pencemaran lingkungan toksikologi lingkungan

8/18/2019 Pencemaran Lingkungan Toksikologi Lingkungan

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TOKSIKOLIGI LINGKUNGAN

(IDENTIFIKASI PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN)

OLEH:

NAMA: ADI RAHMAN

NIM. 1413031022

SEMESTER/KELAS IV/A

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN KIMIA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAMUNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

SINGARAJA

2016


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IDENTIFIKASI PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

Ind!"#$% P$!$! M"#&%:

1.1 P&n'&%#"n (&n)&*"%"n+ #&%*",-! (&n)&*"%"n #"n"+ -d"%"+ d"n "%.

1.2 S-*&% (&n)&*"%"n #"n"+ -d"%"+ d"n "%.

1.3 P%$,&, (&n)&*"%"n #"n"+ -d"%"+ d"n "%.

1.4 D"*("! (&n)&*"%"n #"n"+ -d"%"+ d"n "%.

1. P&n)&'""n (&n)&*"%"n #"n"+ -d"%"+ d"n "%.

PEMAHASAN:

1.1 Pengertian pencearan! tera"#$ pencearan tana%! #&ara! &an air.

P&n)&*"%"n "d"" (%$,&, *",-!n" ($-#"n !& d""* ,-"#- n'!-n'"n

,&n''" *&n-%-n!"n *-#- n'!-n'"n. S&d"n'!"n n'!-n'"n "d"" ,&'""

,&,-"#- "n' "d" d ,&!#"% !#"+ "! &%-(" "!#$% "$#! 5&nd" *"# *"-(-n

"!#$% $#! 5*"!-! d-(. P$-#"n "#"- ""n (&n)&*"% ,&nd% d"("# &%-("

d&-+ ""n !*"+ ,-"%"+ ("n",+ %"d",+ *"!-! d-(+ 7"#87"# "d d"%

*"!-! d-(+ d"n "n ,&"'"n". A("" ($-#"n &%&"n+ &!$,,#&* #d"!

d"("# ,&*"n' d"n #d"! d"("# *&"!-!"n %&'&n&%",. S-"#- 7"# d,&-# ($-#"n

" !&&%"d""nn" d"("# *&n&"!"n !&%-'"n #&%"d"( *"!-! d-(+ " n

d"("# #&%9"d 9!" #&%d"("# ("d" !$nd, "n' 9-*"n" *&& 9-*" n$%*"+

&%"d" ("d" "!#- "n' #d"! #&("# d"n &%"d" ("d" #&*("# "n' #d"! #&("#. J&n,

(&n)&*"%"n &%d","%!"n $9&!n" "#- (&n)&*"%"n "%+ -d"%" d"n #"n".

P&n)&*"%"n #"n" "d"" !&"d""n ,-"#- ""n !*" -"#"n *"n-," "n'

*",-! d"n *&%-" n'!-n'"n ""* #"n". P&n)&*"%"n #"n" ","n" #&%9"d

!"%&n" !&$)$%"n *" )"% "#"- ""n !*" nd-,#%+ (&n''-n""n (&,#,d"+

!&)&"!""n !&nd"%"""n (&n'"n'!-# *n"!+ d"n (&*-"n'"n *" nd-,#%

,&)"%" "n',-n' !& #"n" "n' #d"! *&*&n- ,"%"# 5illegal dumping .

P&n)&*"%"n A% *&n-%-# S-%"# K&(-#-,"n M&n#&% N&'"%" K&(&nd-d-!"n d"n

Ln'!-n'"n Hd-( N$*$%: KEP802/MENKLH/I/1;


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#n'!"# #&%#&n#- "n' *&n&"!"n "% *&n9"d !-%"n' "#"- ,-d" #d"! &%-n',

"' ,&,-" d&n'"n (&%-n#-!!"nn" 5("," 1.

P&n)&*"%"n Ud"%" "d"" *",-! "#"- d*",-!!"nn" *"-!

d-(+ 7"#+ &n&%' d"n/ "#"- !$*($n&n "n !& d""* "(,"n "n' *&n'&n'

-*.

