pengantar teknologi komputer

1

Dasar Komputer dan PemrogramanITH110 Jurusan Teknik Elektro

Fakultas Teknik UKWMS

Teknologi KomputerTeknologi Komputer

PengantarPengantar

2



Generasi Komputer(1 dari 2)


PertamaAntara tahun 1952-1958.Menggunakan tabung hampa udara.Input data menggunakan kartu.

KeduaAntara tahun 1958-1963.Menggunakan solid-state transistor cards.Storage menggunakan magnetic tape drives.

3





KetigaAntara tahun 1964-1969.Menggunakan rangkaian sirkuit mini (chip).Kapasitas storage besar (random access).

KeempatMulai 1970 dan sampai sekarang.Menggunakan pemrograman mikro (micro- programming).Menggunakan microscopic integrated circuitry (IC - VLSI).

4



Komputer Generasi KelimaKomputer Generasi Kelima

Saat ini pengembangan sedang berlangsung.

Menggunakan artificial intelligence, VHDL, dan advanced parallel processing.

Mampu belajar dari kesalahan.

5



Karakteristik Artificial Intelligence (AI)Karakteristik Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Expert systems (membuat komputer mampumembantu memecahkan masalah.)Bahasa Alami (menggunakan suara manusia untuk berkomunikasi dengan komputer.)Simulasi sensor manusia (menggunakan komputer untuk melakukan fungsi sensor manusia seperti berbicara, melihat, dan mendengar)

Robotik (menggunakan komputer untuk mengoperasikan peralatan)

6



Expert Systems

Ada program yang dirancang untuk menangkap pengalaman, proses pengambilan keputisan, proses berpikir seorang ahli dalam bidang tertentu.

Sistem diciptakan dengan wawancara ahli dalam bidang tertentu dan translasi pengetahuan tersebur ke dalam serangkaian aturan dan strategi.

7



Klasifikasi Komputer(1/2)


Dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan kategori dan ukuran

KategoriKategori Komputer Digital

Komputer Analog

8





UkuranUkuran Personal computersDesktop computers

Network computersNotebook and laptop computersPocket computers

Midsized computers

SupercomputersMainframe computers

Servers

Personal digital assistants

9



KomputerDigital

KomputerAnalog

Terutama digunakan menghitung.

Unit dasar penyimpanan adalah bilangan biner atau bit.

Digunakan sebagai alat ukur.

Sering digunakan sebagai riset keilmuan.

10



Personal Computers(1/2)


Desktop UnitsDesktop UnitsPeralatan dengan Central Processing Unit(CPU), monitor,

keyboard, dan mouse.

Network Computers

Network Computers

Kadang-kadang tidak ada disk drive karena terhubung ke server pada remote site.

ServersServersMampu beroperasi dengan cepat

dan kapasitas harddisk besar.

11





Notebook danLaptop Computers

Notebook danLaptop Computers

PalmtopComputers

PalmtopComputers

Personal DigitalAssistants (PDAs)

Personal DigitalAssistants (PDAs)

Dapat dikoneksikan dengan docking station ada monitor

dan keyboard.

Digunakan untuk menyimpan buku catatan, jadual, alamat email.

Mempunyai fungsi lebih banyak daripada palmtop computers.

12



Midsized ComputersMidsized Computers

Have been commonly referred to as minicomputers.

Are generally considered to be mainframe computers in miniature form.

Can support up to 500 online terminals.

13



Mainframe ComputersMainframe Computers

These computers use a wide array of input and output devices.

They also have a variety of internal and external memory/storage devices.

Many mainframe computers support enterprise-wide computing services.

14



SupercomputersSupercomputers

These computers have extremely large memories.

They are capable of processing trillions of instructions per second.

15



Komponen Sistem KomputerKomponen Sistem Komputer

Input

Arithmetic-LogicControl

Output Storage

16



Komponen Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic-Logic

Storage

Control

17



Kategori Input

Kertas / Paper

Magnetic

Electronic

18



Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Sering digunakan kalangan perbankan dalam proses pengecekan.

Bilangan tercetak di bawah untuk pengecekan adalah magnetized.

MICR reader membaca dan input data.Media input sangat cepat dan akurat.

Menggunakan hanya 14 bilangan dan karakter.

19



Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Scanner membaca informasi dalam bentuk karakter dan input ke dalam komputer.

Ada keterbatasan font, seperti bentuk dan ukuran karakter.

