasses without disturbing their alignment

Eye Protection for Employees with

Eyeglasses

Eye protection comes in different types:

Goggles are designed for solid or liquid hazards that are airborne and in a quantity that there is a greater likelihood of contact with or near the eye.

Safety eyeglasses with protective side shields are designed for eye protection when the hazard is more casual by nature and the hazard(s) is of low quantity and likelihood.

Eye Protection

Eye Protection

Eyes may need protection from hazards other than those that include a physical contact with the eye. For example, UV light can cause permanent damage to vision

For more severe hazards, full face protection is needed: Heavy grinding and heavy spraying/splashing.

The full face shield should not only protect the eyes, but the entire facial area as well. The face shield affords extra protection against hazards

involving temperature extremes or hazardous chemicals. Due to the wide opening on the sides and bottom of the face

shield, protective eyewear must be worn along with the face shield.

Eye/Face Protection

Question

Can more than one employee wear the same set of protective eyewear?

Question

Are you required to disinfect the eyewear between uses by different employees?

Everyone who has suffered an eye injury:

A. Thought it would never happen to them.

B. Would wear eye protection if they had it to do over again.

Safety Spectacles

Made with metal/plastic safety frames

Most workplace operations require side shields

Used for moderate impact from particles produced by such jobs as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and scaling

What are tips for proper care?

Goggles

Protect eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes from impact, dust, and splashes

Some goggles fit over corrective lenses

What are tips for proper care?

Face Shields

Protect face from nuisance dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids

Does not protect employees from impact hazards

What are tips for proper care?

Welding Shields

Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light, and protect face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting.

What are tips for proper care?

Laser Safety Goggles

Provide a range of protection against the intense concentrations of light produced by lasers.

What are tips for proper care?

Hazard Assessment

In a machine shop, a milling operation produces large quantities of metal chips that fly all over the surrounding work areas. How should the owner best protect the workers?

Head Protection1910.135

Causes of Head Injuries

Falling objects from above

Bumping the head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams

Contact with exposed electrical conductors

Head Protection

Hard hats are necessary to protect workers against falling objects and overhead hazards in general. Some hard hats are designed to protect only against

bumps (low overhead hazards), while others afford protection against falling objects.

Hard hats should be designed to reduce electrical shock when there is a potential for contact with anything electrical conductors.

Head Protection

Hard hats must conform with the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986. Check the label on the hat for compliance with this standard.

What are tips for proper care?

Types of Head Protection

Which class of hard hat types will protect you fromelectric shock as well as falling objects?

A. Class A

B. Class B

C. Class C

D. Class A and B

Types of Head Protection

Class A HelmetsFor impact, penetration, and electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (tested to 2,200 volts).

Class B HelmetsFor impact, penetration, and electrical protection from high-voltage conductors (tested to 20,000 volts).

Class C HelmetsFor impact and penetration hazards hazards only. Usually made of aluminum, which conducts electricity, and should not be worn around electrical hazards.

Foot Protection1910.136

Causes of Foot Injuries Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that

might roll onto or fall on employees’ feet

Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes

Molten metal that might splash on feet

Hot or wet surfaces

Slippery surfaces

Foot ProtectionCriteria for Selection

Selection depends upon specific workplace hazards identified and the specific parts of the feet exposed to potential injury

Safety footwear must meet minimum compression and impact performance standards and testing requirements established by ANSI

Protective footwear must comply with ANSI Z41-1991 if purchased after July 5, 1994) or ANSI Z41-1967 (if purchased before this date)

Foot Protection

Proper footwear can afford a level of protection for the feet and toes: Steel-toed boots or shoes protect toes against the crushing

hazard of falling objects, such involved with pipe moving or heavy material handling

Rubber boots protect the feet against chemical hazards. For chemical hazards, check with your MSDS.

Footwear should also be selected based on protection from the walking/working surface: Sturdy, puncture-resistant soles for sharp object hazards

True or False?

Leather shoes or boots offer good protection against spills of caustic chemicals.

Safety Shoes

Have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles

Some have metal insoles to protect against puncture wounds

May be designed to be electrically conductive

What are tips for proper care?

Metatarsal Guards

An integral part of shoes or strapped to the outside of them to protect the instep area from impact and compression.

What are tips for proper care?

Hand Protection1910.138

Causes of Hand Injuries

Burns Bruises Abrasions Cuts Punctures Fractures Amputations Chemical Exposures Temperature Extremes

Question

Is there one kind of glove that will protect against all workplace hazards?

Hand ProtectionCriteria for Selection

Nature of the hazard(s) and the operation to be performed will determine the selection of gloves

Variety of potential occupational hand injuries may make selecting the appropriate pair of gloves more difficult than choosing other protective equipment

Hand Protection

Gloves should be selected according to the hazard. Handling hot materials usually requires leather gloves. Heavy cotton glove usually afford ample protection

against scratch and abrasive hazards. Rubber gloves are usually necessary for electrical and

chemical hazards. There are gloves designed to protect against cut hazards,

as in the meat industry. Check with your MSDS and/or your glove supplier

for more information.