1.' S#er pencearan tana%! #&ara! &an air

S-*&% (&n&" d"% #&%9"dn" (&n)&*"%"n n'!-n'"n 5#"n"+ "%+ d"n

-d"%"+ "#-: A!##", "#"- P%$,&, A"* d"n K&'"#"n M"n-,"+

A$tiita" ata# Pr*"e" A+a

Ln'!-n'"n d""* ,-"#- &!$,,#&* d"("# *&n'""* (&%-""n ,&"'"n "#"-

*&n&-%-. ","n" (&%-""n #$#" #&%9"d "!"# &n)"n" ""*+ ,&(&%# "n9%+

""% ("n", "#"- ""% dn'n+ -,"n '-n-n' &%"( "n' *&n'&-"%!"n ("%#!&8

("%#!& d&- "n' d"("# *&n)&*"% -d"%"+ '&*("+ '&$*"n' #,-n"*+ "n'n

#$("n d"n "n8"n.

T&%9"dn" !&%-,"!"n "#"- (&%-""n "n' d"!"#!"n $& "!#$% ""* d"("#

*&%-,"! ", ,&*-" !$*-n#", "n' "d" d n'!-n'"n #&%,&-#. K$*-n#", #-

"!"n *-n)- !&*" 5,-!,&, "n' *&*-#-!"n "!#- )-!-( "*"+ "!"n

,"*(" %"#-,"n #"-n+ )$n#$n" ,-!,&, ("d" G-n-n' K%"!"#"- "!"# -,"n

d","# "n' #&%9"d & d"% 10 #"-n "n' "-. M&,!(-n ""* *&n9"d

,-*&% (&n)&*"% #"( %&"# 9"%"n' #&%9"d d"n -*-*n" &%d"*("! $!" d"n

,&,""#.

Kegiatan Man#"ia

P&n)&*"%"n n'!-n'"n "n' -#"*" &%"," d"% !&'"#"n *"n-," ,&(&%#

!&'"#"n %-*" #"n''" d"n (&%$%"n'"n+ nd-,#%+ (&%#"n"n d"n #%"n,($%#",.

P&n)&*"%"n #&%,&-# &%"n',-n' #&%-, *&n&%-, d"n d"*("!n" 9-'" #&%-,d%","!"n+ "!"n &&%"(" d"n#"%"n" &%d"*("! -", "#"- '$". F"!#$%8"!#$%

(&n&" #&%9"dn" (&n)&*"%"n n'!-n'"n ,&"'" ", ,"*(n' (&%-"#"n

*"n-," *&(-#: "!#$% Ind-,#%",",+ "!#$% -%"n,",+ "!#$%+ "!#$% )"%"

d-(+ !&("d"#"n (&nd-d-! d"n "!#$% (&%!&*"n'"n &!$n$*. F"!#$%8"!#$% d

"#", ,"n' *&*(&n'"%- ,&)"%" !$*(&!,. A("" ,"" ,"#- "!#$% #&%9"d+

*"!" "!#$% "nn" d"("# #&%9"d+ d&n'"n d&*!"n #&%9"dn" (&n)&*"%"n

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahluk_hiduphttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahluk_hiduphttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zathttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energihttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zathttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energihttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahluk_hiduphttps://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahluk_hidup


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n'!-n'"n #d"! d"("# dnd"%. =$n#$ *",n'8*",n' "!#$% #&%,&-# ,&"'"

&%!-#:

Fa$t*r in"tria+i"a"i

> P&%#"*"n'"n+ #%"n,($%#",+ (&n-n'"n d"n (&n'$""n ""n n''"

*&n'",!"n "%"n' "n' d"("# d'-n"!"n

> P&%#"*"n'"n+ #%"n,($%#",+ (&n-n'"n d"n (&n''-n""n ""n "!"% -n#-!