Sering digunakan kalangan bisnis untuk bermacam aplikasi berbeda.

20



Mark-Sense Forms

Preprinted shapes (such as squares, rectangles, or circles) are darkened with a writing instrument.These forms are run through a scanner that reads the shape and inputs information into the system.

21



Magnetic Tape

Was previously the most widely used type of input in large-volume computer operations.

Can also be used as an external data storage medium.

22



Magnetic Strips

Is the type of medium found on the backside of credit cards and some ID badges.

Data stored in strip communicate with the computer.

23



Magnetic Hard Disks

Are used during input, storage, and output.Disks are used to store the computer’s operating system, application software, and data.

Provide random accessing of data, resulting in faster processing speeds.

24



Floppy Disks

Data are put onto floppy disks in a variety of ways.Provide a very easy-to-use medium.Common storage size is 1.44MB of data per disk.

25



Electronic Transfer

Is currently the most widely used input medium.

Data/information are captured and stored at the user site.Once file is complete, it is transferred electronically to the mainframe where the data are processed.

26



Keyboard Terminals

Are connected online to a computer.Transform the letters, numbers, and symbols humans are capable of reading into codes the computer is capable of reading.

Is a slow data input medium.

27



Monitors

When monitors are used as an input medium, they generally are equipped with a light pen.

Their use is not considered appropriate for inputting large volumes of data.

28



Point-of Sale Terminals

In many businesses, they are used in place of cash registers.

They facilitate keeping track of inventory and reordering of merchandise.

29



Touch-Tone Phone

Keys on a touch-tone phone are used to communicate with a computer.

Provides a convenient data input device for certain applications.

30



Audio Communication

Transforms telephones into data terminals.

Is a useful device for traveling salespeople who may need fast communication with their home office.

31



Optical Laser Disks

Data are input onto the disk, which is then put onto a CD-ROM for data input.

Provides an extremely compact, fast input medium.

32



Computer Mouse

Depressing the “enter” key on the mouse sends a command to the computer.

33



Light Pen

Is useful for working with engineering or architectural drawings.Modifications are made by touching the line to be moved and then moving the pen tip on the screen to the desired location.

34



Touchscreens

Requires the use of a monitor that has a heat- sensitive element.Touching the desired command on the monitor activates the command.

35



Voice Input

Enables one to dictate material into a computer, using a microphone attached to the computer.Common word processing programs now come equipped with voice input capability.

36



Handwriting Input

Requires the use of a handwriting pad that recognizes handwritten characters.

37



Bar Code Input

Allows the computer input of data stored in a bar code.Is commonly used in pricing of grocery items and in the identification of books in libraries.

38



Scanners

Digitize information on a paper medium so the information can be stored in a computer.

39



Optical Cards

Are about the size of a credit card and can hold as much as 100MB of data.

40



Video Capture Cards

Use a Web-based camera in the inputting of information into a computer.

41



Smart Cards

Internal microprocessor provides the process capability.

Many of these cards can be recharged with cash value.

42



Handheld Data-Entry Device

Often used to provide input for reordering and/or inventory management.

Generally use a scanner.

43



USB Pen Drives

Plug into the computer’s US port.

Can store up to 1GB of data.

44



StorageStorage

Types Primary

Secondary

45



Primary Storage

RAM-Random Access Memory

ROM—Read-Only Memory

46



Random Access Memory (RAM)

Tipe penyimpan utama yang bersifat sementara digunakan komputer dalam pemrosesan data dan informasi

User dapat mengubah data atau instruksi dalam RAM.

47



Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Data atau instruksi dikodekan dan disimpan secara permanen.

Isi tidak dapat diubah.

48



Tipe-tipe ROM lain

EROM (Erasable Read-Only Memory)Dapat dihapus menggunakan ultraviolet light.

PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)Dapat diprogram dengan peralatan khusus disebut ROM programmer.

EPROM (Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory) Dapat dihapus dan diprogram dengan

peralatan khusus.

49



Cache Memory

Is used to increase the movement of work through a computer.

Serves as a high speed holding area for program instructions and data that are being processed.

50



Secondary Storage

Many of the input media can also be used as secondary storage.

Among these are hard disk drives, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, etc.

51



Arithmetic-Logic Unit

Mampu melakukan operasi penambahan, pengurangan, perkalian, dan pembagian.

Dapat juga membandingkan ukuran data.

