Fabulae Faciles:

PERSEUS

Latin&Text&with&Facing&Vocabulary&and&Commentary&&

excerpted&from&Geoffrey&Steadman’s&volume&of&the&Fabulae'Faciles'

Ritchie’s Fabulae Faciles Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary First Edition © 2012 by Geoffrey D. Steadman revised April 2013, March 2014 All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available (via email) under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work freely under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-5-8 ISBN-10: 0-9843065-5-2 Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman geoffreysteadman@gmail.com

vii

How to Use this Commentary Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.

1. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.

Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers have encountered most of these words in first-year Latin and should be able to master the list quickly. Once readers have reviewed these words, I recommend that they consult and memorize slightly less frequent words in Fabulae Faciles as they encounter them.

2. Read actively.

Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (a) to scan through the entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (b) to treat the sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so on. As you acquire more vocabulary and your comfort with the Latin increases, make reading in Latin word order your primary method. It is a lot of fun and with persistence very satisfying as well. Develop the habit of making educated guesses as you read. The purpose of the graded reader to provide you with an opportunity to encounter difficult constructions, particularly subjunctive clauses and indirect discourse, so frequently that you cannot help but to develop proficiency identifying and translating them. Make educated guests as you read. If you guess correctly, the commentary will reaffirm your knowledge of the Latin. If you answer incorrectly, you will become more aware of your weaknesses and therefore more capable of correcting them.

3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it.

Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to read the Latin as Latin. Always read the words out loud (or at least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin.

4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one.

This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.

xii

Abbreviations

abs. absolute acc. accusative act. active adj. adjective adv. adverb app. appositive comp. comparative dat. dative dep. deponent d.o. direct object f. feminine fut. future gen. genitive imp. imperative

impf. imperfect imper. impersonal indic. indicative i.o. indirect object ind. indirect inf. infinitive inter. interrogative m. masculine n. neuter nom. nominative obj. object pple. participle pass passive pf. perfect

pl. plural plpf. pluperfect pred. predicate prep. preposition pres. present pron. pronoun quest. question reflex. reflexive rel. relative seq. sequence sg. singular subj. subject superl. superlative voc. vocative

Perseus

2

1. THE ARK

Haec n rrantur po t s d Perse . Perseus f lius erat I vis, maxim de rum; avus eius Acrisius appell b tur. Acrisius vol bat Perseum nep tem suum nec re; nam propter r culum puerum tim bat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhuc nfantem, et cum m tre in arc ligne incl sit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coni cit. Danaë, Perse m ter, magnopere territa est; tempest s enim magna mare turb bat. Perseus autem in sin m tris dormi bat. 2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON

Iuppiter tamen haec omnia v dit, et f lium suum serv re c nstituit. Tranquillum igitur f cit mare, et arcam ad nsulam Ser phum perd xit. Huius nsulae Polydect s tum r x erat. Postquam arca ad l tus appulsa est, Danaë in har n qui tem capi bat. Post breve tempus pisc t re qu dam reperta est, et ad domum r gis Polydectis adducta est. Ille m trem et puerum benign exc pit, et e s s dem t tam in f nibus su s dedit. Danaë hoc d num libenter acc pit, et pr tant benefici r g gr ti s git. 3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS

Perseus igitur mult s ann s ibi habit bat, et cum m tre su v tam be tam ag bat. At Polydect s Danaën magnopere am bat, atque eam in m trim nium d cere vol bat. Hoc tamen c nsilium Perse minim gr tum erat. Polydect s igitur Perseum d mittere c nstituit. Tum iuvenem ad s voc vit et haec d xit: "Turpe est hanc ign vam

1

5 10

15 20

25

Perseus 3

Acrisius, -i m.: Acrisius, 4 add c , -ere, -x , -ctum: to lead to, bring, 8 adhuc: still, 5 ag , agere, g , ctum: drive, lead, spend, 13 appell (1): call (by name), name, 12 appell , -ere, -pul , -puls : drive to, 14 arca, -ae f.; chest, box, ark, 4 avus, av m.: grandfather, 2 beatus, -a, -um: blessed, happy, 3 beneficium, - n.: benefit, favor; kindness, 8 benignus, -a, -um: kind, 4 comprehend , -ere, -d , -sum: grasp, seize, 3 Dana , - s f.: Danae, 5 d mitt , -ere, -m s , -missum: to drop, 3 domus, - s f.: house, home, dwelling, 11 d num, - n.: gift, 6 dormi , - re, - v : to sleep, 8 duc , -ere, d x , ductus: lead, draw, bring, 5 excipi , ere, c p , ceptum: receive, welcome9 f lius, -i m.: son, 10 f nis, -is m./f.: end, limit, border, boundary, 12 gr tia, -ae f.: graditude, favor, thanks, 10 gr tus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 1 har na, -ae f.: sand, 1 ignavus, -a, -um: lazy, cowardly, 2 incl d , -ere, - s , - sum: close in, shut in, 7 inf ns, -fantis m. f.: infant, 2 Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 8 iuvenis, -is m.: youth, young man, 4 libenter: gladly, willingly, 12