*&n'",!"n &n&%'

> S,"8,," -"n'"n "n' d",!"n ,&"'" ", ,"*(n'"n ,&"*" (%$,&,8

(%$,&, d "#",

Fa$t*r #rani"a"i

> P&*-!""n -#"n -n#-! (&%!"*(-n'"n+ nd-,#% d"n ,,#&* #%"n,($%#",

> P&n*-n"n "#"- *&n-*(-!n" ,,"8,," -"n'"n/,"*(" d"n ", ,"*(n'

,&"*" (%$,&,8(%$,&, d "#",

Per$eangan,pert##%an pen$ -ang pe"at

> M&nn'!"#n" !&-#-"n #&*("# #n''"/(&%-*""n

> M&nn'!"#n" !&-#-"n ("n'"n d"n !&-#-"n &n&%'

> M&nn'!"#n" !&-#-"n "%"n'8"%"n' !$n,-*, d"n ""n8""n -n#-!

d-(

Fa$t*r cara %ip

> P&n''-n""n "%"n' !&-#-"n ,&)"%" &%&"n ,&n''" #&%-"n' (&%)-*"

> T-n#-#"n "!"n !&*&""n

> P&*$%$,"n &n&%'

Fa$t*r per$eangan e$*n*i

> M&nn'!"#n" (&n''-n""n ""n ,-*&%+ *," M+ ", -#"n

> M&nn'!"#n" ,,"8,," -"n'"n ,&"'" ", ,"*(n'"n (%$d-!, "%"n'8 "%"n' !&(&n#n'"n d""* ("%! d"n *&nn'!"#n" ""n (&n)&*"%

T"& 1 A!#?#", *"n-," d"n ", ,"*(n' "n' d#*-!"n

N*

.

eni" a$tiita" /a"i+ "aping -ang &iti#+$an

1. R-*" #"n''" P&*-"n'"n !$#$%"n+ "% !$#$%"n

S"*("

P&n)&*"%"n -d"%"


5/12

K&-#-"n #&*("# #n''"+ d"n "n8"n

2. T%"n,($%#", P&n)&*"%"n Ud"%"

P&n)&*"%"n A%

P&n)&*"%"n S-"%"

K&)&"!""n

K&-#-"n #"n" -n#-! 9""n+ d"n "n"n

3. Ind-,#% d"n P"%! P&n)&*"%"n Ud"%"

P&n)&*"%"n A%

P&n)&*"%"n #"n"

S"*("/,,"8,," ,&"'" -"n'"n

P&n)&*"%"n ("n",

S-"%"/!&,n'"n

K&-#-"n #"n"+ d"n "n

4. P&%#"*"n'"n P&n)&*"%"n -d"%" !"%&n" d&*-

P&n)&*"%"n "%

S"*("/,,"8,," ,&"'" -"n'"n

K&-#-"n #"n"+ d"n "n8"n

. P&%#"n"n P&n)&*"%"n A%

P&n)&*"%"n #"n"-"'"n !$#$%"n

K&-#-"n #"n"+ d"n "n8"n

1.0 Pr*"e" pencearan tana%! #&ara! &an air.

Proses pencemaran tanah

T"n" d!"#"'$%!"n ,--% "("" #"n" *&n'"nd-n' )-!-( n-#%, "'

#"n"*"n *"-(-n *!%$ $%'"n,*&+ d"n d"% ,&' ,!"+ !*"+ d"n $$'

*&*&n- -n#-! (&%#-*-"n. T"n" d"("# %-,"! !"%&n" #&%9"dn" (&n)&*"%"n

#"n".

P&n)&*"%"n #"n" *&%-("!"n !&"d""n d *"n" *"#&% ,!+ !*"+ *"-(-n

$$', *",-! d"n *&%-" ""* n'!-n'"n #"n". P&n)&*"%"n d"("# #&%9"d

!"%&n" !&'"#"n %-#n *"n-," *"-(-n "!"# !&)&%$"n+ ,&(&%# !&$)$%"n

*" )"% "#"- ""n !*" nd-,#% "#"- ",#", !$*&%,"@ (&n''-n""n

(&,#,d"@ *",-!n" "% (&%*-!""n "n' #&%)&*"% d""* "(,"n ,-8(&%*-!""n@

!&)&"!""n "%*"d" (&n'"n'!-# *n"!+ 7"# !*"+ "#"- *"@ "% *" d"%


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#&*("# (&n*-n"n ,"*(" ,&%#" *" nd-,#% "n' "n',-n' d-"n' !& #"n"

,&)"%" #d"! *&*&n- ,"%"# 5illegal dumping .

