pef training 20140113-14

Training on Product Environmental FootprintEuropean Commission, Brussels13 and 14 January 2014

1

Agenda

• Introductory round table• Objectives of the training• The process of creating a PEFCR• Phases of a PEF study

– Goal of the PEF study– Scope of the PEF study

o Definition of the PEF categoryo Definition of “representative product” model

– Resource use and emissions profile– Environmental Footprint Impact Assessment– Interpretation of PEF results

2

Introduction

3

Objectives of the training

• Provide guidance on how to conduct a Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) study following the PEF Guide with focus on the development of the draft PEFCR

• Provide guidance for defining the PEF product category• Provide guidance for defining the “representative product” model• Special attention to the PEF screening

4

2nd face to face training will focus on conducting PEF studies following the specific PEFCR developed for each pilot

The Single Market for Green Products Initiative

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council COM(2013) 196 published on 9 April 2013

• Establishes and recommends two methods to measure environmental performance throughout the life cycle, the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and the Organisation Environmental Footprint (OEF)

• Provides principles for communicating environmental performance, such as transparency, reliability, completeness, comparability and clarity

• Supports international efforts towards more coordination in methodological development and data availability

• Announces a three‐year testing period to develop product‐ and sector‐specific rules (PEFCRs and OEFSRs) through a multi‐stakeholder process

5

Purpose of PEFCRs

Definition:• PEFCR ‐ acronym of Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules• “Product category specific, life‐cycle‐based rules that complement general

methodological guidance for PEF studies by providing further specification at the level of a specific product category.”

Purpose: • To provide specific guidance for calculating and reporting products’ life

cycle environmental impacts• To focus in the most important parameters in determining the

environmental performace of a given product• To allow the comparability between PEF calculations within the same

product category

6

The process of creating a PEFCR

7

Final PEFCR

Confirmation of benchmark(s) anddetermination of performance classes

PEFCR supporting study

Draft PEFCR

PEF screening

Define product “model” based on representative product

Define PEF product category

Focus during this training

The Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)

• A multi‐criteria measure of the environmental performance of a good or service throughout its life cycle

• To reduce the environmental impacts of goods and services taking into account value chain activities.

8

The PEF Guide provides a method for modelling the environmental impacts of the flows

of material/energy and the emissions and waste streams associated with a product throughout its life cycle.

guidance on how to calculate a PEF, as well as how to develop product category‐specific methodological requirements for use in Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs).

Phases of a PEF study

9

Environm

entalFoo

tprin

t Re

view

Define goals of PEF study

Define scope of PEF study

Create the Resource Useand Emissions Profile

Conduct the EnvironmentalFootprint Impact

Assessment

Environmental Footprint Interpretation and

Reporting

Relation between PEF study & PEFCR developmentEnvironm

entalFoo

tprin

t Re

view

Define goals of PEF study

Define scope of PEF study

Create the Resource Useand Emissions Profile

Conduct the EnvironmentalFootprint Impact

Assessment

Environmental Footprint Interpretation and

Reporting

10

Draft PEFCR

PEF screening

Define product “model” basedon representative product

Define PEF product category

Goal of the PEF study

Phase in which the aims, breadth and depth of the study are established.

11

Defin

egoals o

f PEF stud

y

Intended application(s)

Reason(s) for carrying out the study

Target audience(s)

Comparative studydisclosed to the public?

Commissioner

Review procedure andrequirements (if applicable)

Goal

Scope RU&EP EFIA Interpretation

Goal of the PEF study ‐ example

12

Aspects DetailIntended application(s): Provide product information to customer

Reasons for carrying out the study

Respond to a request from a customer

Target audience External, technical audience, business‐to‐business

Comparative study to be disclosed to the public?

No

Commissioner of the study G company limited

Review Independent external reviewer, Mr. Y

Goal


Goal of the PEF study –requirements

13

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• Intended application(s)• Reasons for carrying out the study and

decision context• Target audience• Whether comparisons and/or comparative

assertions are to be disclosed to the public• Commissioner of the study• Review procedure (if applicable)

• Specification of review requirements for a PEF study

Goal


Scope of the PEF study

Phase in which the scope of the PEF study, the system to be evaluated and the associated analytical specifications are described in detail.

