pedagogia histórico-crítica primeiras aproximações - dermeval saviani
DESCRIPTION
SAVIANI, Dermeval. Pedagogia histórico-crítica: primeiras aproximações. 11. ed. rev. Campinas: Autores Associados, 2011. 137 p.TRANSCRIPT
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Yujfë`cl É ;;k Jncèàl
d dku`l1 ;383—' Fcq jppj ujhcp~ul {zkgnl" jd ;3=:" ncp`luuck pleuj k
luchjd nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k -@f' y' 6; njp~j bcvul#' Ylcp ejd'
Jppj flc l dl~j ykuk {zj l Huzyl nj Jp~znlp Dku}cp~kp jd Jnz`kèàl" bcnjuknl
yjbl Yulf' Gjx~lg Nzku~j" luhkgcqkppj gk Fk`zbnknj nj @cág`ckp j Bj~ukp nk
Zgjpy" `kdyzp nj Kukuk{zkuk" l Pjdcgëucl ‒Yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k1 09
kglp— glp nckp ;:" ;6 j ;8 nj njqjdeul nj 5993'
K yulhukdkèàl `lg~lz `ld kp `lg~ucezcèújp nlp yulfjpplujp Gjx~lg
Nzku~j" nk Zgjpy nj Kukuk{zkuk" j Pkgnuk Plkujp Njbbk Flg~j" nk Zgcvjupcnk¤nj Fjnjukb nl Jpyäuc~l Pkg~l" {zj kelunkukd lp fzgnkdjg~lp nk yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
Bähck Dëu`ck Dku~cgp" nk Zgjpy nj Ekzuz" yulfjucz zdk `lgfjuág`ck
j}jdybkudjg~j ncnë~c`k pleuj l ~jdk ‒Yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k j ypc`lblhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`zb~zukb—'
Kp nlz~lukgnkp Azbckgk @kdyujhmju Ykp{zkbcgc j Kgk @kulbcgk Hkbvàl
Dkupchbck j k djp~uk Azbckgj Qk`mkuckp Ezjgl `ldyzpjukd k Djpk {zj ~uk~lz
nl ~jdk ‒@lg~ucezcèújp jpyj`äfc`kp é yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k1 jnz`kèàlcgfkg~cb" fludkèàl dlukb j yuë~c`k yjnkhðhc`k—'
K Djpk {zj ~uk~lz nk `uä~c`k ép yjnkhlhckp nl ‒kyujgnju k kyujgnju—
`ldl `lg~ucezcèàl é yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k fc`lz k `kuhl nkp yulfjpplukp
Dkucbnk Hlgèkbvjp Nckp Fk``c" nk Zgcvjupcnknj Jp~knzkb nj Dkucghë" j Bcnckgj
^' E' Dkqqjz" nk Zgjpy'
Fcgkbdjg~j" k yulfjppluk Plgck Dkuc Pmcdk Ekuul`l" nk Zgcvjupcnknj
Jp~knzkb nj Dkucghë" ~uk~lz nl ~jdk ‒Yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k j jnz`kèàl
jpyj`ckb—'K dcd `lzej fkqju k ykbjp~uk nj jg`juukdjg~l' Jdl`clgknl `ld k
{zkbcnknj nkp j}ylpcèújp j `ld k vcvk`cnknj nlp njek~jp {zj k`ldykgmjc
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] YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
nzukg~j ~lnlp lp ~uáp nckp nl pjdcgëucl" ncp`luuc" é hzcpk nj njylcdjg~l" pl¤
euj lp kg~j`jnjg~jp njppk `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k ujbk~kgnl kp j}yjucág`ckp {zj
njpjdel`kukd gk fludzbkèàl nk yulylp~k nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
@zdyuj ujhcp~uku {zj l ujfjucnl pjdcgëucl flc yulhukdknl jd `zu~ljpykèl nj ~jdyl j pjd `lg~ku `ld fcgkg`ckdjg~l j}~jugl' Flc vckecbcqknl
yjbl `lg`zupl jpylg~ågjl j vlbzg~ëucl nkp yjpplkp bchknkp kl Huzyl nj
Yjp{zcpk ‒Jp~znlp Dku}cp~kp jd Jnz`kèàl— j kl Yulhukdk nj Yðp$Huknzkèàl
jd Jnz`kèàl Jp`lbku nk Z gjpy nj Kukuk{zkuk k yku~cu nl ~ukekbml kegjhknl
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Pk``ldkgc j Dkuckgk nj @ëppck Kppzdyèàl' K yujpcnág`ck nk @ldcppàl fc`lzk `kuhl nj Kgk @kulbcgk Hkbvàl Dkupchbck {zj flc cg`kgpëvjb gkp yulvcnág`ckp
luhkgcqk~cvkp" gk `ldzgc`kèàl `ld lp `lgvcnknlp j gk ncvzbhkèàl nl jvjg~l'
Gjppkp `lgncèújp jvcnjg~jdjg~j gàl flc ylppävjb `lg~ku `ld k `lg~ucezcèàl nj
lz~ulp yjp{zcpknlujp {zj vád pj njnc`kgnl kl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k jd ncfjujg~jp cgp~c~zcèújp nj glppl ykäp'
Yjbk uc{zjqk nkp ~jdë~c`kp ~uk~knkp j yjbk {zkbcnknj nkp kelunkhjgp
jfj~zknkp l Pjdcgëucl ‒Yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k1 09 kglp— `lgp~c~zc zdk
kdlp~uk pchgcfc`k~cvk nk vc~kbcnknj j nk fkpj nj njpjgvlbvcdjg~l jd {zj pjjg`lg~uk jppk ~jluck yjnkhðhc`k' Ylu cppl jz gàl ylnjuck njc}ku nj fkqju jppj
njp~k{zj gl dldjg~l jd {zj `lbl`l é ncpylpcèàl nlp bjc~lujp dkcp zdk
jncèàl njp~j bcvul'
K vc~kbcnknj nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ujvjbknk yjbl pjdcgëucl `l¤
djdluk~cvl nlp 09 kglp vjd" kcgnk" pj dkgcfjp~kgnl jd glvkp yulnzèújp'
Gjppj ådec~l ujhcp~ul" ykuk fc`ku kyjgkp gl kgl nj 5993" kp pjhzcg~jp yz¤
ebc`kèújp1 Kg~lgcl @kublp Mcnkbhl Hjukbnl" Ncnë~c`k nj `cág`ckp gk~zukcp gk
yjupyj`~cvk mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k -@kdycgkp" Kz~lujp Kppl`cknlp" 5993#? Jbcqkej~mDk~~ckqql$@kunck" Jgpkcl nj zdk ncnë~c`k nk dk~jdë~c`k `ld fzgnkdjg~lp gk
yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k z~cbcqkgnl l ~jdk pjhzucnknj pl`ckb `ldl jc}l jp~uz$
~zuknlu -Ekzuz" Fk`zbnknj nj @cág`ckp nk Z gjpy" ~jpj nj nlz~luknl" 5993#? j
Azbckgj Qk`mkuckp Ezjgl" Fzgnkdjg~lp ã~c`lp j fludkèàl dlukb gk yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k -Kukuk{zkuk" Fk`zbnknj nj @cág`ckp j Bj~ukp nk Z gjpy" ncppju¤
~kèàl nj djp~uknl" 5993#'
@kdycgkp" 6 nj dkuèl nj 59;9 Njudjvkb Pkvckgc
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Yujfë`cl é ;9k Jncèàl
l bkgèkdjg~l njp~k glvk jncèàl yul`jnc" dkcp zdk vjq" k zdk ujvcpàl nj
~lnl l ~j}~l' Dkp gjgmzdk kb~jukèàl flc cg~ulnzqcnk gl `lg~jñnl' Fl¤
ukd fjc~lp kyjgkp kazp~jp vcpkgnl k djbmluku kpyj`~lp nk ujnkèàl nl ~ukekbml'
Më" yluãd" nzkp `luujèújp nj cgfludkèàl ykuk kp {zkcp `lgpcnjul yju~cgjg~j
`mkdku k k~jgèàl nlp bjc~lujp'
K yucdjcuk ncq ujpyjc~l é nk~kèàl nl ~j}~l nj Kb~mzppju" Cnjlblhck j kyk¤
ujbmlp cnjlbðhc`lp nj Jp~knl" {zj gkp jncèújp kg~juclujp flc ujfjucnk kl kgl nj
;363' K nk~k `luuj~k" yluãd" ã ;389' @ld jfjc~l" gl fcgkb nl ~ukekbml l kz~lu ujhcp~uk1 ‒keucb nj ;389—' J pzk yucdjcuk yzebc`kèàl" `ld l pze~ä~zbl ‒gl~kp
ykuk zdk cgvjp~chkèàl—" njz$pj gk ujvcp~k Bk Yjgpãj" g' ;:;" dkc$azcg ;389'
K pjhzgnk `luujèàl ujfjuj$pj é fzgnkèàl nl @jg~ul nj Jp~znlp Jnz`k¤
èàl & Pl`cjnknj -@jnjp#' Gkp jncèújp kg~juclujp djg`clgkvk$pj `ldl nk~k nj
fzgnkèàl nl @jnjp l kgl nj ;38=' Gk vjunknj" yluãd" jdeluk kp ku~c`zbkèújp
{zj `lgnzqcukd é pzk `uckèàl pj ~jgmkd nknl gjppj kgl" k k~k nj fzgnkèàl nk
jg~cnknj ã nk~knk nj : nj dkuèl nj ;383'
Zd {zknul nj cg`ju~jqkp dku`k k jg~uknk nk jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk jd599=' K j}yj`~k~cvk fkvluëvjb yulvl`knk yjbl bkgèkdjg~l nl Ybkgl nj Njpjg¤
vlbvcdjg~l nk Jnz`kèàl -YNJ#" jd keucb nj 5998" blhl flc njpfkqjgnl$pj é
vcp~k nk fukhdjg~kèàl nkp kèújp {zj l `ldyzgmkd j" pleuj~znl" ylu gàl pj
kppjhzukujd lp cgvjp~cdjg~lp knc`clgkcp gj`jppëuclp ykuk pj jgfujg~ku knj{zk¤
nkdjg~j l yulebjdk nk {zkbcnknj nl jgpcgl' J jppk pc~zkèàl khukvk$pj" khluk"
nckg~j nkp nj`bkukèújp nkp kz~lucnknjp j`lgþdc`kp nkgnl `lg~k nj {zj" ykuk
`lg~lugku l yulebjdk luèkdjg~ëucl yulvl`knl yjbk {zjnk nk @YDF" mkvjuë
`lu~jp glp cgvjp~cdjg~lp yulhukdknlp ykuk k jnz`kèàl jd 599='Jd {zj yjpjd kp bcdc~kèújp nkp ylbä~c`kp jnz`k~cvkp jd vchlu" ã gj`jp¤
pëucl {zj l ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l nlp yulfjpplujp yulppchk j yjupcp~k gk ezp`k
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]CC YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
nk {zkbcnknj" ujpcp~cgnl é ~jgnág`ck ykuk k fk`cbc~kèàl j l kbchjcukdjg~l nl
jgpcgl' Dkg~jgnl jd `cu`zbkèàl l yujpjg~j bcvul" jpyjul jp~ku `lg~ucezcgnl
ykuk jppk ujpcp~ág`ck'
@kdycgkp" 6 nj akgjcul nj 599=
Njudjvkb Pkvckgc
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Yujfë`cl é =k Jncèàl
l jgpjal nj dkcp zdk jncèàl njp~j bcvul" vjal" `ld kbjhuck" {zj l cg~jujppj
yjbk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ykuj`j uj`leuku glvl vchlu gjp~j cgä`cl
nl glvl pã`zbl' Cgnä`cl njppk yjupyj`~cvk kbvcppkujcuk" kbãd nlp ~ukekbmlp jd
kgnkdjg~l gk fludk nj ncppju~kèújp j ~jpjp" pàl kp uj`jg~jp yzebc`kèújp nlp
bcvulp nj Alàl Bzcq Hkpykucg" Zdk ncnë~c`k ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" j
nj Pzqj P`kb`lg " É yul`zuk nk zgcnknj ypc`lyjnkhðhc`k1 ku~c`zbkgnl k ypc`lblhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`zb~zukb `ld k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" kdelp bkgèknlp yjbk Jnc~lukKz~lujp Kppl`cknlp gl fcgkb nj 5995'
Jd pcg~lgck `ld jppj dldjg~l fkvluëvjb" jd vcp~k nk ujvcpàl hjukb {zj
yul`jnc ykuk jp~k lc~kvk jncèàl" l {zj cdybc`kvk ujfkqju yuk~c`kdjg~j ~lnl l
~ukekbml" l jnc~lu" Fbëvcl Ekbns nlp Ujcp" kyulvjc~kgnl jppk lylu~zgcnknj" yul¤
yþp {zj l bcvul" {zj aë zb~ukykppkvk l bcdc~j nl fludk~l yj{zjgl `kuk`~juäp~c`l
nk `lbjèàl ‒Ylbádc`kp nl glppl ~jdyl—" ykppkppj k pju yzebc`knl jd fludk~l
dkclu" cg~jhukgnl k `lbjèàl ‒Jnz`kèàl `lg~jdyluågjk—' Nj dcgmk yku~j" bc¤
eju~knl l ~j}~l nlp bcdc~jp cdylp~lp yjbk `lbjèàl kg~juclu" vc gjppk dznkgèk ljgpjal ykuk cg`bzcu" gjp~k glvk jncèàl" nlcp lz~ulp jp~znlp' L yucdjcul njbjp" ‒K
dk~juckbcnknj nk kèàl yjnkhðhc`k j lp njpkfclp nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k—"
cgpyculz$pj gk `lgfjuág`ck nj jg`juukdjg~l nl Pcdyðpcl nj Dkuäbck" ujkbcqknl
gk Zgcvjupcnknj Jp~knzkb Ykzbcp~k -Zgjpy# jd ;33>" `zal `lg~jñnl flc ylu dcd
uj~ldknl j dlncfc`knl' L lz~ul ~j}~l" ‒@lg~j}~zkbcqkèàl mcp~ðuc`k j ~jðuc`k nk
yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k—" flc dl~cvknl ylu zdk jg~ujvcp~k {zj `lg`jnc klp
yulfjpplujp Dku`lp @lunclbbc" Yjnul Jbðc Uj`m j Knuckgl Glhzjcuk j {zj flc
yzebc`knk `ldl zd ~j}~l `luucnl gl @knjugl Yjnkhðhc`l nk KYY$Pcgnc`k~l"
jd lz~zeul nj ;338" gl gñdjul `ldjdluk~cvl nlp :9 kglp nk Kppl`ckèàl nlp
Yulfjpplujp nl Ykukgë -yy' 8$55#' Gl fcgkb nk yzebc`kèàl" é yëhcgk 55" `lgp~k k
lepjuvkèàl1 jp~j ~j}~l gàl flc ujvcp~l yjbl jg~ujvcp~knl' Jd ~kcp `cu`zgp~åg`ckp"
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]CV YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
`ldl ã `ldyujjgpävjb" jp`kykukd vëuckp fkbmkp nj ~ukgp`ucèàl" zdk lz lz~uk
`mjhkgnl djpdl k cgvju~ju l pjg~cnl nl {zj jp~kvk pjgnl nc~l' @lgpcnjukgnl
k ujbjvåg`ck nk ~jdë~c`k ~uk~knk gjppk jg~ujvcp~k j l pjz `kuë~ju jp`bkuj`jnlu ykuk lp bjc~lujp nl yujpjg~j bcvul" ujjp`ujvc l ~j}~l" `lg`jg~ukgnl$dj gk `lg$
~j}~zkbcqkèàl mcp~ðuc`k j ~jðuc`k j jp`lcdkgnl$l nkp {zjp~újp dkcp jpyj`äfc`kp
{zj cg~jhukukd k yzebc`kèàl nl @knjugl Yjnkhðhc`l nk KYY'
Ã" ylcp" `ld pk~cpfkèàl" {zj kyujpjg~l klp bjc~lujp dkcp zdk jncèàl"
khluk cg~jcukdjg~j ujvcp~k j kdybcknk" njp~k leuk" dkgcfjp~kgnl k jpyjukgèk
nj {zj" `ld l glvl fludk~l j l glvl `lg~jñnl" ylppk jbk djbmlu kz}cbcku lp
yulfjpplujp jd pzk ezp`k ylu zdk ~jluck yjnkhðhc`k {zj ujpylgnk ép gj`jp¤
pcnknjp nj ~ukgpfludkèàl nk yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk gkp `lgncèújp nk pl`cjnknj eukpcbjcuk k~zkb'
@kdycgkp" : nj dkuèl nj 5990
Njudjvkb Pkvckgc
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Yujfë`cl É 8¡ Jncèàl
ju`k nj nlcp kglp kg~jp nk yujykukèàl nk yzebc`kèàl njp~j bcvul" mkvck
pcnl bkgèknk k 59k jncèàl nj Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck `ld zd yujfë`cl jd {zj
yul`zujc jp`bkuj`ju nj~judcgknlp kpyj`~lp {zj mkvckd pzp`c~knl zdk `ju~k
ylbádc`k' Levckdjg~j" l `lg~jñnl njppj yujfë`cl gàl jp~kuck k`jppävjb ykuk
lp 3: dcb bjc~lujp {zj mkvckd kn{zcucnl l bcvul jg~uj kp ;3 jncèújp kg~jucl¤
ujp' Kppcd" gk l`kpcàl nk yzebc`kèàl nj Yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k1 yucdjcukp
kyul}cdkèújp" `lgpcnjujc {zj" nknk k ujbjvåg`ck nk{zjbjp jp`bkuj`cdjg~lp ykukk `ldyujjgpàl njp~k glvk ~jluck yjnkhðhc`k" k{zjbjp 3: dcb bjc~lujp" {zj `ju¤
~kdjg~j ~juckd cg~jujppj jd `lgmj`ju k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" pjuckd
ejgjfc`cknlp kl ~jujd k`jppl kl yujfë`cl é 59k jncèàl nj Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck
gl dldjg~l jd {zj vcjppjd k kn{zcucu l yujpjg~j bcvul' Nkä k nj`cpàl nj
cg`bzcu k{zjbj yujfë`cl `ldl zd kyágnc`j njp~k leuk' Mlaj" ykppknlp glvj
kglp" ~jgnl aë pj jphl~knl pjcp jncèújp njp~j bcvul j k~cghcgnl$pj k 00 k jncèàl
nj Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck" l {zj pchgcfc`k {zj jd ;0 njbkp fchzulz l ujfjucnl
yujfë`cl" jg~jgnl {zj l kyágnc`j aë `zdyucz pzk fzgèàl' Ylu cppl" k yku~cu
njp~k 8k jncèàl" njc}jc nj cg`bzcu l kyágnc`j `lg~jgnl l yujfë`cl é 59k jncèàl
nj Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck' Ykuk jp~k glvk jncèàl" yul`jnc" kcgnk" k zdk ujvcpàl
`zcnknlpk nj ~lnl l ~j}~l" j{zk`clgkgnl yj{zjglp yulebjdkp nj nchc~kèàl j
`luuchcgnl kbhzdkp fkbmkp nj nckhukdkèàl {zj k`lg~j`jukd ylu l`kpcàl nk
yzebc`kèàl nk :k jncèàl j {zj yjudkgj`jukd gk 6k jncèàl'
K yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k pzuhcz gl cgä`cl nlp kglp nj ;3=9 `ldl
zdk ujpylp~k é gj`jppcnknj kdybkdjg~j pjg~cnk jg~uj lp jnz`knlujp eukpcbjc¤
ulp nj pzyjukèàl nlp bcdc~jp ~kg~l nkp yjnkhlhckp gàl `uä~c`kp" ujyujpjg~knkp
yjbkp `lg`jyèújp ~uknc`clgkb" jp`lbkglvcp~k j ~j`gc`cp~k" `ldl nkp vcpújp
`uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp" j}yujppkp gk ~jluck nk jp`lbk `ldl kykujbml cnjlbðhc`l
nl Jp~knl" gk ~jluck nk ujyulnzèàl j gk ~jluck nk jp`lbk nzkbcp~k' Nzukg~j k
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]VC YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
nã`knk nj ;3=9" jppk yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`k `lgpjhzcz ukqlëvjb ncfzpàl" ~jgnl
pcnl ~jg~knk" k~ã djpdl" k pzk knlèàl jd pcp~jdkp lfc`ckcp nj jgpcgl" `ldl
flc l `kpl" jd jpyj`ckb" nlp jp~knlp nl Ykukgë j nj Pkg~k @k~kucgk'
Gk nã`knk nj ;339" `ld k kp`jgpàl nj hlvjuglp nc~lp gjlbcejukcp jd
`lgpj{zág`ck nl njgldcgknl ‒`lgpjgpl nj Xkpmcgh~lg—" yuldlvjd$pj jd
ncvjuplp ykäpjp $ j l Eukpcb gàl flc j}`jèàl $ ujfludkp jnz`k~cvkp `kuk`~juc¤
qknkp" pjhzgnl kbhzgp kgkbcp~kp" yjbl gjl`lgpjuvknlucpdl' Gjppj `lg~j}~l" l
`lgpj{zjg~j ujfbz}l nlp dlvcdjg~lp yulhujppcp~kp ujfbj~cz$pj" ~kdeãd" gl
hukz nj knjpàl é yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' @ldl l njdlgp~ukd" `lg~znl"
kp pz`jppcvkp jncèújp njp~j bcvul" jppk `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k yjudkgj`jz k~zkg~j"
kcgnk {zj gk fludk nj ujpcp~ág`ck é lgnk gjl`lgpjuvknluk `ld ulzykhjgp
nj zb~uk$kvkgèknk" jpyj`ckbdjg~j yjbl pjz kyjbl zfkgcp~k ép glvkp ~j`glbl¤
