performance tests of mixtures - rmaces2013 trb: laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing...
TRANSCRIPT
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Performance Tests of Asphalt Mixtures
Louay N. Mohammad, Ph.D.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
LA Transportation Research CenterLouisiana State University
42nd Annual Rocky Mountain Asphalt Conference
February 25 – 27, 2015Denver, Colorado
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My Story• Baxkground• Asphalt Mixture Design• Review performance Tests
– High Temperature– Intermediate Temperature
• Mixture Design– Volumetric– Mechanistic
• Summary
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Background• Asphalt cement• Aggregate
– Coarse– Fine
• Increased use of Reclaimed Materials– RAP / RAS– Waste tires– Industrial waste
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Background• Practice of utilizing RAP and/or RAS in new asphalt mixtures has increased in
recent years– economic and environmental benefits
• RAP has most widely used materials – Wearing Course: 15%– Binder Course: 20%– Base Course: 30%
• RAS has emerged as a material of interest to the paving community• RAP and/or RAS valuable components in asphalt mixtures
– With increased demand and limited supply of aggregate and binder• Potential benefits are high on use high percentages of RAP
– state agencies have not proceeded to use high percentages of RAP on their roadways
– non-uniformity of RAP materials– agency’s lack of confidence in the long term performance data and specifications.– problem is further augmented when RAS is used in conjunction with RAP
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Objectives of Mixture Design• Perform
– permanent deformation– fatigue cracking – repeated load– low temperature cracking – moisture induced damage
• Safety– Resist skid
• Constructable– Workability
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Typical Asphalt Mixture Design• Volumetrics
– Voids in the Total Mix, VTM– Voids in the Mineral Aggregate, VMA– Voids Filled with Asphalt, VFA
• Densification– Stages during lab compaction process
VOLUME MASS
air
asphalt
aggregate
TotalMass
TotalVolume
aggregate
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Current Volumetric mix design • Ensure satisfactory performance
– strict material specifications requirement
– volumetric mix criteria
• No mechanical “proof” test – Marshall mix design
• Limited Mechanical tests– mix verification
• intermediate and high volume traffic
– Superpave Shear Tester (SST)
• Not widely used
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Overall Relative Rut Susceptibility Ranking
0
1
2
3
LA 4 BC LA 22 BC LA 22 WC LA 121 BC LA 121 WC LA 353 BC/WC
Rel
ativ
e R
ut S
usce
ptib
ility
Excellent
Good
Fair
25 mm19 mm
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Laboratory Performance Assessments
Mixture DesignBinder ContentBinder QualityAggregates
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Selection of Mechanical Tests• Laboratory Tests
– Pavement Performance• High Temperature
– Permanent deformation
• Intermediate Temperature – Fracture/Fatigue
• Low Temperature – Low temp cracking
• Features to be considered– Measure/relate to fundamental properties– Simple, repeatable, easily‐calibrated, – quick, not requiring highly‐trained personnel, – Can utilize low‐cost equipment. – Sensitive to subtle changes in mixture properties
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Laboratory Performance Tests
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Louisiana Balanced Asphalt Mixture Design• High temperature Performance
• Loaded Wheel Tracking Test• Relation to FN
• Rutting• Intermediate temperature Performance
• Semi Circular Bend Test• Cracking
• Low temperature performance• TSRST
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SCB Test at Intermediate Temperature• Fracture Mechanics Approach• Analytical method to calculate the driving force on a crack • characterize the material's resistance to fracture• Cracks• Initiates
– Small cracks
• Propagates– Large crack– Caused by tensile stresses– analyzed by fracture mechanics models
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Advantages of SCB Test• Utilize laboratory SGC specimens or field cores• multiple specimens can be obtained from one core
– reducing the error caused by heterogeneities among samples
• Test setup is simple• Testing time is around 10 minutes per specimen• Ease of sample preparation• Stress field resembles pure tensile conditions
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Draft Standard Test Method• Developed • Circulated
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Test Equipment ‐‐ Development
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Test simplicity – technician training requirements
» Minimal» Several labs (state DOTs, Univ., testing labs)
– time for preparing samples» Compact, Cut, and preform volumetric measurements » 1 day for the set (4 specimens)
– testing specimens» 1 day for the set (2 samples = 4 specimens)
– analyzing data» Spreadsheet: 30 minutes
LWT Test at High Temperature
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Test simplicity – technician training requirements
» Minimal» Several labs (state DOTs, Univ., testing labs)
– time for preparing samples» Compact, Cut, and Notch, preform volumetric measurements » 1 day for the set (12 test specimens)
– testing specimens» 1- 2 hours for the set (12 test specimens)
– analyzing data» Spreadsheet with cut/paste: 15 minutes
SCB test at Intermediate Temperature
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Results
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02468
101214161820
64CO 70CO‐M 76CO‐M 76CRM 76RAP15
10.2
5.6 5.34.6
5.7
Rut D
epth, 20K
passes, m
m
Binder Type
2011 AAPT: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Sustainable Technologies
