perfluorochemicals(pfcs) in the east metro · pfcs in the environment • pfcs are persistent in...

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in the East Metro

James Kelly & Karla Peterson

MDH Environmental Health Division

August 21‐22, 2018

Agenda

• What are PFCs (also known as PFAS)?

• Where do they come from?

• Why are they important?

• What are MDH’s Health‐Based Values?

• What about PFCs in Minnesota?

• How have PFCs affected drinking water supplies and what actions have been taken?

• What are future options for community water supplies?

2

PFCs (also known as PFAS)

• Human‐made chemicals found in everyday items

• Used since 1940s to make products that resist heat, stains, water, oil and grease; production increased rapidly in 1970s

• Many other specialized industrial and commercial uses (operative word: non‐stick)

3

?

PFCs in the Environment

• PFCs are persistent in the environment

• PFCs can be found in

• Food packaged or processed with PFAS‐containing materials or grown in contaminated soil/water

• Commercial household products, including stain‐resistant fabrics, nonstick products, polishes, paints, waxes, and cleaning products

• Workplaces that use PFAS

• Drinking water, typically associated with a specific facility or site

• Living organisms, including fish, animals, and humans

4

PFCs in the Environment

• PFCs do not break down

• C‐F bond strongest covalent bond

• No hydrolysis, photolysis, or biodegradation

• Do not adsorb readily to aquifer materials

• Infiltrate rapidly to the groundwater

• Little or no retardation in aquifers

• Rates affected by PFC chain length and functional group

• Chemical structure similar to fatty acids

• “Proteinphiles” ‐ adsorbed into blood serum of living organisms

• Also controlled by chain length and functional group

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Why are PFCs important?

• Most people have been exposed to PFCs because they are in so many products

• PFCs can accumulate and stay in the human body for long periods of time

• There is some evidence that exposure to PFCs at high levels is associated with negative health outcomes

6

MDH Health‐Based Values

7

Health‐Based Value

Most Sensitive Health EffectsExposure ≠ Health Effects

Margin of SafetyFraction from Drinking Water

High‐End Water Intake Rate

MDH Health‐Based Values

• MDH evaluates the combined effects of PFCs: Health Risk Index (HRI)

• Allows us to account for differing levels of toxicity in similar chemicals

• Protective for people who are exposed over their lifetimes

• Protective for fetuses

• Based on animal studies showing slight liver and thyroid effects (adults) and immune system and developmental effects (infants/children)

8

PFOS: 0.027 ppb

PFOA: 0.035 ppb

PFBA: 7.0 ppb

PFBS: 2.0‐3.0 ppb

9

Location of 3M PFC Sites in Washington Co., Minnesota

Minneapolis St. Paul N

00.51 2 3 4 5 ·+· • • ,Miles $

Groundwater Flow

• In the eastern half of the county, groundwater flows to the St. Croix River

• In the western half of the county, groundwater flows to the Mississippi River

• Locally, groundwater flow may be influenced by pumping wells

10

PFAS in Surface Water – Important Transport Pathway

11

Groundwater flowSurface water or stormwater flow

m, DEPARTMENT

OF HEALTH - PFOS greater than 1.35ppb (>50x HBV)

- PFOS 0.271-1.35ppb (10-50x HBV)

PFOS0.136-0.27ppb(5-10x HBV)

PFOS 0.028-0.135ppb (1-5x HBV)

- PFOS 0.021-0.027ppb (75-100% HBV)

- PFOS 0.0 136-0.02ppb (50-75% HBV)

PFOS 0.004-0.0135ppb (<50% HBV)

PFOS not detected

NOTES: Map combines data from all aquifers, actual concentrations in any area may vary; blank spaces indicate no sample data

Phone: 651 -201-4897 or 1-800-657-3908

MOH Health Based Value (HBV) for PFOS

is 0.027 parts per billion (ppb; or 27 parts per

trillion)

Result: Extremely Large “Co‐Mingled” Plumes

• Over 130 sq. mi.

• 4 major aquifers

• 8 municipal systems & >1,800 private wells

• Much larger than predicted by models

• PFBA most widespread

• More PFBA in source areas

• More mobile

• Movement of PFAS affected by several factors

12

m, DEPARTMENT

OF HEALTH

- PFBA exceeds HAL (>70ppb)

- PFBA exceeds HAL (7-70ppb)

PFBA - All Aquifers

PFBA 50-75% HAL (3.5-5.25ppb)

- PFBA 25-50% HAL ( 1.75-3.5ppb)

PFBA 75-100% HAL (5.25-7ppb) - PFBA 10-25% HAL (0.7- 1.75ppb)

Phone: 651-201-4897 or 1-800-657-3908

PFBA <10% HAL(0.007-0 .7ppb)

PFBA not detected

city

PFOS and PFOA Less Widespread

13

• PFOS and PFOA present at high concentrations in source areas

• Groundwater concentrations decrease rapidly with distance from source

• Surface water concentrations

• Different PFAS “signatures” in each site based on chemistry at time of disposal

