people and wildlife: health and security · marburg virus - uganda nipah virus - bangladesh mers...
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People and Wildlife: Health and Security
Catherine Machalaba
Second Wildlife Forum, Sustainable Use for Conservation and Livelihoods
CBD COP14, 21 November 2018
Human-Animal Health Links
Machalaba and Karesh, Huffington Post
SARS
Ebola – West Africa, DRC, Uganda
Marburg virus - Uganda
Nipah virus - Bangladesh
MERS
Influenza–H7N9, H5N1, H5N8
White Nose Syndrome
Chytridiomycosis
Zika virus
Recent Disease Emergence Examples
Ahn Young-Joon/Associated Press
Economic Cost of Disease Outbreaks
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Land use changes
Food industry changes
Human susceptibility to infection
Agricultural industry changes
International travel & commerce
War & famine
Unspecified
Climate & weather
Breakdown of public health measures
Bushmeat
Human demographics & behavior
Medical industry changes
Antimicrobial agent use
Other industriesBushmeat hunting
EcoHealth Alliance/Loh et al. VBZD, Jones et al. 2008 Nature
Shared Drivers: Biodiversity Loss and Recent EIDs from Wildlife
One Health
Pathway for Disease Emergence
Virus evolution
Cross-species
transmission
Animal-to-human spillover
Human-to-human
transmission
International spread
Identify key biological, behavioral and ecological processes influencing
evolution, spillover, amplification, and spread of viral threats
• Hunting
• Markets/trade
• Wildlife/livestock conflict
• Extraction
• Land use change
• Water availability
• Global transportation
Developing a Targeted Surveillance Strategy along high risk disease transmission interfaces
• Primates
• Bats
• Rodents
• Birds
• Suids
• Carnivores
• Ungulates
• Humans
Targeted, Risk-based Surveillance
Emerging Threats Program
WHERE we are working EPT 2-PREDICT
Africa*CameroonGabonDRCongoRepublicofCongoRwandaTanzaniaUgandaWestAfrica(TBD)
Kenya (TBD)
Ethiopia (TBD)
Egypt (TBD)
*In-country locations TBD based on identification of target epizones and transmission pathways
Asia*BangladeshCambodiaChinaLaoPDRIndonesiaNepalMalaysiaMyanmarThailandVietnam
GeographicFocus
Phase I Phase II
Behavioral Risk – Focus on Policy
Identify behavioral and cultural practices promoting
transmission of zoonotic viruses
Qualitative data on perceptions of risk
and illness
Quantitative data using streamlined
behavioral risk surveys Analyses to
characterize behavioral risk and target intervention
strategies
High Risk Interfaces
Training for Zoonotic Disease Surveillance
Community Engagement
Reaching Orang Asli Populations in Malaysia
Populations under high threat
Few villages gazette; limited knowledge of human—wildlife interfaces
Behavioral and biological surveys conducted
Free health assessment Improved linking and access to district public health and
health services system
More inclusive approach
Reducing Nipah Virus Spillover Risk in Bangladesh
Biodiversity and behavioral data to inform appropriate and relevant prevention and control strategies