Norfoil laminate resists permeation and breakthrough by an array of toxic/hazardous chemicals

Butyl provides the highest permeation resistance to gas or water vapors; frequently used for ketones (M.E.K., Acetone) and esters (Amyl Acetate, Ethyl Acetate)

Viton is highly resistant to permeation by chlorinated and aromatic solvents

Nitrile provides protection against a wide variety of solvents, harsh chemicals, fats and petroleum products and also provides excellent resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions

Kevlar protects against cuts, slashes, and abrasion

Stainless steel mesh provides protection from cuts and lacerations

Gloves

What are tips for proper care?

Hazard Assessment- Gloves

Laboratory technicians handle strong

solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium

hydroxide. What type of gloves should the

employer provide? What type of gloves should be provided for

protection from chlorinated solvents such as

trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene?

Hazard Assessment- Gloves

Production operators handle acetone and

methyl alcohol to clean parts. What type of

gloves should the employer provide?

What options does an employer have if an

employee develops an allergic reaction?

Body Protection

Causes of Body Injuries?

Intense heat Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials Cuts Hazardous chemicals Contact with potentially infectious materials, like

blood Radiation

Body ProtectionCriteria for Selection

Need to provide protective clothing only for the parts of the body exposed to possible injury

Depending upon hazards in the workplace, protection may be provided by:VestsApronsSurgical gownsJacketsFull coveralls

Cooling Vest Sleeves and Apron

Examples

Coveralls Full Body Suit

Examples

Body ProtectionUse and Care

Verify that the material selected will provide protection from the specific hazard

Adjust for comfort and effective fit Identify signs of wear:

Rips, tears, scuffsLoss of elasticity

Clean and disinfect properly Store properly

* See 29 CFR 1910.120 for further guidance on selection of chemical protective clothing for workers involved in hazardous waste operations and emergency response.

Hazard Assessment Summary

Assess the workplace for hazards

Implement engineering controls and work practices to control or eliminate these hazards to the extent feasible

Select appropriate PPE to protect employees from hazards that cannot be eliminated or controlled through engineering controls and work practices

Hazard Assessment Summary

Inform employees why the PPE is necessary and when it must be worn

Train employees how to use and care for the selected PPE and how to recognize deterioration and failure

Require employees to wear the selected PPE in the workplace

Document assessment and training

Hearing Protection1910.95

Objectives

What is sound?

How the ear works

How to measure noise

What does OSHA say about noise?

Reading hearing tests

Hearing Protection

What is Sound?

Hertz (Hz) Frequency a high

or low pitch

Decibels (dB) The loudness of

the sound

Frequency

Humans can typically hear between 20 - 20,000 Hz.

You can hear different frequencies better than others.

Decibels

The quietest sound most humans can detect is 0 dB

Some humans can even hear sounds as quiet as -5 dB

The Loudness of Common Sounds

Anatomy of the Ear

Cochlea

Ear Drum

Ear Bones

Semi-Circular Canals

How Do We Hear?

The outer ear collects the soundwaves

The waves hit the eardrum and cause it to vibrate

The vibrations are sent through the ear bones to the cochlea

Inside the Cochlea (snail shell)

Delicate hair cells vibrate to different frequencies

Hair cells detect the vibration and send a signal to the brain

Loud sounds destroy the hair cells and they stop functioning FOREVER!

The Ear Does Something Else Too!

The Semi-circular canals Three tubes laying perpendicular to one

another Filled with fluid and tiny hair cells Depending on which way your head is tilted,

the fluid moves the hair cells, and they send a signal to your brain

Responsible for balance

How to Measure Noise

Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale

If you double the sound pressure of the noise, the sound pressure level will increase 6dB

80 dB 86 dB

In the field, we determined the loudness of two compressors right next to each other

How loud is this area?Do we add?Do we add and take the average?

Example

89 dB 87 dB

Neither, because it is a log scale We use the following chart

82 dB + 83 dB = 86 dB 87 dB + 89 dB = 91 dB

Example

How are Noise Levels Determined?

Sound level meter Determine the

loudness (dB) of noise at any given moment

Personal Dosimeters Worn by employees Measures the average

loudness in an 8 hour work shift

“8hr TWA” (Time Weighted Average)

Can also measure noise dose

What does OSHA say?

At 85 dB (8hr. TWA) (50% Dose) Sample for noise levels Train employees Make hearing

protection available Do hearing tests Notify employees of

results

At 90 dB or more(100% Dose) Train employees Hearing protection is

mandatory Hearing protection must

attenuate levels at or below 90 dB

Do hearing tests Notify employees of results

What does the Std Require?

Area TWAFabrication Shop 81 dBAVessel Shop 90 dBAEngine Shop 88 dBAField Operations 84 dBA

True or False?