• Washington Co. landfill & Woodbury Disposal Sites dominated by PFCAs

• Helped to identify transport pathways 0

,, SAINT PAUL

PFOA

Mainly PFBA

2

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4 Miles

WOODBURY

COTTAGE GROVE

AFTON

DENMARK TWP

Well Sampling Effort & Private Well Drinking Water Advisories

• ~2,500 wells sampled since 2003• Frequent, intensive monitoring of private wells:

• Near source areas

• Areas with high or changing PFAS concentrations

• Areas with complex geology

• Less frequent monitoring of “sentry” private wells:• Distal portions of plumes

• Areas with low and stable PFAS concentrations

• Areas with relatively simple geology

• >800 drinking water advisories issued14

m, DHA UMIHT o, H l ,UTH

Well Advisory and Well Sample Locations A Well advisory issued

• Private drinking water wells sampled

Phone: 651 -201-4897 or 1-800-657-3908

a All other wells (municipal, business, church, schoot, moniloring, and other types of wells)

Community Water Supply Impacts

• Everything in a drinking water system is interdependent and very complex

• Trade‐offs: choice of technology, design, and operations can have unintended consequences

• Communication must include the public, regulators/regulatees, and elected officials

• Water systems do not have the luxury of waiting; people drink water every day

m~ DEPARTMENT 11 OF HEALTH

Health Risk and Regulation

• Health risks are incremental

• Standards are discreet segments

• Public perception varies

High

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m il DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

Regulatory Consistency vs. Scientific Discovery

• Implementation of regulations requires consistency

• Science is always learning new facts

• Need space between the two

• Four‐quarter average concentration used

-+- Regulation -+-Science


Response Actions – East Metro

• Removal & proper disposal of contaminated soil

• Treatment of groundwater

• Treatment of drinking water where Health‐Based Values exceeded

18

City of Oakdale water treatment plant

Residential carbon filters

Parties Involved in Response

19


m il DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Washington County I MN 3M ~ A great place o live. or . a d play ... o ay and omorro !

A POLL ~T ON N -.Y

Public

water r".._~•':IIIIIW systems

Oakdale (27,973)

• Has 9 wells; PFAS exceeds MDH health‐based guidance value in 7

• PFAS concentrations highest in the state for community systems; peak of 440 ppt PFOA and 610 ppt PFOS

• Treatment (GAC) installed in 2006 for 2 wells; change carbon annually

• Primarily rely on 2 treated wells and 2 “clean” wells for water supply

• Video: http://bit.ly/2rWs9z5

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Afton

- MINNESOTA -

m, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

Cottage Grove (36,492)

• Has 12 wells; 8 with PFAS exceeding MDH health‐based guidance values

• PFAS concentrations: no PFOS, 66 ppt PFOA

• Impacted when health‐based guidance values lowered

• Installed GAC treatment on 2 wells in 2017

• Have a direct blending point for 7 wells that can manage concentrations

• Temporary watering ban in 2017 after receiving health advisory letter from MDH and prior to treatment

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RoseVille North t Paul Bayport

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Woodbury (69,245)

• 19 wells; PFAS exceeds MDH health‐based guidance values in 5 wells

• PFAS concentrations• PFBA: 0.1‐0.41 ppb (all wells)• PFHxS: 0.07 ppb (Well 13 only)• PFOA: 0.014‐0.049 ppb (8 wells)• PFOS: 0.023‐0.026 ppb (3 wells)

• Primarily rely on wells that meet MDH health‐based values for water supply. Others are used only seasonally to meet peak demand.

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Saint Paul Park (5,519)

• Has 3 wells, with 2 exceeding MDH health‐based guidance values



• Want to install treatment on wells

• Managing pumping so clean well is used the most, and enforcing watering restrictions

. e St Paul

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urs.a!e Woodbury

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

Lake Elmo (4,878 / 8,069)

• Has 3 wells with 1 exceeding MDH health‐based guidance values



• Many private wells in the city

• Options for new well limited by water quantity issues

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THE ClTY OF

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Afton

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Biomonitoring Shows Effectiveness of Response

25

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

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45

PFOS PFOA PFHxS

2008 2010 2014 NHANES 2011‐12

PFCs decreased in blood of people drinking treated water (average concentrations still above national averages)

Levels down over time

• • • •

Future Response Options

• Regional interconnect

• New treatment facilities

• New wells

• Water conservation; limit use of contaminated wells

• Adapted blending scheme

• Others?


More Information

• MDH General PFAS Information: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/topics/pfcs/index.html

• ITRC Factsheets: https://pfas‐1.itrcweb.org

• US EPA information: https://www.epa.gov/pfas

• MDH Health Risk Limits: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/risk/guidance/gw/table.html

• MPCA PFC Investigations: https://www.pca.state.mn.us/waste/perfluorochemicals‐pfcs

27

Questions?James Kelly

[email protected]‐201‐4910

Karla [email protected]

651‐201‐4679

28


perfluorochemicals(pfcs) in the east metro · pfcs in the environment • pfcs are persistent in...

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