l gnum, - n.: wood, 4 mater, matris f.: mother, 9 matrim nium, -i n.: marriage, 6 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, 9 minim : least, by no means, not at all, 1 nam: for, 6 n rr (1): to narrate, relate, 7 nec (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 9 nep s, nep tis m.: grandson, decendent, 2

r culum, - n.: oracle, 11 perd c , -ere, -x , -ctum: lead through, 4 pisc tor, pisc t ris m.: fisherman, 1 po ta, -ae m.: poet, 4 Polydect s, -is m.: Polydectes, 7 pr : before, in front of, for, 9 propter: on account of, because of, 6 qui s, qui tis f.: rest, repose, sleep, 5 reperi , - re, repper , repertum: find out, 9 s des, s dis f.: seat; abode, home, 5 Seriphus, - m.: Seriphos (an island) 1 serv (1): save, keep, preserve, 1 sinus, - s m.: bosom, lap, 1 terre , - re, -u , territum: to terrify, scare, 5 time , - re, -u : fear, dread, 6 tranquillus, -a, -um: calm, tranquil, 1 turb (1): to confuse, disturb, 2 turpis, turpe: ugly, shameful, 1 tutus, -a, -um: safe, secure, 3 v ta, -ae, f.: life, 9 voc (1): call, summon, invoke, 2

2 haec: these (things); neut. pl. d : about; often when object is not a place I vis: of Jupiter; the god Iuppiter declines in the 3rd decl.: Iuppiter, I vis, I v , I vem and I ve; I vis is gen. sg. 3 eius: gen. sg. of is, ea, id Acrisius: pred. nom. of appell b tur, which behaves as a linking verb 4 suum: his; reflexive possessive adj., use the subject (‘su’ as in subject!) to translate 6 in mare: acc. place to which, neuter sg. Danaë: Greek nominative, the two dots (diaeresis) indicate that the ‘e’ is pronounced separately from the ‘a’ 7 tempest s: nom. sg., fem. 3rd decl. 9 sin : 4th decl. abl. sg. 11 haec omnia: neuter acc. pl., add ‘things’ 12 f cit: made (x) (y); tranquillum is an adj. in the predicative position: not ‘tranquil sea’ but ‘sea tranquil’

10 huius nsulae: gen. sg. with rex; –ius is a common gen. pronoun ending (hic) 14 qui tam capi bat: was taking a rest 15 qu -dam: a certain; the suffix -dam never declines but the first half of this indefinite adjective does and modifies pisc t re (abl) 16 benign : kindly; - indicates an adv. 17 e s: dat. pl. is, ea, id; ind. obj. of dedit 18 pr : (in return) for r g : dat. sg. 3rd decl. noun rex, r gis gr ti s git: gave thanks; common idiom for gr ti s go, here pf. 21 mult s ann s: for…; acc. duration 22 ag bat: was living/spending; common idiom for v tam ag ; cf. line 18 Danaën: Greek accusative ( ‘n’ not ‘m’) 23 Perse : dat. of reference with gr tum 25 haec: neuter pl., supply ‘things’ Turpe est: it is shameful to; the adj. turpis, turpe is neut. because an inf. is subject

Perseus

4

v tam agere; iam d dum t adul sc ns es. Qu sque h c man bis? Tempus est arma capere et virt tem praest re. Hinc ab , et caput Med sae mihi refer.” 4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT

Perseus ubi haec aud vit, ex nsul discessit, et postquam ad continentem v nit, Med sam quaes vit. Di fr str quaer bat; namque n t ram loc ignor bat. Tandem Apoll et Minerva viam d m nstr v runt. Pr mum ad Grae s, sor r s Med sae, perv nit. Ab h s t l ria et galeam magicam acc pit. Apoll autem et Minerva falcem et speculum ded runt. Tum postquam t l ria pedibus induit, in ra ascendit. Di per ra vol bat; tandem tamen ad eum locum v nit ubi Med sa cum c ter s Gorgonibus habit bat. Gorgon s autem m nstra erant speci horribil ; capita enim e rum anguibus omn n cont cta erant. Man s etiam ex aere factae erant. 5. THE GORGON'S HEAD

R s difficillima erat caput Gorgonis absc dere; eius enim c nspect homin s in saxum vert bantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perse dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum inspici bat; h c mod ad locum v nit ubi Med sa dormi bat. Tum falce su caput eius n ict absc dit. C terae Gorgon s statim somn excit tae sunt, et ubi rem v d runt, r comm tae sunt. Arma rapu runt, et Perseum occ dere vol bant. Ille autem dum f git, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hoc f cit, statim c nspect e rum v sit.