hckp' Gjppkp `cu`zgp~åg`ckp" ~luglz$pj fuj{zjg~j" hkgmkgnl djpdl l p~k~zp
nj ‒ pblhkg—" k kfcudkèàl nj {zj k pkänk jp~ë gk jnz`kèàl" pjgnl jbk k plbzèàl
ykuk lp ncvjuplp yulebjdkp {zj kfbchjd k mzdkgcnknj" njpnj k vclbág`ck" ykp¤
pkgnl yjbl njpjdyujhl" k dcpãuck" k j}`bzpàl pl`ckb" k~ã kp khujppújp kl djcl
kdecjg~j' Ykuj`ck ujppzuhcu" kppcd" k vcpàl cghágzk {zj cgvju~j lp ~judlp nl
yulebjdk" ~ldkgnl l nj~judcgkg~j yjbl nj~judcgknl j vc`j$vjupk' @ld cppl"
k jnz`kèàl" nj jbjdjg~l pl`ckbdjg~j nj~judcgknl" ykppk k pju vjc`zbknk `ldl
nj~judcgkg~j nkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp" pjgnl `kykq" jd `lgpj{zág`ck" nj dlncfc`ë$
bkp yjbk fluèk nj pjz cg~uägpj`l ylnju'
K~zkbdjg~j" gk glvk nã`knk jd {zj aë knjg~ukdlp" `ld kp jp~uz~zukp
jnz`k`clgkcp j}~ujdkdjg~j fukhcbcqknkp" l {zj vjd pjgnl jp`kg`kuknl gjp~j
yucdjcul pjdjp~uj nl kgl 5999" kl cuuldyjujd kp hujvjp jd {zkpj ~lnkp kp
zgcvjupcnknjp yñebc`kp j jd vëuckp ujnjp jp~knzkcp nj jnz`kèàl eëpc`k" vkc fc¤
`kgnl `knk vjq dkcp jvcnjg~j {zj kp `lg~ukncèújp {zj dku`kd k luhkgcqkèàl
pl`ckb ekpjknk gk yulyucjnknj yucvknk nlp djclp nj yulnzèàl pàl luhågc`kp
j gàl kyjgkp `lgazg~zukcp' Ylu~kg~l" ykuk ujplbvá$bkp" ã gj`jppëucl kb~juku kp
yuðyuckp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp {zj kp nj~judcgkd' J pð k yku~cu nkä pjuë ylppävjb
ujplbvju ~kdeãd lp hukvjp yulebjdkp jnz`k`clgkcp {zj vád kfbchcgnl lp jnz¤
`knlujp j ~lnk k ylyzbkèàl eukpcbjcuk'
Gkp `cu`zgp~åg`ckp njp`uc~kp" `lg~cgzku cgpcp~cgnl gl ncp`zupl nk fluèk
yuðyuck nk jnz`kèàl `ldl plbzèàl nkp dkqjbkp pl`ckcp hkgmk flulp nj gä~c¤
nk dcp~cfc`kèàl cnjlbðhc`k' Kl `lg~uëucl ncppl" fkq$pj gj`jppëucl uj~ldku l
ncp`zupl `uä~c`l {zj pj jdyjgmk jd j}ybc`c~ku kp ujbkèújp jg~uj k jnz`kèàl j
pjzp `lgnc`clgkdjg~lp pl`ckcp" jvcnjg`ckgnl k nj~judcgkèàl uj`äyul`k jg~ujk yuë~c`k pl`ckb j k yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk" jg~jgncnk" jbk yuðyuck" `ldl zdk dl¤
nkbcnknj jpyj`äfc`k nk yuë~c`k pl`ckb' J ã jp~k" pjd nñvcnk" k dku`k ncp~cg~cvk
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ]VCC
nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Azp~cfc`k$pj" ylcp" ybjgkdjg~j" k ujjncèàl njp~k
leuk' Dkcp nl {zj cppl" l dldjg~l k~zkb ã lylu~zgl ykuk pj uj~ldkujd lp
jpfluèlp nj njpjgvlbvcdjg~l j kyulfzgnkdjg~l njp~k ~jluck yjnkhðhc`k'Ujc~jul" kppcd" klp yulfjpplujp l kyjbl ykuk {zj ezp{zjd ~jp~ku jd pzk
yuë~c`k kp yl~jg`ckbcnknjp nk ~jluck" kl djpdl ~jdyl jd {zj ujglvl l djz
jdyjgml jd yulppjhzcu jd dcgmkp yjp{zcpkp" vcpkgnl k ~ukqju glvlp jbjdjg¤
~lp {zj kdybcjd j ujflu`jd k `lgpcp~ág`ck nk yulylp~k jnz`k~cvk ~uknzqcnk
gk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
@kdycgkp" ;; nj azgml nj 5999
Njudjvkb Pkvckgc
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Yujfë`cl é >k Jncèàl
yujpjg~j leuk flc bkgèknk jd ;33;" cg`bzcgnl ~j}~lp jp`uc~lp jd dldjg~lp
kg~juclujp" `ldl pj jp`bkuj`j gk Kyujpjg~kèàl'
Kl jgpjal njp~k >k jncèàl" {zj pkc aë gk fkpj kz~þgldk nk Jnc~luk Kz~lujp
Kppl`cknlp" khluk pjncknk jd @kdycgkp" ã lylu~zgl `lgpcnjuku" kcgnk {zj
eujvjdjg~j" kbhzgp glvlp jbjdjg~lp {zj pj k`ujp`jg~kd kl njek~j jnz`k`clgkb
jd glppl ykäp'
Lp jp~znlp {zj `ldyújd jp~j vlbzdj pj cgpjujd gl `lg~j}~l nlp njek¤~jp yjnkhðhc`lp {zj pj ~ukvkukd `ld ukqlëvjb cg~jgpcnknj kl blghl nk nã`knk
nj ;3=9' ^kcp njek~jp j}yujppkvkd k mjhjdlgck nl yjgpkdjg~l yulhujppcp~k"
cp~l ã" nkp cnjckp nj jp{zjunk" gàl `ju~kdjg~j gl ådec~l nk yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk
dkp pjhzukdjg~j gl `kdyl nkp ncp`zppújp ~jðuc`kp' J" jd gävjb nl yjgpkdjg¤
~l nj jp{zjunk" l dku}cpdl `lgp~c~zc" pjd nñvcnk" k dkgcfjp~kèàl dkcp vchl¤
ulpk' Gjppkp `cu`zgp~åg`ckp" `lgfchzulz$pj zdk jpyã`cj nj ‒dlnk dku}cp~k—
{zj dl~cvlz vëuckp nkp knjpújp kl dku}cpdl gl `kdyl jnz`k`clgkb' Bz~kgnl
`lg~uk ~lnkp kp fludkp nj dlncpdl yjnkhðhc`l" `lgfulg~jc$dj" jg~àl" `ldl dlncpdl dku}cp~k {zj cdybc`k zdk knjpàl k`uä~c`k j" ylu vjqjp" pj`~ëuck" k
jp~k `luujg~j nl yjgpkdjg~l' Pc~zjc$dj" ylcp" j}ybc`c~kdjg~j gl ~juujgl nl
dk~juckbcpdl mcp~ðuc`l" kfcudkgnl$l `ldl ekpj ~jðuc`k nj dcgmk `lg`jyèàl
jnz`k`clgkb `lg~uk kp cg~juyuj~kèújp ujnz`clgcp~kp j nlhdë~c`kp {zj k dlnk
jp~cdzbkvk' Jp~j bcvul uj~uk~k l `bcdk njp`uc~l' K yuðyuck j}yujppàl yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k cgpjuj$pj gl ujfjucnl `bcdk" aë {zj flc zdk fludk nj jvc~ku k
knjpàl fë`cb j kdeähzk {zj k glèàl nj ‒`lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k— jgpjakvk'
Jppj ykglukdk `lgazg~zukb `kuk`~juäp~c`l nlp kglp nj ;3=9 kb~julz$pjnukp~c`kdjg~j k yku~cu nl cgä`cl nk nã`knk nj ;339' K njuul`knk nlp ujhcdjp
nl `mkdknl ‒pl`ckbcpdl ujkb— ~luglz cgpzp~jg~ëvjb l ‒dlncpdl dku}cp~k—" kl
djpdl ~jdyl jd {zj njz kbjg~l kl yul~khlgcpdl nl yjgpkdjg~l nj ncujc~k"
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]] YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
kz~lnjgldcgknl cdyulyuckdjg~j nj gjlbcejukb' Gjppj glvl `bcdk" k dlnk
ykppk k pju zdk vcpàl ujbk~cvcp~k" dcp~l nj cuuk`clgkbcpdl j `j~c`cpdl" ~uknzqcnk
jd `bc`máp `ldl ‒yðp$dlnjugcnknj—" ‒~ukgp`zb~zukbcnknj— ‒`ldybj}cnknj—"‒bðhc`k cg~juk~cvk j ujbk`clgkb—" ‒ybzukbcpdl nj yjupyj`~cvkp— j~`' J k{zjbjp {zj
pj hzckd yjbk dlnk knjujd khluk k jppk glvk lgnk" k`ujnc~kgnl {zj njppk
dkgjcuk jp~kuàl gk vkghzkunk nkp fludzbkèújp cg~jbj`~zkcp' @ldyujjgnj$pj"
jg~àl" {zj vëuclp nlp {zj mkvckd knjucnl kl ‒dlncpdl dku}cp~k—" juchcgnl$pj
nlhdk~c`kdjg~j jd kunlulplp njfjgplujp nl dk~juckbcpdl mcp~ðuc`l" khluk
dznkd nj bknl" keukèkgnl k glvk ~jgnág`ck'
à gl `lg~j}~l k`cdk njp`uc~l {zj jdjuhcukd kbhzdkp `uä~c`kp kl yujpjg¤
~j bcvul' Gl jdekbl nk lgnk ujbk~cvcp~k" yku~cgnl nj zdk `lgfjppknk ‒k~c~znjnj pzpyjcèàl—" k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ã vcp~k `ldl ujnz`clgcp~k j pcd$
ybcfc`knluk" kbãd nj zgcbk~jukb j kgk`uþgc`k' Luk" lp bjc~lujp {zj k`ldykgmkd
lp djzp ~ukekbmlp j {zj gàl jp~àl `lgnc`clgknlp yjbk ujfjucnk ‒k~c~znj nj
pzpyjcèàl— yju`jejd fk`cbdjg~j {zj1
k# l yuðyucl pze~ä~zbl nl bcvul" ‒yucdjcukp kyul}cdkèújp—" njc}k `bkul
{zj gàl pj ~cgmk k yuj~jgpàl nj zdk fludzbkèàl k`keknk" `ldybj~k
j njfcgc~cvk' Ylu~kg~l" lgnj k `uä~c`k vá ujnz`clgcpdl" pcdybcfc`kèàl j
zgcbk~jukbcnknj" l bjc~lu cgpzpyjc~l vá kyjgkp kbhzdkp kyul}cdkèújp
pzp`j~ävjcp nj pjujd kyulfzgnknkp j kdybcknkp?
e# lp ~j}~lp {zj `ldyújd l bcvul pàl nk~knlp j pj cgpjujd" `ldl aë pj
uj`lunlz" glp njek~jp {zj pj ~ukvkukd gk nã`knk nj ;3=9 gl cg~juclu
nl yjgpkdjg~l nj jp{zjunk' Ylu~kg~l" gknk ~ád nj kgk`uþgc`lp"
pjgnl" kl `lg~uëucl" yjufjc~kdjg~j pcg~lgcqknlp `ld pzk `lg~jdyl$
ukgjcnknj' Kgk`uþgc`k ujvjbk$pj" jd `lgpj{zág`ck" k `uä~c`k" aë {zj
gàl bjvk jd `lg~k k ujbkèàl jg~uj kp cnjckp fludzbknkp j l dldjg~l
nj pzk fludzbkèàl?`# kp dznkgèkp l`luucnkp k yku~cu nj ;3=3$;339 pàl ujkcp" vcpävjcp j
cgjhëvjcp" dkp cppl gàl pchgcfc`k {zj ~jgmkd ~lugknl cg~jcukdjg~j
zb~ukykppknl ~znl l {zj l`luujz gk nã`knk kg~juclu' Yulvk nj {zj
jp~lz pcg~lgcqknl `ld jppkp dznkgèkp pjd" `lg~znl" njc}ku$dj
bjvku yjbl dlncpdl {zj njbkp jdjuhcz" jp~ë gl bcvul pjhzcg~j" Jnz¤
`kèàl j {zjp~újp nk k~zkbcnknj" ~kdeãd bkgèknl jd ;33;" gl {zkb
ujñgl ~j}~lp jd {zj ncp`z~l kpyj`~lp njppk glvk `lgazg~zuk j dj
ylpc`clgl `uc~c`kdjg~j nckg~j njbk -Pkvckgc" ;33;#'
Ujhcp~uj$pj" ylu fcd" ykuk {zj pj k`kz~jbjd lp bjc~lujp" {zj" gàl pj pkej
pj ylu dë$fã lz cgknvju~ág`ck" zd bcvul {zj j}yujppk k ‒k~c~znj nj pzpyjc$
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ]]C
èàl— k`cdk kylg~knk flc yzebc`knl j}k~kdjg~j `ld l ~ä~zbl nj Yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k -Kukgmk" ;335#' Kbhzgp bjc~lujp" kl ~jujd pj njykuknl `ld l
ujfjucnl ~j}~l jd bcvukuckp" aë dj yul`zukukd ykuk yjuhzg~ku pj pj ~uk~kvk nj
zdk glvk `lg~ucezcèàl kl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
@uclz$pj" jvcnjg~jdjg~j" zdk pc~zkèàl {zj cgnzq k jghkgl" aë {zj l ~ä~zbl ã
k yucdjcuk ujfjuág`ck ykuk {zj lp bjc~lujp cnjg~cfc{zjd k leuk j" jvjg~zkbdjg¤
~j" cnjg~cfc{zjd$pj `ld jbk' Levckdjg~j" ~juck pcnl dkcp pjgpk~l cgvju~ju kp
ylpcèújp" gldjkgnl l bcvul yjbl pjz pze~ä~zbl lz bkgèkgnl dàl nj kbhzdk
lz~uk fðudzbk knj{zknk klp ujkcp yulyðpc~lp nk kz~luk'
Jpyjukgnl {zj jp~j yujfë`cl pjak zd jbjdjg~l ñ~cb nj jp`bkuj`cdjg~l
klp gzdjulplp bjc~lujp" `zak hjgjulpk uj`jy~cvcnknj ã zd jp~ädzbl ykuk {zj
jz yulppchk jd djz ~ukekbml" uj`lgflu~l$dj gkp ykbkvukp nl ylj~k1 ‒Pjhzc cb
~zl `lupl j bkp`ck ncu bj hjg~c—'
@kdycgkp" > nj dkcl nj ;33>
Njudjvkb Pkvckgc
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(
K Y U J P J G ^ K È À L
p ujfbj}újp `lg~cnkp gjp~j bcvul yul`zukd kyul}cdku l bjc~lu nl pchgcfc`knl
nk{zjbk `lg`jyèàl jnz`k`clgkb {zj" njpnj ;3=>" vjgml njgldcgkgnl
yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
K Cg~ulnzèàl jp`bkuj`j pleuj l pjg~cnl nj `lgazg~l {zj ku~c`zbk lp
ncfjujg~jp ~j}~lp {zj `ldyújd k leuk" ~ldkgnl `ldl ujfjuág`ck k {zjp~àl
nl pkeju leaj~cvl" pjd nñvcnk zd jbjdjg~l `jg~ukb gk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$
`uä~c`k'
‒Pleuj k gk~zujqk j jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl— nj`luujz nj `ldzgc`k¤èàl kyujpjg~knk gl Pjdcgëucl luhkgcqknl yjbl Cgp~c~z~l Gk`clgkb nj Jp~znlp
j Yjp{zcpkp Jnz`k`clgkcp -C gjy# j ujkbcqknl jd Eukpäbck" jd ;3=>' Kl ~j}~l nk
`ldzgc`kèàl cg`luylulz$pj" aë gk luchjd" k ykbjp~uk yulfjucnk jd Lbcgnk"
jd ;3=0" `zal ~j}~l flc njgldcgknl ‒L ykyjb nk jp`lbk eëpc`k gl yul`jppl nj
njdl`uk~cqkèàl nk pl`cjnknj eukpcbjcuk—'
‒@ldyj~ág`ck ylbä~c`k j `ldyuldcppl ~ã`gc`l— ujpzb~lz nj dcgmk cg~ju¤
vjgèàl gk ylbádc`k pzp`c~knk yjbl bcvul nj Hzcldku Gkdl nj Djbbl" Dkhcp~ãucl
nj ;¹ hukz1 nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l"leaj~cvknk gk `uä~c`knj Yklbl Glpjbbk yzebc`knk gl ku~chl ‒@ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l `ldl mlucqlg~j
nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k—' Jdeluk nk~knl nj ;3=0" jppj ~j}~l dkg~ãd$pj k~zkb"
pjgnl lylu~zgl" kcgnk" ykuk uj`lbl`ku jd glvl yk~kdku k {zjp~àl nk zgcnknj
nkp fluèkp yulhujppcp~kp gl `kdyl jnz`k`clgkb'
‒K yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k gl {zknul nkp ~jgnág`ckp `uä~c`kp nk jnz¤
`kèàl eukpcbjcuk— ujpzb~lz nj j}ylpcèàl fjc~k gl pjdcgëucl luhkgcqknl yjbk
Kppl`ckèàl Gk`clgkb nj Jnz`kèàl -K gnj# j ujkbcqknl jd Gc~juðc" jd ;3=:'
Pc~zk l `lg~j}~l cdjnck~l nl pzuhcdjg~l j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l njppk `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k gl Eukpcb jd `lgfulg~l `ld lz~ukp ~jgnág`ckp j jp`bkuj`j kp yucg¤
`cykcp leajèújp {zj bmj flukd fludzbknkp'
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5 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
‒K yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k j k jnz`kèàl jp`lbku— nj`luujz nj `lgfj¤
uág`ck yulfjucnk gl C Pcdyðpcl nj Jnz`kèàl Zgcvjupc~ëuck" ~jgnl `ldl ~jdk
‒Ykuk yjgpku k fludkèàl nl yulfjpplu nj ;l j 5l hukzp—" ujkbcqknl jd Kukuk{zk¤
uk" jd ;3==' Uj`lbl`k k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k gl {zknul dkcp hjukb nkmcp~ðuck nk jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk j ncp`z~j pzkp ujbkèújp `ld k ujkbcnknj jp`lbku
k~zkb'
Ylu ñb~cdl" azbhlz$pj lylu~zgl k`ujp`jg~ku" é hzcpk nj kyágnc`j" l yuj¤
fë`cl é 59k jncèàl nj Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck;' @ld jfjc~l" jppj yujfë`cl jp`bkuj¤
`j kbhzdkp {zjp~újp pzp`c~knkp ylu k{zjbj bcvul {zj pàl yju~cgjg~jp ykuk k
`ldyujjgpàl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ép {zkcp k dkcluck nlp bjc~lujp
nj Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck k`kekuck gàl ~jgnl k`jppl" zdk vjq {zj fkqjd zpl nkp
jncèújp kg~juclujp é 59k {zj" levckdjg~j" gàl `lg~cgmkd kcgnk jppjp jp`bk¤uj`cdjg~lp'
Fcgkbdjg~j" `kej ujhcp~uku {zj jp~j bcvul `lgp~c~zc zdk yucdjcuk kyul}c¤
dkèàl kl pchgcfc`knl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Cp~l ylu{zj jp~ë jd `zupl
l yul`jppl nj jbkelukèàl njp~k `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k" k~ukvãp nk `lg~ucezcèàl nj
ncfjujg~jp jp~znclplp' Nj dcgmk yku~j" vjgml njnc`kgnl$dj k zdk yjp{zcpk
nj blghl kb`kg`j {zj pj njpjgvlbvj `ld uc~dl vkucëvjb j pjd yukql ykuk pzk
`lg`bzpàl" ylu djcl nk {zkb pj yuj~jgnj ukp~ujku l yju`zupl nk jnz`kèàl njpnj
pzkp luchjgp ujdl~kp" ~jgnl `ldl hzck l `lg`jc~l nj ‒dlnl nj yulnzèàl—'^uk~k$pj nj j}ybc`c~ku `ldl kp dznkgèkp nkp fludkp nj yulnzèàl nk
j}cp~ág`ck mzdkgk flukd hjukgnl mcp~luc`kdjg~j glvkp fludkp nj jnz`kèàl"
kp {zkcp" ylu pzk vjq" j}ju`jukd cgfbz}l pleuj l yul`jppl nj ~ukgpfludkèàl
nl dlnl nj yulnzèàl `luujpylgnjg~j' Ã zd jp~znl {zj gàl pj dlvj ple l
k`c`k~j nkp zuhág`ckp cdjnck~kp nj `lgazg~zuk" dkp {zj pj yulyúj k `ky~ku l
dlvcdjg~l luhågc`l njfcgcnlu nl yul`jppl mcp~ðuc`l1 ã" `ldl ncuck Hukdp`c"
zdk ~kujfk fòu jxch" cp~l ã" nj `kuë~ju nzuknlzul j {zj azp~cfc`k ~lnk zdk
vcnk' Yuj~jgnj$pj" kppcd" ujvjbku kp ekpjp pleuj kp {zkcp pj kppjg~k k yjnkhlhckmcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ykuk vckecbcqku k `lgfchzukèàl `lgpcp~jg~j nl pcp~jdk jnz`k¤
`clgkb jd pjz `lgazg~l nl ylg~l nj vcp~k njppk `lg`jyèàl jnz`k`clgkb'
Jg{zkg~l yulppjhzj l ~ukekbml nj jbkelukèàl k`cdk ujfjucnl" jpyjuk$pj
{zj jp~j bcvul ylppcecbc~j klp jnz`knlujp l k`jppl" kcgnk {zj gk fludk nj zdk
yucdjcuk kyul}cdkèàl" kl pchgcfc`knl njppk cdylu~kg~j `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k'
@lgpcnjukgnl$pj" ylu lz~ul bknl" `ldl pj jp`bkuj`jz gk Cg~ulnzèàl"
{zj jp~j bcvul në `lg~cgzcnknj k Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck" jpyjuk$pj" ~kdeãd" {zj
lp yulfjpplujp {zj vád z~cbcqkgnl bkuhkdjg~j jppk leuk gkp ncp`cybcgkp {zj
; K yku~cu nk 8k jncèàl jppj kyágnc`j flc uj~cuknl" `lgfludj pj jp`bkuj`j gl yujfë`cl `luujp¤ ylgnjg~j'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 0
dcgcp~ukd jg`lg~ujd gjp~j bcvul zdk flg~j knc`clgkb {zj yjudc~k k jbjp j k
