perception daleep parimoo
TRANSCRIPT
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PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
DALEEP PARIMOO
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Perception
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Perception: is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment.
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Factors Influencing Perception:
1.) Perceiver
2.) Target
3.) Situation
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Person Perception:
Making Judgments About Others
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Attribution Theory
Two Types of Causes:
1) Internal
2) External
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Three Factors of the Attribution Theory:
1.) Distinctiveness
2.) Consensus
3.) Consistency
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Self Serving Bias
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Shortcuts in Judging Others:
1.) Selective Perception
2.) Halo Effect
3.) Contrast Effects
4.) Projection
5.) Stereotyping
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Specific Applications in Organizations:
1.) Employment Interview
2.) Performance Expectations (Self Fulfilling Prophecy)
3.) Performance Evaluation
4.) Employee Effort
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What is the perceptual process?
Perception.– The process by which people select,
organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.
– Perceptual information is gathered from:• Sight.• Hearing.• Touch.• Taste.• Smell.
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What is the perceptual process?
Factors influencing the perceptual
process.
– Characteristics of the perceiver.
– Characteristics of the setting.
– Characteristics of the perceived.
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What is the perceptual process?
Characteristics of the perceiver.
– The perceptual process is influenced by the
perceiver’s:
• Past experiences.
• Needs or motives.
• Personality.
• Values and attitudes.
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What is the perceptual process?
Characteristics of the setting.
– The perceptual process is influenced by the
setting’s:
• Physical context.
• Social context.
• Organizational context.
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What is the perceptual process?
Characteristics of the perceived.
– The perceptual process is influenced by
characteristics of the perceived person, object, or
event, such as:• Contrast.
• Intensity.
• Figure-ground separation.
• Size.
• Motion.
• Repetition or novelty.
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What is the perceptual process?
Stages of the perceptual process.
– Information attention and selection.
– Organization of information.
– Information interpretation.
– Information retrieval.
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What is the perceptual process?
Information attention and selection.– Selective screening.
• Lets in only a tiny proportion all the information that bombards a person.
– Two types of selective screening.• Controlled processing.• Screening without perceiver’s conscious
awareness.
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What is the perceptual process?
Organization of information.– Schemas.
• Cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a given concept or stimulus developed through experience.
– Types of schemas.• Self schemas.• Person schemas.• Script schemas.• Person-in-situation schemas.
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What is the perceptual process?
Information interpretation.
– Uncovering the reasons behind the ways
stimuli are grouped.
– People may interpret the same information
differently or make different attributions about
information.
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What is the perceptual process?
Information retrieval.
– Attention and selection, organization, and
interpretation are part of memory.
– Information stored in memory must be
retrieved in order to be used.
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What is the perceptual process?
Response to the perceptual process.
– Thoughts.
– Feelings.
– Actions.
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What are commonperceptual distortions?
Common perceptual distortions include:– Stereotypes or prototypes.– Halo effects.– Selective perception.– Projection.– Contrast effects.– Self-fulfilling prophecy.
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What are commonperceptual distortions?
Stereotypes or prototypes.
– Combines information based on the category
or class to which a person, situation, or object
belongs.
– Strong impact at the organization stage.
– Individual differences are obscured.
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What are commonperceptual distortions?
Halo effects.– Occur when one attribute of a person or
situation is used to develop an overall impression of the individual or situation.
– Likely to occur in the organization stage.– Individual differences are obscured.– Important in the performance appraisal
process.
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What are commonperceptual distortions?
Selective perception.– The tendency to single out those aspects of a
situation, person, or object that are consistent with one’s needs, values, or attitudes.
– Strongest impact is at the attention stage.– Perception checking with other persons can
help counter the adverse impact of selective perception.
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What are commonperceptual distortions?
Projection.– The assignment of one’s personal attributes
to other individuals.– Especially likely to occur in interpretation
stage.– Projection can be controlled through a high
degree of self-awareness and empathy.
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What are commonperceptual distortions?
Contrast effects.
– Occur when an individual is compared to
other people on the same characteristics on
which the others rank higher or lower.
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What are commonperceptual distortions?
Self-fulfilling prophecy.– The tendency to create or find in another
situation or individual that which one expected to find.
– Also called the “Pygmalion effect.”– Can have either positive or negative
outcomes.– Managers should adopt positive and
optimistic approaches to people at work.
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How can the perceptualprocess be managed?
Impression management.– A person’s systematic attempt to behave in
ways that create and maintain desired impressions in others’ eyes.
– Successful managers:• Use impression management to enhance their own
images.• Are sensitive to other people’s use of impression
management.
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How can the perceptualprocess be managed?
Distortion management.
– Managers should:
• Balance automatic and controlled information
processing at the attention and selection stage.
• Broaden their schemas at the organizing stage.
• Be attuned to attributions at the interpretation
stage.
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What is attribution theory?
Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:– Understand the causes of a certain event.– Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the
event.– Evaluate the personal qualities of the people
involved in the event.
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What is attribution theory?
Internal versus external attributions of
causes of behavior.
– Internal causes are under the individual’s
control.
– External causes are within the person’s
environment.
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What is attribution theory?
Factors influencing internal and external attributions.– Distinctiveness — consistency of a person’s
behavior across situations.– Consensus — likelihood of others responding
in a similar way.– Consistency — whether an individual
responds the same way across time.
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What is attribution theory?
Fundamental attribution error.– Applies to the evaluation of someone’s else
behavior.
– Attributing success to the influence of situational factors.
– Attributing failure to the influence of personal factors.
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What is attribution theory?
Self-serving bias.
– Applies to the evaluation of our own behavior.
– Attributing success to the influence of
personal factors.
– Attributing failure to the influence of situational
factors.
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What is attribution theory?
Attributions across cultures.
– The fundamental attribution error and self-
serving bias operate differently in different
cultures.
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