1 5

10 15

20 25

Perseus 5

abe , - re, -i , -itus: go away, go off, depart, 6 absc d , -ere, -c d , -c sum: cut away or off, 5 adul sc ns, -entis: young (man), youth(ful), 3

r, a ris n.: air, 6 aes, aeris n.: bronze, 1 ag , agere, g , ctum: drive, lead, spend, 13 anguis, -is m. f.: serpents, snakes, 1 Apollo, -inis m.: Apollo, 7 arma, - rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 6 ascend , -ere, - , - nsus: ascend, mount, 3 c ter , -ae, -a: the other, remaining, 2 commove , - re, -m v , -m tum: move, trouble, upset, 14 conspectus, - s m.: sight, view, 6 conteg , -ere, -t x , -t ctum: cover, 1 contine , - re, -nu , -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 d monstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 13 difficilis, -e: hard, difficult, troublesome, 6 disc d , -ere, -cess , -cessum: to go away, depart, 4 di : a long time, long, 13 dormi , - re, - v : to sleep, 8 d dum: a short time ago; just now, once, 2 ego: I, 9 vad , -ere, v s , v sum: go out, escape, 9

excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 8 falx falcis f.: sickle, 2 frustr : in vain, for nothing, 13 fugi , fugere, f g , --: to flee, hurry away, 9 galea, -ae f.: helmet, 3 Gorg , -onis f.: Gorgon, 4

Graeae, - rum f.: Graece, 1 hinc: from this place, hence, 1 horribilis, -e: horrible, dreadful, 11 ictus, - s m.: strike, blow, 4 ign r (1): not know, be ignorant, 5 indu , -ere, indu , ind tum: put on, 8 inspici , -ere, -sp x , -spectum: look upon, 1 ra, rae f.: anger, 12

magicus, -a, -um: magic, 5 mane , - re, mans , --: to stay, wait, 9 Med sa, -ae f.: Medusa, 6 Minerva, -ae f.: Minerva, 4 namque: for, 2 nat ra, -ae. f.: nature, 9 occid , -ere, -cid , -c sus: kill, cut down, 14 omn n : altogether, wholely, entirely, 11 p s, pedis m.: foot, 8 praest , -st re, -stit : stand in front, show, 6 propter: on account of, because of, 6 rapi , -ere, rapu , raptum: to seize, snatch, 5 somnus, - m.: sleep, 14 soror, sor ris f.: sister, 1 speculum, - n.: mirror, 3 tal ria, -ium: winged shoes, 4 tergum, - n.: back, 8 tu: you, 10 usque: all the way to, up to, continuously, 2 vert , -ere, vert , versum: to turn, 4 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 4 virt s, - tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 10 v ta, -ae, f.: life, 9 vol (1): to fly, 3

1 agere: to live; idiom, see p. 2, line 22 iam d dum: now for a long time; often as one word es: 2nd sg. pres. sum qu (c nsili ): for what purpose h c: note the long vowel ‘ ’ indicates that this is the adverb ‘here’ not the pronoun 2 Tempus est: it is time; infinitives are subj. hinc: from here; compare h c above ab : sg. imperative abe 3 mihi: dat. sg. eg refer: sg. imperative, 3rd conj. refer does not retain the final “e.” Consider the mnemonic: ‘d c, d c, fac and fer should have an “e” but it isn’t there.’ 7 frustr : a common adverb Graeae: these 3 sisters to the Gorgons had

one eye, which they shared; Perseus stole the eye until they told him what he wanted 11 e : dat. sg. ind. object is, ea, id 12 pedibus: on…; dat. pl. with compound verb (make prefix “in-“ into a preposition) 14 speci horribil : of horrible appearance; abl. of quality with monstra, horribil is i- stem 3rd decl. abl., speci is 5th decl. abl. 15 aere: bronze; abl. of aes, not r 19 difficillima: superlative difficilis eius…c nspect : gen. sg. the Gorgon’s 22 h c mod : in this way; abl. of manner 24 ubi: when; i.e. ‘at this point’ in time/place r : by anger; abl. of cause or means comm tae sunt: were moved; they are moved emotionally, not physically

Perseus 6

6. THE SEA-SERPENT

Post haec Perseus in f n s Aethiopum v nit. Ibi C pheus qu dam ill tempore regn bat. Hic Nept num, maris deum, lim offenderat; Nept nus autem m nstrum saevissimum m serat. Hoc cot di mar veni bat et homin s d vor bat. Ob hanc causam pavor anim s omnium occup verat. C pheus igitur r culum de Hamm nis c nsuluit, atque de iussus est f liam m nstr tr dere. Eius autem f lia, n mine Andromeda, virg f rm sissima erat. C pheus ubi haec aud vit, magnum dol rem perc pit. Vol bat tamen c v s su s tant per cul extrahere, atque ob eam causam imper ta Hamm nis facere c nstituit. 7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE

Tum r x diem certam d xit et omnia par vit. Ubi ea di s v nit, Andromeda ad l tus d ducta est, et in c nspect omnium ad r pem allig ta est. Omn s f tum eius depl r bant, nec lacrim s ten bant. At subit , dum m nstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrim s v dit, causam dol ris quaerit. Ill rem t tam exp nunt et puellam d m nstrant. Dum haec geruntur, fremitus terribilis aud tur; simul m nstrum horribil speci procul c nspicitur. Eius c nspectus tim rem maximum omnibus ini cit. M nstrum magn celerit te ad l tus contendit, iamque ad locum appropinqu bat ubi puella st bat. 8. THE RESCUE

At Perseus ubi haec v dit, gladium suum d xit, et postquam t l ria induit, in ra subl tus est. Tum d super in m nstrum impetum subit f cit, et gladi su collum eius graviter vulner vit.

1

5 10

15 20

25

Perseus 7

accurr , -ere, -cucurr , -cursum: to run to, 2 adlig (1): bind to, tie to, 2

r, a ris n.: air, 6 Aethiop s, -um m.: Ethiopians, 2 Andromeda, -ae f.: Andromeda, 4 appropinqu (1): come near, approach, 8 celerit s, -t tis f.: speed, quickness, 7 Cepheus, - m.: Cepheus, 5 certus, -a, -um: fixed, sure, 11 c vis, -is m/f: citizen, fellow citizen, 5 collum, - n.; neck, 6 conspectus, - s m.: sight, view, 6 conspici , -ere, - x , -ectum: catch sight of, 3 contend , -ere, - , -tus: strive; hasten; fight 11 cott di : daily, 2 d d c , -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 10 d monstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 13 deplor (1): lament, weep, 1 d super: from above, 2 d vor (1): swallow down, devour, 4 d c , -ere, -d x , -ductum: lead out, draw, 3

exp n , -ere, -su , -situm: set out, explain 7 extrah , -ere, -trax , -tractum: draw out, 2 f tum, - n.: fate, ruin, death, 2 f nis, -is m./f.: end, limit, border, boundary, 12 form sus, -a, -um: shapely, beautiful, 2 fremitus, - s m.: roaring, roar, 2 gladius, - m.: sword, 10 Hamm n, - nis m.: Hammon (Jupiter), 2 horribilis, -e: horrible, dreadful, 11 imper (1): order, command, 12

impetus, - s m.: attack, onset, assault, 9 indu , -ere, indu , ind tum: put on, 8 inici , -ere, -i c , -iectum: throw in or upon, 2 lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 10 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, 9 nec: and not, nor, 10 Nept nus, - m.: Neptune, 4 n men, n minis, n.: name, 12 ob: on account of (acc.), 13 occup (1): occupy, seize, 8 offend , -ere, offend , off nsum: offend, 1

lim: once, formerly, 10 r culum, - n.: oracle, 11

pavor, pav ris m.: terror, panic, 1 percipi , -ere, -c p , -ceptum: receive, perceive, get, 5 procul: from afar, from a distance, 5 puella, -ae f.: girl, 8 que: and, 14 r gn (1): to rule, reign, 3 r p s, r pis f.: rock, cliff, 6 saevus, -a, -um: savage, fierce, 3 simul: at the same time; at once, together, 10 st (1): to stand, 8 tal ria, -ium: winged shoes, 4 tene , ten re, tenu , tentum: to hold, keep 13 terribilis, -e: terrible, dreadful, 5 toll , tolle, sustul , subl tum: raise, lift up 10 t tus -a, -um: whole, entire, 14 virg , virginis f.: maiden, 2 vulner (1): wound, injure, 7

2 in f n s: into the borders; usual meaning 3 ill tempore: at…; abl. of time when H c: note that the ‘ ’ distinguishes this adverb from the pronoun hic, ‘this one’ 3 saevissimum: superlative adj. saevus Hoc: this one; neut. sg. subject; “this (monster),” monstrum is neuter 5 mar : abl. sg. 3rd decl. i-stem noun 6 omnium: gen. pl. 3rd decl. i-stem adj. de Hamm nis: of the god Hammon; a north African god often identified with Jupiter/Zeus, sometimes spelled ‘Ammon’ 7 m nstr : dat. sg. ind. obj. of tr dere 8 n mine: by name; abl. of respect virg : nom. sg. predicate 9 haec: these (things); neut. acc. pl. vol bat: impf. of vol , velle, ‘to wish,’ not from vol , vol re, “to fly” 10 ob eam causam: for this reason

11 imper ta: commands; ‘things having been commanded’ neuter acc. pl. PPP (pf. pass. pple) imper 14 diem certam d xit: appointed a…day omnia: neut pl. acc. 3rd decl. i-stem ea: this; is, ea, id as an adj. is a demonstrative which can be translated as “this/these” or “that/those” 16 eius: her; gen. fem. sg. is, ea, id exp nunt: explain; ‘set out (in detail)’ 20 horribil speci : of…; see p. 5, line 14 eius: of this one; or ‘of it,’ i.e. monstrum 21 omnibus: upon all; dat. of compound verb magn celerit te: with..; abl. manner often ‘cum’ missing when there is an adj. 26 subl tus est: 3rd sg. pf. pass. toll in m nstrum: against...; often in an attack impetum…f cit: made an attack 27 eius: his; ‘of that one,’ gen. sg.