pjzp kbzglp `ldyujjgnju l bzhku j l kb`kg`j nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k"
zdk vjq {zj ã jppk k `lg`jyèàl {zj pzepcp~j `ldl ykgl nj fzgnl nl yuðyucl
bcvul Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck'
@kdycgkp" 59 nj akgjcul nj ;33;
Njudjvkb Pkvckgc
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C G ^ U L N Z È À L
Jp`lbk j Pkeju Leaj~cvl gk Yjupyj`~cvk Mcp~ðuc`l$@uä~c`k
p jp~znlp {zj `ldyújd jp~j bcvul hcukd jd ~lugl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$
`uä~c`k' Gjp~j pjg~cnl" nàl `lg~cgzcnknj j `ldybjdjg~kd kp kgëbcpjp
kyujpjg~knkp gl bcvul Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck' Jd vjunknj" Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck
ylnj pju `lgpcnjuknl zdk cg~ulnzèàl yujbcdcgku é yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$
`uä~c`k' @ld jfjc~l" l yucdjcul `kyä~zbl" ‒Kp ~jluckp nk jnz`kèàl j l yulebjdk
nk dkuhcgkbcnknj—" kyujpjg~k zdk päg~jpj nkp yucg`cykcp ~jluckp nk jnz`kèàl"
keukghjgnl kp ~jluckp gàl `uä~c`kp -yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb" yjnkhlhck glvk
j yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k# j kp ~jluckp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp -~jluck nk jp`lbkjg{zkg~l vclbág`ck pcdeðbc`k" ~jluck nk jp`lbk jg{zkg~l kykujbml cnjlbðhc`l
nj Jp~knl j ~jluck nk jp`lbk nzkbcp~k#' ^kcp ~jluckp pàl pzedj~cnkp k azäql nj
vkblu" `lbl`kgnl$pj k j}chág`ck nj pzk pzyjukèàl `ld l {zj aë pj yujgzg`ck
gl c~jd ‒Ykuk zdk ~jluck `uä~c`k nk jnz`kèàl— k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
L pjhzgnl `kyä~zbl" ‒Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck C $ K ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk nk
vkuk—" ~jd zd `kuë~ju yujykuk~ðucl ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' @ldl
ujhcp~ujc gl yujfë`cl é 59k jncèàl"
~uk~k$pj nj zdk kelunkhjd `jg~uknk dkcp gl kpyj`~l ylbádc`l nl {zj
gl kpyj`~l hglpclbðhc`l' _'''T Gàl pj ~uk~k nj zdk j}ylpcèàl j}kzp~cvk
j pcp~jdë~c`k" dkp nk cgnc`kèàl nj `kdcgmlp ykuk k `uä~c`k nl j}cp~jg~j
j ykuk k njp`leju~k nk vjunknj mcp~ðuc`k'
Jdyujjgnj$pj kä zdk kyuj`ckèàl uknc`kb nk yjnkhlhck bcejukb ezuhzjpk"
pjgnl
k njgñg`ck nk jp`lbk glvk kyjgkp zdk jp~uk~ãhck vcpkgnl k njdku`ku
dkcp yuj`cpkdjg~j l ådec~l nk yjnkhlhck ezuhzjpk nj cgpycukèàl bcej$
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6 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
ukb j l ådec~l nk yjnkhlhck pl`ckbcp~k nj cgpycukèàl dku}cp~k _Pkvckgc"
5998" y' }}cccT'
Vá$pj" kppcd" {zj" jdeluk gàl pj fkèk kcgnk j}ylpcèàl nk yjnkhlhckmcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" ã jbk {zj `ldkgnk k kgëbcpj' @ld jfjc~l" k yjupyj`~cvk mcp¤
~luc`cqknluk kä knl~knk `lgp~c~zc zdk j}chág`ck dj~lnlbðhc`k cgjujg~j é `lg¤
`jyèàl mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
Ylu pzk vjq" l ~ju`jcul `kyä~zbl nj Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck" njgldcgknl
‒Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck CC $ Ykuk kbãd nk ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk nk vkuk—" ylnj
aë pju `lgpcnjuknl zd jpelèl nj fludzbkèàl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
Jd `lg~ukylg~l `ld kp yjnkhlhckp ~uknc`clgkb j glvk" j}yújd$pj khluk lp
yujppzylp~lp fcblpðfc`lp" k yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`l$dj~lnlbðhc`k j l pchgcfc`knl ylbä~c`l nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
Fcgkbdjg~j" l {zku~l `kyä~zbl" ‒Lgqj ~jpjp pleuj jnz`kèàl j ylbä~c`k—"
yul`zuk `kuk`~jucqku" gl `lgfulg~l `ld k yuë~c`k ylbä~c`k" k jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk
yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk' Kfcudjc" jg~àl" {zj ‒l yulebjdk nj pj nj~judcgku k jpyj`cfc¤
`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl `lcg`cnj `ld l yulebjdk nl njpvjgnkdjg~l nk gk~zujqk
yuðyuck nl fjgþdjgl jnz`k~cvl— -Pkvckgc" 5998" y' =5#'
Luk" l yujpjg~j bcvul `ldjèk ylu ~uk~ku j}k~kdjg~j nl ~jdk ujbk~cvl é
gk~zujqk j jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl' Në" ylcp" `lg~cgzcnknj é ujfbj}àl `ldk {zkb pj `lg`bzc Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck' Nj~judcgk$pj k gk~zujqk nk jnz`kèàl
gl ådec~l nk `k~jhluck ‒~ukekbml gàl dk~juckb—' Ykuk djbmlu `ldyujjgpàl
njppj `lg`jc~l" uj`ldjgnk$pj k bjc~zuk nl ~j}~l ‒^ukekbmknlujp jd jnz`kèàl
j `ucpj gk zgcvjupcnknj—" yzebc`knl gl bcvul Jgpcgl yñebc`l j kbhzdkp fkbkp pleuj
zgcvjupcnknj -Pkvckgc" ;3=>" yy' 8:$=6#" jd {zj pj jp`bkuj`j k ncp~cgèàl jg~uj
~ukekbml yulnz~cvl j cdyulnz~cvl" ejd `ldl jg~uj yulnzèàl dk~juckb j gàl
dk~juckb" ncp~cghzcgnl$pj gk yulnzèàl gàl dk~juckb nzkp dlnkbcnknjp1 k{zjbk
jd {zj l yulnz~l pj pjykuk nl yulnz~lu j k{zjbk jd {zj l yulnz~l gàl pjpjykuk nl k~l nj yulnzèàl? j ã gjp~k pjhzgnk dlnkbcnknj {zj pj bl`kbcqk k
jnz`kèàl' ^lnk k ujfbj}àl pj njpjgvlbvj gk yjupyj`~cvk mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" `ldl
l k~jp~k k pjhzcg~j kfcudkèàl1
K gk~zujqk mzdkgk gàl ã nknk kl mldjd dkp ã ylu jbj yulnzqcnk
pleuj k ekpj nk gk~zujqk eclfäpc`k' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" l ~ukekbml jnz¤
`k~cvl ã l k~l nj yulnzqcu" ncuj~k j cg~jg`clgkbdjg~j" jd `knk cgncvänzl
pcghzbku" k mzdkgcnknj {zj ã yulnzqcnk mcp~ðuc`k j `lbj~cvkdjg~j yjbl`lgazg~l nlp mldjgp'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 8
Aë gjppj ~j}~l kvzb~k `ldl `jg~ukb k {zjp~àl nl pkeju' @ld jfjc~l" gàl
jp~kujdlp" ylu `ju~l" fluèkgnl k kgëbcpj pj kfcudkudlp {zj k yulnzèàl gàl
dk~juckb `lcg`cnj `ld k yulnzèàl nl pkeju' Nj fk~l" k yulnzèàl gàl dk~j¤
uckb" cp~l ã" k yulnzèàl jpycuc~zkb" gàl ã lz~uk `lcpk pjgàl k fludk yjbk {zkb l
mldjd kyujjgnj l dzgnl" j}yujppkgnl k vcpàl nkä nj`luujg~j nj ncp~cg~kp
dkgjcukp' Jcp ylu {zj pj ylnj fkbku nj ncfjujg~jp ~cylp nj pkeju lz nj `lgmj¤
`cdjg~l" ~kcp `ldl1 `lgmj`cdjg~l pjgpävjb" cg~zc~cvl" kfj~cvl" `lgmj`cdjg~l
cg~jbj`~zkb" bðhc`l" uk`clgkb" `lgmj`cdjg~l ku~äp~c`l" jp~ã~c`l" `lgmj`cdjg~l
k}clbðhc`l" `lgmj`cdjg~l ujbchclpl j" djpdl" `lgmj`cdjg~l yuë~c`l j `l¤
gmj`cdjg~l ~jðuc`l' Nl ylg~l nj vcp~k nk jnz`kèàl" jppjp ncfjujg~jp ~cylp
nj pkeju gàl cg~jujppkd jd pc djpdlp? jbjp cg~jujppkd" pcd" dkp jg{zkg~l
jbjdjg~lp {zj lp cgncvänzlp nk jpyã`cj mzdkgk gj`jppc~kd kppcdcbku ykuk {zj
pj ~lugjd mzdkglp' Cp~l ylu{zj l mldjd gàl pj fkq mldjd gk~zukbdjg~j?
jbj gàl gkp`j pkejgnl pju mldjd" vkbj ncqju" jbj gàl gkp`j pkejgnl pjg~cu"
yjgpku" kvkbcku" khcu' Ykuk pkeju yjgpku j pjg~cu? ykuk pkeju {zjuju" khcu lz
kvkbcku ã yuj`cpl kyujgnju" l {zj cdybc`k l ~ukekbml jnz`k~cvl' Kppcd" l pkeju
{zj ncuj~kdjg~j cg~jujppk é jnz`kèàl ã k{zjbj {zj jdjuhj `ldl ujpzb~knl nl
yul`jppl nj kyujgncqkhjd" `ldl ujpzb~knl nl ~ukekbml jnz`k~cvl' Jg~uj~kg~l"
ykuk `mjhku k jppj ujpzb~knl k jnz`kèàl ~jd {zj yku~cu" ~jd {zj ~ldku `ldl
ujfjuág`ck" `ldl dk~ãuck$yucdk nj pzk k~cvcnknj" l pkeju leaj~cvl yulnzqcnl
mcp~luc`kdjg~j'
L fjgþdjgl kg~jucludjg~j kylg~knl dkgcfjp~k$pj njpnj k luchjd nl
mldjd yjbl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nj yul`jpplp jnz`k~cvlp cgc`ckbdjg~j `lcg`cnjg¤
~jp `ld l yuðyucl k~l nj vcvju" lp {zkcp pj flukd ncfjujg`ckgnl yulhujppcvk¤
djg~j k~ã k~cghcu zd `kuë~ju cgp~c~z`clgkbcqknl `zak fludk dkcp `lgpyä`zk pj
ujvjbk gl pzuhcdjg~l nk jp`lbk' Jp~k kykuj`j cgc`ckbdjg~j `ldl dkgcfjp~kèàl
pj`zgnëuck j njucvknk nlp yul`jpplp jnz`k~cvlp dkcp hjukcp" dkp vkc ~ukgp¤
fludkgnl$pj bjg~kdjg~j kl blghl nk Mcp~ðuck k~ã pj juchcu gk fludk yucg`cykb
j nldcgkg~j nj jnz`kèàl' Jp~k ykppkhjd nk jp`lbk é fludk nldcgkg~j nj
jnz`kèàl `lcg`cnj `ld k j~kyk mcp~ðuc`k jd {zj kp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp ykppkukd
k yujvkbj`ju pleuj kp gk~zukcp" jp~kejbj`jgnl$pj l yucdknl nl dzgnl nk
`zb~zuk -l dzgnl yulnzqcnl yjbl mldjd# pleuj l dzgnl nk gk~zujqk' Jd
`lgpj{zág`ck" l pkeju dj~ðnc`l" pcp~jdë~c`l" `cjg~äfc`l" jbkeluknl" ykppk k
yujnldcgku pleuj l pkeju jpylg~ågjl" ‒gk~zukb—" kppcp~jdë~c`l" ujpzb~kgnl nkä
{zj k jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl ykppk k pju nj~judcgknk yjbk fludk jp`lbku'
K j~kyk mcp~ðuc`k jd ujfjuág`ck$ {zj kcgnk gàl pj jphl~lz $ `luujpylgnj klpzuhcdjg~l j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k" `zakp `lg~ukncèújp vàl
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= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
`lbl`kgnl nj fludk `knk vjq dkcp cg~jgpk k gj`jppcnknj nj pzk pzyjukèàl' Jcp
ylu {zj gl ~j}~l ‒Pleuj k gk~zujqk j jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl— pj `lgpcnjulz
bjhä~cdl ~ldku$pj k jnz`kèàl jp`lbku `ldl j}jdybku'
K {zjp~àl nl pkeju leaj~cvl uj`jej zdk nj~judcgkèàl dkcp yuj`cpk gl~j}~l pjhzcg~j" dl~cvknl yjbk ylbádc`k jd {zj pj `lg~ukyþp k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`¤
gc`k kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' L ylg~l nj vcp~k mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`l yjudc~cz kä njp¤
dlg~ku l uk`cl`ägcl ylpc~cvcp~k" kfkp~kgnl k kudkncbmk jd {zj fuj{zjg~jdjg~j
`kjd lp yuðyuclp `uä~c`lp nl ylpc~cvcpdl kl njc}kujd cg~k`~k k yujdcppk dkclu
{zj vcg`zbk k leaj~cvcnknj é gjz~ukbcnknj' ^kb njpdlg~khjd ~luglz ylppävjb
gjhku k gjz~ukbcnknj j" kl djpdl ~jdyl" kfcudku k leaj~cvcnknj' K gjz~ukbcnknj
ã cdylppävjb ylu{zj gàl j}cp~j `lgmj`cdjg~l njpcg~jujppknl' Gàl lep~kg~j
~lnl `lgmj`cdjg~l pju cg~jujppknl" k leaj~cvcnknj ã ylppävjb ylu{zj gàl ã ~lnlcg~jujppj {zj cdyjnj l `lgmj`cdjg~l leaj~cvl' Më cg~jujppjp {zj gàl pð gàl
cdyjnjd `ldl j}chjd k leaj~cvcnknj' Dkp `ldl ncfjujg`cë$blp< ^kb ~kujfk uj¤
pzb~k cdylppävjb nj pju ujkbcqknk gl ybkgl kep~uk~l" cp~l ã" gl ~juujgl yzukdjg~j
bðhc`l' Ykuk pj pkeju {zkcp pàl lp cg~jujppjp {zj cdyjnjd j {zkcp k{zjbjp {zj
j}chjd k leaj~cvcnknj" gàl më lz~uk dkgjcuk pjgàl kelunku l yulebjdk jd ~ju¤
dlp mcp~ðuc`lp' Pð gl ~juujgl nk Mcp~ðuck" cp~l ã" gl ådec~l nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l
nj pc~zkèújp `lg`uj~kp" jppk {zjp~àl ylnj pju ncucdcnk' J ã cppl {zj k `lg`bzpàl
nl ~j}~l ‒@ldyj~ág`ck ylbä~c`k j `ldyuldcppl ~ã`gc`l— yul`zulz jvcnjg`cku"j}jdybcfc`kgnl `ld l njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk pl`cjnknj ezuhzjpk'
Gk pj{zág`ck jg`lg~ukd$pj nlcp ~j}~lp ujfjucnlp ncuj~kdjg~j é yjnk¤
hlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Kdelp pj `ldybjdjg~kd gk djncnk jd {zj pc~zkd
jppk `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k gl `lg~j}~l eukpcbjcul jd `lgfulg~l `ld kp njdkcp
~jgnág`ckp" jp`bkuj`jgnl kp yucg`cykcp leajèújp k jbk fludzbknkp j j}ybc`c~kgnl
k pzk ujbkèàl `ld k jnz`kèàl jp`lbku' Jd kdelp lp ~j}~lp ~kdeãd l yulebjdk
nl pkeju l`zyk bzhku yuljdcgjg~j' @ld jfjc~l" jd ‒K yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$
`uä~c`k gl {zknul nkp ~jgnág`ckp `uä~c`kp nk jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk—" lepjuvk$pj{zj ~lnkp kp leajèújp j}kdcgknkp gk fludk nj nc`l~ldckp jp~àl ujfjucnkp kl
yulebjdk nl pkeju' J jd ‒K yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k j k jnz`kèàl jp`lbku—
ujc~juk$pj {zj ‒l pkeju ã leaj~l jpyj`äfc`l nl ~ukekbml jp`lbku—'
Jd pzdk" ã ylppävjb kfcudku {zj k ~kujfk k {zj pj yulyúj k yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k jd ujbkèàl é jnz`kèàl jp`lbku cdybc`k1
k# Cnjg~cfc`kèàl nkp fludkp dkcp njpjgvlbvcnkp jd {zj pj j}yujppk l
pkeju leaj~cvl yulnzqcnl mcp~luc`kdjg~j" uj`lgmj`jgnl kp `lgncèújpnj pzk yulnzèàl j `ldyujjgnjgnl kp pzkp yucg`cykcp dkgcfjp~kèújp"
ejd `ldl kp ~jgnág`ckp k~zkcp nj ~ukgpfludkèàl'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 3
e# @lgvjupàl nl pkeju leaj~cvl jd pkeju jp`lbku" nj dlnl {zj pj ~lugj
kppcdcbëvjb yjblp kbzglp gl jpykèl j ~jdyl jp`lbkujp'
`# Yulvcdjg~l nlp djclp gj`jppëuclp ykuk {zj lp kbzglp gàl kyjgkp
kppcdcbjd l pkeju leaj~cvl jg{zkg~l ujpzb~knl" dkp kyujjgnkd l
yul`jppl nj pzk yulnzèàl" ejd `ldl kp ~jgnág`ckp nj pzk ~ukgpflu¤dkèàl'
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kej$pj {zj k jnz`kèàl ã zd fjgþdjgl yuðyucl nlp pjujp mzdkglp' Kppcd
pjgnl" k `ldyujjgpàl nk gk~zujqk nk jnz`kèàl ykppk yjbk `ldyujjgpàl
nk gk~zujqk mzdkgk' Luk" l {zj ncfjujg`ck lp mldjgp nlp njdkcp fjgþdjglp"
l {zj l ncfjujg`ck nlp njdkcp pjujp vcvlp" l {zj l ncfjujg`ck nlp lz~ulp kgc¤
dkcp< K ujpylp~k k jppkp {zjp~újp ~kdeãd aë ã `lgmj`cnk' @ld jfjc~l" pkej$pj
{zj" ncfjujg~jdjg~j nlp lz~ulp kgcdkcp" {zj pj knky~kd é ujkbcnknj gk~zukb
~jgnl k pzk j}cp~ág`ck hkukg~cnk gk~zukbdjg~j" l mldjd gj`jppc~k yulnzqcu
`lg~cgzkdjg~j pzk yuðyuck j}cp~ág`ck' Ykuk ~kg~l" jd bzhku nj pj knky~ku égk~zujqk" jbj ~jd {zj knky~ku k gk~zujqk k pc" cp~l ã" ~ukgpfludë$bk' J cp~l ã
fjc~l yjbl ~ukekbml' Ylu~kg~l" l {zj ncfjujg`ck l mldjd nlp lz~ulp kgcdkcp ã
l ~ukekbml' J l ~ukekbml cgp~kzuk$pj k yku~cu nl dldjg~l jd {zj pjz khjg~j
kg~j`cyk djg~kbdjg~j k fcgkbcnknj nk kèàl' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" l ~ukekbml
gàl ã {zkb{zju ~cyl nj k~cvcnknj" dkp zdk kèàl knj{zknk k fcgkbcnknjp' Ã"
ylcp" zdk kèàl cg~jg`clgkb'
Ykuk pleujvcvju" l mldjd gj`jppc~k j}~ukcu nk gk~zujqk" k~cvk j cg~jg¤
`clgkbdjg~j" lp djclp nj pzk pzepcp~ág`ck' Kl fkqju cppl" jbj cgc`ck l yul`jpplnj ~ukgpfludkèàl nk gk~zujqk" `uckgnl zd dzgnl mzdkgl -l dzgnl nk
`zb~zuk#'
Ncqju" ylcp" {zj k jnz`kèàl ã zd fjgþdjgl yuðyucl nlp pjujp mzdkglp
pchgcfc`k kfcudku {zj jbk ã" kl djpdl ~jdyl" zdk j}chág`ck nl j ykuk l yul¤
`jppl nj ~ukekbml" ejd `ldl ã" jbk yuðyuck" zd yul`jppl nj ~ukekbml'
Kppcd" l yul`jppl nj yulnzèàl nk j}cp~ág`ck mzdkgk cdybc`k" yucdjc¤
ukdjg~j" k hkukg~ck nk pzk pzepcp~ág`ck dk~juckb `ld k `lgpj{zjg~j yulnzèàl"
! @ldzgc`kèàl kyujpjg~knk gk djpk$ujnlgnk pleuj k ‒Gk~zujqk j Jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk Jnz`k¤èàl—" ujkbcqknk yjbl C gjy" jd Eukpäbck" gl nck : nj azbml nj ;3=>' Yzebc`knl kg~jucludjg~jgl Jd Keju~l" C gjy" g' 55";3=>'
Pleuj k Gk~zujqk j
Jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk Jnz`kèàl!
