perfo lateral
TRANSCRIPT
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BALEO
O
PERFORACION LATERAL
Ing. Hugo Melgar Lazo
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PUNZADO
• Una vez elegida la potencialidad hidrocarburíferas de las capas, las mismas son punzadas
• La operación de punzado consiste en bajar un cañón a través del pozo, ponerlo en profundidad y disparar sus cargas explosivas frente a la capa potencialmente productiva
• De esta forma se comunican los fluidos, contenidos en la capa, con el pozo
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PUNZADO
• Las propiedades de las rocas, tales como:
compactación, permeabilidad, porosidad y las
características de los fluidos, inciden en la
penetración y daño de la formación punzada
• Un potencial impacto en la producción de la
capa, viene dado por el tipo de arcillas presentes
en la capa
• Existen programas para modelar y analizar los
distintos tipos de punzados
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PUNZADO • El análisis para la elección del tipo de cañón y
cargas en la mayoría de los casos, están basadas en la experiencia
• La densidad de tiro, fases, el patrón de disparo, penetración y desechos son algunos de los elementos a tener en cuenta para la selección del tipo de cañón y cargas a utilizar en la operación de punzado
• No son frecuentes la realización de ensayos en condiciones reales del reservorio para determinar la performance de las cargas
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PUNZADO
• En general no existen demasiados datos para medir el impacto que produce la performance de las cargas en la productividad del pozo
• Y en ese sentido se concluye en asumir que la más alta penetración y/o el tamaño del agujero de entrada, implica una mayor productividad
• La performance de las distintas cargas se encuentran registradas en la publicación API RP 43 y en la emitida mas recientemente API RP 19
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PERFORACION CON CABLE
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PERFORACION CON
TUBERIA
(Tubing Comveyed)
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DESCARTABLES
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CAÑONES DE CAPSULA
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DESCARTABLES EN CASING
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PUNZADO CON CABLE
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TUBING CONVEYED PERFORATING (TCP)
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TCP
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TCP -S&P Y PERMANENTE-
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ENSAYOS DE CARGAS
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ENSAYO DE LABORATORIO
Basado en la API RP 19B Sección IV
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CARGA MOLDEADA
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SIMULACIÓN DEL PROCESO
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VELOCIDADES Y PRESIONES
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CARGA
MOLDEADA
(PARÁMETROS)
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ELEMENTOS A TENER EN CUENTA
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FASES
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PERFORMANCE EN FUNCIÓN DE LA
POSICIÓN
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RELACIÓN
DIAMETROS
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Una onda explosiva corre a lo largo de la
cuerda de disparo, activa el detonador y
hace detonar el explosivo principal. Una
detonación avanza en forma esférica,
alcanzando presiones de 7,5*106 lpc [50
Gpa] antes de alcanzar el vértice del
liner.
El casco de la carga se expande, el liner
colapsa y forma un chorro de alta
velocidad de partículas de metal
fluidizado que es impulsado a lo largo
del eje de la carga (derecha).
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ESQUEMA DEL PUNZADO
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METODOS
• Presión positiva (overbalance)
• Presión negativa (underbalance)
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Daño provocado por los disparos. Alrededor de los túneles de los disparos se
crea una zona de permeabilidad reducida debido al chorro de las cargas huecas.
Las presiones de la onda de vibración pulverizan la roca adyacente, fracturan los
granos de la matriz, quiebran la cementación intergranular y despegan las
partículas de arcilla. La fragmentación de la formación alrededor de los disparos
daña la permeabilidad en sitio, en especial al reducir el tamaño de la garganta del
poro. Las fotomicrografías muestran la roca no dañada (figura superior)
comparada con la microfracturación que se observa en una zona triturada de un
disparo (figura inferior)
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Disparo en desbalance. En un disparo con sobrepresión o condiciones de presión
balanceada sin limpieza y antes del flujo, el túnel está taponado por los
fragmentos de roca y los detritos (arriba). El flujo de producción puede remover
algunos residuos, pero buena parte de la zona triturada de baja permeabilidad se
mantiene. La oleada inicial generada por un desbalance adecuado durante el
disparo permite barrer los detritos y erosionar la zona triturada (abajo).
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PUNZADOS EN GRAVEL PACK
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EMPAQUE POR GRAVA
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PUNZADO PARA FRACTURAS
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SISTEMAS DE PUNZADO
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4.0
Applied
Calculations for
Tubing Conveyed
Perforating
October 2005
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Contents
• Introduction
• The Basic Formula
• Displacing Tubing to Lighter
Fluid
• Underbalance Using a
Lighter Fluid
• Underbalance Using Dry
Pipe
• Calculations for Model „B‟
Firing Head
• Underbalance Using Two
Fluid Weights
• Selecting Rupture Disc for
Firing Heads
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Introduction
• Many of the calculations used while
Perforating help determine the
pressures required for Underbalanced
perforating.
• Most equations are derivatives of the
basic hydrostatic pressure
calculation….
Pressure = Depth X .052 X fluid weight
(in lb/gal)
• Re-arranging the formula, we can
solve for various solutions.