Perseus 8

M nstrum ubi s nsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem didit, et sine mor t tum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum l tus volat, reditum eius exspect bat. Mare autem intere undique sanguine nficitur. Post breve tempus belua r rsus caput sustulit; mox tamen Perse ict gravi re vulner ta est. Tum iterum s in und s mersit, neque poste v sa est. 9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

Perseus postquam ad l tus d scendit, pr mum t l ria exuit; tum ad r pem v nit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem sal tis d posuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terr re paene exanim ta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. C pheus ob hanc rem maxim gaudi affectus est. Meritam gr tiam pr tant benefici Perse rettulit; praetere Andromedam ipsam e in m trim nium dedit. Ille libenter hoc d num acc pit et puellam d xit. Pauc s ann s cum ux re su in e regi ne habit bat, et in magn hon re erat apud omn s Aethiop s. Magnopere tamen m trem suam rursus vid re cupi bat. Tandem igitur cum ux re su regn C phe discessit.

10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

Postquam Perseus ad nsulam n vem appulit, s ad locum contulit ubi m ter lim habit verat, sed domum inv nit vacuam et omn n d sertam. Tr s di s per t tam nsulam m trem quaer bat; tandem quart di ad templum Di nae perv nit. H c Danaë ref gerat, quod

1 5

10 15 20

25

Perseus 9

ade , - re, -i(v) : go to, approach, 4 Aethiop s, -um m.: Ethiopians, 2 affici , -ere, -f c , fectum: influence, treat, 13 Andromeda, -ae f.: Andromeda, 4 appell , -ere, -pul , -puls : drive to, 14 apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 9 aqua, -ae f.: water, 11 belua, -ae f.: beast, brute, monster, 1 beneficium, - n.: benefit, favor; kindness, 8 Cepheus, - m.: Cepheus, 5 circum: around, about, at, near (acc.), 1 cupi , -ere, - v , - tum: desire, long for, 4 Dana , - s f.: Danae, 5 d pon , -ere, -su , -situm: put down or aside9 d scend , -ere, -nd , -nsum: descend, 4 d ser , -ere, -u , -sertum: to desert, 2 Di na, -ae f.: Diana, 1 disc d , -ere, -ss , -ssum: go away, depart, 4 domus, - s f.: house, home, dwelling, 11 d num, - n.: gift, 6 duc , -ere, d x , ductus: lead, draw, bring, 5 d , -ere, did , ditum: give out, put forth, 3

exanim (1): to kill, exhaust, 9 exu , -ere, -u , - tum: take off, put off, 1 fremitus, - s m.: roaring, roar, 2 gaudium, -i n.: gladness, joy, 9 gr tia, -ae f.: graditude, favor, thanks, 10 honor, - ris m.: honor, glory; offering, 4 horribilis, -e: horrible, dreadful, 11 h c: to this place, hither, 2 ictus, - s m.: strike, blow, 4 nfici , -ere, -f c , -fectum: stain, dye, 4

intere : meanwhile, 7 inveni , - re, -v n , -ventum: find, discover 8 iterum: again, a second time, 3 libenter: gladly, willingly, 12 mater, matris f.: mother, 9

matrim nium, -i n.: marriage, 6 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, 9 merg , mergere, mers , mersum: to sink, 3 meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 4 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 14 ob: on account of (acc.), 13

lim: once, formerly, 10 omn n : altogether, wholely, entirely, 11 paene: almost, nearly, 8 pater, patris, m.: father, 12 poste : after this, afterwards, 7 praetere : besides, moreover, 3 pr : before, in front of, for, 9 puella, -ae f.: girl, 8 quartus, -a, -um: one-fourth, 3 redd , ere, -did , -dditum: give back, return 4 reditus, - s m.: return, 5 refugi , -ere, -f g : flee back, 5 r p s, r pis f.: rock, cliff, 6 rursus: again, backward, back, 7 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 6 sp s, -e f.: hope, 15 tal ria, -ium: winged shoes, 4 templum, - n.: temple, 3 terror, terr ris m.: terror, fright, 4 toll , tolle, sustul , subl tum: raise, lift up 10 t tus -a, -um: whole, entire, 14 tr s, tria: three, 9 unda, -ae f.: wave, 1 undique: from everywhere, from all sides, 7 uxor, x ris f.: wife, spouse, 10 vacuus, -a, -um: empty, fear, vacant, 1 vinci , - re, v nx , v nctus: bind, tie, 4 vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 4 vol (1): to fly, 3 vulner (1): wound, injure, 7 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 6