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;5 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
jd jp`kbkp `knk vjq dkcp kdybkp j `ldybj}kp" nj ejgp dk~juckcp? ~kb yul`jppl
gðp ylnjdlp ~uknzqcu gk uzeuc`k ‒~ukekbml dk~juckb—' Jg~uj~kg~l" ykuk yul¤
nzqcu dk~juckbdjg~j" l mldjd gj`jppc~k kg~j`cyku jd cnjckp lp leaj~cvlp nk
kèàl" l {zj pchgcfc`k {zj jbj ujyujpjg~k djg~kbdjg~j lp leaj~cvlp ujkcp' Jppk
ujyujpjg~kèàl cg`bzc l kpyj`~l nj `lgmj`cdjg~l nkp yulyucjnknjp nl dzgnl
ujkb -`cág`ck#" nj vkblucqkèàl -ã~c`k# j nj pcdelbcqkèàl -ku~j#' ^kcp kpyj`~lp" gk
djncnk jd {zj pàl leaj~lp nj yujl`zykèàl j}ybä`c~k j ncuj~k" keujd k yjupyj`¤
~cvk nj zdk lz~uk `k~jhluck nj yulnzèàl {zj ylnj pju ~uknzqcnk yjbk uzeuc`k
‒~ukekbml gàl dk~juckb—' ^uk~k$pj k{zc nk yulnzèàl nj cnjckp" `lg`jc~lp" vkblujp"
pädelblp" mëec~lp" k~c~znjp" mkecbcnknjp' Gzdk ykbkvuk" ~uk~k$pj nk yulnzèàl
nl pkeju" pjak nl pkeju pleuj k gk~zujqk" pjak nl pkeju pleuj k `zb~zuk" cp~l ã" l
`lgazg~l nk yulnzèàl mzdkgk' Levckdjg~j" k jnz`kèàl pc~zk$pj gjppk `k~j¤hluck nl ~ukekbml gàl dk~juckb' Cdylu~k" yluãd" ncp~cghzcu" gk yulnzèàl gàl
dk~juckb" nzkp dlnkbcnknjp;' K yucdjcuk ujfjuj$pj é{zjbkp k~cvcnknjp jd {zj
l yulnz~l pj pjykuk nl yulnz~lu" `ldl gl `kpl nlp bcvulp j leaj~lp ku~äp~c`lp'
Më" ylcp" gjppj `kpl" zd cg~juvkbl jg~uj k yulnzèàl j l `lgpzdl" ylppcecbc~knl
yjbk kz~lgldck jg~uj l yulnz~l j l k~l nj yulnzèàl' K pjhzgnk ncq ujpyjc~l
ép k~cvcnknjp jd {zj l yulnz~l gàl pj pjykuk nl k~l nj yulnzèàl' Gjppj `kpl"
gàl l`luuj l cg~juvkbl kg~jp lepjuvknl? l k~l nj yulnzèàl j l k~l nj `lgpz¤
dl cdeuc`kd$pj' Ã gjppk pjhzgnk dlnkbcnknj nl ~ukekbml gàl dk~juckb {zjpj pc~zk k jnz`kèàl' Ylnjdlp" ylcp" kfcudku {zj k gk~zujqk nk jnz`kèàl pj
jp`bkuj`j k yku~cu nkä' J}jdybcfc`kgnl1 pj k jnz`kèàl gàl pj ujnzq kl jgpcgl"
ã `ju~l" jg~uj~kg~l" {zj jgpcgl ã jnz`kèàl j" `ldl ~kb" yku~c`cyk nk gk~zujqk
yuðyuck nl fjgþdjgl jnz`k~cvl' Kppcd" k k~cvcnknj nj jgpcgl" k kzbk" ylu
j}jdybl" ã kbhzdk `lcpk {zj pzyúj" kl djpdl ~jdyl" k yujpjgèk nl yulfjpplu
j k yujpjgèk nl kbzgl' Lz pjak" l k~l nj nku kzbk ã cgpjykuëvjb nk yulnzèàl
njppj k~l j nj pjz `lgpzdl' K kzbk ã" ylcp" yulnzqcnk j `lgpzdcnk kl djpdl
~jdyl -yulnzqcnk yjbl yulfjpplu j `lgpzdcnk yjblp kbzglp#'@ldyujjgncnk k gk~zujqk nk jnz`kèàl" gðp ylnjdlp kvkgèku jd ncuj¤
èàl é `ldyujjgpàl nj pzk jpyj`cfc`cnknj' @ld jfjc~l" pj k jnz`kèàl" yju~jg¤
`jgnl kl ådec~l nl ~ukekbml gàl dk~juckb" ~jd k vju `ld cnjckp" `lg`jc~lp"
vkblujp" pädelblp" mëec~lp" k~c~znjp" mkecbcnknjp" ~kcp jbjdjg~lp" jg~uj~kg~l" gàl
bmj cg~jujppkd jd pc djpdlp" `ldl kbhl j}~juclu kl mldjd'
Gjppk fludk" cp~l ã" `lgpcnjuknlp jd pc djpdlp" `ldl kbhl j}~juclu
kl mldjd" jppjp jbjdjg~lp `lgp~c~zjd l leaj~l nj yujl`zykèàl nkp `mkdk¤
nkp `cág`ckp mzdkgkp" lz pjak" nk{zcbl {zj Ncb~mjs njgldcgk ‒`cág`ckp nl
;' Jppk `lgpcnjukèàl pleuj k yulnzèàl gàl dk~juckb j pzk ncp~cgèàl jd nzkp dlnkbcnknjpkylck$pj jd Dku}" ;38=" yy' 89$=9'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;0
jpyäuc~l— ylu lylpcèàl ép ‒`cág`ckp nk gk~zujqk—' Ncfjujg~jdjg~j" nl ylg~l
nj vcp~k nk jnz`kèàl" lz pjak" nk yjupyj`~cvk nk yjnkhlhck jg~jgncnk `ldl
`cág`ck nk jnz`kèàl" jppjp jbjdjg~lp cg~jujppkd jg{zkg~l ã gj`jppëucl {zj
lp mldjgp lp kppcdcbjd" ~jgnl jd vcp~k k `lgp~c~zcèàl nj kbhl `ldl zdk
pjhzgnk gk~zujqk' Ylu~kg~l" l {zj gàl ã hkukg~cnl yjbk gk~zujqk ~jd {zj pju
yulnzqcnl mcp~luc`kdjg~j yjblp mldjgp" j kä pj cg`bzjd lp yuðyuclp mldjgp'
Ylnjdlp" ylcp" ncqju {zj k gk~zujqk mzdkgk gàl ã nknk kl mldjd" dkp ã
ylu jbj yulnzqcnk pleuj k ekpj nk gk~zujqk eclfäpc`k' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" l
~ukekbml jnz`k~cvl ã l k~l nj yulnzqcu" ncuj~k j cg~jg`clgkbdjg~j" jd `knk
cgncvänzl pcghzbku" k mzdkgcnknj {zj ã yulnzqcnk mcp~ðuc`k j `lbj~cvkdjg~j
yjbl `lgazg~l nlp mldjgp' Kppcd" l leaj~l nk jnz`kèàl ncq ujpyjc~l" nj zd
bknl" é cnjg~cfc`kèàl nlp jbjdjg~lp `zb~zukcp {zj yuj`cpkd pju kppcdcbknlp
yjblp cgncvänzlp nk jpyã`cj mzdkgk ykuk {zj jbjp pj ~lugjd mzdkglp j" nj
lz~ul bknl j `lg`ldc~kg~jdjg~j" é njp`leju~k nkp fludkp dkcp knj{zknkp
ykuk k~cghcu jppj leaj~cvl'
[zkg~l kl yucdjcul kpyj`~l -k cnjg~cfc`kèàl nlp jbjdjg~lp `zb~zukcp {zj
yuj`cpkd pju kppcdcbknlp#" ~uk~k$pj nj ncp~cghzcu jg~uj l jppjg`ckb j l k`cnjg¤
~kb" l yucg`cykb j l pj`zgnëucl" l fzgnkdjg~kb j l k`jppðucl' K{zc dj ykuj`j
nj hukgnj cdylu~åg`ck" jd yjnkhlhck" k glèàl nj ‒`bëppc`l—' L `bëppc`l gàl
pj `lgfzgnj `ld l ~uknc`clgkb j ~kdeãd gàl pj lyúj" gj`jppkuckdjg~j" kl
dlnjugl j dzc~l djglp kl k~zkb' L `bëppc`l ã k{zcbl {zj pj fcudlz `ldl
fzgnkdjg~kb" `ldl jppjg`ckb' Ylnj" ylcp" `lgp~c~zcu$pj gzd `uc~ãucl ñ~cb ykuk
k pjbjèàl nlp `lg~jñnlp nl ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l'
[zkg~l kl pjhzgnl kpyj`~l -k njp`leju~k nkp fludkp knj{zknkp nj
njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nl ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l#" ~uk~k$pj nk luhkgcqkèàl nlp djclp
-`lg~jñnlp" jpykèl" ~jdyl j yul`jncdjg~lp# k~ukvãp nlp {zkcp" yulhujppc¤
vkdjg~j" `knk cgncvänzl pcghzbku ujkbcqj" gk fludk nj pjhzgnk gk~zujqk" k
mzdkgcnknj yulnzqcnk mcp~luc`kdjg~j'
@lgpcnjukgnl" `ldl aë flc nc~l" {zj" pj k jnz`kèàl gàl pj ujnzq kl
jgpcgl $ jp~j" pjgnl zd kpyj`~l nk jnz`kèàl" yku~c`cyk nk gk~zujqk yuðyuck
nl fjgþdjgl jnz`k~cvl $" `ujcl pju ylppävjb cbzp~uku kp `lgpcnjukèújp hjukcp
k`cdk kyujpjg~knkp `ld l `kpl nk jnz`kèàl jp`lbku' Jp~j j}jdybl ykuj`j$dj
bjhä~cdl ylu{zj k yuðyuck cgp~c~z`clgkbcqkèàl nl yjnkhðhc`l k~ukvãp nk jp`lbk
ã zd cgnä`cl nk jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl" zdk vjq {zj" pj k jnz`kèàl gàl
flppj nl~knk nj cnjg~cnknj yuðyuck" pjuck cdylppävjb k pzk cgp~c~z`clgkbcqkèàl'
Gjppj pjg~cnl" k jp`lbk `lgfchzuk zdk pc~zkèàl yucvcbjhcknk" k yku~cu nk {zkb
pj ylnj nj~j`~ku k ncdjgpàl yjnkhðhc`k {zj pzepcp~j gl cg~juclu nk yuë~c`k
pl`ckb hblekb'
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;> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Yjèl" ylcp" bc`jgèk ykuk ujkyujpjg~ku k{zc kp `lgpcnjukèújp {zj fcq jd
Lbcgnk" ylu l`kpcàl nl CCC Jg`lg~ul Gk`clgkb nl Yulhukdk Kbfk -J gyk#' Kbc"
kl ~uk~ku nl ykyjb nk jp`lbk eëpc`k" yku~c nl pjhzcg~j yucg`äycl1 k jp`lbk ã zdk
cgp~c~zcèàl `zal ykyjb `lgpcp~j gk pl`ckbcqkèàl nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl'Vjakd ejd1 jz ncppj pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl? gàl pj ~uk~k" ylcp" nj {zkb{zju
~cyl nj pkeju' Ylu~kg~l" k jp`lbk ncq ujpyjc~l kl `lgmj`cdjg~l jbkeluknl j gàl
kl `lgmj`cdjg~l jpylg~ågjl? kl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl j gàl kl pkeju fukhdjg¤
~knl? é `zb~zuk juznc~k j gàl é `zb~zuk ylyzbku'
Jd pzdk" k jp`lbk ~jd k vju `ld l yulebjdk nk `cág`ck' @ld jfjc~l"
`cág`ck ã j}k~kdjg~j l pkeju dj~ðnc`l" pcp~jdk~cqknl' K jppj ujpyjc~l" ã cbzp¤
~uk~cvl l dlnl `ldl lp hujhlp `lgpcnjukvkd jppk {zjp~àl' Jd hujhl" ~jdlp
nl pjgpl `ldzd" l `lgmj`cdjg~l jpylg~ågjl bchknl ncuj~kdjg~j é j}yjucág¤
`ck `l~cnckgk" zd `bkul$jp`zul" dcp~l nj vjunknj j nj juul' Plfck ã k pkejnluck
fzgnknk gzdk blghk j}yjucág`ck nk vcnk' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj pj ncq {zj lp
vjbmlp pàl pëeclp j {zj lp alvjgp njvjd lzvcu pjzp `lgpjbmlp' Fcgkbdjg~j"
jycp~jdj pchgcfc`k `cág`ck" cp~l ã" l `lgmj`cdjg~l dj~ðnc`l j pcp~jdk~cqknl'
@lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" pj nl ylg~l nj vcp~k nk plfck zd vjbml ã pjdyuj dkcp pë¤
ecl nl {zj zd alvjd" nl ylg~l nj vcp~k nk jycp~jdj zd alvjd ylnj pju dkcppëecl nl {zj zd vjbml'
Luk" k lycgcàl" l `lgmj`cdjg~l {zj yulnzq ykbyc~jp" gàl azp~cfc`k k
j}cp~ág`ck nk jp`lbk' Nl djpdl dlnl" k pkejnluck ekpjknk gk j}yjucág`ck
nj vcnk ncpyjgpk j k~ã djpdl njpnjgmk k j}yjucág`ck jp`lbku" l {zj" cg`bzpc¤
vj" `mjhlz k `ucp~kbcqku$pj jd nc~lp ylyzbkujp `ldl1 ‒dkcp vkbj k yuë~c`k nl
{zj k hukdë~c`k— j ‒kp `uckgèkp kyujgnjd kyjpku nk jp`lbk—' Ã k j}chág`ck nj
kyulyuckèàl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l pcp~jdk~cqknl ylu yku~j nkp glvkp hjukèújp {zj
~lugk gj`jppëuck k j}cp~ág`ck nk jp`lbk'K jp`lbk j}cp~j" ylcp" ykuk yulyc`cku k k{zcpcèàl nlp cgp~uzdjg~lp {zj
ylppcecbc~kd l k`jppl kl pkeju jbkeluknl -`cág`ck#" ejd `ldl l yuðyucl k`jppl
klp uzncdjg~lp njppj pkeju' Kp k~cvcnknjp nk jp`lbk eëpc`k njvjd luhkgcqku$
pj k yku~cu njppk {zjp~àl' Pj `mkdkudlp cppl nj `zuuä`zbl" ylnjujdlp jg~àl
kfcudku {zj ã k yku~cu nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl {zj pj jp~uz~zuk l `zuuä`zbl nk
jp`lbk jbjdjg~ku' Luk" l pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl" k `zb~zuk juznc~k" ã zdk `zb~zuk
bj~uknk' Nkä {zj k yucdjcuk j}chág`ck ykuk l k`jppl k jppj ~cyl nj pkeju pjak
kyujgnju k bju j jp`ujvju' Kbãd ncppl" ã yuj`cpl `lgmj`ju ~kdeãd k bcghzkhjdnlp gñdjulp" k bcghzkhjd nk gk~zujqk j k bcghzkhjd nk pl`cjnknj' Jp~ë kä l
`lg~jñnl fzgnkdjg~kb nk jp`lbk jbjdjg~ku1 bju" jp`ujvju" `lg~ku" lp uzncdjg~lp
nkp `cág`ckp gk~zukcp j nkp `cág`ckp pl`ckcp -mcp~ðuck j hjlhukfck#'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;:
K jppk kb~zuk vl`áp ylnjd jp~ku kfcudkgnl1 dkp cppl ã l ðevcl' J}k~k¤
djg~j" ã l ðevcl' J `ldl ã fuj{zjg~j k`lg~j`ju `ld ~znl l {zj ã ðevcl" jbj
k`kek pjgnl jp{zj`cnl lz l`zb~kgnl" gk pzk kykujg~j pcdybc`cnknj" yulebjdkp
{zj jp`kykd é glppk k~jgèàl' Jppj jp{zj`cdjg~l j jppk l`zb~kèàl k`kekd ylu
gjz~ukbcqku lp jfjc~lp nk jp`lbk gl yul`jppl nj njdl`uk~cqkèàl'
Vjakdlp l yulebjdk aë k yku~cu nk yuðyuck glèàl nj `zuuä`zbl' Nj zgp
~jdylp ykuk `ë" ncppjdcglz$pj k cnjck nj {zj `zuuä`zbl ã l `lgazg~l nkp k~cvc¤
nknjp njpjgvlbvcnkp yjbk jp`lbk' Ylu~kg~l" `zuuä`zbl ncfjujg`ck$pj nj yulhukdk
lz nj jbjg`l nj ncp`cybcgkp? pjhzgnl jppk k`jyèàl" `zuuä`zbl ã ~znl l {zj k
jp`lbk fkq? kppcd" gàl fkuck pjg~cnl fkbku jd k~cvcnknjp j}~uk`zuuc`zbkujp' Uj¤
`jg~jdjg~j" fzc bjvknl k `luuchcu jppk njfcgcèàl k`ujp`jg~kgnl$bmj l knaj~cvl
‒gz`bjkujp—' @ld jppk uj~cfc`kèàl" k njfcgcèàl" yulvcpluckdjg~j" ykppkuck k pju
k pjhzcg~j1 `zuuä`zbl ã l `lgazg~l nkp k~cvcnknjp gz`bjkujp njpjgvlbvcnkp yjbk
jp`lbk' J ylu {zj cp~l< Ylu{zj pj ~znl l {zj k`lg~j`j gk jp`lbk ã `zuuä`zbl" pj
pj kykhk k ncfjujgèk jg~uj `zuuc`zbku j j}~uk`zuuc`zbku" jg~àl ~znl k`kek kn¤
{zcucgnl l djpdl yjpl? j keuj$pj `kdcgml ykuk ~lnk plu~j nj ~juhcvjupkèújp"
cgvjupújp j `lgfzpújp {zj ~judcgkd ylu njp`kuk`~jucqku l ~ukekbml jp`lbku'
@ld cppl" fk`cbdjg~j" l pj`zgnëucl ylnj ~ldku l bzhku nk{zcbl {zj ã yucg¤
`cykb" njpbl`kgnl$pj" jd `lgpj{zág`ck" ykuk l ådec~l nl k`jppðucl k{zjbkp
k~cvcnknjp {zj `lgp~c~zjd k ukqàl nj pju nk jp`lbk' Gàl ã njdkcp bjdeuku {zj
jppj fjgþdjgl ylnj pju fk`cbdjg~j lepjuvknl gl nck k nck nkp jp`lbkp' Nlz
kyjgkp zd j}jdybl1 l kgl bj~cvl `ldjèk gk pjhzgnk {zcgqjgk nj fjvjujcul
j aë jd dkuèl ~jdlp k Pjdkgk nk Ujvlbzèàl5? jd pjhzcnk" k Pjdkgk Pkg~k?