14

Defin

escop

e of PEF stud

y

Unit of analysis andreference flow(s)

System boundaries

Select EF Impact Categories

Select additional environmental information

Assumptions/Limitations

Goal

Scope

RU&EP EFIA Interpretation

Unit of analysis and reference flow

• The unit of analysis shall be defined according to the following aspects:

• A declared unit, e.g. mass (kg), should be applied for the situations where a unit of analysis cannot be assigned due to the fact that the whole life cycle of the product is not included (i.e. cradle‐to‐gate). For example, intermediate products, e.g. inner springs.

• The reference flow is the amount of product needed to provide the defined function. The quantitative input and output data collected in support of the analysis shall be calculated in relation to this flow.

15

Mattress (average size)One mattressUse daily for 10 yearsFirm shape31.03

The function(s)/service(s) provided WHATThe magnitude of the function or service HOW MUCHThe duration of the service provided or service life time HOW LONGThe expected level of quality HOW WELLThe CPA/NACE code(s)

11.0 kg of spring mattressReference flow

Unit of analysis: 1 m2 of mattress fit for daily use during 10 years

Goal

Scope


Definition of PEF product category

• For developing a PEFCR, one must first define a unit of analysis and then identify the related CPA code (at least 2 digits).– Products having similar functions and applications should be grouped under one

product category, e.g. spring and polyether mattresses.

• Product category for which the PEFCR apply− by using descriptive language and− with the relevant CPA/NACE code.

16

C: Manufactured products31: Furniture31.0: Furniture31.03: Mattresses

Sections: an alphabetical codeDivisions: a two‐digit numerical code Groups: a three‐digit numerical code Classes: a four‐digit numerical code

Products providing a surface to sleep or rest upon, that are fit for use by human beings for a long period of time, consisting of a strong cloth cover filled with materials, and that can be placed on an existingsupporting bed structure.

Goal

Scope


Guidance for selection:31.0: Too broad; it includes all kinds of furniture31.03.1: Too narrow; 31.03 alreadyrefers to mattresses

Classification systems

17Goal

Scope


Unit of analysis and reference flow – requirements

18

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• The unit of analysis for a PEF study shall be

defined according to the following aspects: the function(s)/service(s) provided: “what”; the magnitude of the function or service: “how much”; the expected level of quality: “how well”; the duration/life time of the product: “how long”; the NACE code(s).

• An appropriate reference flow shall be determined in relation to the unit of analysis. The quantitative input and output data collected in support of the analysis shall be calculated in relation to this flow.

• The PEFCR shall specify the unit(s) of analysis

The unit of analysis and the related CPA codes will be validated by the Steering Committee in the first physical consultation meetings.

Goal

Scope


Definition of “representative product”

• Representative product existing in the EU market and belonging to the product category defined

• May or may not be a real product that is sold on the market– when the market is made up of different technologies, the “representative product”

may be a virtual (non‐existing) product with the average EU‐sales weighted characteristics of all technologies around

– if the market and technical information is incomplete, a real product may be chosen

19

Type of mattress Sales market share in the EU

Spring (with spring interior or with pocket springs) 64%

Polyether (also called PUR foam or cellular plastics) 22%

Latex (also called latex foam or cellular rubber) 14%

Others (among others combinations of the above‐mentioned types and water‐mattresses) < 1%

Reference: E.J.M. Deliege, D.S.C. Nijdam. European Ecolabel Bed Matresses. Report number: R3535924.W05/EJD. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/bed_mattresses_report.pdf

Goal

Scope


Definition of “representative product” model

• The “representative product” model report should include:1. Bill of materials (BOM) or if more suitable, ingredients

20

Spring Polyether Latex Representative product

Bill of materials kg/m2 mattressSteel 4.0 2.56PUR foam 1.3 4.8 1.89Latex foam 0.2 9.0 1.39Cotton, woven 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.60Cotton, non‐woven 2.0 0.2 0.2 1.35Wool 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.33Polyester, non‐woven 0.5 0.32Coconut fibre 1.0 0.64Felt 1.0 0.64WoodTotal weight: 11.0 5.8 10.0 9.7

x 64% x 22% x 14%Reference: E.J.M. Deliege, D.S.C. Nijdam. European Ecolabel Bed Matresses. Report number: R3535924.W05/EJD. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/bed_mattresses_report.pdf

Goal

Scope



• The “representative product” model report should include:1. Bill of materials (BOM) or if more suitable, ingredients2. A flow diagram (system boundaries) covering the entire life cycle

21

Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131.