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The Basic Formula
Pressure = Depth .052 Fluid weight
Depth =Hydrostatic Pressure
.052 Fluid weight
Fluid Weight =Hydrostatic pressure
.052 Depth
Notes:
• Depth is measured in feet
• Fluid weight is measured in pounds per
gallon
• Pressure is measured in pounds/in2
(psi)
• Always use True Vertical Depth (TVD) !!!
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Where Does “.052” Come from?
• The factor used in the basic hydrostatic
formula is derived as follows:
.. . ( )
0521
1
42
1
1
5615
1
12
12
13
3
3 lb
gal
gal
bbl
bbl
ft
ft
in
in
ft
Whew! Makes the metric system look
pretty attractive!
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Displacing Tubing to a Lighter
Fluid • Ported Sub at
12,000 ft TVD
• Brine in hole is
12.0 lb/ gal
• Want to displace
tubing to 9.3 lb/
gal
How much applied
pressure is
required to
circulate the
lightweight fluid to
the Ported Sub?
Top Shot
Packer
(unset)
Ported Disc
Ass'y
Light Brine
Heavier Brine
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Displacing to a Lighter Fluid
Solution:
• Determine the hydrostatic
pressure existing at the Ported
Sub (“outside”)
• Determine the hydrostatic
pressure the tubing will have after
displacing the fluid
• Subtract the two, this will be the
required pump pressure
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Displacing to a Lighter Fluid
Hydrostatic at the Ported Sub = TVD .052 fluid weight
=
Hydrostatic in Tbg. after Displacing = TVD .052 fluid weight
=
Required Pump Pressure
12 000 052 12
7 488
12 000 052 9 3
5 803
7 488 5 803
1685
, . /
,
, . . /
,
, ,
ft lb gal
psi
ft lb gal
psi
psi psi
psi
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Underbalance Using a Lighter
Fluid
• Formation
Pressure (FP) is
6,565 psi
• Top Shot at 11,500
ft TVD
• Fluid in hole is
11.3 lb/ gal brine
• Desired
Underbalance is
500 psi
What weight fluid is
needed in the
tubing to achieve
desired
underbalance?
Top Shot
Packer
Ported Disc
Ass'y
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Light Fluid Solution
Solution:
Determine the necessary hydrostatic
pressure in the tubing to achieve
desired underbalance.
Then solve for weight of fluid
required to achieve this pressure.
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Light Fluid Solution
Fluid WeightTubing pressure necessary
depth
Fluid Weight FP UB
Fluid Weight
Fluid Weight
Check:
FP Tbg pressure
.
,
. ,
,
. /
. / . , ,
, ,
052
6 565 500
052 11500
6 065
598
1014
1014 052 11500 6 064
6 565 6 064 501
psi psi
ft
psi
lb gal
lb gal ft psi
psi psi psi
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Underbalance Using Dry Pipe
• FP is 10,100 psi
• Top Shot at
16,500 ft TVD
• Fluid is 12.0
lb/gal brine
• Desired
Underbalance is
1,500 psi
How deep do we
place the disc to
achieve desired
underbalance?
Top Shot
Air Column
Height
Fluid
Column
Height
Underbalance
Disc w/o
ports
Packer
Ported Disc
Ass'y
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Dry Pipe Solution
Solution:
Solve for the fluid height
necessary to achieve desired
underbalance, then subtract
from TVD to obtain length of dry
pipe needed.
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Dry Pipe Solution
Fluid HeightTubing pressure desired
fluid density
Fluid Height FP UB
Fluid Height
Fluid Height
Length of Dry Pipe TVD Fluid Column
Length of Dry Pipe
Length of Dry Pipe
.
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
,
052
10 100 1500
052 12
8 600
0 624
13 782
16 500 13 782
2 718
psi psi
ppg
psi
ft
ft ft
ft
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Model „B‟ Firing Head w/ P-2 Valve
• FP is 6,250 psi
• Top Shot at 9,600 ft TVD
• Open perfs at 9600 ft TVD
• Fluid in hole is 13.0 lb/ gal brine
• Desired Underbalance is 1,000 psi
• Hookup includes a Model ‘PT’ Crossover Kit w/ P-2 Valve @ 9,550 ft TVD
• 2,000 psi Collet in the Firing Head
• Desire the guns to fire immediately when valve opens
How much dry pipe to we need in the tubing to achieve underbalance?
How much pressure do we apply at surface to open the P-2?
How much more pressure will we need to fire the Model B?
Top Shot
Air Column
Height
Fluid Column
Height P-2 Valve is
Closed
'B'
Un-set Packer with
Crossover Kit
P-2 Valve is
Open
Top Shot
Air Column
Height
Fluid Column
Height
Packer is Set
P-2 Valve is
Closed
'B'
Air Column
Height
Fluid Column
Height
'B'
Open Perfs
![Page 84: Perfo Lateral](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022100223/542cdbc1219acd4d4b8b4bed/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Sequential
Top Shot
Air Column
Height
Fluid Column
Height P-2 Valve is
Closed
'B'
Un-set Packer with
Crossover Kit
P-2 Valve is
Open
Top Shot
Air Column
Height
Fluid Column
Height
Packer is Set
P-2 Valve is
Closed
'B'
Air Column
Height
Fluid Column
Height
'B'
Open Perfs
Run-In
Hole
Packer is
Set
Valve is
Open