1 didit: /ex + dedit, in compound verbs vowels ‘a’ and ‘e’ often become ‘I' 4 sustulit: pf. toll , belua is subject 5 gravi re: graver; or ‘more serious,’ abl. sg. comparative adj. gravis, -e 9 pr mum: first (of all); adverbial acc. 11 sal tis: for safety; objective gen., it is equivalent to the obj. of a verb ‘hope’ adiit: pf. ad-e terr re: abl. of cause 12 patr : dat. ind. obj. of r + dedit reddidit: red-dedit, pf. red-d (give back), compare to red-it from red-e (go back)

13 maxim gaudi : with…; abl. manner, without “cum” when modified by adj. pr : (in return) for… 14 rettulit: pf. refer with a dat. ind. obj. e : dat. sg., is, ea, id 16 pauc s ann s: for…; acc. of duration 23 e : this; demonstrative adj. with regi ne 22 s contulit: carried himself; pf. c nfer , a common expression for ‘went,’ ‘moved’ 23 domum: fem. sg. modified by 2 adjectives 24 tr s di s: for…; acc. of duration 25 quart di : at…; abl. time when h c: (to) here; see also h c and hinc

Perseus 8

M nstrum ubi s nsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem didit, et sine mor t tum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum l tus volat, reditum eius exspect bat. Mare autem intere undique sanguine nficitur. Post breve tempus belua r rsus caput sustulit; mox tamen Perse ict gravi re vulner ta est. Tum iterum s in und s mersit, neque poste v sa est. 9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

Perseus postquam ad l tus d scendit, pr mum t l ria exuit; tum ad r pem v nit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem sal tis d posuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terr re paene exanim ta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. C pheus ob hanc rem maxim gaudi affectus est. Meritam gr tiam pr tant benefici Perse rettulit; praetere Andromedam ipsam e in m trim nium dedit. Ille libenter hoc d num acc pit et puellam d xit. Pauc s ann s cum ux re su in e regi ne habit bat, et in magn hon re erat apud omn s Aethiop s. Magnopere tamen m trem suam rursus vid re cupi bat. Tandem igitur cum ux re su regn C phe discessit.

10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

Postquam Perseus ad nsulam n vem appulit, s ad locum contulit ubi m ter lim habit verat, sed domum inv nit vacuam et omn n d sertam. Tr s di s per t tam nsulam m trem quaer bat; tandem quart di ad templum Di nae perv nit. H c Danaë ref gerat, quod

1 5

10 15 20

25

Perseus 10

Polydectem tim bat. Perseus ubi haec cogn vit, r magn comm tus est; ad r giam Polydectis sine mor contendit, et ubi e v nit, statim in trium irr pit. Polydect s magn tim re affectus est et fugere vol bat. Dum tamen ille f git, Perseus caput Med sae m nstr vit; ille autem simul atque hoc v dit, in saxum versus est. 11. THE ORACLE FULFILLED

Post haec Perseus cum ux re su ad urbem Acris rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum v dit, magno terr re affectus est; nam propter

r culum istud nep tem suum adhuc tim bat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lar sam statim ref git, fr str tamen; neque enim f tum suum v t vit. Post pauc s ann s r x Lar sae lud s magn s f cit; nunti s in omn s part s d m serat et diem d xerat. Mult ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad l d s conv n runt. Ipse Perseus inter ali s cert men disc rum iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum c s occ dit; Acrisius enim inter spect t r s eius cert minis forte st bat. 12. THE HATRED OF JUNO

Hercul s, Alcm nae f lius, lim in Graeci habit bat. Hic omnium hominum validissimus fuisse d citur. At I n , r g na de rum, Alcm nam derat et Herculem adhuc nfantem nec re voluit. M sit igitur du s serpent s saevissim s; hae medi nocte in cubiculum Alcm nae v n runt, ubi Hercul s cum fr tre su dormi bat. Nec tamen in c n s, sed in sc t magn cub bant. Serpent s iam appropinqu verant et sc tum mov bant; itaque puer somn excit t sunt.

1 5

10 15

20 25

Perseus 11

Acrisius, -i m.: Acrisius, 4 adhuc: still, 5 affici , -ere, -f c , fectum: influence, treat, 13 Alcmena, -ae f.: Alcmena, 4 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 9 appropinqu (1): come near, approach, 8 atrium, atri n.: atrium, 3 avus, av m.: grandfather, 2 c sus, - s m.: misfortune, accident, event, 8 cert men, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 2 commove , - re, -m v , -m tum: move, trouble, upset, 14 contend , -ere, - , -tus: strive; hasten; fight 11 conveni , - re, v n , ventum: come together 8 cubiculum, - n.: bedroom, 1 cub (1): to lie down, recline, 1 c nae, - rum f.: cradle, 1 discus, - m.: discus, 2 dormi , - re, - v : to sleep, 8 duo, duae, duo: two, 10 d c , -ere, -d x , dictum: declare, proclaim, 4

excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 8 f tum, - n.: fate, ruin, death, 2 f lius, -i m.: son, 10 forte fr ter, -tris m.: brother, 5 frustr : in vain, for nothing, 13 fugi , fugere, f g , --: to flee, hurry away, 9 fugi , fugere, f g , --: to flee, hurry away, 9 Graecia, -ae f.: Greece, 7 ine , - re, - , -itum: go into, enter, 4 inf ns, -fantis m. f.: infant, 2 inrump , -ere, -r p , -ruptum: burst in, 2 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 10 ra, rae f.: anger, 12

iste, ista, istud: that or those (of yours), 7 Itaque: and so, 8

I n , - nis m.: Juno, 3 L r sa, -ae f.: Larisa, 2 l dus, - m.: game, sport; school, 2 medius, -a, -um: middle of, 10 Med sa, -ae f.: Medusa, 6 monstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 3 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 14 move , - re, m v , m tum: move, arouse, 3 nam: for, 6 nec: and not, nor, 10 nec (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 9 nep s, nep tis m.: grandson, decendent, 2 nox, noctis, f.: night, 7 nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 12 occid , -ere, -cid , -c sus: kill, cut down, 14

d , -isse: to hate, 1 lim: once, formerly, 10 r culum, - n.: oracle, 11

Polydect s, -is m.: Polydectes, 7 propter: on account of, because of, 6 refugi , -ere, -f g : flee back, 5 r gia, -ae f.: palace, 4 r g na, -ae f.: queen, 2 saevus, -a, -um: savage, fierce, 3 sc tum, - n.: shield, 2 serp ns, serpentis f.: serpent, 6 simul: at the same time; at once, together, 10 somnus, - m.: sleep, 14 spect tor, -t ris m.: spectator, observer, 1 st (1): to stand, 8 terror, terr ris m.: terror, fright, 4 Thessalia, -ae f.: Thessaly, 4 time , - re, -u : fear, dread, 6 uxor, x ris f.: wife, spouse, 10 validus, -a, -um: strong, 1 vert , -ere, vert , versum: to turn, 4 v t (1): to avoid, 2

1 haec: these (things); neut. substantive r …comm tus est: see p. 5, line 24 2 contendit: hastened; common in Caesar e : (to) there; adv.; ibi is “there,” inde is “from there,” and e is “to there” 3 magn tim re: abl. of means 5 simul atque: as soon as; ‘at the same time as’ 8 rediit: pf. red-e 9 magn terr re: abl. of means 10 istud: neut. sg. with r culum (cf. illud) 11 frustr : adverb 12 f cit: produced; i.e. organized

13 part s: directions d xerat: appointed 14 ad: for…; ad often expresses purpose 15 iniit: pf. in-e 16 c s : by chance; 4th decl. abl. of manner eius: of that…; demon. adjective forte: by chance; abl. as adverb, f rs 21 omnium hominum: of…; partitive gen. fuisse d citur: is said to have been; pf. inf. sum; superlative validissimus as pred. 22 derat: plpf., simple past in sense 23 hae (serpent s): these; nom. subject medi nocte: in…; abl. of time when

125

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List (Words 15 or More Times)

This is an alphabetized list of the running core vocabulary found at the beginning of this commentary. To use this book properly, readers should review and memorize the running core vocabulary as they read the stories. If they encounter a word in the text that is not found in the facing vocabulary, it is most likely in the running vocabulary and the list below. The number of occurrences of each word i was tabulated with the help by the author.

, ab, abs: (away) from, out of, 72 accipi : to receive, get, accept, 26 ad: to, toward; near, 188 animus, - m.: soul, spirit, breath, courage, pride, 18 annus, - m.: year, 18 Argonautae, - rum m.: Argonauts, 18 at: but; mind you; but, you say, 27 atque: and, and also, and even, 21 audi , aud re, aud v , aud tum: to hear, listen to, 22 autem: however, moreover, 81 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 19

b s, bovis m. f.: cow, ox, bull (bobus-dat. abl.), 18 brevis, -e: short, brief, 15

capi , capere, c p , captum: to take, capture, seize, 14 caput, capitis, n.: head; life, 20 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 31 Circ , - s f.: Circe, 15 coep , coepisse, coeptum: begin, 16 cogn sc , -ere, -n v , -nitum: to learn, perf. know, 22 confer , -ferre: bring together, collect, carry, 18 confici , -ere: to exhaust, finish, accomplish, 16 conici , -ere, -i c : throw together, throw, take oneself, 13 c nsilium, -i n.: plan, advice; council, assembly, 23 constitu , -ere, -u , - tus: decide, establish, resolve, 36 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 19 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 196

d : down from, from, about, concerning (+ abl.), 29 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 19 d c , -ere, d x , dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 17 di s, - m./f.: day, time, season, 46 d mitt , -ere, -m s , -missus: send away, let go, 8 d , dare, ded , datum: give, put, make; grant, allow, 42 dolor, - ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 17 dum: while, as long as, until, 35

, ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 108 gredior, - , -gressus: go out, disembark, 18

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 126

enim: for, indeed, in truth, 77 et: and, also, even, 287 etiam: besides, also, even, 17 Eurystheus, - m.: Eurystheus, 23 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 15

faci , -ere, f c , fectum: make, do, 89 f lia, -iae f.: daughter, 20 fl men, -inis n.: river, stream, 15 ger , -ere, gess , gestus: carry (on), wage, 18 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 16

habe , - re, habu , -itus: have, hold; consider, 34 habit (1): to inhabit, live, 18 Hercules, -is m.: Hercules 121 hic, haec, hoc: this, that; he, she, it, 222 hom , -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 21

iam: now, already, soon, 29 I son, -onis m.: Jason, 45 ibi: there, in that place, 21 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 15

igitur: therefore, then, accordingly, 71 ille, illa, illud: that (famous); he, she, it, 84 in: in (+ abl.) , into (+ acc.), 272 ing ns (ingentis): huge, immense, vast, huge, 21 insula, -ae f.: island, 20 intelleg , -ere, -l x , -l ctum: to realize, understand, 24 interfici , -ere, -f c , -fectum: kill, slay, destroy, 15 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 50 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 230 ita: so, thus, 25 iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 19 iube , iub re, iuss , iussum: to order, command, 17

labor, - ris m.: labor, hardship, task, 22 l tus, l toris n.: shore, beach, 19 locus, - m.: place, region, situation; opportunity, 51

m gnopere: greatly, very much, 15 magnus, -a, -um: great, large, tall; mighty, important, 79 manus, - s f.: hand, 16 mare, maris n.: sea, 15 M d a, -ae f.: Medea, 27 mitt , -ere, -m s , missum: to send, let go, 18 modus, - m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 38 monstrum, - n.: monster, 26 mox: soon, 19 multus, -a, -um: much, many, abundant, 36

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 127

n vis, n vis, f.: ship, boat, 63 n : lest, that not, no, not, 22 neque: and not (neque…neque = neither…nor), 27 n n: not, by no means, not at all, 40 n llus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 24

omnis, omne: every, all, 96

par (1): prepare, make (ready), 21 pars, partis, f.: part, share, 23 pauc , -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 22 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 16 per: through, over, across, 23 per culum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 31 Perseus, - m.: Perseus, 26 perveni , - re, -v n , -ventum: to come through, arrive 19 Polyph mus, - m.: Polyphemus, 19 possum, posse, potu : be able, can, avail, 46 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 32 postquam: after, when, 58 pr mus -a -um: first, 16 profic scor, - , -fectus: set out, depart, 19 progredior, -gred , progressus sum: advance, 17 puer, puer , m.: boy, 17

quaer , -ere, quaes v , quaes tum: to seek, ask, inquire, 21 qu , quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 307 qu dam, quaedam, quiddam: certain, a certain, 50 rede , - re, - v : go back, return, come back, 19 refer , -ferre, -tul , -l tum: report, bring back, 18 regi , - nis f.: region, district, 18 regnum, - n.: (royal) power, kingdom, realm, 19 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 15 r s, re , f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 83 r x, r gis m.: king; adj. ruling, royal, 44

sal s, - tis f.: safety, security, health, 15 saxum, sax n.: rock, 15 s : himself, herself, itself, themselves, 115 sed: but, moreover, however, 31 senti , sent re, s ns , s nsum: to feel, perceive, 16 s : if (only), whether, in case that, 20 sine: without (abl.), 19 socius, - m.: ally, companion, comrade, 33 solv , -ere, solv , sol tum: to loosen, release, 20 species, - i f.: sight, look, appearance, aspect, 15 spelunca, -ae f.: cave, 30 statim: immediately, on the spot, at once, 28 subit : immediately, straightaway, 19

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 128

sum, esse, fu , fut rum: to be, 422 summus, -a, -um: highest, greatest, top of, 29 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their (own), 84

tamen: nevertheless, however, 99 tandem: finally, at last, at length, in the end, 28 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so much, so large, 55 tempest s, -t tis f.: weather; storm, 17 tempus, -poris n.: time, 31 terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 22 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 15 tr d , -dere, -did , -ditum: to give over, hand down, 20 tum: then, at that time, 73

ubi: where, when, 56 Ulix s, -is m.: Ulysses, 43

nus, -a, -um: one, 14 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 19 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 112

veni , - re, v n , ventus: come, go, 72 vide , vid re, v d , v sum: to see, 50 vinum, vin n.: wine, 16 vir, vir m.: man, male, 23 v s, (v s), f.: force, power, violence; pl. v r s, strength, 23 vol , velle, volu : will, wish, be willing, 22