A("" d!",!",!"n *"!" (&n)&*"%"n #"n" d"("# #&%9"d !"%&n" "8

" d "" n+ "#- : P&n)&*"%"n "n',-n' : P&n)&*"%"n n *,"n" #&%9"d

!"%&n" (&n''-n""n (-(-! ,&)"%" &%&"n+ (&*&%"n (&,#,d"+ d"n

(&*-"n'"n *" "n' #d"! d"("# d-%"!"n ,&(&%# (",#!+ !"&n'+ $#$+ d"n

"n8"nn". P&n)&*"%"n *&"- "% : A% "n' #&%)&*"% 5*&n'"nd-n' ""n

(&n)&*"%/($-#"n "!"n *&n'-" ,-,-n"n !*" #"n" ,&n''" *&n''"n''-

9","d "n' d-( d d""* "#"- d (&%*-!""n #"n". P&n)&*"%"n *&"- -d"%" :

Ud"%" "n' #&%)&*"% "!"n *&n-%-n!"n -9"n "n' *&n'"nd-n' ""n (&n)&*"%

"n' *&n'"!"#!"n #"n" #&%)&*"% 9-'".

""n8""n !*" #&%*",-! (&,#,d" d"n &%"'" &n#-! d&%'&n

d,"*(n' &%*"n""# "("" d(&%'-n"!"n ,&)"%" &%&"n "!"n *&n*-!"n

&%"'" &n#-! (&n)&*"%"n #&%"d"( n'!-n'"n #&%*",-! #"n"

K!" ,-"#- 7"# &%"""/&%")-n #&" *&n)&*"% (&%*-!""n #"n"+ *"!"

" d"("# *&n'-"(+ #&%,"(- "% -9"n d"n "#"- *",-! !& d""* #"n". P&n)&*"%"n

"n' *",-! !& d""* #"n" !&*-d"n #&%&nd"( ,&"'" 7"# !*" &%")-n d

#"n". "# &%")-n d #"n" #&%,&-# d"("# &%d"*("! "n',-n' !&("d" *"n-,"

!!" &%,&n#-"n "#"- d"("# *&n)&*"% "% #"n" d"n -d"%" d "#",n".

Proses pencemaran udara

Pencemaran udara merupakan salah satu kerusakan lingkungan,

berupa penurunan kualitas udara karena masuknya unsur-unsur

berbahaya ke dalam udara atau atmosfer bumi. Unsur-unsur

berbahaya yang masuk ke dalam atmosfer tersebut bisa berupa karbon

monoksida (CO), Nitrogen dioksida (No), chloro!uorocarbon (C"C),

sulfur dioksida (#o), $idrokarbon ($C), %enda Partikulat, &imah (Pb),

dan Carbon 'iaoksida (CO). Unsur-unsur tersebut bisa disebut uga

sebagai polutan atau enis-enis bahan pencemar udara.

asuknya polutan ke dalam atmosfer yang menadikan teradinya

pencemaran udara bisa disebabkan dua faktor, yaitu faktor alam dan

faktor manusia. Penyebab pencemaran udara dari faktor adalah alam

contohnya adalah akti*tas gunung berapi yang mengeluarkan abu dan

http://alamendah.org/2014/08/01/kerusakan-lingkungan-hidup-di-indonesia-dan-penyebabnya/http://alamendah.org/2009/09/23/tingkat-pencemaran-udara-di-indonesia/http://alamendah.org/2014/08/01/kerusakan-lingkungan-hidup-di-indonesia-dan-penyebabnya/http://alamendah.org/2009/09/23/tingkat-pencemaran-udara-di-indonesia/


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gas +ulkanik, kebakaran hutan, dan kegiatan mikroorganisme. Polutan

yang dihasilkan biasanya berupa asap, debu, dan gas.

G"*"% 1.1 P&n)&*"%"n Ud"%"

P&n&" ($-, -d"%" "n' !&d-" "d"" "!#$% *"n-," d&n'"n ,&'""

"!##",n". &%"'" !&'"#"n *"n-," "n' d"("# *&n'",!"n ($-#"n "n#"%"

"n :

1. P&*"!"%"n@ S&*," (&*"!"%"n ,"*("+ (&*"!"%"n ("d" !&'"#"n

%-*" #"n''"+ !&nd"%""n &%*$#$%+ d"n !&'"#"n nd-,#%. P$-#"n "n'

d",!"n "n#"%" "n ","(+ d&-+ '%# 5(",% "-,+ d"n '", 5=O d"n NO.

