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IKI20210Pengantar Organisasi Komputer
Kuliah no. 1: Pendahuluan
14 Februari 2003Bobby Nazief ([email protected])Qonita Shahab ([email protected])
bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/iki20210/
Sumber:1. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-5.2. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB.
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IKI20210
° Pengantar Organisasi Komputer• “Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi komputer
sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen: input, output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath), melalui pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly.”
° Prasyarat:• Pengantar Sistem Digital• Konsep Pemrograman I
° Bobot:• 3 SKS
° Buku Acuan:• V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-5.
McGraw-Hill, 2002.• David Patterson & John Hennessy. Computer Organization &
Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
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Administrasi Perkuliahan
° Penilaian:• Tugas: 30% (5 tugas pemrograman + PR)• UTS: 30%• UAS: 40%
° Jadwal Kuliah:• Rabu: 8:00 – 9:40 WIB• Jumat: 8:00 – 8:50 WIB
° Jadwal Ujian:• UTS: 16 April 2003• UAS: 9 - 20 Juni 2003
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer
I/O systemProcessor
CompilerOperating
System(Windows 98)
Application (Netscape)
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi
Datapath & Control
transistors
MemoryHardware
Software Assembler
20210
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Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer
° Application S/W• MS Word computer as electronic type-writer• MS Excel computer as electronic calculator
° System S/W• Compilers computer as translator (source to executable
program)• Operating Systems computer as machine that executes
programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers, communicate with other computers
° Instruction Set• What basic operations can be carried out• What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from
memory• How can data be exchanged to the outside “world”
° Computer H/W• The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output
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Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,AVR)
Machine Language Program (AVR)
Control Signal Specification
Compiler
Assembler
Machine Interpretation
A = 25;B = 8;C = A * B;
lds r1, 0x100lds r2, 0x102add r1, r2sts 0x104, r1
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
°°
20210
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Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java
Java Language
Java Virtual Machine
Operating System
Computer H/W
byte code
JVM dapat langsung berhubungan dgn h/w
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5 Komponen Utama Komputer
Processor (active)
Computer
Control(“brain”)
Datapath(“brawn”)
Memory(passive)
(where programs, data live whenrunning)
Devices
Input
Output
Keyboard, Mouse
Display, Printer
Disk (where programs, data live whennot running)
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Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium
Processor/MemoryBus
PCI Bus
I/O Busses
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20
° TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20
Floating-point Unit
Integer Unit
InstCache
RefMMU
DataCache
StoreBuffer
Bus Interface
SuperSPARC
L2$
CC
MBus Module
MBus
L64852 MBus controlM-S Adapter
SBus
DRAM Controller
SBusDMA
SCSIEthernet
STDIOserialkbdmouseaudioRTCBoot PROMFloppy
SBusCards
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Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515
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Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen
Proc
CachesProcessor-Memory Bus
Memory
I/O Devices:
Controllers
adapters
DisksDisplaysKeyboards
Networks
Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka
I/O Bus
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Outline Materi Kuliah
° Konsep-konsep Dasar• Stored Program Computer• Instruction Set
° Set Instruksi/Pemrograman° Input/Output° Memori° Aritmatika° Prosesor
• Datapath• Control Unit
° Pipeline
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Generasi Komputer° I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103
• Bahasa Rakitan• Vacuum Tube• 40.000 instruksi/detik
° II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094• Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator• Transistor• I/O & Processor Parallelism• 200.000 instruksi/detik
° III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8• Sistem Operasi• Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC)• Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism• 1.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC• Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)• Microprocessor, PC• 10.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC• Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)• 100.000.000 instruksi/detik
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Tren Teknologi
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Year
Tran
sistors
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
i80386
i4004i8080
Pentium
i80486
i80286
i8086
Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor
2X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 years
Called “Moore’s Law”
Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 million
Moore’s Law
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Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor
0100200300400500600700800900
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
DEC Alpha 21264/600
DEC Alpha 5/500
DEC Alpha 5/300
DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100
DEC AXP/500
HP 9000/750
Sun-4/260
IBMRS/6000
MIPS M/120
MIPS M
2000
1.54X/yr
Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)
size
Year
Bits
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
year size(Megabit) 1980 0.06251983 0.251986 11989 41992 161996 642000 256
Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years4000X since 1980
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Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis° Prosessor
• 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun• 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir
° Memori• Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years• Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun• Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir
° Disk• Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun• Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun• Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir
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Bicycle Computer (Embedded)
° P. Brain• wireless
heart monitor strap
• record 5 measures: speed, time, current distance, elevation and heart rate
• Every 10 to 60 sec.• 8KB data 33 hours• Stores information so can be
uploaded through a serial port into PC to be analyzed
SpeedAltitude
HeartRate
Dramatic change !!!