njylcp" k Pjdkgk nl Ägncl" Pjdkgk nkp Dàjp" kp Fjp~kp Azgcgkp" k Pjdkgk nl
Plbnknl" Pjdkgk nl Flb`bluj" Pjdkgk nk Yë~uck" Alhlp nk Yucdkvjuk" Pjdkgk
nk @uckgèk" Pjdkgk nk Kpk j~`'" j gjppj dldjg~l aë jp~kdlp jd glvjdeul'
L kgl bj~cvl jg`juuk$pj j jp~kdlp nckg~j nk pjhzcg~j `lgp~k~kèàl1 fjq$pj nj
~znl gk jp`lbk? jg`lg~ulz$pj ~jdyl ykuk ~lnk jpyã`cj nj `ldjdlukèàl" dkpdzc~l ylz`l ~jdyl flc njp~cgknl kl yul`jppl nj ~ukgpdcppàl$kppcdcbkèàl
nj `lgmj`cdjg~lp pcp~jdk~cqknlp' Cp~l {zju ncqju {zj pj yjunjz nj vcp~k k
k~cvcnknj gz`bjku nk jp`lbk" cp~l ã" k ~ukgpdcppàl nlp cgp~uzdjg~lp nj k`jppl
kl pkeju jbkeluknl'
à yuj`cpl" ylcp" fc`ku `bkul {zj kp k~cvcnknjp ncp~cg~cvkp nkp pjdkgkp kg¤
~jucludjg~j jgzdjuknkp pàl pj`zgnëuckp j gàl jppjg`ckcp é jp`lbk' Jg{zkg~l
~kcp" pàl j}~uk`zuuc`zbkujp j pð ~ád pjg~cnl pj yznjujd jguc{zj`ju kp k~cvcnknjp
5 K ujfjuág`ck ã é Ujvlbzèàl nj ;36>" ylcp jppj ~j}~l flc jp`uc~l jd ;3=0" {zkgnl kcgnk jp~kvkjd vchlu l ujhcdj dcbc~ku' Mlaj -5990#" gàl më dkcp jppk `ldjdlukèàl" dkp kp lz~ukp kcgnk
yjupcp~jd -gl~k nk =k jncèàl#'
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;6 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
`zuuc`zbkujp yuðyuckp nk jp`lbk" gàl njvjgnl jd mcyð~jpj kbhzdk yujaznc`ë$bkp
lz pzep~c~zä$bkp' Nkp `lgpcnjukèújp fjc~kp" ujpzb~k cdylu~kg~j dkg~ju k ncfj¤
ujg`ckèàl jg~uj k~cvcnknjp `zuuc`zbkujp j j}~uk`zuuc`zbkujp" aë {zj jp~k ã zdk
dkgjcuk nj gàl yjunjudlp nj vcp~k k ncp~cgèàl jg~uj l {zj ã yucg`cykb j l {zj
ã pj`zgnëucl'Jppk {zjp~àl ~jd njpnleukdjg~lp kcgnk nj lz~ukp lunjgp' Kppcd" ylu
j}jdybl" jd gldj njppj `lg`jc~l kdybcknl nj `zuuä`zbl" k jp`lbk ~luglz$
pj zd dju`knl nj ~ukekbml ncpyz~knäppcdl yjblp dkcp ncfjujg~jp ~cylp nj
yulfcppclgkcp -gz~uc`clgcp~kp" njg~cp~kp" flglkzncðblhlp" ypc`ðblhlp" ku~cp~kp"
kppcp~jg~jp pl`ckcp j~`'#" j zdk glvk cgvjupàl lyjuk$pj' Nj khág`ck njp~cgknk k
k~jgnju l cg~jujppj nk ylyzbkèàl yjbl k`jppl kl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl" k jp`lbk
ykppk k pju zdk khág`ck k pjuvcèl nj cg~jujppjp `luyluk~cvcp~kp lz `bcjg~jbcp~kp'J gjz~ukbcqk$pj" dkcp zdk vjq" khluk ylu lz~ul `kdcgml" l pjz ykyjb gl yul¤
`jppl nj njdl`uk~cqkèàl'
K jp~k kb~zuk ã gj`jppëucl `ldjg~ku kcgnk zdk ylppävjb leajèàl1 k~ã {zj
ylg~l jppk `lg`jyèàl {zj jp~lz j}ylgnl gàl `lgfchzuk zdk yulylp~k yjnkhð¤
hc`k ~uknc`clgkb< [zju$pj `ld cppl vlb~ku é vjbmk jp`lbk" aë ~àl j}kzp~cvkdjg~j
`uc~c`knk< J lgnj fc`k k `uck~cvcnknj" k cgc`ck~cvk nlp kbzglp" l jgpcgl k~cvl< ^kb
leajèàl ã cgjvc~ëvjb é{zjbjp jnz`knlujp {zj flukd nj kbhzd dlnl cgfbzjg¤
`cknlp yjbl dlvcdjg~l nk Jp`lbk Glvk' J gðp pkejdlp {zj jppj dlvcdjg~l"gl gävjb nl cnjëucl" ~jvj hukgnj yjgj~ukèàl jd glppl ykäp'
Ykuk jg`kdcgmku k ujpylp~k é leajèàl k`cdk fludzbknk" ykuj`j$dj ñ~cb
uj`lunku k{zc zdk ykppkhjd nj Hukdp`c" jp`uc~k gk djpdk ãyl`k jd {zj
gl Eukpcb pj bkgèkvk l Dkgcfjp~l nlp Yclgjculp nk Jnz`kèàl Glvk -;305#'
Jp`ujvjz jbj1
Njvj$pj ncp~cghzcu jg~uj jp`lbk `ucknluk j jp`lbk k~cvk" djpdl gk
fludk nknk yjbl dã~lnl Nkb~lg' ^lnk jp`lbk zgc~ëuck ã jp`lbk k~cvk" pj ejd {zj pjak gj`jppëucl bcdc~ku kp cnjlblhckp bceju~ëuckp gjp~j `kdyl
_'''T' Kcgnk pj jp~ë gk fkpj uldåg~c`k nk jp`lbk k~cvk" gk {zkb lp jbjdjg~lp
nk bz~k `lg~uk k jp`lbk dj`ågc`k j ajpzä~c`k pj ncbk~kukd dluecnkdjg~j
ylu `kzpk nl `lg~ukp~j j nk ylbádc`k1 ã gj`jppëucl jg~uku gk fkpj ‒`bëppc¤
`k—" uk`clgkb" jg`lg~ukgnl glp fcgp k k~cghcu k flg~j gk~zukb ykuk jbkeluku
lp dã~lnlp j kp fludkp _Hukdp`c" ;36=" y' ;5>T'
Ép vjqjp dj në k cdyujppàl nj {zj" ykppknlp dkcp nj `cg{zjg~k kglp"`lg~cgzkdlp kcgnk gk fkpj uldåg~c`k' Gàl jg~ukdlp gk fkpj `bëppc`k' J l
{zj ã k fkpj `bëppc`k< Ã k fkpj jd {zj l`luujz zdk njyzukèàl" pzyjukgnl$pj
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;8
lp jbjdjg~lp yuðyuclp nk `lgazg~zuk ylbádc`k j uj`zyjukgnl$pj k{zcbl {zj
~jd `kuë~ju yjudkgjg~j" cp~l ã" {zj ujpcp~cz klp jdek~jp nl ~jdyl' @bëppc`l"
jd vjunknj" ã l {zj ujpcp~cz kl ~jdyl' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj pj fkbk gk `zb~zuk
huj`l$uldkgk `ldl `bëppc`k" {zj Okg~ j Mjhjb pàl `bëppc`lp nk fcblplfck" Vc`~lu
Mzhl ã zd `bëppc`l nk bc~juk~zuk zgcvjupkb" Hzcdkuàjp Ulpk zd `bëppc`l nk
bc~juk~zuk eukpcbjcuk j~`'
Luk" `bëppc`l gk jp`lbk ã k ~ukgpdcppàl$kppcdcbkèàl nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqk¤
nl' Jp~j ã l fcd k k~cghcu' Ã kä {zj `kej jg`lg~uku k flg~j gk~zukb ykuk jbkeluku
lp dã~lnlp j kp fludkp nj luhkgcqkèàl nl `lgazg~l nkp k~cvcnknjp nk jp`lbk"
cp~l ã" nl `zuuä`zbl' J k{zc gðp ylnjdlp uj`zyjuku l `lg`jc~l keukghjg~j nj
`zuuä`zbl1 luhkgcqkèàl nl `lgazg~l nkp k~cvcnknjp gz`bjkujp ncp~ucezänkp gl
jpykèl j ~jdyl jp`lbkujp' Zd `zuuä`zbl ã" ylcp" zdk jp`lbk fzg`clgkgnl" {zju
ncqju" zdk jp`lbk njpjdyjgmkgnl k fzgèàl {zj bmj ã yuðyuck'
Vá$pj" kppcd" {zj ykuk j}cp~cu k jp`lbk gàl ekp~k k j}cp~ág`ck nl pkeju
pcp~jdk~cqknl' Ã gj`jppëucl vckecbcqku kp `lgncèújp nj pzk ~ukgpdcppàl j kp¤
pcdcbkèàl' Cppl cdybc`k nlpë$bl j pj{zjg`cë$bl nj dlnl {zj k `uckgèk ykppj
huknk~cvkdjg~j nl pjz gàl nldägcl kl pjz nldägcl' Luk" l pkeju nlpknl j
pj{zjg`cknl ykuk jfjc~lp nj pzk ~ukgpdcppàl$kppcdcbkèàl gl jpykèl jp`lbku"
kl blghl nj zd ~jdyl nj~judcgknl" ã l {zj gðp `lgvjg`clgkdlp `mkdku nj ‒pkeju jp`lbku—'
^jgnl `bkul {zj ã l fcd k k~cghcu {zj nj~judcgk lp dã~lnlp j yul`jpplp
nj jgpcgl$kyujgncqkhjd" `ldyujjgnj$pj l j{zävl`l nk Jp`lbk Glvk jd ujbk¤
èàl kl yulebjdk nk k~cvcnknj j nk `uck~cvcnknj' @ld jfjc~l" k `uä~c`k kl jgpcgl
~uknc`clgkb juk azp~k" gk djncnk jd {zj jppj jgpcgl yjunjz nj vcp~k lp fcgp"
~lugkgnl dj`ågc`lp j vkqclp nj pjg~cnl lp `lg~jñnlp {zj ~ukgpdc~ck' K yku~cu
nkä" k Jp`lbk Glvk ~jgnjz k `bkppcfc`ku ~lnk ~ukgpdcppàl nj `lg~jñnl `ldl
dj`ågc`k j ~lnl dj`kgcpdl `ldl kg~c`uck~cvl" kppcd `ldl ~lnl kz~ldk~cpdl
`ldl gjhkèàl nk bcejunknj'
Jg~uj~kg~l" ã yuj`cpl jg~jgnju {zj l kz~ldk~cpdl ã `lgncèàl nk bceju¤
nknj j {zj gàl ã ylppävjb pju `uck~cvl pjd nldcgku nj~judcgknlp dj`kgcpdlp'
Cp~l l`luuj `ld l kyujgncqknl glp dkcp ncfjujg~jp gävjcp j `ld l j}ju`ä`cl nj
k~cvcnknjp ~kdeãd kp dkcp ncvjupkp' Kppcd" ylu j}jdybl" ykuk pj kyujgnju k
ncuchcu kz~ldðvjb ã yuj`cpl ujyj~cu `lgp~kg~jdjg~j lp djpdlp k~lp k~ã pj fk¤
dcbckucqku `ld jbjp' Njylcp aë gàl pjuë gj`jppëuck k ujyj~cèàl `lgp~kg~j' Djpdl
pj jpyluknc`kdjg~j" yuk~c`kd$pj jppjp k~lp `ld njpjgvlb~zuk" `ld fk`cbcnknj'
Jg~uj~kg~l" gl yul`jppl nj kyujgncqkhjd" ~kcp k~lp" kykujg~jdjg~j pcdybjp"j}chckd ukqlëvjb `lg`jg~ukèàl j jpfluèl k~ã {zj flppjd fc}knlp j ykppkppjd k
pju j}ju`cnlp" ylu kppcd ncqju" kz~ldk~c`kdjg~j' Ylu j}jdybl" ykuk pj dznku
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;= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
k dku`mk `ld l `kuul jd dlvcdjg~l" ã gj`jppëucl k`clgku k kbkvkg`k `ld
k dàl ncujc~k pjd pj njp`zcnku nl vlbkg~j" {zj pjuë `lg~ulbknl `ld k dàl
jp{zjunk" kl djpdl ~jdyl {zj pj yujppclgk k jdeujkhjd `ld l yã jp{zjunlj" `lg`ldc~kg~jdjg~j" uj~cuk$pj l yã ncujc~l nl k`jbjuknlu' K `lg`jg~ukèàl nk
k~jgèàl j}chcnk ykuk ujkbcqku k pcg`ulgck njppjp dlvcdjg~lp kepluvj ~lnkp kp
jgjuhckp' Ylu cppl l kyujgncq gàl ã bcvuj kl ncuchcu' Gl bcdc~j" jz ncuck djpdl
{zj jbj ã jp`ukvl nlp k~lp {zj ~jd {zj yuk~c`ku' Jbj gàl lp nldcgk" dkp" kl
`lg~uëucl" ã nldcgknl ylu jbjp' K bcejunknj pð pjuë k~cghcnk {zkgnl lp k~lp
flujd nldcgknlp' J cp~l l`luuj gl dldjg~l jd {zj lp dj`kgcpdlp flujd
fc}knlp' Ylu~kg~l" ylu ykuknl}kb {zj ykujèk" ã j}k~kdjg~j {zkgnl pj k~cghj l
gävjb jd {zj lp k~lp pàl yuk~c`knlp kz~ldk~c`kdjg~j {zj pj hkgmk `lgncèújp
nj pj j}ju`ju" `ld bcejunknj" k k~cvcnknj {zj `ldyujjgnj lp ujfjucnlp k~lp'
Jg~àl" k k~jgèàl bceju~k$pj" gàl pjgnl dkcp gj`jppëucl ~jdk~cqku `knk k~l' Gjppj
dldjg~l" ã ylppävjb gàl kyjgkp ncuchcu bcvujdjg~j" dkp ~kdeãd pju `uck~cvl
gl j}ju`ä`cl njppk k~cvcnknj' J pð pj `mjhk k jppj ylg~l {zkgnl l yul`jppl nj
kyujgncqkhjd" jg{zkg~l ~kb" `ldybj~lz$pj' Ylu cppl" ã ylppävjb kfcudku {zj l
kyujgncq" gl j}ju`ä`cl nk{zjbk k~cvcnknj {zj ã l leaj~l nj kyujgncqkhjd" gzg`k
ã bcvuj' [zkgnl jbj flu `kykq nj j}ju`á$bk bcvujdjg~j" gjppj j}k~l dldjg~l jbj
njc}lz nj pju kyujgncq' Kp `lgpcnjukèújp pzyuk ylnjd pju kybc`knkp jd lz~ulp
nldägclp" `ldl" ylu j}jdybl" kyujgnju k ~l`ku zd cgp~uzdjg~l dzpc`kb j~`'
Luk" jppj fjgþdjgl jp~ë yujpjg~j ~kdeãd gl yul`jppl nj kyujgncqkhjd
k~ukvãp nl {zkb pj në k kppcdcbkèàl nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl" `ldl l cbzp~uk"
nj dlnl jbl{zjg~j" l j}jdybl nk kbfkej~cqkèàl' ^kdeãd k{zc ã gj`jppëucl
nldcgku lp dj`kgcpdlp yuðyuclp nk bcghzkhjd jp`uc~k' ^kdeãd k{zc ã yuj¤
`cpl fc}ku `ju~lp kz~ldk~cpdlp" cg`luyluë$blp" cp~l ã" ~lugë$blp yku~j nj glppl
`luyl" nj glppl luhkgcpdl" cg~jhuë$blp jd glppl yuðyucl pju' Nldcgknkp kp
fludkp eëpc`kp" k bjc~zuk j k jp`uc~k ylnjd fbzcu `ld pjhzukgèk j njpjgvlb~zuk'
É djncnk {zj pj vkc bceju~kgnl nlp kpyj`~lp dj`ågc`lp" l kbfkej~cqkgnl ylnj"
yulhujppcvkdjg~j" cu `lg`jg~ukgnl `knk vjq dkcp pzk k~jgèàl gl `lg~jñnl"
cp~l ã" gl pchgcfc`knl nk{zcbl {zj ã bcnl lz jp`uc~l' Gl~j$pj {zj pj bceju~ku"
k{zc" gàl ~jd l pjg~cnl nj pj bcvuku" {zju ncqju" kekgnlgku" njc}ku nj bknl
lp nc~lp kpyj`~lp dj`ågc`lp' K bceju~kèàl pð pj në ylu{zj ~kcp kpyj`~lp fl¤
ukd kyulyucknlp" nldcgknlp j cg~jugkbcqknlp" ykppkgnl" jd `lgpj{zág`ck" k
lyjuku gl cg~juclu nj glppk yuðyuck jp~uz~zuk luhågc`k' Ylnju$pj$ck ncqju {zj
l {zj l`luuj" gjppj `kpl" ã zdk pzyjukèàl gl pjg~cnl nckbã~c`l nk ykbkvuk'
Lp kpyj`~lp dj`ågc`lp flukd gjhknlp ylu cg`luylukèàl j gàl ylu j}`bzpàl'
Flukd pzyjuknlp ylu{zj gjhknlp jg{zkg~l jbjdjg~lp j}~juglp j kfcudknlp
`ldl jbjdjg~lp cg~juglp'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;3
L yul`jppl njp`uc~l cgnc`k {zj pð pj kyujgnj" nj fk~l" {zkgnl pj kn{zcuj
zd mkec~zp" cp~l ã" zdk ncpylpcèàl yjudkgjg~j" lz" nc~l nj lz~uk fludk" {zkg¤
nl l leaj~l nj kyujgncqkhjd pj `lgvju~j gzdk jpyã`cj nj pjhzgnk gk~zujqk'J cppl j}chj ~jdyl j jpfluèlp ylu vjqjp cghjg~jp' K j}yujppàl pjhzgnk gk~zujqk
ykuj`j$dj pzhjp~cvk azp~kdjg~j ylu{zj gðp" {zj pkejdlp bju j jp`ujvju" ~jg¤
njdlp k `lgpcnjuku jppjp k~lp `ldl gk~zukcp' Gðp lp yuk~c`kdlp `ld ~kdk¤
gmk gk~zukbcnknj {zj pj{zju `lgpjhzcdlp glp cdkhcgku njpyulvcnlp njppkp
`kuk`~juäp~c`kp' ^jdlp djpdl ncfc`zbnknj jd glp uj`lunku nl yjuälnl jd {zj
ãukdlp kgkbfkej~lp' Kp `lcpkp k`lg~j`jd `ldl pj pj ~uk~kppj nj zdk mkecbcnknj
gk~zukb j jpylg~ågjk' J gl jg~kg~l ~uk~k$pj nj zdk mkecbcnknj kn{zcucnk j"
fucpj$pj" gàl nj dlnl jpylg~ågjl' K jppk mkecbcnknj pð pj ylnj `mjhku ylu zd yul`jppl njbcejuknl j pcp~jdë~c`l' Ylu kä pj ylnj yju`jeju ylu {zj l djbmlu
jp`uc~lu gàl pjuë" kyjgkp ylu jppj fk~l" l djbmlu kbfkej~cqknlu' Zd hukgnj
jp`uc~lu k~cghcz ~kb nldägcl nk bäghzk {zj ~juë ncfc`zbnknj jd `ldyujjgnju
lp yju`kbèlp nj zd kbfkej~cqkgnl nckg~j nj lep~ë`zblp {zj" ykuk jbj" cgj}cp$
~jd lz" {zkgnl dzc~l" gàl ykppkd nj eucg`knjcuk nj `uckgèk' Ykuk {zj jbj pj
`lgvju~k gzd eld kbfkej~cqknlu" pjuë gj`jppëucl kbcku kl nldägcl nk bäghzk
l nldägcl nl yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l cgncpyjgpëvjb ykuk pj ykppku nk `lgncèàl
nj kgkbfkej~l é `lgncèàl nj kbfkej~cqknl' @ld jfjc~l" pjgnl zd yul`jppl nj¤bcejuknl j pcp~jdë~c`l" jbj njvjuë pju luhkgcqknl' L `zuuä`zbl njvjuë ~uknzqcu
jppk luhkgcqkèàl ncpylgnl l ~jdyl" lp khjg~jp j lp cgp~uzdjg~lp gj`jppëuclp
ykuk {zj lp jpfluèlp nl kbfkej~cqkgnl pjakd `lulknlp nj á}c~l'
Kn{zcucu zd mkec~zp pchgcfc`k `ucku zdk pc~zkèàl cuujvjupävjb' Ykuk cppl"
yluãd" ã yuj`cpl ~ju cgpcp~ág`ck j yjupcp~ág`ck? fkq$pj dcp~ju ujyj~cu dzc~kp vjqjp
nj~judcgknlp k~lp k~ã {zj jbjp pj fc}jd' Gàl ã" ylcp" ylu k`kpl {zj k nzukèàl
nk jp`lbk yucdëuck ã fc}knk jd ~lnlp lp ykäpjp jd yjbl djglp {zk~ul kglp' Cppl
cgnc`k {zj jppj ~jdyl ã l dägcdl cgncpyjgpëvjb' Ylnj$pj `mjhku k `lgpjhzcu
nj`cfuku k jp`uc~k" k uj`lgmj`ju lp `ðnchlp jd zd kgl" kppcd `ldl `ld kbhz¤
dkp bcèújp yuë~c`kp pjuë ylppävjb ncuchcu zd kz~ldðvjb' Dkp nl djpdl dlnl
{zj k cg~juuzyèàl" l kekgnlgl nl vlbkg~j kg~jp {zj pj `ldybj~j k kyujgnc¤
qkhjd nj~judcgkuë zdk ujvjupàl" ~kdeãd cppl l`luuj `ld l kyujgncqknl nk
bjc~zuk' Cgvjupkdjg~j" `ldybj~knl l yul`jppl" kn{zcucnl l mkec~zp" k~cghcnk k
pjhzgnk gk~zujqk" k cg~juuzyèàl nk k~cvcnknj" kcgnk {zj ylu blghl ~jdyl" gàl
k`kuuj~k k ujvjupàl' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" pj ã ylppävjb pzylu" gk jp`lbk eëpc`k"
{zj k cnjg~cfc`kèàl j l uj`lgmj`cdjg~l nlp dj`kgcpdlp jbjdjg~kujp ylppkd
l`luuju gl yucdjcul kgl" k fc}kèàl njppjp dj`kgcpdlp pzyúj zdk `lg~cgzcnknj
{zj pj jp~jgnj ylu yjbl djglp dkcp ~uáp kglp' Ã cdylu~kg~j kppcgkbku {zj jppk
`lg~cgzcnknj pj nkuë k~ukvãp nl `lgazg~l nl `zuuä`zbl nk jp`lbk jbjdjg~ku'
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59 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
K `uckgèk ykppkuë k jp~znku `cág`ckp gk~zukcp" mcp~ðuck" hjlhukfck" kuc~dã~c`k
k~ukvãp nk bcghzkhjd jp`uc~k" cp~l ã" bjgnl j jp`ujvjgnl nj dlnl pcp~jdë~c`l'
Në$pj" kppcd" l pjz cghujppl gl zgcvjupl bj~uknl' Jd pzdk" yjbk djnckèàl nkjp`lbk" k`lg~j`j k ykppkhjd nl pkeju jpylg~ågjl kl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl" nk
`zb~zuk ylyzbku é `zb~zuk juznc~k' @zdyuj kppcgkbku" ~kdeãd k{zc" {zj pj ~uk~k
nj zd dlvcdjg~l nckbã~c`l" cp~l ã" k kèàl jp`lbku yjudc~j {zj pj k`ujp`jg~jd
glvkp nj~judcgkèújp {zj jguc{zj`jd kp kg~juclujp j jp~kp" ylu~kg~l" nj fludk
kbhzdk pàl j}`bzänkp' Kppcd" l k`jppl é `zb~zuk juznc~k ylppcecbc~k k kyulyuckèàl
nj glvkp fludkp ylu djcl nkp {zkcp pj ylnjd j}yujppku lp yuðyuclp `lg~jñnlp
nl pkeju ylyzbku' @kej" ylcp" gàl yjunju nj vcp~k l `kuë~ju njucvknl nk `zb~zuk
juznc~k jd ujbkèàl é `zb~zuk ylyzbku" `zak yucdkqck gàl ã njp~ulgknk' Pjgnlzdk nj~judcgkèàl {zj pj k`ujp`jg~k" k ujp~ucèàl nl k`jppl é `zb~zuk juznc~k
`lgfjucuë é{zjbjp {zj njbk pj kyulyuckd zdk pc~zkèàl nj yucvcbãhcl" zdk vjq
{zj l kpyj`~l ylyzbku gàl bmjp ã jp~ukgml' K uj`äyul`k" yluãd" gàl ã vjunk¤
njcuk1 lp djdeulp nk ylyzbkèàl dkuhcgkbcqknlp nk `zb~zuk bj~uknk ~jgnjuàl
k jg`kuë$bk `ldl zdk yl~ág`ck jp~ukgmk {zj lp njpkudk j nldcgk'
L {zj aë flc nc~l k{zc k ujpyjc~l nk jp`lbk" jd {zj pleujppkc l kpyj`~l uj¤
bk~cvl kl `lgmj`cdjg~l jbkeluknl -`cág`ck#" ykuj`j$dj pju vëbcnl ~kdeãd ykuk
lz~ukp dlnkbcnknjp nk yuë~c`k yjnkhðhc`k" vlb~knkp yuj`cyzkdjg~j ykuk lz~ulp
kpyj`~lp" ~kcp `ldl l njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk vkblucqkèàl j pcdelbcqkèàl'
Jd `lg`bzpàl1 k `ldyujjgpàl nk gk~zujqk nk jnz`kèàl jg{zkg~l zd
~ukekbml gàl dk~juckb" `zal yulnz~l gàl pj pjykuk nl k~l nj yulnzèàl" yjudc~j$
glp pc~zku k jpyj`cfc`cnknj nj jnz`kèàl `ldl ujfjucnk klp `lgmj`cdjg~lp"
cnjckp" `lg`jc~lp" vkblujp" k~c~znjp" mëec~lp" pädelblp ple l kpyj`~l nj jbjdjg~lp
gj`jppëuclp é fludkèàl nk mzdkgcnknj jd `knk cgncvänzl pcghzbku" gk flu¤
dk nj zdk pjhzgnk gk~zujqk" {zj pj yulnzq" njbcejuknk j cg~jg`clgkbdjg~j"
k~ukvãp nj ujbkèújp yjnkhðhc`kp mcp~luc`kdjg~j nj~judcgknkp {zj pj ~ukvkd
jg~uj lp mldjgp'
K yku~cu nkä pj keuj ~kdeãd k yjupyj`~cvk nk jpyj`cfc`cnknj nlp jp~z¤
nlp yjnkhðhc`lp -`cág`ck nk jnz`kèàl# {zj" ncfjujg~jdjg~j nkp `cág`ckp nk
gk~zujqk -yujl`zyknkp `ld k cnjg~cfc`kèàl nlp fjgþdjglp gk~zukcp# j nkp
`cág`ckp mzdkgkp -yujl`zyknkp `ld k cnjg~cfc`kèàl nlp fjgþdjglp `zb~zukcp#"
yujl`zyk$pj `ld k cnjg~cfc`kèàl nlp jbjdjg~lp gk~zukcp j `zb~zukcp gj`jppëuclp
é `lgp~c~zcèàl nk mzdkgcnknj jd `knk pju mzdkgl j é njp`leju~k nkp fludkp
knj{zknkp ykuk pj k~cghcu jppj leaj~cvl'
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5
@ldyj~ág`ck Ylbä~c`k j @ldyuldcppl ^ã`gc`l
-L YLDL NK NCP@ÐUNCK J L FUZ^L YULCECNL#!