2. P%$,&, (&&-%"n@ S&*," (%$,&, (&&-%"n "9"+ (&*-"#"n ,$d"+ ,&*&n+

!&%"*!+ ",(". P$-#"n "n' d",!"nn" *&(-# d&-+ -"(+ d"n '",.

3. P&%#"*"n'"n d"n (&n''""n@ P$-#"n "n' d",!"n #&%-#"*" "d""

d&-.

4. P%$,&, (&n'$""n d"n (&*"n","n@ S&*," (%$,&, (&n'$""n *"!"n"n+

d"'n'+ !"n+ d"n (&n"*"!"n. P$-#"n "n' d",!"n *&(-# ","(+

d&-+ d"n "-.

. P&*-"n'"n *"@ "! *" nd-,#% *"-(-n *" %-*" #"n''".

P$-#"nn" "d"" '", H2S "n' *&n*-!"n "- -,-!.

http://alamendah.org/2011/08/27/dampak-kebakaran-hutan/http://alamendah.org/2011/08/27/dampak-kebakaran-hutan/


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6. P%$,&, !*"@ S&*," ("d" (&*-%n"n *n"! -*+ (&n'$""n *n&%"+

d"n (&*-"#"n !&%,. P$-#"n "n' d",!"n -*-n" &%-(" d&-+ -"(

d"n '",.

B. P%$,&, (&*"n'-n"n@ S&*," (&*"n'-n"n '&d-n'8'&d-n'+ 9""n d"n

!&'"#"n "n' ,&*")"*n". P$-#"nn" ,&(&%# ","( d"n d&-.


9/12

G"*"% 1.2 S!&*" P&n)&*"%"n A%

P&n)&*"%"n "% *&%-("!"n ,-"#- (&%-""n !-"#", ,!+ !*" d"n $$'

"% "n' #d"! dn'n!"n+ ,&n''" d"("# *&n*-!"n !&%-'"n !&%&n"

*&*(&n'"%- ,,#&* !&d-("n.

A("" ,&*-" !&'"#"n nd-,#% d"n #&!n$$' *&*(&%"#!"n d"n

*&"!,"n"!"n (&n'$""n "% *" nd-,#% d"n *","%"!"# -*-* 9-'" #d"!

*&*-"n' *" ,&)"%" ,&*"%"n'"n *"!" *","" (&n)&*"%"n "% ,&&n"%n"

#d"! (&%- d!""#%!"n. N"*-n+ d""* !&n"#""nn" *", "n"! nd-,#%

"#"- ,-"#- (-,"# !&'"#"n !&%9" "n' *&*-"n' *"nn" !&

n'!-n'"n*&"- ,-n'"+ d"n- "#"- "n',-n' !& "-#. P&*-"n'"n "% *"

,&)"%" "n',-n' !& n'!-n'"n n" "n' *&n9"d (&n&" -#"*" (&n)&*"%"n

"%.

1. Dapa$ pencearan tana%! #&ara! &an air.

D"*("! d"% ,-*&% (&n)&*"%"n #"n"+ -d"%"+ d"n "% #&%"d"( n'!-n'"n

d"n &!$,,#&*. *&n*-!"n '&9"" n&'"#?& "' n'!-n'"n d"n &!$,,#&* #-

,&nd%+ d"n#"%"n" 5d""* G-n"d+ 2012:

1) Peledakan Hama. P&n''-n""n n,&!#,d" d"("# (-" *&*"#!"n (%&d"#$%.