Covering the whole life cycle is the rule, excluding downstream is the exception. Consumption and end of life need to be included when it is possible to model use and waste scenarios.An acceptable justification for excluding downstream processes would be e.g. intermediate product fit for many uses, impossible to construct realistic consumption and waste scenarios.


• The “representative product” model report should include:1. Bill of materials (BOM) or if more suitable, ingredients2. A flow diagram (system boundaries) covering the entire life cycle3. Assumptions related to transportation systems4. Assumptions related to use scenario (if relevant)5. Assumptions related to End of Life (if relevant)

22Goal

Scope



• The “representative product” model report should include:1. Bill of materials (BOM) or if more suitable, ingredients2. A flow diagram (system boundaries) covering the entire life cycle3. Assumptions related to transportation systems4. Assumptions related to use scenario (if relevant)5. Assumptions related to end of life (if relevant)

• The screening shall be carried out by the Technical Secretariat based on the “representative product”.

23

The choice and modelling of the representative product shall be discussed with the relevant stakeholders during the first physical consultation meeting.

Goal

Scope


System boundaries

• Define which parts of the life cycle and which processes belong to the analysed system– Cradle‐to‐grave as default approach

• Define the boundary between the analysed system and the ecosphere

24Goal

Scope


System boundaries ‐ example

25

Foreground processesBackground processes

Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmentalimpact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131.

Goal

Scope


System boundaries –requirements

26

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• To include all stages from raw material

extraction through processing, production, distribution, storage, use stage and end‐of‐life treatment of the product (i.e. cradle‐to‐grave), as appropriate to the intended application of the study.

• To include all processes linked to the product supply chain relative to the unit of analysis.

• To divide the processes included into foreground and background processes

• To specify the system boundaries for product category PEF studies, including specification of relevant life‐cycle stages and processes

• Any deviation from the cradle‐to‐grave approach shall be explicitly specified and justified

• To specify downstream scenarios so as to ensure comparability and consistency among PEF studies

• Offsets not to be included in the PEF study• Offsets may be reported separately as

“additional environmental information”.

Goal

Scope


EF impact categories and assessment methods

• A default set of 14 midpoint impact categories shall be considered

• Default set of midpoint LCIA methods recommended in the ILCD Handbook shall be used

27Goal

Scope


EF impact categories and assessment methods –requirements

28

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs

• All of the specified default EF impact categories and associated specified EF impact assessment models shall be applied

• Any exclusion shall be explicitly documented, justified, reported in the PEF report and supported by appropriate documents. The influence of any exclusion on the final results, especially related to limitations in terms of comparability with other PEF studies, shall be discussed in the interpretation phase and reported. Such exclusions are subject to review.

• PEFCRs shall specify and justify any exclusion of the default EF impact categories, especially those related to the aspects of comparability.

Goal

Scope


Additional environmental information

• If the default set of EF impact categories or the default impact assessment models do not properly cover the potential environmental impacts of the product being evaluated, all related relevant (qualitative/quantitative) environmental aspects shall be additionally included.

• The supporting models of these additional categories shall be clearly referenced and documented with the corresponding indicators.

29Goal

Scope


Additional environmental information –requirements

30


• Based on information that is substantiatedand has been reviewed or verified, inaccordance with the requirements of ISO14020 and Clause 5 of ISO 14021:1999

• Specific, accurate and not misleading• Relevant to the particular product category• Emissions made directly into marine water

shall be included in the additionalenvironmental information (at inventorylevel)

• All data needed to produce additionalenvironmental information shall meet thesame quality requirements established forthe data used to calculate the PEF results

• Shall only be related to environmentalissues

• To specify and justify additional environmental information that is to be included in the PEF study

• Additional information to be reported separately from the life‐cycle based PEF results, with all methods and assumptions clearly documented

Goal

Scope


Assumptions and limitations –requirements

31


• All limitations and assumptions shall be transparently reported.

• The PEFCRs shall report product category‐specific limitations and define the assumptions necessary to overcome the limitations.