Plain cotton will effectively protect against occupational noise.

Hearing ProtectionCriteria for Selection

Attenuation characteristics of a particular hearing protector must be considered

Work area of use important, e.g., earmuffs not practical for work in confined areas with little head clearance

When using earmuffs in areas with electrical hazards, use nonconductive suspension systems

Hearing ProtectionCriteria for Selection

When eye protection is also required, use earplugs or earmuffs with cable-type temples

Earmuffs preferable to earplugs when noise exposure is intermittent, since they are easier to put on and remove

Earmuffs Earplugs Canal Caps

Examples

What are tips for proper care?

True or False?

Hearing protection worn incorrectly is like wearing none at all.

Hearing Tests

We must determine a baseline audiogram We test your hearing every year to determine if you

have experienced a hearing loss (Standard Threshold Shift)

Standard Threshold Shift - A loss of 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000, or 4000 Hz.

Audiogram

Hearing Loss

Impact - One loud bang Cumulative - Years of a noisy environment Tinnitus - Ringing in the ears Presbycusis - Hearing loss due to aging

Hearing Protection

NRR - Noise reduction rating Express - 25 NRR Classic - 29 NRR Max Lite - 33 NRR

DO NOT Subtract the NRR from the 108 dBA noise level WRONG (108 dBA - 33 dB = 75 dBA)

You must subtract 7 dB from the NRR: (33-7) CORRECT (108 dBA – 26dB = 82 dBA) Is this adequate protection?

Safety Factor-Recommended

OSHA says the hearing protection is designed to reduce the noise by the NRR, but that is unlikely to happen due to : Leaks in the seal Vibration Improper insertion

OSHA takes (NRR - 7) / 2

Example of NRR Protection

The noise at a large compressor is 108 dBA

You are wearing the Max Lite plugs with an NRR of 33 dB

Do you have enough protection to place you at or below 90 dBA level?

(NRR 33 - 7) = 26 dB

26 / 2 = 13 dB

108 dBA - 13 dB = 95 dBA

YOU ARE ABOVE OSHA LIMITS OF 90 dBA

95 dBA108 dBA

Example of NRR Protection

Will double protection help?

Add 5 dB to the field adjusted NRR

(33 – 7) / 2 + 5 dB = 18 dB

108 dBA - 18 dB = 90 dBA

Is this protection adequate?90 dBA

Example of NRR Protection

Summary for Hearing Protection

Hearing is important

In time, noise levels at 85 dBA can permanently damage your hearing

Wear your hearing protection both at work and at home

Choose hearing protection with a high NRR, and wear it properly

Respiratory Protection1910.134

Program Elements

Program Administrator Workplace Evaluation Respirator Selection Medical Evaluation Fit Testing Respirator Use Maintenance and Storage Training

Workplace Evaluation

Identify Respiratory Hazards particulates, gases, vapors, oxygen

deficiency

Determine Exposure monitoring, calculations, historical data

Control Hazard engineering controls, administrative

controls

Respirator Selection

Chemical and Physical Properties

Toxicity and Concentration

Oxygen Level

Nature and Extent of Hazard

Limitations and Characteristics of Respirators

Question

Will a bandana provide protection against particulates?

How about two bandanas?

Respirator Types

Air Purifying Respirators dust masks gas masks chemical cartridges

Air-Supplying Respirators air-line respirators SCBAs

Medical Evaluation1910.134(e)

Paid by Employer Physician or Licensed Health Care Provider Medical Questionnaire vs. Examination Written Determination Additional Medical Evaluations

Fit Testing - 1910.134(f) Required for tight fitting face pieces

Fit testing is conducted annually

Qualitative all positive pressure respirators negative pressure respirators (< 10 X PEL)

Quantitative half mask: achieve fit factor > 100 full face: achieve fit factor > 500

Respirator Use 1910.134(g)

Donning and doffing

Maintain face-to-face piece and valve seal

Negative and positive fit check

Change out schedules

Emergency situations

Maintenance and Storage

1910.134(h) Cleaning and disinfecting procedures

Proper storage

Regular inspections

Repair methods

Training 1910.134(k)

Frequency prior to initial use annual refreshers change in workplace conditions retraining determined necessary Appendix D for voluntary use

Training – Cont’d

Content necessity and consequences of misuse limitations and capabilities emergency use inspect, don, doff, use, check seals maintenance and storage general requirements of standard

Written Program Elements

1910.134(c) Selection Medical Evaluations Fit Testing Proper Use Maintenance Training Evaluation of Program

Summary

Conduct air monitoring Choose the right respirator Make sure employees wear their respirators Perform fit testing Train employees Take care of respirators Review program

Hazard Assessment - Workshop

Complete the worksheet for one high hazard

area at your company.

What type of limitations and proper care for

the PPE would you discuss with your

employees during training?

Resources

www.texasmutual.com

www.osha.gov

www.twcc.state.tx.us

www.tdh.state.tx.us