ku~chl nj Yklbl Glpjbbk" ‒L `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l `ldl mlucqlg~j nk
`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k—" yzebc`knl gk ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj g' ;>"
`ldjèk ylu ujhcp~uku ‒kbhzdkp yjuybj}cnknjp— pzp`c~knkp yjbk bjc~zuk nl bcvul
nj Hzcldku Gkdl nj Djbbl" Dkhcp~ãucl nj ;¹ hukz1 nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l'
Nj dcgmk yku~j" `lgfjppl {zj ~kdeãd vjgml pjgnl ~ldknl ylu kbhz¤
dk yjuybj}cnknj nckg~j nk ylbádc`k {zj l ujfjucnl bcvul vjd `kzpkgnl j" jdjpyj`ckb" ylu zdk `ju~k ncujèàl ~ldknk yjbk ylbádc`k' Jd ukqàl ncppl" aë më
kbhzd ~jdyl vcgmk pjg~cgnl njpjal nj cg~jufjucu gjppj njek~j'
K yzebc`kèàl nl ku~chl nl Yklbl lfjuj`jz k dcd l fjbcq jgpjal ykuk
dkgcfjp~ku$dj' Fjbcq ylu{zj kdelp" Hzcldku j Yklbl" cg~jhukukd k djpdk
~zudk nj nlz~luknl jd jnz`kèàl nk YZ@$PY j kdelp ~cvjukd pzkp ~jpjp ylu
dcd lucjg~knkp' @knk ~ukekbml juk cdycjnlpkdjg~j ncp`z~cnl gl huzyl j
njppj yul`jppl fjq yku~j k ~jpj nk Hzcldku {zj njz luchjd kl bcvul jd ykz~k'
Kcgnk ylu zdk `lcg`cnág`ck" kdelp" Yklbl j Hzcldku" njfjgnjukd pzkp ~jpjpgl djpdl nck 56 nj azgml nj ;3=;'
Pj ~ukhl k yñebc`l jppkp cgfludkèújp ã ylu{zj dj ykuj`j {zj jbkp yl¤
njd kaznku k njpfkqju zdk cdkhjd j{zcvl`knk {zj" ylu vjqjp" lp ku~chlp
ylbádc`lp yulvl`kd glp bjc~lujp1 k cnjck nj {zj l kz~lu nk `uä~c`k njpkz~lucqk
l kz~lu `uc~c`knl" `lbl`k$pj jd `kdyl lylp~l j njfcgj$pj `ldl pjz knvjupëuclujgc~jg~j'
Vjal `ld pk~cpfkèàl {zj" `ld jppk cgc`ck~cvk" l Yklbl yulppjhzj j dkg¤
~ãd" khluk k~ukvãp nj zd ðuhàl nj lycgcàl yñebc`k gl `kdyl jnz`k`clgkb" l
djpdl jpyäuc~l nlp njek~jp {zj ~ukvëvkdlp gl cg~juclu nl huzyl' Kbcëp" ~kb
! Yzebc`knl kg~jucludjg~j gk ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj" @lu~jq,@JNJP" g' ;:";3=0" yy' ;;;$;>0'
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55 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
cgc`ck~cvk aë mkvck pcnl ~ldknk kg~jp" ylu djcl njppj djpdl vjä`zbl nj `ldz¤
gc`kèàl" ylu @kublp Uleju~l Akdcb @zus j Bzcq Kg~lgcl @zgmk" {zj ~kdeãd
cg~jhukvkd k{zjbk yucdjcuk ~zudk nj nlz~luknl;
'Kl cg~jufjucu gl njek~j" fkèl$l" ylcp" njg~ul nl djpdl jpyäuc~l {zj"
ylu pcgkb" `lg~cgzk kbcdjg~kgnl k jbkelukèàl nkp ~jpjp jd njpjgvlbvcdjg~l
gl cg~juclu nl yulhukdk nj nlz~luknl ujfjucnl' Kppcd `ldl" gl huzyl" jz
~ldkvk ylpcèàl „ njpjgvlbvck ~kdeãd dcgmkp `uä~c`kp j `lg`lunkvk lz ncp¤
`lunkvk nkp dkgcfjp~kèújp nlp `lbjhkp$" ã gjppk djpdk bcgmk {zj kyujpjg~l
lp `ldjg~ëuclp k pjhzcu'
Kyðp bju l ku~chl nl Yklbl" k yucdjcuk yjuhzg~k {zj bmj fcq flc1 {zkb flc
l dðvjb nl ~j}~l< Jp`bkuj`jz$dj jbj {zj l ujnchcuk ykuk zd njek~j {zj pj~ukvkvk jd Pàl @kublp `ld k yujpjgèk nk Hzcldku -jdeluk" ylu cdyjncdjg~l
nj vckhjd" l yuðyucl Yklbl gàl ~jgmk yku~c`cyknl nl njek~j#'
Jppk cgfludkèàl ykuj`j$dj cdylu~kg~j" ylcp" kl pc~zku k hágjpj nl ~j}~l"
kaznk k `ldyujjgnju dkcp knj{zknkdjg~j l pjz ~ld ylbádc`l j njbcejuknk¤
djg~j yulvl`k~cvl'
Gl yujpjg~j ku~chl" yuj~jgnl `lgfulg~ku kdekp kp yjupyj`~cvkp -nk
Hzcldku j nl Yklbl#" ~jg~kgnl vjucfc`ku l hukz nj ncvjuhág`ck lz `lgvjuhág`ck
j}cp~jg~j jg~uj jbkp' Ykuk ~kg~l" yjgpl {zj l djbmlu dã~lnl ã l `ldyujjgpcvl"cp~l ã" yul`zukujc pc~zku$dj gl cg~juclu nj `knk yulylp~k nj dlnl {zj `ky~j
pcdyk~c`kdjg~j l pjz `lg~jñnl' L jp{zjdk nl ~j}~l pjuë" ylcp" l pjhzcg~j1
Gk yucdjcuk yku~j" dj jdyjgmkujc jd jvcnjg`cku k bðhc`k cg~jugk kl
yjgpkdjg~l nk Hzcldku" `ld l {zj jpyjul kfkp~ku kp `uä~c`kp zd ~kg~l kyujp¤
pknkp {zj pj bmj ~ád pcnl jgnjujèknkp'
Gk pjhzgnk yku~j" ~ukekbmkujc" `ld l djpdl jpyäuc~l" pleuj l ~j}~l nl
Yklbl' K{zc gàl pj ~uk~k nj kfkp~ku jvjg~zkcp `uä~c`kp kyujppknkp" zdk vjq {zj"
nknk k pzk yzebc`kèàl kcgnk dzc~l uj`jg~j" gàl mlzvj pj{zju ~jdyl ykuk {zjpzuhcppjd ylppävjcp dkgcfjp~kèújp `uä~c`kp nj {zkb{zju gk~zujqk' Gàl më" ylcp"
`uä~c`kp kyujppknkp k pjujd kfkp~knkp' ^uk~k$pj" cp~l pcd" nj pj jvc~ku l ucp`l nj
{zj pj jfj~zjd `uä~c`kp kyujppknkp' Nkä l `zcnknl {zj ~jujc jd `ky~ku" `ld l
dë}cdl nj cpjgèàl" l `lg~jñnl vjc`zbknl yjbl ku~chl'
Fcgkbdjg~j" gk ~ju`jcuk yku~j" jpyjul nku zdk `lg~ucezcèàl gl cg~zc~l
nj fkqju kvkgèku l njek~j" j}~ukylbkgnl kdekp kp kelunkhjgp" zb~ukykppkgnl
ylbkucqkèújp j kylg~kgnl jd ncujèàl k zdk päg~jpj pzyjuknluk'
; Vju @'U'A'@zus" ‒K yulyðpc~l nj jnz`kèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l pl`ckb gl Eukpcb—" Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj" @lu~jq,@JNJP" g' 3" ejd `ldl k ujpylp~k nj B'K'@zgmk" ‒Pleuj jnz`kèàl jnjpjgvlbvcdjg~l pl`ckb gl Eukpcb1 `uä~c`k j kz~l`uä~c`k—" Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj" g' ;9'
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; ' [ Z J D ^ J D D J N L N K @ L D Y J ^ Á G @ CK ^ Ã @ G C@ K <
Kg~jp nj jg~uku gl dãuc~l nl bcvul Dkhcp~ãucl nj ;l hukz1 nk `ldyj~ág¤
`ck ~ã`gc`k kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l -Djbbl" ;3=5#" `ujcl pju nj cg~jujppj pc~zku"
ykuk lp bjc~lujp" l `lg~jñnl hblekb nk leuk jd {zjp~àl' Cp~l" kbãd nj fk`cbc~ku
l k`ldykgmkdjg~l nj djz uk`cl`ägcl é{zjbjp bjc~lujp {zj yluvjg~zuk gàl
~jgmkd ~cnl k`jppl kl bcvul nk Hzcldku" ykuj`j$dj gj`jppëucl ~kdeãd ylu¤
{zj ~jgml gl~knl {zj vëuclp nlp `uä~c`lp {zj ~ád jghulppknl k ylbádc`k jd
~lugl njppj vjunknjcul yldl nk ncp`ðunck pj{zju pj njukd kl ~ukekbml nj bju
l ujfjucnl bcvul'
; ' ; ' K Ë u v l u j n l Y l d l n k N c p ` ð u n ck
L bcvul jp~ë jp~uz~zuknl jd pjcp `kyä~zblp' L yucdjcul" ‒K ~jluck ujvcpc$
~knk—" ã l dkcp j}~jgpl -l`zyk ylz`l dkcp nj zd ~juèl nl ~l~kb# j ~kdeãd l
dkcp cdylu~kg~j' Gjbj k kz~luk pcp~jdk~cqk k yjupyj`~cvk ~jðuc`k {zj lucjg~lz
l ~ukekbml' Pjz ~ä~zbl ã pzhjp~cvl" ylcp yuj~jgnj cgnc`ku l `kuë~ju {zj kppzdcz
gl `lgazg~l nk yjp{zcpk' @ld jfjc~l" ~kb `kyä~zbl pzuhj `ldl k j}yujppàl jbk¤
eluknk nk{zcbl {zj pjuvcuk `ldl ykgl nj fzgnl" lz djbmlu" `ldl kp bjg~jp{zj yjudc~cukd k jbk vju l {zj kykuj`j njp`uc~l glp `kyä~zblp CCC" CV j V' Jppjp
`kyä~zblp flukd ujnchcnlp kg~jucludjg~j" `ld ekpj glp cgp~uzdjg~lp ~jðuc`lp
`zak j}ybc`c~kèàl ã fjc~k gl `kyä~zbl C' Ã `ldl pj" kyðp vju nj~judcgknl leaj~l
`ld l kz}äbcl nj nj~judcgknkp bjg~jp" k kz~luk ~jgmk ~ldknl jppkp djpdkp
bjg~jp j njeuzèknl$pj pleuj jbkp ykuk njpvjgnku k pzk `lgp~c~zcèàl j j}ybc`c~ku
ylu {zj jbkp ~lugkukd ylppävjb {zj flppj vcp~l k{zcbl {zj pj vcz' Nkä l ~ä~zbl
nl `kyä~zbl1 ‒K ~jluck ujvcpc~knk—' Ã zdk uj~ldknk" jd gävjb nj zdk päg~jpj
ku~c`zbknk" nk ~jluck'Ykuk j}ybc`c~ku k ~jluck" Hzcldku yku~j nl `kuë~ju djncknlu nk jp`lbk
gl pjcl nk pl`cjnknj' Yul`jnj" jg~àl" k zdk `uä~c`k nk ~jluck nk ujyulnzèàl
gk vjupàl ujyujpjg~knk yjbk ~jluck nl pcp~jdk nj jgpcgl jg{zkg~l vclbág`ck
pcdeðbc`k nj Elzuncjz$Ykppjulg" vcpkgnl k bcdyku l `kdcgml ykuk j}ylu
pzk vcpàl nj jp`lbk" vcpàl jp~k `jg~uknk gk `k~jhluck nj djnckèàl' K~ukvãp nj
~kb yju`zupl" fludzbk pzkp yucg`cykcp mcyð~jpjp" ejd `ldl pzk ~jpj `jg~ukb"
jp`bkuj`jgnl k ujbkèàl uj`äyul`k jg~uj jppj kupjgkb `lg`jy~zkb j pjz leaj~l
nj jp~znl1 kp ujyujpjg~kèújp nl yulfjpplu nj yucdjcul hukz k ujpyjc~l nj pzk
yuë~c`k nl`jg~j' Vlb~kujc k jppj `kyä~zbl ykuk jvcnjg`cku l `lg~jñnl yucg`cykb
nl ~ukekbml' Ylu luk {zjul kyjgkp pc~zku l bjc~lu gl `lgazg~l nk leuk'
NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 50
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5> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Gl `kyä~zbl CC" ‒K ~jluck jd k~lp—" j}yúj$pj l njbcgjkdjg~l nk yjp{zcpk'
Kä pj njp`ujvj l yul`jppl nj lepjuvkèàl j nj `lgp~uzèàl nj cgp~uzdjg~lp"
j}ybc`c~kgnl lp yul`jncdjg~lp {zj cgnc`kd lp k~lp glp {zkcp k ~jluck luchcgkb
pj j}yujppk'L `kyä~zbl CCC" ‒Dzbmju j yulfcppclgkb jd jp~uk~ãhck nj kp`jgpàl—" ncp`z~j
lp nknlp k ujpyjc~l nk pc~zkèàl pl`clj`lgþdc`k nl yulfjpplu' L ~ä~zbl pzhjuj
k{zcbl {zj k`ujnc~l pju l ylg~l fzgnkdjg~kb njppj `kyä~zbl' Cp~l ylu{zj ã fk~l
plejakdjg~j `lgmj`cnl k {zjp~àl nk yjunk pkbkuckb nlp yulfjpplujp' Nkä pj fkbku
gk ‒yulbj~kucqkèàl nk `kuujcuk nl`jg~j—' Lp nknlp nk yjp{zcpk" yluãd" ujvjbk¤
ukd zdk lz~uk fk`j1 ylu ujfjuág`ck ép pzkp luchjgp -yulfcppàl j jp`lbkucnknj
nlp ykcp#" l dkhcp~ãucl kcgnk pj ujvjbk zd dj`kgcpdl nj kp`jgpàl pl`ckb'
L `kyä~zbl CV l`zyk$pj nkp ujyujpjg~kèújp nlp yulfjpplujp ujbk~cvkdjg~jkl pz`jppl j fuk`kppl nlp kbzglp gl yul`jppl nj jgpcgl$kyujgncqkhjd' Ylu cppl
u j`jejz l pjhzcg~j ~ä~zbl" `ldl lp njdkcp" ekp~kg~j pzhjp~cvl1 ‒Lgnj k vä~cdk
pj ~ukgpfludk jd uãz" kcgnk {zj dzc~l kdknk—'
Gl `kyä~zbl V" ‒Dzc~l kdlu" dzc~k nlkèàl j ylz`l pkbëucl—" njp`ujvjd$
pj kp ujyujpjg~kèújp nlp yulfjpplujp pleuj pzkp `lgncèújp nj ~ukekbml" pleuj
lp dl~cvlp nk jp`lbmk nk yulfcppàl j pleuj kp ujcvcgnc`kèújp j fludkp nj lu¤
hkgcqkèàl'
Fcgkbdjg~j" l `kyä~zbl VC ã `kz~jblpkdjg~j njgldcgknl ‒Nl pjgpl`ldzd é vlg~knj ylbä~c`k" zdk nkp päg~jpjp ylppävjcp—" `lgp`cjg~j {zj jp~ë k
kz~luk nlp vëuclp njpnleukdjg~lp {zj pzk yjp{zcpk ylnj jgpjaku' L `lg~jñ¤
nl nl `kyä~zbl uj~ldk" nj lz~uk dkgjcuk" k ~jpj `jg~ukb nl bcvul" pzhjucgnl
{zj k ykppkhjd nl pjgpl `ldzd é vlg~knj ylbä~c`k pj në yjbk djnckèàl nk
`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k'
Nknl {zj k ylbádc`k ~jd hcuknl jd ~lugl nk j}yujppàl ‒`ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k—" pjak cplbknkdjg~j" pjak gk pzk ujbkèàl `ld l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" ã
ylu jppj vjunknjcul ‒yldl nk ncp`ðunck— {zj `lgvãd `ldjèku'
; ' 5 ' L Y l d l n k N c p ` ð u n ck
Cgc`cjdlp" ylcp" j}ybc`c~kgnl l pchgcfc`knl {zj ~jd ykuk Hzcldku k
`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k" ezp`kgnl njpk~ku nj vjq jppj vjunknjcul gð hðuncl'
Cgnl ncuj~l kl ylg~l' Gk yëhcgk >0" k kz~luk kfcudk1
ylu `ldyj~ág`ck yulfcppclgkb jp~lz jg~jgnjgnl vëuckp `kuk`~juäp~c`kp
{zj ã cdylu~kg~j cgnc`ku' Jd yucdjcul bzhku" l nldägcl knj{zknl nl
pkeju jp`lbku k pju ~ukgpdc~cnl" azg~kdjg~j `ld k mkecbcnknj nj luhkgc$
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 5:
qku j ~ukgpdc~cu jppj pkeju nj dlnl k hkukg~cu {zj jbj pjak jfj~cvkdjg~j
kyulyucknl yjbl kbzgl' Jd pjhzgnl bzhku" zdk vcpàl ujbk~cvkdjg~j
cg~jhuknk j ku~c`zbknk nlp kpyj`~lp ujbjvkg~jp dkcp cdjnck~lp nj pzk
yuðyuck yuë~c`k" lz pjak" zd jg~jgncdjg~l nkp dñb~cybkp ujbkèújp jg~ujlp vëuclp kpyj`~lp nk jp`lbk" njpnj k luhkgcqkèàl nlp yjuälnlp nj kzbk"
ykppkgnl ylu `uc~ãuclp nj dk~uä`zbk j khuzykdjg~lp nj `bkppj" k~ã l `zu¤
uä`zbl j lp dã~lnlp nj jgpcgl' Jd ~ju`jcul bzhku" zdk `ldyujjgpàl nkp
ujbkèújp jg~uj l yujykul ~ã`gc`l {zj uj`jejz" k luhkgcqkèàl nk jp`lbk j lp
ujpzb~knlp nj pzk kèàl' Jd {zku~l bzhku" zdk `ldyujjgpàl dkcp kdybk
nkp ujbkèújp jg~uj k jp`lbk j k pl`cjnknj" {zj ykppkuck gj`jppkuckdjg~j
yjbk {zjp~àl nj pzkp `lgncèújp nj ~ukekbml j ujdzgjukèàl'
Cppl {zj kä flc `mkdknl nj `ldyj~ág`ck yulfcppclgkb uj`jej kl blghl nl
~ukekbml k njgldcgkèàl nj `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Blhl jd pjhzcnk" gk djpdk
yëhcgk" cp~l fc`k ekp~kg~j jvcnjg~j1
Pj ã {zj jp~lz `ky~kgnl `luuj~kdjg~j l dlvcdjg~l j}cp~jg~j gcppl
~znl" l {zj vcpbzdeul ã k ylppcecbcnknj nj jphl~ku k kèàl nl`jg~j gk¤
{zcbl {zj jbk ylnj ~ju nj jfc`cág`ck ~ã`gc`k _cnjd" y' >0T'
@c~jc yulylpc~knkdjg~j jppk ykppkhjd ylu{zj jbk lfjuj`j dzgcèàl ejd
k hlp~l nlp fukg`l k~cuknlujp nk ylbádc`k fë`cb' Ylcp gàl ã {zj kykuj`j kä k{zj¤
bk j}yujppàl -‒jfc`cág`ck ~ã`gc`k—#" dku`k ujhcp~uknk nk yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k"
eldekunjknk yjblp `uä~c`lp -cg`bzpcvj ylu dcd# nkp dkcp ncfjujg~jp fludkp<
Pjuck Hzcldku zdk glvk ujyujpjg~kg~j nk yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k<
K cgnc`kèàl nl pjg~cnl nj ‒`ldyj~ág`ck yulfcppclgkb— kg~jucludjg~j
~ukgp`uc~l gàl ykuj`j nku hzkucnk k jppk cg~juyuj~kèàl" zdk vjq {zj k{zjbk
`lg`jc~zkèàl `lbl`k j}chág`ckp {zj vàl k~ã k ‒`ldyujjgpàl dkcp kdybk nkpujbkèújp jg~uj k jp`lbk j k pl`cjnknj—" zb~ukykppkgnl" ylu~kg~l" `bkukdjg~j lp
bcdc~jp nk yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k' Dkp cppl gàl `lgfchzukuck kyjgkp zd cg~jg~l
nj vjp~cu l ~j`gc`cpdl `ld zdk glvk ulzykhjd< Gàl jp~kuck jdjuhcgnl k
yku~cu nkä zdk jpyã`cj nj ‒gjl~j`gc`cpdl—< K kz~luk" yluãd" ã j}ybä`c~k gk
uj`zpk nl ~j`gc`cpdl' Gl ykuëhukfl {zj yuj`jnj k `lg`jc~zkèàl `c~knk" kyðp
pj ujfjucu ép ncfc`zbnknjp nl yulfjpplu jd dkgjaku knj{zknkdjg~j lp uj`zuplp
~ã`gc`lp gk pzk yuë~c`k yjnkhðhc`k" kfcudk1 ‒Cppl dj ujdj~j ykuk k {zjp~àl
nk pzk `ldyj~ág`ck yulfcppclgkb gzdk yjupyj`~cvk gàl djukdjg~j ~j`gc`cp~k—'Kbhzdkp bcgmkp kg~jp" mkvck jbk ujhcp~uknl1 ‒Cppl" jg~uj~kg~l" pzejg~jgnj l dk¤
gjal `ldyj~jg~j" ~jðuc`l j yuë~c`l njppjp yucg`äyclp j nj ~lnl l `lgmj`cdjg~l
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56 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
luhkgcqknl pleuj k jp`lbk—' J pj kbhzdk nñvcnk kcgnk yznjppj yjupcp~cu" jp~k