Selama manipulasi/proses, data disimpan di register akumulator atau storage.

52



Fungsi-fungsi Control UnitFungsi-fungsi Control Unit

1. Instructs input devices to read data into storage.2. Locates data held in storage and transfers it to memory.3. Instructs the arithmetic/logic unit to perform certain operations on the data.4. Informs the arithmetic/logic unit of the location of data stored in memory.5. Informs the output devices which information is to be printed or transferred to some other medium where it will be stored.

53



OutputOutput

Many of the input media and devices are also used for output.Among these are magnetic tape, disks, keyboard terminals, monitors, etc.

54



Devices Used Only for Output Include:

Printers

Printer-Plotters

Computer Output Microfilm

Computer Output Laser Disk

Audio Response Output

55



Types of Printers

ImpactImpact Dot-matrix printers are of theimpact type.

NonimpactNonimpactInk-jet and laser printers areof the nonimpact type.

56



Printer-Plotters

Are used primarily to prepare graphic illustrations.

57



Computer Output Microfilm

Instead of getting output printed on paper, output iscreated on microfilm.

58



Audio Response

Involves translating computer output into spokenlanguage.

59



Computer Output Laser Disk

Output is put onto a laser disk.

60



Software KomputerSoftware Komputer

Includes instructions and/or programs that enable the computer to operate as desired.

Computers use application programs and systems programs.

61



Tipe-tipe Bahasa Pemrograman

Symbolic LanguagesProcedure-Oriented Languages

Problem-Oriented Languages

Fourth-Generation Languages

Visual Languages

62



Distributed Data ProcessingDistributed Data Processing

Is a network comprised of several-to-thousands of computers.

Each personal computer has the ability to process data independently at the user site as well as the ability to communicate with other computers.

Computer power is placed where it is most needed.

63



Alasan penggunaan Distributed Data Processing

1. Processing control is returned to the user.

2. Extensive use of personal computers is economical.

3. User department can design processing operations that meet its specific needs.4. Data do not have to be transmitted to another location.

64



Keuntungan penggunaanDistributed Data Processing

1. User department has control over the processing of its data.2. May result in reduced data processing costs.3. Systems can be easily expanded or contracted to meet changing user needs.4. User departments are not at the “mercy” of a centralized computer facility.

5. Systems are less vulnerable.

65



Grid ComputingGrid Computing

Also known as peer-to-peer computing.

Involves a network of computers that operates together to solve a variety of business problems.

The computers comprising the network “lend” their computer processing power as needed when a large job is being processed (run.)

66



Macam-macam masalah Power Komputer

Sags-short-term decrease in voltage.

Brownouts-longer term significant decrease in voltage.Oscillations-superimposing high-frequency noise on the electrical waveform that can result in computer damage, loss of data, and software glitches.Surges-short-term increase in voltage. Spikes-short-term significant increase in voltage.

67



Macam-macam masalah yang mempengaruhioperasi Komputer

Macam-macam masalah yang mempengaruhioperasi Komputer

Computer Power Problems

Computer Viruses

68



Virus Komputer

Can destroy massive amounts of data/information in a desktop unit, or disrupt an entire network operation.

Kategori VirusKategori Virus

File InfectorsBoot Sector VirusesMultipartite Viruses

69



Saran berkaitan denganVirus Komputer (1/2)

1. Avoid using software from unreliable sources.2. Avoid exchanging floppy disks between computers.3. Avoid letting others use your computer, especially if they want to use their own software.

4. Back up data frequently.5. Back up new software immediately-and then use only the backup copy.

70



Saran berkaitan denganVirus Komputer (2/2)

6. Stop using the computer immediately if abnormal operations begin to occur.7. Use a virus detection/eradication software program.8. Be especially careful with software downloaded from the Internet.9. Be alert to the fact that computer viruses are often transmitted by e-mail messages.

71



Data Warehouse

Data Mart

Data Mining

Is a centralized depositoryfor some or all of the dataaccumulated in anorganization.

Is a depository of data heldin the warehouse but thensubsequently processed andanalyzed to make it usefulto a specific group of endusers.

Involves analyzing datafor previously undiscover-ed relationships.

72



Utility ComputingUtility Computing

Involves an organization’s obtaining its computing equipment from a computer utility.

Organizations pay the utility for the amount of time its computer equipment is used.

pengantar teknologi komputer

Documents