K"%&n" (%&d"#$% (-n"+ *"!" . ,&%"n''" "*" "!"n &%!&*"n' #"n("

!&nd". P&n&*(%$#"n d&n'"n n,&!#,d" 9-'" d"("# *&n'"!"#!"n &&%"("

,(&)&, ,&%"n''" *&n9"d !&" 5%&,,#&n. Un#-! *&*&%"n#",n"+ d(&%-!"n

d$,, "n' & #n'' d"% ","n". A!"#n"+ (&n)&*"%"n "!"n ,&*"!n

*&nn'!"#.') Punahnya Species. P$-#"n &%""" "' $#" "% d"n d"%"#. &%"'" 9&n,

&"n *&n'""* !&%")-n"n+ !&*-d"n *"#. &%"'" ,(&)&, &"n

*&*! !&!&""n "n' #d"! ,"*". Ad" "n' (&!"+ "d" (-" "n' #""n.

H&"n *-d"+ "%?" *&%-("!"n &"n "n' (&!" #&%"d"( ""n (&n)&*"%.

Ad" &"n "n' d"("# &%"d"(#", ,&n''" !&" #&%"d"( ""n (&n)&*"%+

"d" (-" "n' #d"!. M&,!(-n &"n &%"d"(#",+ "%-, d!"- ""


10/12

#n'!"# "d"(#", &"n "d" "#",n". " "#", #&%,&-# #&%"*("-+ &"n

#&%,&-# "!"n *"#.

0) Pemekatan Hayati. ""n (&n)&*"% *&*",-! n'!-n'"n *&&"# %"n#"

*"!"n"n d"n 9"%n'89"%n' *"!"n"n. ""n &%")-n "n' d-"n' !& (&%"%"n

d"("# *&%&,"( !& d""* #-- "'". S&"n9-#n"+ "'" #&%,&-# #&%,&-#

d*"!"n $& -d"n' !&) Ud"n' !&) d*"!"n $& !"n . J!" !"n n

d#"n'!"( *"n-," !&*-d"n d*"!"n+ ""n (&n)&*"% "!"n *",-! !& d""*

#-- *"n-,". P%$,&, (&nn'!"#"n !"d"% ""n (&n)&*"% *&&"# #--

*"!-! d-( d!&n" ,&"'" (&*&!"#"n ""# 5d""* ""," n''%,

d!&n" ,&"'" $*"'n)"#$n..

) Efek Rumah Kaca. P&%*","""n '$" "nn" "" &&! %-*" !")". G",

=O2 "n' d",!"n d"% (%$,&, (&*"!"%"n *&nn'!"#!"n !"d"% =O2 d

"#*$,&%. A!"#n"+ -* d,&*-# '", d"n d&-8d&- (&n)&*"%.

K"nd-n'"n '", =O2 ,&*"!n #n'' !"%&n" "n"! -#"n d#&"n'+ ,&n''"

#d"! d"("# *&n&%"( =O2

2) Keracunan dan Penyakit . O%"n' "n' *&n'!$n,-*, ,"-%+ !"n+ d"n ""n

*"!"n"n #&%)&*"% d"("# *&n'""* !&%")-n"n. A!"# !&%")-n"n+ $%"n' d"("#

*&n'""* !&%-,"!"n "#+ 'n9"+ *&nd&%#" !"n!&%+ !&%-,"!"n ,-,-n"n ,"%"+

*&n&"!"n )")"# ("d" !-%-n"nn" "!"n *&nn''" d-n".

3) Gangguan Keseimbangan Lingkungan. P-n"n" ,(&)&, #&%#&n#- d"("#

*&n'-" ($" n#&%"!, d d""* ,-"#- &!$,,#&*. R"n#" *"!"n"n+ 9"%n'8

9"%n' *"!"n"n+ d"n "%"n &n&%' &%-". A!"#n"+ !&,&*"n'"n

n'!-n'"n #&%'"n''-. D"-% *"#&% d"n d"-% $!*" #&%'"n''-.

4) Terbentuk Lubang Oon. T&%&n#-!n" -"n' $7$n *&%-("!"n ,"" ,"#-

(&%*","""n '$". H" n d,&"!"n ""n (&n)&*"% d"("# #&%,&"% d"n*&n*-!"n d"*("! d #&*("# "n. G", =F=+ *,"n" d"% F%&$n d"n

,(%"+ "n' *&*-*-n' #n'' d"("# *&n)"(" ,#%"#$,&%. D ,#%"#$,&%

#&%d"("# "(,"n '", $7$n 5O3. L"(,"n $7$n n *&%-("!"n (&nd-n'

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