ykppkhjd ykuj`j bc{zcnë$bk nj vjq1
Zdk kgëbcpj ujkbcp~k nk `lgncèàl nj dzc~lp njppjp yulfjpplujp jbc¤dcgkuck {zkb{zju pzpyjc~k nj {zj k cdylu~åg`ck nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`¤
gc`k pjuck kyjgkp ~j`gc`cpdl' Më kbhzgp {zj nldcgkd dkb lp yuðyuclp
`lg~jñnlp {zj njvjuckd ~ukgpdc~cu" {zj njp`lgmj`jd yucg`äyclp jbj¤
djg~kujp nl dkgjal nj `bkppjp nj kbfkej~cqkèàl j {zj" dzc~kp vjqjp"
pj{zju ylppzjd nldägcl pk~cpfk~ðucl nk yuðyuck bäghzk dk~jugk _cnjd"
y' ::T'
Vá$pj" ylcp" {zj ykuk Hzcldku ‒`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k— ~jd zd pjg~cnl`bkukdjg~j gàl ~j`gc`cp~k" aë {zj gàl ncq ujpyjc~l kl nldägcl nj `ju~kp ujhukp
j}~jugkp pcdybcfc`knkp j kybc`ëvjcp dj`kgc`kdjg~j k ~kujfkp fukhdjg~knkp j
ul~cgjcukp' Kl `lg~uëucl" `ldyujjgnj l nldägcl ~jðuc`l j yuë~c`l nlp yucg`ä¤
yclp j `lgmj`cdjg~lp {zj ujhjd k cgp~c~zcèàl jp`lbku' Ujfjuc$dj é cgp~c~zcèàl
jp`lbku ylu{zj pj ~uk~k nj zdk njbcdc~kèàl cdylu~kg~j' Jd ~lnl l ~ukekbml"
Hzcldku akdkcp yuj~jgnj zb~ukykppku lp bcdc~jp nk jnz`kèàl jp`lbku' Pzk ~jpj
ujbk~cvk é `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k j pjz pchgcfc`knl ylbä~c`l gàl yuj~jgnj" ylcp"
~ju vkbcnknj ykuk k jnz`kèàl jd hjukb'
; ' 0 ' K L z ~ u k F k ` j n l Y l d l n k N c p ` ð u n ck
Fkbjc kg~jucludjg~j gl pchgcfc`knl ylbä~c`l nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k'
Jg~ukdlp k{zc gl lz~ul kpyj`~l {zj ~jd kbcdjg~knl kp ylbádc`kp jd `zu¤
pl1 k cg~juyuj~kèàl {zj ~jgnj k `lg~ukylu nj dlnl j}`bznjg~j `ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k j `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l lz" pj gàl ~kg~l" yjbl djglp k pzeluncgku l
`ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l é `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Gjppk ncujèàl" hkgmk `luyl kbjc~zuk pjhzgnl k {zkb Hzcldku jp~kuck ujkbcqkgnl k ~jpj nk gjz~ukbcnknj nk
~ã`gc`k" jpvkqckgnl$k nj pjz pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l' Vjakdlp l {zj yjgpk k kz~luk
k ujpyjc~l'
Kl `ldjg~ku k cg~juvjgèàl nj Dku} gk Kppl`ckèàl Cg~jugk`clgkb nlp
^ukekbmknlujp -KC^#" {zj ylnjuck pzp`c~ku zdk cg~juyuj~kèàl ~jgnjg~j k pze¤
~ukcu nk jp`lbk k ncdjgpàl ylbä~c`k" Hzcldku kfcudk ~k}k~cvkdjg~j1
^znl cppl" blghj nj uj~cuku l `kuë~ju ylbä~c`l nk jp`lbk" kl `lg~uëucl
l kfcudk j ujyúj gk yjupyj`~cvk nj zd dldjg~l mcp~ðuc`l nj~judcgknl
_cnjd" y' 00T'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 58
Zdk bjc~zuk k~jg~k nl `kyä~zbl C yjudc~cuë vjucfc`ku {zj" pjhzgnl
Hzcldku" k jp`lbk jp~ë cdyujhgknk nj ylg~k k ylg~k yjbl kpyj`~l ylbä~c`l'
Jbk `lgfchzuk$pj `ldl zd nlp jpykèlp jd {zj lp cg~jujppjp `lg~uknc~ðuclp
yuðyuclp nk pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k jg~ukd jd ‒ncpyz~k yjbk kyulyuckèàl nl`lgmj`cdjg~l—' Dkp pzk k`zcnknj nj kgëbcpj bjvk$k dkcp kbãd" k vju l pjg~cnl
ylbä~c`l nk jp`lbk djpdl lgnj jbj kykujg~jdjg~j gàl j}cp~cuck" lgnj jbj jp~ë
l`zb~l ple k kykuág`ck nl jp~uc~kdjg~j ~ã`gc`l1
Pzylu ~lnkvck {zj jppjp cg~jujppjp" {zj pàl ylbä~c`lp" pj dkgcfjp~jd nj
fludk j}ybä`c~k" `ldl pj aë flppjd ylbä~c`lp ykuk lp yuðyuclp cg~jujppknlp"
ã j}chcu {zj l pju j l kykuj`ju nk jp`lbk jp~jakd jd yjufjc~k `ljuág`ck
jg~uj pc' K ujcvcgnc`kèàl nlp nldcgknlp gàl pj dkgcfjp~k luhkgcqknk jj}ybc`c~kdjg~j jg{zkg~l ~kb' Më {zj bá$bk gk ujejbnck" gk ykppcvcnknj" gk
khujppcvcnknj j gk kyk~ck nkp `uckgèkp yleujp" {zj njpkfckd k yulylp~k
`zuuc`zbku j yulhukdë~c`k nk jp`lbk eëpc`k' Më {zj bá$bk pleuj~znl glp
ägnc`jp nj fuk`kppl jp`lbku'
Ylu lz~ul bknl" lp cg~jujppjp nl `kyc~kb gàl kykuj`juàl gzg`k `ldl
cg~jujppjp j cg~jgèújp pzeaj~cvkdjg~j j}ybc`c~knlp nl `kyc~kbcp~k" nk `bkp¤
pj nldcgkg~j lz nj pjzp pzylp~lp pj{zkqjp1 lp ncuj~lujp" lp yulfjpplujp"
lp jpyj`ckbcp~kp' Kl `lg~uëucl" ã gl pjz kykuj`ju jp~uc~kdjg~j ~ã`gc`l {zj~kcp cg~jujppjp njpjdyjgmkuàl pzk fcgkbcnknj ujkbdjg~j ylbä~c`k' Ã gk fzg¤
èàl leaj~cvkdjg~j ylbä~c`k nj j}`bzcu kp `uckgèkp yleujp nk jp`lbk {zj kp
bcdc~kèújp ~ã`gc`kp nl `zuuä`zbl cgknj{zknl" nlp yulhukdkp dkb nlpknlp
j pj{zjg`cknlp" nkp j}chág`ckp kuec~uëuckp nj kvkbckèàl" nl njpyujykul
nl yulfjpplu" yuj`cpkd pju `ky~knkp" pj {zcpjudlp vju k jp`lbk eukpcbjcuk
mlaj ~kb {zkb ã" j ~kb {zkb ykuj`j pju' J ã gjppk `lg~ukncèàl jg~uj pjz pju
j pjz kykuj`ju {zj mkvjdlp nj `ky~ku ~kdeãd l dlvcdjg~l nl pjz vcu
k pju" ylcp jppk ã k pzk `ucpj k~zkb _cnjd" y'>=" hucflp djzpT'
à azp~kdjg~j ylu{zj k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k ã ylbä~c`k {zj pj yulnz¤
qcz k cg`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k nlp yulfjpplujp" cdyjncgnl$lp nj ~ukgpdc~cu l
pkeju jp`lbku ép `kdknkp nldcgknkp {zkgnl jp~kp" ujcvcgnc`kgnl l k`jppl k
jppj pkeju ylu yju`jeá$bl" kcgnk {zj nj dlnl ncfzpl j `lg~uknc~ðucl" `ldl
kbhl ñ~cb é ‒pzyjukèàl nj pzkp ncfc`zbnknjp leaj~cvkp nj vcnk— -cnjd" cecnjd#"
fluèkd j `lgpjhzjd" jdeluk yku`ckbdjg~j j nj dlnl yuj`ëucl" cghujppku
gkp jp`lbkp'Jppj ylg~l flc yju`jecnl dzc~l ejd ylu @zus j ujhcp~uknl gl Yujfë`cl
nl bcvul nk Hzcldku1
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5= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Ylu jppk lylpcèàl l yulfjpplu flc pjgnl ykzbk~cgkdjg~j jpvkqcknl
nlp pjzp cgp~uzdjg~lp nj ~ukekbml1 nl `lg~jñnl -pkeju# j" njylcp" nl
dã~lnl -pkeju fkqju#" ujp~kgnl$bmj khluk" {zkgnl dzc~l" zdk ~ã`gc`k
pjd `ldyj~ág`ck _cnjd" y' 5T"
Vkbj ujhcp~uku" jg~àl" {zj k yjupyj`~cvk nk Hzcldku `lcg`cnj `ld k nl
Yklbl Glpjbbk {zkgnl jp~j kfcudk1
K`ujnc~kdlp fcudjdjg~j {zj kp fk`jp ‒elkqcgmk j yjuvjupk—
nl yulfjpplu gàl j}cp~jd ylu k`kpl j gjd flukd hjuknkp ylu zdk
jp~uk~lpfãuc`k kbdk gk~zukb nl yulfjppluknl" dkp ujyujpjg~kd l fuz~l
j k ujkèàl nl djpdl yulfjppluknl k `ju~k dj~lnlblhck jnz`k`clgkb" lzpjak" k `ju~k yuë~c`k jp`lbku {zj" kl bjhc~cdku k ncvcpàl jg~uj ncuchjg~jp
j ncuchcnlp jgpcgk klp yucdjculp luk k ~ju yjgk j luk k `lgnjgku lp
pjhzgnlp _Glpjbbk" ;3=0" y' 36T'
Gàl pj ~uk~k" ylcp" nj njpbl`ku k ujpylgpkecbcnknj yjbl fuk`kppl jp`lbku
{zj k~cghj kp `uckgèkp nkp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp ykuk lp yulfjpplujp" jp`kdl¤
~jkgnl l fk~l nj {zj jbjp ~kdeãd pàl vä~cdkp nj zdk pc~zkèàl pl`ckb cgazp~k j
lyujppluk' Cppl gàl ylnj" yluãd" cdyjncu$glp nj `lgp~k~ku {zj pzk `lgncèàlnj vä~cdk pj j}yujppk ~kdeãd" jdeluk gàl pldjg~j" yjbk yulnzèàl nj pzk
cg`ldyj~ág`ck yulfcppclgkb' Jd vjunknj" gàl yul`jnjgnl kppcd" cg`luujuäkdlp
jd cg`ljuág`ck' @ld jfjc~l" kl `uc~c`kudlp k ylbä~c`k jnz`k`clgkb vchjg~j yjbkp
ncp~luèújp nj`luujg~jp nj pjz k~ujbkdjg~l klp cg~jujppjp nldcgkg~jp" gàl pjuë
ylppävjb njc}ku nj uj`lgmj`ju pjzp jfjc~lp pleuj k fludkèàl -njfludkèàl# nlp
yulfjpplujp'
K ~kujfk nj ujvju~ju jppj jp~knl nj `lcpkp ã" `ldl ejd fucplz l Yklbl" zdk
{zjp~àl ylbä~c`k {zj cdybc`k k luhkgcqkèàl `lbj~cvk nlp yulfjpplujp' Ykuj`j$dj{zj gcp~l kdelp jp~àl ybjgkdjg~j nj k`lunl' Hzcldku kyjgkp cgpcp~j -jp~k ã
pzk ~jpj# {zj k ujvjupàl njppj jp~knl nj `lcpkp ykppk ~kdeãd -j gàl kyjgkp#
yjbk `lg{zcp~k nj `ldyj~ág`ck ylu yku~j nlp yulfjpplujp' K ykppkhjd zd ~kg~l
blghk {zj `c~l k pjhzcu dj ykuj`j pzfc`cjg~jdjg~j jp`bkuj`jnluk klp bjc~lujp1
K hukgnj {zjp~àl {zj pj `lbl`k nl ylg~l nj vcp~k nk `bkppj nldc¤
gkg~j ã jg~àl `ldl luhkgcqku j ~ukgpdc~cu l `lgmj`cdjg~l klp nldc¤
gknlp nk dkgjcuk dkcp cglfjgpcvk {zj flu ylppävjb' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j"zdk {zjp~àl j{zcvkbjg~j pj `lbl`k nl ylg~l nj vcp~k nl nldcgknl1
`ldl ujkyulyucku$pj nl `lgmj`cdjg~l nk dkgjcuk dkcp jfc`cjg~j {zj
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 53
flu ylppävjb< Kcgnk {zj jppj ylg~l nj vcp~k gàl pj j}ybc`c~j" jbj ylnj
pju bcnl" njpnj {zj j}cp~k vlg~knj ylbä~c`k ykuk fkqju jppk bjc~zuk' Ekp~k
`lgp~k~ku l pk`ucfä`cl nj `knk fkdäbck cgncvcnzkb ykuk `lbl`ku j dkg~ju
pjzp fcbmlp gk jp`lbk" j k yuë~c`k nj luhkgcqkèàl `lbj~cvk ykuk `lgpjhzcu jp`lbk'
Pj kppzdcdlp jppj ylg~l nj vcp~k uj`lbl`k$pj l yulebjdk nl pkeju
fkqju `ldyj~jg~j" `ldl k{zjbj {zj yjudc~cuck ujkbcqku" nk dkgjcuk
dkcp pk~cpfk~ðuck" jp~k jp`lbk eukpcbjcuk mlaj" gàl gzd pjg~cnl ~j`gc`cp~k
cghágzl" dkp gzd pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l'
K `ldyj~ág`ck {zj yucvcbjhcl gjp~j ~ukekbml" ylu~kg~l" cg`bzc l
pkeju ~ã`gc`l" `ldjèk dzc~l k{zãd njp~j j l zb~ukykppk' Dkp gàl l
j}`bzc" cppl ã cdylu~kg~j? kl `lg~uëucl" pzejg~jgnj$l `ldl djncknlu nj pzk yuðyuck pzyjukèàl' @lgpcnjukgnl jp~jp yulfjpplujp njp~k jp`lbk"
`ldjèk gl nldägcl nlp yuðyuclp `lg~jñnlp {zj ~uknc`clgkbdjg~j
`lgp~c~zjd l `zuuä`zbl" lz pjak" gzdk ujkyulyuckèàl pk~cpfk~ðuck nl
pkeju jp`lbku' Cg`bzc l nldägcl nj ~ã`gc`kp j dã~lnlp nj jgpcgl {zj yju¤
dc~kd k ~ukgpfludkèàl njppj pkeju" ykppk yjbk k{zcpcèàl nj zdk vcpàl
dkcp cg~jhuknk nk yuðyuck yuë~c`k j zdk ujkyulyuckèàl nlp yul`jpplp
nl ~ukekbml nl`jg~j -dã~lnl" ybkgjakdjg~l" kvkbckèàl#' J yulaj~k$pj
k yku~cu njppk ekpj" gzdk vcpàl dkcp `uä~c`k njppj jgpcgl" njppk jp`lbk
j nj pjz `lg~jñnl" k {zkb gàl pj ncppl`ck nj zd {zjp~clgkdjg~l nj
pzkp `lgncèújp nj ~ukekbml j ujdzgjukèàl" j nj zdk yuë~c`k `lbj~cvk nj
luhkgcqkèàl j ujcvcgnc`kèàl _Djbbl" ;3=5" yy' ::$:6" hucflp nl luchcgkb"
j}`j~l l ñb~cdlT'
Jd pjhzcnk jbk k`ujp`jg~k" j}yujppkgnl ~lnk k vlg~knj ylbä~c`k {zj ã
zdk nkp dku`kp ncp~cg~cvkp nj pzk yjuplgkbcnknj1
Pj jppk `ldyj~ág`ck gàl j}cp~j pjuë yuj`cpl `ucë$bk' Yku~cgnl nkp
`lgncèújp j}cp~jg~jp" pjuë yuj`cpl ncp`jugcu lgnj j `ldl k~zku azg~l
kl yulfjpplu" k fcd nj yujykuë$bl ykuk ujkbcqku ejd jp~k jp`lbk j}cp~jg~j
_cnjd" y' :6T'
Ykuj`j$dj" ylcp" {zj fzgnkdjg~kbdjg~j gàl j}cp~j lylpcèàl jg~uj
Hzcldku j pjzp `uä~c`lp' J}cp~j" pcd" zdk ncfjujgèk' @ld jfjc~l" l mlucqlg~j
ylbä~c`l nj Hzcldku" pjz `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l ã l djpdl nl Yklbl j nj~kg~lp lz~ulp jg~uj lp {zkcp dj cg`bzl' K ncfjujgèk `lgpcp~j jd {zj" `ld lp
lbmlp fc}lp gjppj mlucqlg~j" Hzcldku jp~ë jdyjgmknk gk `kdcgmknk ykuk
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09 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
~lugë$bl djglp ncp~kg~j' Jp~ë yujl`zyknk jd jg`lg~uku kp fludkp nj ~uknzqcu
yuk~c`kdjg~j k lyèàl ylbä~c`k {zj ~jd jd `ldzd `ld pjzp `uä~c`lp' Jp~ë"
`ldl jbk hlp~k nj ncqju" yujl`zyknk `ld k ~ukvjppck1 `ldl k~ukvjppku l flppl
{zj pj cg~juyúj jg~uj kp `lgncèújp k~zkcp j l glppl yulaj~l nj pl`cjnknj< Dkpgjbk jppk yujl`zykèàl gàl pj nj~ãd gzd ybkgl hjgãuc`l" kep~uk~l' Jbk {zju
ujkbcqku `lg`uj~kdjg~j jppk `kdcgmknk' Vlb~k$pj" jg~àl" ykuk k {zjp~àl jp`lbku
j ylpc`clgk$pj1 k jp`lbk ~jd zdk `lg~ucezcèàl jpyj`äfc`k k nku gjppk ~ukvjppck
-yy' ;0$;>#' J pjz yulebjdk ã1 `ldl ylnj k jp`lbk nku jppk `lg~ucezcèàl"
`ldl ylnj jbk `zdyucu k fzgèàl ylbä~c`k {zj bmj ã yuðyuck -gk yjupyj`~cvk
nlp cg~jujppjp nkp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp#<
Ykuk jg`kdcgmku zdk ylppävjb plbzèàl k jppj yulebjdk" Hzcldku lzplz
jgzg`cku zdk ~jpj pjhzgnl k {zkb k fzgèàl ylbä~c`k nk jnz`kèàl jp`lbku pj`zdyuj yjbk djnckèàl nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Jp~k ~jpj `jg~ukb nj pjz ~ukek¤
bml ã fludzbknk nj ncfjujg~jp dkgjcukp kl blghl nl bcvul' Kppcd" kl `lg`bzcu
l c~jd jd {zj j}yúj pzk vcpàl nj jp`lbk `jg~uknk gk `k~jhluck nj djnckèàl"
jbk kfcudk1
Jppk `lg~ukncèàl dkgcfjp~k$pj cg~jugkdjg~j é jp`lbk j `uck l jpykèl
bjhä~cdl gl {zkb pj ~lugk ylppävjb `leuku nl yul`bkdknl pzk ujkbcqk¤
èàl jfj~cvk' Jppk `leukgèk" j jp~k `lgp~c~zc zdk nkp ykppkhjgp `uä~c`kp nl uk`cl`ägcl {zj yujpcnj k yujpjg~j j}ylpcèàl" gàl pj j}ybc`c~k kyjgkp
gk ujcvcgnc`kèàl ylbä~c`k" dkp gk j}chág`ck nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k nk
jp`lbk ykuk ujkbcqku ejd k{zcbl k {zj pj yulyúj1 jgpcgku k ~lnlp lp {zj
k jbk ~ád k`jppl j jp~jgnju$pj klp k~ã khluk j}`bzänlp'
K `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k" l pkeju fkqju ejd" ã k ykppkhjd" k djnck¤
èàl" yjbk {zkb pj ujkbcqk zd nlp pjg~cnlp ylbä~c`lp jd pc nk jnz`kèàl
jp`lbku' Ã `ld jbk" k `ldyj~ág`ck" j `ld jbj" l pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l jd pc"
{zj yuj~jgnl ~ukekbmku gk cg~juyuj~kèàl nlp nknlp jdyäuc`lp k`ju`k nkpujyujpjg~kèújp nlp yulfjpplujp" ~ldkgnl$lp `ldl zdk nkp `lgncèújp
jp`lbkujp _Djbbl" ;3=5" y' 0>T'
Ã" yluãd" kyðp j}ybc`c~ku pzk yjupyj`~cvk ~jðuc`k {zj jbk jgzg`ck nj
dlnl j}ybä`c~l pzk ~jpj1
L pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l nk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j" {zj jz vkblucql" pj ujkbcqk
yjbk djnckèàl nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k j `lgp~c~zc `lgncèàl gj`jppëuck"jdeluk gàl pzfc`cjg~j" ykuk ujkbcqkèàl njppj djpdl pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l
nk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j ykuk l yulfjpplu _cnjd" y' >>T'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 0;
Kä jp~àl cgnc`knkp k cdylu~åg`ck j k gj`jppcnknj nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k