Goal

Scope


Resource use and emissions profile

Phase involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a given product system throughout its life cycle

32

Resource use

andem

ission

profile

Screening step (recommended)

Data management plan (optional)

Resource use andemissions profile data

Data qualityrequirements

Specific vs genericdata collection

Data gaps

Multi‐functionalprocesses

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Resource use and emissions profile

• An inventory (profile) of all material/energy resource inputs/outputs and emissions into air, water and soil for the product supply chain shall be compiled.

• The flows included can be categorised as: – Elementary flows ‐ “material or energy entering the system being studied that

has been drawn from the environment without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is released into the environment without subsequent human transformation.” (ISO 14040:2006, 3.12)

– Non‐elementary (or complex) flows ‐ all the remaining inputs (e.g. electricity, materials, transport processes) and outputs (e.g. waste, by‐products) in a system that require further modelling efforts to be transformed into elementary flows. These shall be transformed into elementary flows.

33Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Two steps to compile the Resource Use and Emissions Profile

Screening step•Use readily available specific or generic data to populate the Resource Use and Emissions Profile

•Apply the environmental footprint impact assessment methods

Completing the Resource Use and Emissions Profile

•Ensure that the data collected meet the data quality requirements and, where necessary, collect better data

• Transform any remaining non‐elementary flows into elementary flows

34

1.

2.

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

RU&EP – 1. Screening step

• Identify the processes contributing to at least 90% of the environmental impact because these will need to meet data quality requirements

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

35

RU&EP – 1. Screening step – requirements

36

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• Readily available specific and/or generic

data shall be used• All processes and activities to be

considered in the RU&EP shall be included

• Specify processes to be included• Specify for which processes specific data

are required, and for which the use of generic data is either permissible or required

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Resource use and emissions profile data

37

Raw material acquisition and pre‐processing•Starts when resources are extracted from nature and ends when the product components enter the product’s production facility

Capital goods• Linear depreciation shall be used. The expected service life of the capital goods shall be taken into account.

Production•Begins when the product components enter the production site and ends when the finished product leaves the production facility

Product distribution and storage

Use stage•Begins when the consumer or end user takes possession of the product and ends when the used product is discarded for transport to a recycling or waste treatment facility

Logistics

End‐of‐life•Begins when the used product is discarded by the user and ends when the product is returned to nature as a waste product or enters another product’s life cycle

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

RU&EP ‐ Capital goods

• Linear depreciation shall be used.

• Example of springs shaping machine:– Technical lifetime of springs shaping machine is 25 years– Impact in reporting year: RU&EP of springs forming machine/25 years– Productivity of machine: e.g. 1 million springs per year– RU&EP of the machine = proportion of machine for nr of springs

needed for the reference flow of the product

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

38

RU&EP ‐ Logistics

39

1. Transport type1. Transport type

2. Vehicle type & fuel consumption2. Vehicle type & fuel consumption

3. Loading rate3. Loading rate

4. Number of empty returns4. Number of empty returns

5. Transport distance5. Transport distance

6. Allocation – goods transport6. Allocation – goods transport

7. Fuel production7. Fuel production

Land, water, air

Lorry, van, car

actual /full load = 0% to 100%

distance travelled empty/ distance travelled for product

Average transport distance in specific context

Based on load‐limiting factor: mass or volume

Apply default values from database

8 & 9. Infrastructure, resources and tools8 & 9. Infrastructure, resources and tools

Road, rail and water infr. + resources & tools for logistic operations

Land

Lorry > 16 t32l diesel on 100km

0.95

0.5

150 km

volume

ELCD

ELCD

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

RU&EP – End of life

• The RU&EP per unit of analysis of products where reuse, recycling or energy recovery of one (or more) of these products is involved is calculated with the following formula:

40

RU&EP from virginmaterial acquisition and

pre‐processing

RU&EP associated to the recycled material input

RU&EP from the recycling (or reuse) process from which the credit from avoided

virgin material input are subtracted

The net RU&EP from the disposal of the fraction of material that has not been recycled (or reused) at EoL or handed over to an energy recovery process

The RU&EP arising from the energy recovery processfrom which avoided emissions arising from the substituted energy source have been subtracted

Resource use and emissions profile –requirements

41

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• All resource use and emissions associated

with the life‐cycle stages included in the defined system boundaries shall be included in the Resource Use and Emissions Profile.

• The following elements shall be considered for inclusion: raw material acquisition and pre‐processing; capital goods; production; product distribution and storage; use stage; logistics; end‐of‐life.