LWT Test Results ‐‐ 50°C, WetSBS, CRM
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Semi‐Circular Bend Test Results, 25°CSBS, CRM
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
64CO 70CO‐M 76CO‐M 76CRM
Jc, K
j/m2
Binder Type
2011 AAPT: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Sustainable Technologies
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6422CO 6422GR 7022CO 7016GR 7022GR 7622CO 7622GR
Rut
Dep
th @
20,
000
pass
es (m
m)
Mixture ID
PG 64-22 PG 70-22 PG 76-22
2013 TRB: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Bio‐Binder Technologies
LWT Test Results, 50°C, WetBio‐Binders
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2013 TRB: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Bio‐Binder Technologies
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6422CO 6422GR 7022CO 7016GR 7022GR 7622CO 7622GR
Rut
Dep
th @
20,
000
pass
es (m
m)
Mixture ID
PG 64-22 PG 70-22 PG 76-22
LWT Test Results, 50°C, WetBio‐Binders
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Semi‐Circular Bend Test Results, 25°CBio‐Binders
2013 TRB: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Bio‐Binder Technologies
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
6422CO 6422GR 7022CO 7016GR 7022GR 7622CO 7622GR
Jc (K
j/m2 )
Mixture ID
PG 64-22 PG 70-22 PG 76-22
A
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0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
Mix 1No RAP/RAS
Mix 2‐B5RAS
Mix 3‐B5RAS
Mix 4‐B5RAS
Mix 5‐B5RAS
Mix 6‐B15RAP+5RAS
Rut D
epth, 20K
Passes, m
m
Mixture type
Loaded Wheel Tracking Test Results, 50°CRAP and/or RAS
No Recycling Agents Recycling Agents
Mix 1 = 70COMix 2 = 70PG5PMix 3 = 52PG5P‐RA 1Mix 4 = 70PG5P‐RA 2Mix 5 = 70PG5P‐RA 3Mix 6 = 70PG5P15RAP‐RA 2
RA 1 RA 2 RA 3 RA 2
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Mix 1No RAP/RAS
Mix 2‐B5RAS
Mix 3‐B5RAS
Mix 4‐B5RAS
Mix 5‐B5RAS
Mix 6‐B15RAP+5RAS
J c, KJ/m
2
Mixture type
RBR = 0 %
RBR = 9.4 %
Recycling Agents
Semi‐Circular Bend Test Results, 25°CRAP and/or RAS
No Recycling Agents
RBR = 22.6 %
RBR = 13.2 %
RBR = 26.4 %
RBR = 41.5%
Mix 1 = 70COMix 2 = 70PG5PMix 3 = 52PG5P‐RA 1Mix 4 = 70PG5P‐RA 2Mix 5 = 70PG5P‐RA 3Mix 6 = 70PG5P15RAP‐RA 2
RA 1 RA 2 RA 3 RA 2
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LWT Test Results, 50°C
Level 1
Level 2
90%
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Semi‐Circular Bend Test Results, 25°C
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Louisiana Balanced Mixture Design• Volumetric and Performance Mixture Testing
– Rutting LWT test (50°C, Wet)– Cracking SCB test (25°C)
00.20.40.60.81
1.21.41.6
0 5 10 15 20
Cracking
Resistance
Rutting Resistance
Volumetric Parameters
Cracking Performance
High Temperature Performance
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2013 Proposed Specification
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2013 Proposed Specification
2014 TRB: Balanced Asphalt Mixture Design through Specification Modification: Louisiana’s Experience
Property 2006 Specifications
2013 Proposed Specifications
Ndesign, Gyrations
75 – 100 65 – 75a
Minimum VMA, %
10 – 13 10.5 – 13.0
VFA, % 68 – 78 69 – 80Air Voids, % 2.5 – 4.5 2.5 – 4.5
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0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Rut D
epth, m
m
Mixture Number
PG 64‐22 PG 70‐22M PG 76‐22M PG 82‐22CRM
LWT Test Results, 50°C
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0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Rut D
epth, m
m
Mixture Number
PG 64‐22 PG 70‐22M PG 76‐22M PG 82‐22CRM
LWT Test Results, 50°C
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0
0.5
1
1.5
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
Jc, K
J/m
2
Mixture Number
PG 64‐22 PG 70‐22M PG 76‐22M PG 82‐22CRM
SCB test Results, 25°C
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0
0.5
1
1.5
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
Jc, K
J/m
2
Mixture Number
PG 64‐22 PG 70‐22M PG 76‐22M PG 82‐22CRM
SCB test Results, 25°C
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0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
PG 64‐22 PG 70‐22 M PG 76‐22 M PG 82‐22rm
Rut D
epth, 20K
passes, m
m
Binder Type
19‐mm LS
LWT Test Results, 50°C
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
PG 64‐22 PG 70‐22 M PG 76‐22 M
Jc, K
j/m2
Binder Type
19‐mm LS
Semi‐Circular Bend Test Results, 25°C
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Development Of Performance Based Specifications For Louisiana Asphalt Mixtures Laboratory and Field evaluation of 10 projects
– Projects in service for 3 – 10 years. – Does SCB parameter translate to field performance?
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
105.00
0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
LAD
OTD
PM
S C
rack
ing
Inde
x
Laboratory Measured Jc, kJ/mm2
Y = 100 – (0.969+0.036X) -170)
r2 : 0.73
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Selection of a Criteria
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
105.00
0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
LAD
OTD
PM
S C
rack
ing
Inde
x
Laboratory Measured Jc, kJ/mm2
Y = 100 – (0.969+0.036X) -170)
r2 : 0.73
High Traffic PMS Trigger
Low Traffic PMS Trigger
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Implementation ‐‐ LADOTD
SCB, min, Jc, kJ/m2 @ 25⁰ C, Aged
All mix design level 1 must meet minimum 0.5 Jc ,All mix design level 2 must meet minimum 0.6 Jc.
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Summary• Volumetric-based design
– Not sufficient• Compliment Volumetric design
– Mechanistic tests– Criteria– Performance related
• Incremental/Evaluate– Specifications
• Loaded Wheel Tester Test– High Temperature
• Semi-Circular Bend Test – Intermediate temperature – Cracking performance– Jc was sensitive to mixture parameters considered
• Further validation with more field and laboratory data
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THANK
YOU