• For modelling processes/activities within gate‐to‐gate stage, the PEFCRs shall specify: processes/activities included; specifications for compiling data for key processes, including averaging data across facilities; any site‐specific data required for reporting as “additional environmental information”; specific data quality requirements.

• If deviations from the default cradle‐to‐grave system boundary, the PEFCRs shall specify how material/energy balances in the Resource Use and Emissions Profile shall be accounted for.

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

42

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• Relevant influences on other systems due

to the use of the products shall be included.

• The PEFCRs shall specify: the use stage scenarios to be included in the study, if any; the timespan to be considered for the use stage.

• Transport parameters that shall be taken into account are: transport type, vehicle type and fuel consumption, loading rate, number of empty returns (when relevant), transport distance, allocation for goods transport based on load‐limiting factor and fuel production.

• The impacts due to transport shall be expressed in tkm for goods and person‐km for passenger transport.

• The PEFCRs shall specify transport, distribution and storage scenarios to be included in the study, if any.

• Waste flows arising from processes included in the system boundaries shall be modelled to the level of elementary flows.

• The end‐of‐life scenarios, if any, shall be defined in the PEFCRs and shall be based on the year of analysis, technology and data.

Resource use and emissions profile –requirements

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data quality requirementsData quality compliance criteria

Data quality criteria Technological representativeness Geographical representativeness Time‐related representativeness Completeness; Precision/uncertainty; Methodological Appropriateness and

Consistency

Documentation Compliant with ILCD format

Nomenclature Compliance with ILCD nomenclature document (e.g. use of ILCD reference elementary flows for IT compatible inventories)

Review Compliance with ILCD format

43Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data quality assessment

Quality level

Quality rating

CompletenessTime representativeness

Technology representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Precision / uncertainty

Verygood

1 90 % 2009‐2012 Discontinuous with airflow dyeing machines

Central Europe mix 7 %

Good 2 [80 % to 90 %) 2006‐2008 e.g. "Consumption mix in EU: 30% Semi‐continuous, 50% exhaust dyeing and 20% Continuous dyeing"

EU 27 mix; UK, DE; IT;FR

(7 % to 10 %]

Fair 3 [70 % to 80 %) 1999‐2005 e.g. "Production mix in EU: 35% Semi‐continuous, 40% exhaust dyeing and 25% Continuous dyeing"

Scandinavian Europe;other EU27 countries

(10 % to 15 %]

Poor 4 [50 % to 70 %) 1990‐1999 e.g. "Exhaust dyeing" Middle east; US; JP (15 % to 25 %]

44

• Secondary data to represent dyeing process in Germany, year 2010

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data quality calculation

6MPCTiRGRTeRDQR

45

DQR : Data Quality Rating of the data set;

TeR: Technological Representativeness

GR: Geographical Representativeness

TiR: Time-related Representativeness

C: Completeness;

P: Precision/uncertainty;

M: Methodological appropriateness and consistency

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data quality rating

46

Overall data quality rating (DQR)

1.6 “Excellent quality”

>1.6 to 2.0 “Very good quality"

>2.0 to 3.0 “Good quality”

>3 to 4.0 “Fair quality"

>4 “Poor quality”

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data quality requirements for PEF screening

• 90% of the environmentallyrelevant data shall be at least of “fair” quality

• Identify the processescontributing to at least 90% of the environmentalimpact

• Do the data qualityassessment of those

47Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data quality requirements for PEF study

Environmentally significant data covering at least 70% contribution to environmental impacts in each

impact category considered

Additional environmentally significant data accounting for contributions to environmental

impacts (i.e. 20%‐30%)

Data used for approximation and filling identified gaps (less than 10% contribution to environmental

impacts)

48

Overall “Good” data quality (DQR 2‐3)

Overall “Fair” data quality

(DQR 3‐4)

Best available data

Minimum data quality

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data quality –requirements

49


• DQR shall be met by PEF studies intended for external communication.

• Six criteria for a semi‐quantitative assessment of data quality: technological representativeness, geographical representativeness, time‐related representativeness, completeness, parameter uncertainty and methodological appropriateness and consistency.

• For screening ‘fair’ rating required for data contributing to 90% of each impact.

• For RU&EP ‘good’ rating required for data contributing to 70% of each impact and ‘fair’ for 2/3 of the remaining 30%. Data of less than fair quality rating shall not account for more than 10 % contributions to each EF impact category.

• Data quality assessment of generic data conducted at level of input flows

• Data quality assessment of specific data conducted at level of individual process or aggregated process or individual input flows

• PEFCRs shall provide further guidance on data quality assessment scoring for the considered product category with respect to time, geographical and technological representativeness.

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data collection

• Different ways to obtain data– Specific data

• measurements• interviews• annual reports

– Generic data• previous LCA studies• LCA databases

50Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Generic data source hierarchy – PEFCR development

Free and public LCA database compliant with PEF DQR

Commercial LCA database compliant with PEF DQR

Other free and public LCA database that is part of the ILCD Data Network

Other commercial LCA database that is part of the ILCD Data Network

As default data (provided by the Technical Secretariat)

51Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data gaps

Data gaps may exist when:

Data does not exist for a specific input/output, or

Data exists for a similar process but:

− The data has been generated in a different region

− The data has been generated using a different technology

− The data has been generated in a different time period

52Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Data collection –requirements

53

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• Specific data must be obtained for all

significant/relevant foreground processes and for significant background processes

• Specify for which processes specific data must be collected and the data collection requirements

• Generic data should be used only for background processes but can be used for foreground processes if they are more representative/appropriate than specific data.

• Specify where the use of generic data is permitted

• Data gaps must be filled using the best available generic/extrapolated data. Such processes shall not account for more than 10% of the overall contribution to each impact

• Specify potential data gaps and ;provide guidance for filling these gaps.

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Multi‐functionality ‐ Example

54Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

milkmeat

skin bones

cow

Multi‐functionality

55Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Multi functionality–requirements

56

For PEF study For developing PEFSRs• Multifunctional hierarchy:

− Subdivision/system expansion− Allocation based on relevant physical

relationship − Allocation based on some other

relationship

• Specify multi‐functionality solutions

Goal Scope

RU&EP

EFIA Interpretation

Environmental Footprint Impact Assessment

Phase undertaken to calculate the environmental performance of the product

57

Environm

entalFoo

tprin

t Im

pact Assessm

ent Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Weighting

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

Resource Use and Emissions Profile

• RU&EP results in a long list with inputs from and outputs to the environment

• Not easy to draw conclusions from thisLandWaterOilCu

CFC

Pb

P

N2O

PM2.5

…

RU&EP

Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131.

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

58

Steps of Environmental Footprint Impact Assessment

EF IA resultsRU&EP

Classification Characterization Normalization Weighting

Mandatory Optional

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

Normalisation and weighting is optional in PEF but mandatory in the context of the PEF pilot phase.

59

1. Classification

Land use

Resource depletion, Water use

Resource depletion

Climate change

Ozone layer depletion

Human toxicity

Particulate matter formation

Eutrophication

Impacts

Land

Water

Oil

Cu

CFC

Pb

P

CO2

PM2.5

…

RU&EP

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

60

2. Characterisation

• Example: climate change Emissions into the atmosphere

Time integrated concentration

Radiative forcing

Climate change

Net primaryproduction

Changingbiomes

Wild fires

Other impacts

Mal‐nutrition Flooding Infectious

diseasesHeat stress

Decreasingbiodiversity

Effects onecosystems

Effects onhumans

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

61

= 1.0

= 0.0131

= 0.0037

= 0.00061

= 0.000036

= 0.004

2. Characterisation

RU&EP Climate change

x 1

Acidification

x 1.31

x 0.74

Particulate matter

x 0.061

x 0.0072

x 1

Characterised results kg CO2‐eq. mol H+‐eq. kg PM2.5‐eq.2.49 0.0168 0.0046

CO21.0 kg

0.01 kg

N2O0.005 kg

PM2.50.004 kg

SO2

+ + +

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

62

X 298 = 1.49

3. Normalisation

Climate change

x 1

Acidification

x 1.31

x 0.74

Particulate matter

x 0.061

= 1.0

= 0.0131

= 0.0037

= 0.00061

= 0.000036

= 0.004x 1

Characterised results

Normalisation factor

Normalised results person*year0.000366 person*year0.00034 person*year0.00169

kg CO2‐eq./person*year

6803mol H+‐eq./person*year

49.44kg PM2.5‐eq./person*year

2.746

kg CO2‐eq.2.49 mol H+‐eq.0.0168 kg PM2.5‐eq.0.0046

+ + +

RU&EP

CO21.0 kg

0.01 kg

N2O0.005 kg

PM2.50.004 kg

SO2

x 0.0072

/ / /

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

63

X 298 = 1.49

= 0.000036

4. WeightingClimate change

x 1

x 298

Acidification

x 1.31

x 0.74

Particulate matter

x 0.061

x 0.0072

= 1.0

= 1.49

= 0.0131

= 0.0037

= 0.00061

= 0.004x 1

Characterised results

Normalised results

Weighting factor

Weighted results

x 1 x 1 x 1

0.0024

person*year0.000366 person*year0.00034 person*year0.00169

kg CO2‐eq.2.49 mol H+‐eq.0.0168 kg PM2.5‐eq.0.0046

+

+ + +

LCI results

CO21.0 kg

0.01 kg

N2O0.005 kg

PM2.50.004k g

SO2

Goal Scope RU&EP

EFIA

Interpretation

64

Interpretation of PEF results

Phase that serves to ensure that the performance of the PEF model corresponds to the goals and quality requirements of the study and to derive robust conclusions and recommendations from the analysis

65

Interpretatio

nof PEF re

sults

Model robustness

Identification of hotspots

Estimation of uncertainty

Conclusions, recommendations and

limitations

Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA

Interpretation

Robustness of model

• Completeness check– To ensure the resource use and emissions profile is complete i.e.

completeness of process coverage and input/output coverage

• Sensitivity check– To assess to what extent the results are determined by specific

methodological choices and the impact of implementing alternative choices

• Consistency check– To determine whether the assumptions, methods and data are

consistent with the goal and scope

66Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA

Interpretation


• Important contributions from inputs/outputs, from processes and from supply chain stages

• These can be identified by analysing the contributions for each EF impact category

The PEF screening shall pre‐identify the following information: Most relevant life cycle stages Most relevant processes Most relevant impact categories


Interpretation


The PEF screening shall pre‐identify the following information:

Most relevant life cycle stages Most relevant processes


Interpretation

Reference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmental impact of product supply chains? Comparingbiochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131.

Natural fibre mattress: natural fibres such as wool, cotton, animal hair and viscose are the biggest contributors making up 51% of the total climate change impacts.

Memory foam mattress: 30% of the total GHG emissions are caused by natural fibre and 23% by foam


The results of the PEFCR supporting studies will be used to identify the most relevant impact categories.• Normalisation and weighting may be used to achieve such prioritisation.


Interpretation

0

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.001

0.0012

0.0014

0.0016

0.0018

Climate change Acidification Particulate matter

Normalised

results

(person*

year)

Impact categories

End of lifeUse phaseProduction


• Stochastic uncertainty– Variance in data

• Interpretation: understand variance in specific output result– ‘120 kg CO2’ would then

become something like ‘120 kg CO2 with standard deviation of 10 kg CO2’ 0

10

20

30

40

50

product A product B


Interpretation


• Choice‐related uncertainties– Arise from methodological choices. These can be assessed via scenario

model assessments and sensitivity analyses


InterpretationReference: Glew D, Stringer LC, Acquaye AA, McQueen‐Mason S. How do end of life scenarios influence the environmentalimpact of product supply chains? Comparing biochemical and petrochemical products. J. Clean Prod. 2012 29‐30: 122‐131.

Conclusions

• Draw conclusions based on the analytical results• Answer the questions posed at the onset of the study• Advance recommendations• Communicate limitations


Interpretation

Interpretation of PEF results –requirements

73

For PEF study For developing PEFCRs• Assessment of model robustness using

completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks

• Identification of hotspots at level of inputs/outputs, processes and supply chain

• Identify most relevant environmental impact categories for the sector by applying normalisation and weighting.

• Description of choice related uncertainties and inventory data

• Describe the uncertainties common to the product category and identify the range results could be seen as being significantly different

Goal Scope RU&EP EFIA

Interpretation

Template for PEFCR

• Annex B of the document “Guidance for the implementationof the EU PEF during the EF pilot phase” – Version 3.2 provided by the Commission Environmental Footprint team

74


Interpretation

Contact detailsMarisa Vieira | vieira@pre‐sustainability.comAnnemarie Kerkhof | [email protected] Menkveld | menkveld@pre‐sustainability.com

76

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Education

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