j" kl djpdl ~jdyl" k pzk cgpzfc`cág`ck'
Vá$pj" ylcp" {zj gàl `kej fkbku kä gzdk pzeluncgkèàl nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l é `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k j gjd djpdl nj zdk yuj`jnág`ck njp~k jd
ujbkèàl é{zjbj' Ykuk jg~jgnju ~lnl l pjg~cnl nk ~jpj" ã fzgnkdjg~kb bjvku jd
`lg~k k ncp`zppàl {zj k yuj`jnj pleuj l `lg`jc~l nj djnckèàl' K `ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k ã djnckèàl" cp~l {zju ncqju {zj jbk jp~ë jg~uj" gl djcl" gl cg~juclu nl
`ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Jbk ã djnckèàl" lz pjak" ã ~kdeãd -gàl pldjg~j# ylu
pjz cg~judãncl {zj pj ujkbcqk l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Jbk ã" ylcp" cgp~uzdjg~l"
lz pjak" jbk gàl pj azp~cfc`k ylu pc djpdk" dkp ~jd l pjz pjg~cnl" k pzk ukqàl nj
pju gl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Ylu~kg~l" jbk gàl j}ybc`k l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l"dkp j}ybc`k$pj ylu jbj" jdeluk pjak zdk nkp fludkp ylu djcl nkp {zkcp -pjdyuj
l `lg`jc~l nj djnckèàl# pj j}ybc`c~k j pj ujkbcqk l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Jd
pzdk" k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k ã zd dldjg~l nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l -`ld k
`lgncèàl nj pj jg~jgnju k ykbkvuk dldjg~l `ldl zdk `k~jhluck nckbã~c`k#'
; ' > ' K p n z k p F k ` j p n l Y l d l n k N c p ` ð u n ck 1 @ l d l p j U j b k ` cl g k d <
J `mjhkdlp" kppcd" k zd lz~ul ylg~l {zj ~jd pcnl kbvl nj leajèújp1 ylu {zj" jg~àl" l pze~ä~zbl nl bcvul -nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k kl `ldyuldcppl
ylbä~c`l#<
Kcgnk k{zc ã gj`jppëucl dkg~ju yujpjg~j l `lg~jñnl nk `k~jhluck nj
djnckèàl' Ncppj kg~jucludjg~j {zj k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k ã zdk nkp -gàl k
ñgc`k# fludkp k~ukvãp nkp {zkcp pj ujkbcqk l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Cp~l pchgcfc`k
{zj jbk yjudc~j -jg~uj lz~ukp `lgncèújp# jfj~zku k ykppkhjd jg~uj l mlucqlg~j
ylbä~c`l -l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l yjgpknl `ldl zdk ylppcecbcnknj njbcgjknk
gl mlucqlg~j# j l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l kppzdcnl gk glppk yuë~c`k yulfcppclgkb`l~cnckgk' K `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k ã" ylcp" gj`jppëuck" jdeluk gàl pzfc`cjg~j
ykuk jfj~cvku gk yuë~c`k l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l kppzdcnl ~jluc`kdjg~j' @ld
jfjc~l" `ldl ncq Pëg`mjq Vëq{zjq"
k ~jluck jd pc _'''T gàl ~ukgpfludk l dzgnl' Ylnj `lg~ucezcu ykuk k pzk
~ukgpfludkèàl" dkp ykuk cppl ~jd {zj pkcu nj pc djpdk" j" jd yucdjcul
bzhku" ~jd {zj pju kppcdcbknk yjblp {zj vàl l`kpclgku" `ld pjzp k~lp
ujkcp" jfj~cvlp" ~kb ~ukgpfludkèàl' Jg~uj k ~jluck j k k~cvcnknj yuë~c`k~ukgpfludknluk pj cgpjuj zd ~ukekbml nj jnz`kèàl nkp `lgp`cág`ckp"
nj luhkgcqkèàl nlp djclp dk~juckcp j ybkglp `lg`uj~lp nj kèàl1 ~znl cppl
`ldl ykppkhjd cgncpyjgpëvjb ykuk njpjgvlbvju kèújp ujkcp" jfj~cvkp' Gjp¤
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05 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
pj pjg~cnl" zdk ~jluck ã yuë~c`k gk djncnk jd {zj dk~juckbcqk" k~ukvãp
nj zdk pãucj nj djnckèújp" l {zj kg~jp pð j}cp~ck cnjkbdjg~j" `ldl `l¤
gmj`cdjg~l nk ujkbcnknj" lz kg~j`cykèàl cnjkb nj pzk ~ukgpfludkèàl_Pëg`mjq Vëq{zjq" ;36=" yy' 596$598" hucflp djzpT'
@lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" ã ~kdeãd yjbk djnckèàl nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k
{zj pj `mjhk kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l jfj~cvl" `lg`uj~l" yuë~c`l" ujkb' Gk vju¤
nknj" pj k ~ã`gc`k" jd ~judlp pcdybjp" pchgcfc`k k dkgjcuk `lgpcnjuknk `luuj~k
nj pj j}j`z~ku zdk ~kujfk" k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k pchgcfc`k l `lgmj`cdjg~l" l
nldägcl nkp fludkp knj{zknkp nj khcu1 ã" ylcp" l pkeju$fkqju' Gjppj pjg~cnl"
kl glp njfulg~kudlp `ld kp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp gkp jp`lbkp" gàl ykuj`jukqlëvjb pzylu {zj pjuck ylppävjb kppzdcudlp l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l {zj
~jdlp ykuk `ld jbkp pjd pjudlp `ldyj~jg~jp gk glppk yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk' L
`ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l kppzdcnl kyjgkp gl gävjb nl ncp`zupl ylnj ncpyjgpku
k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Pj pj ~uk~k" yluãd" nj kppzdc$bl gk yuë~c`k" jg~àl gàl
ã ylppävjb yujp`cgncu njbk' Pzk kzpág`ck gàl kyjgkp gjz~ukbcqk l `ldyuldcppl
ylbä~c`l dkp ~kdeãd l `lgvju~j gl pjz `lg~uëucl" aë {zj njppk fludk `kädlp
gk kudkncbmk nk jp~uk~ãhck k`clgknk yjbk `bkppj nldcgkg~j {zj" {zkgnl gàl
`lgpjhzj ujpcp~cu ép yujppújp nkp `kdknkp ylyzbkujp yjbl k`jppl é jp`lbk" kl
djpdl ~jdyl jd {zj kndc~j ~kb k`jppl jpvkqck pjz `lg~jñnl" plgjhkgnl lp
`lgmj`cdjg~lp ~kdeãd -jdeluk gàl pldjg~j# yjbk djnckèàl nk cg`ldyj¤
~ág`ck nlp yulfjpplujp'
Zd ñb~cdl ylg~l {zj dj ykuj`j cdylu~kg~j ã {zj Hzcldku ~ukekbmk
`ld k ncp~cgèàl" {zj ~jd ykppknl njpyju`jecnk k pjzp `uä~c`lp" jg~uj pjg~cnl
ylbä~c`l jd pc j pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l ykuk pc -ykuk jbj" l yulfjpplu" lz ykuk dcd"
{zj kgkbcpl k yuë~c`k nl yulfjpplu#' K yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk nl yulfjpplu ~jd zd
pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l jd pc {zj ã ~kdeãd zd pjg~cnl ykuk dcd" {zj l `ky~l {zkgnl
kgkbcpl jppk yuë~c`k' Gàl l ã" yluãd" gj`jppkuckdjg~j" zd pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l ykuk
jbj" cp~l ã" cgnjyjgnjg~jdjg~j nj jbj pkeju lz gàl" nj `lcg`cncu lz gàl `ld l
pchgcfc`knl" kcgnk {zj ylbä~c`l" {zj jp~ë gk pzk `kejèk" k yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk nl
yulfjpplu ~jd leaj~cvkdjg~j zd pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l {zj ylnj pju njpvjbknl {zkg¤
nl pj kgkbcpk jppk yuë~c`k `ldl zd dldjg~l nj zdk ~l~kbcnknj `lg`uj~k'
Gjppj pjg~cnl -j kyjgkp gjppj pjg~cnl#" lz pjak" {zkgnl ujfjucnk é `lgp¤
`cág`ck ujkb nj yulfjpplujp nj~judcgknlp gzdk pl`cjnknj j gzdk jp`lbk ~kd¤
eãd nj~judcgknkp -j gàl é pzk `lgp`cág`ck ylppävjb#" ã {zj pj ylnj fkbku {zj k
`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k yuj`jnj l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Jppj ylg~l ã j}ybc`c~knl
~jluc`kdjg~j gl `kyä~zbl C j uj~ldknl gl `kyä~zbl VC" njp~k vjq é bzq nk kgëbcpj
jdyäuc`k nkp ujyujpjg~kèújp nlp yulfjpplujp j}ylp~k glp `kyä~zblp CCC" CV j V'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 00
; ' : ' N l Y l d l n k N c p ` ð u n ck U z d l é @ l g ` ð u n c k
Uj~ldkgnl l jgzg`cknl nk ~jpj -‒l pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l nk yuë~c`k nl`jg~jpj ujkbcqk yjbk djnckèàl nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k j `lgp~c~zc `lgncèàl gj`jp¤
pëuck" jdeluk gàl pzfc`cjg~j" ykuk k ybjgk ujkbcqkèàl njppj djpdl pjg~cnl
ylbä~c`l nk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j ykuk l yulfjpplu—#" gàl dj ykuj`j ylppävjb" kcgnk
{zj pj ncp`lunj nj pjz `lg~jñnl" njc}ku nj uj`lgmj`ju {zj pj ~uk~k nj zdk
fludzbkèàl nj `bkujqk djucnckgk' Ylu {zj" jg~àl" l Yklbl k `lgpcnjulz zdk
‒~jpj ekp~kg~j `lgfzpk—" `c~kgnl jd pjhzcnk k yëhcgk ;>61 ‒vjal gk `kyk`c~kèàl
yulfcppclgkb l ylg~l `uä~c`l k yku~cu nl {zkb cdyucdcu zd `kuë~ju ylbä~c`l é
yuë~c`k nl`jg~j ykuk jppj yulfjpplu—<Ykuk `ky~ku l pjg~cnl nl jgzg`cknl ~ukgp`uc~l ylu Yklbl" ykuj`j$dj
gj`jppëucl uj`lbl`ë$bl jd pjz `lg~j}~l'
Kyðp k kgëbcpj nkp ujyujpjg~kèújp nlp yulfjpplujp" kl ujnchcu l `kyä~zbl
VC" Hzcldku ~cgmk nckg~j nj pc k pc~zkèàl `lg`uj~k nlp nl`jg~jp nj yucdjcul
hukz njek~jgnl$pj `ld l yulebjdk nl fuk`kppl jp`lbku nkp `uckgèkp yleujp
j ~jg~kgnl jg`lg~uku kb~jugk~cvkp ykuk jvc~ku jppj fuk`kppl' Ã kä" jg~àl" {zj l
eld pjgpl kylg~k ykuk k j}chág`ck nl pkeju$fkqju" jg~jgncnl `ldl l
nldägcl nl `lg~jñnl nl pkeju j nlp dã~lnlp knj{zknlp ykuk ~ukgp¤
dc~cu jppj `lg~jñnl nl pkeju jp`lbku k `uckgèkp {zj gàl kyujpjg~kd kp
yuj`lgncèújp cnjkbdjg~j jp~kejbj`cnkp ykuk pzk kyujgncqkhjd _Djbbl"
;3=5" y' ;>:T'
Dkp" kl kn{zcucu `ldyj~ág`ck" l yulfjpplu hkgmk ~kdeãd `lgncèújp nj
yju`jeju" njg~ul nk jp`lbk" lp lep~ë`zblp {zj pj lyújd é pzk k~zkèàl `ldyj¤
~jg~j' Ã kppcd {zj ‒k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k cgc`ck l yul`jppl nj pzk ~ukgpflu¤dkèàl jd vlg~knj ylbä~c`k— -cnjd" cecnjd#' Ylu jppj `kdcgml" l yulfjpplu vkc
njpjgvlbvjgnl pzk `lgp`cág`ck ujkb jd ncujèàl é `lgp`cág`ck ylppävjb j hkgmk
`lgncèàl nj ykppku nl pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l jd pc ykuk l pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l ykuk pc nj
pzk kèàl yjnkhðhc`k1 ‒K vlg~knj ylbä~c`k yjudc~j {zj k{zjbj pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l
nk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j pj j}ybc`c~j kl yulfjpplu j ykppj k pju" ykuk jbj ~kdeãd" zdk
fludk nj khcu ylbc~c`kdjg~j— -cnjd" cecnjd#' J Hzcldku yulppjhzj" kylcknk
jd Hukdp`c1
Flc ylu jppj `kdcgml {zj `lgpjhzc bju zd ~cyl nj dlvcdjg~l ylp¤
pävjb gk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j" `zak ncujèàl vkc nl jpyj`ckbcp~k kl ncuchjg~j
ykppkgnl nk ~ã`gc`k$~ukekbml é ~ã`gc`k$`cág`ck j é `lg`jyèàl mzdkgcp~k
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0> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
mcp~ðuc`k" pjd k {zkb pj yjudkgj`j jpyj`ckbcp~k j gàl pj `mjhk k ncuchjg~j
-jpyj`ckbcp~k dkcp ylbä~c`l# _cnjd" cecnjdT'
Jg~uj~kg~l" ~uk~k$pj kä nj zd bcdc~j nj `lgp`cág`ck ylppävjb" kbhl {zj pj
njbcgjck gl mlucqlg~j' Ylu cppl pkbcjg~k jbk k pjhzcu {zj l dlvcdjg~l njp`uc~l
gàl `lgfchzuk ‒kbhl aë cgp~kbknl lz djpdl jd yul`jppl knckg~knl nj ujkbc¤
qkèàl— -cnjd" cecnjd#'
Nkä `lg`bzcu jbk {zj ykuk jp~jp yulfjpplujp gjp~k jp`lbk mlaj j}cp~jg~j"
njg~uj kp ncfjujg~jp kb~jugk~cvkp ylppävjcp" k{zjbk {zj jbk k`ujnc~k pju k dj¤
bmlu" nknk k pzk ‒j}j{zcecbcnknj gl jpykèl ylbä~c`l mlaj j}cp~jg~j gk pl`cjnknj
eukpcbjcuk -cnjd" y' ;>6#" ã k ncdcgzcèàl nl fuk`kppl jp`lbku j nk j}`bzpàl" ylu djcl nj jp~uk~ãhckp ~ã`gc`kp knj{zknkp ykuk hkukg~cu l k`jppl kl dkclu gñdjul
ylppävjb nj `uckgèkp gjp~k jp`lbk" j pzk yjudkgág`ck gjbk" yjbl dkclu ~jdyl
ylppävjb— -cnjd" cecnjd#'
Jp~k ã pzk mcyð~jpj? dkcp nl {zj cppl" ã pzk kylp~k'
Khluk" uj`lgp~c~zänl l {zknul jd {zj pj cgpjuj l jgzg`cknl `c~knl
ylu Yklbl" ã ylppävjb uj`zyjuë$bl gl cg~juclu nl ncp`zupl jd {zj flc yul¤
nzqcnl1
@kpl jppk mcyð~jpj pj pzp~jg~kppj" j `ujcl {zj pj pzp~jg~kuck ylcp ã
~kdeãd dcgmk kylp~k" vjal gk `kyk`c~kèàl yulfcppclgkb l ylg~l `uä~c`l
k yku~cu nl {zkb cdyucdcu zd `kuë~ju ylbä~c`l é yuë~c`k nl`jg~j ykuk jppj
yulfjpplu' Ylu{zj l pkeju$fkqju `lgp~c~zc zdk nkp gj`jppcnknjp cdjnck~kp
ykuk pzk cdkhjd nj yulfcppclgkb" ykuk zdk yju`jyèàl dkcp `uä~c`k j
djglp kppcp~jg`ckbcp~k nl vkblu nj pjz ~ukekbml _cnjd" cecnjdT'
Vá$pj" ylcp" {zj k{zcbl {zj ykuj`ck zdk ~jpj `lgfzpk ujpzb~k gknk dkcp{zj zdk ~jg~k~cvk nj bju k ujkbcnknj nk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j j cgnc`ku zdk fludk
nj ~uknzqcu" gjppk djpdk yuë~c`k" l pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l nk jnz`kèàl jp`lbku'
Ykuk Hzcldku" k cgnc`kèàl pzyuk" kbãd nj pju kyjgkp zdk jg~uj dzc~kp
kb~jugk~cvkp ylppävjcp" `kz~jblpkdjg~j pj{zju ylnj pju kndc~cnk `ldl zdk
`ju~jqk' Ylu cppl jbk yujfjuj k ykbkvuk kylp~k' J kppcd ~judcgk l pjz bcvul1
Zdk kylp~k ã dkcp {zj zdk mcyð~jpj j dzc~l djglp {zj zdk
`ju~jqk' Hlp~l nl ~judl ylu{zj j}yujppk `ld j}k~cnàl l dldjg~l njdcgmk pzeaj~cvcnknj gl yul`jppl nj `lgmj`cdjg~l nk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j
j azp~cfc`k {zj jp~j `kyä~zbl gàl pjak k päg~jpj dkp zdk nkp dzc~kp päg¤
~jpjp ylppävjcp' @ldl ~lnk kylp~k jgvlbvj ucp`lp" plz bjvknk k cgnkhku
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 0:
pj k plbcnàl nl ~ukekbml ~jðuc`l gàl dj fjq" `ldl kl ylj~k" vju `ld
`bkujqk `lcpkp {zj gàl pàl vjunknjcukp' @ujcl jg~uj~kg~l {zj jppk ã dkcp
zdk cg`ju~jqk k kppzdcu j cg`luyluku" ylu{zj gàl vjal `ldl nku zdk
ujpylp~k pk~cpfk~ðuck k ~kb cgnkhkèàl" gl ådec~l nl yuðyucl ~ukekbml
~jðuc`l _cnjd" yy' ;>6$;>8T'
Jp~k `lg`bzpàl jp~ë jd yjufjc~k `lgplgåg`ck `ld k ~jpj CC nj Dku}
pleuj Fjzjuek`m1
L yulebjdk nk ylppcecbcnknj nj k~ucezcu kl yjgpkdjg~l mzdkgl
zdk vjunknj leaj~cvk gàl ã zd yulebjdk ~jðuc`l" dkp pcd zd yulebjdk
yuë~c`l' Ã gk yuë~c`k {zj l mldjd njvj njdlgp~uku k vjunknj" lz pjak"
k ujkbcnknj j l ylnju nl pjz yjgpkdjg~l' K `lg~ulvãupck jd ~lugl nk
ujkbcnknj lz cuujkbcnknj nl yjgpkdjg~l $ cplbknl nk yuë~c`k $ ã zd
yulebjdk yzukdjg~j jp`lbëp~c`l _Dku}" p,n'" y' ;9T'
J ã gk yuë~c`k {zj Hzcldku jp~ë ~jg~kgnl ujpylgnju é{zjbk cgnkhkèàl'
Gàl ~jdlp nñvcnk nj {zj jp~k yulebjdë~c`k jp~ë gk ukcq nk ncfä`cb nj`cpàl {zj
~ldlz kl k`jc~ku kppzdcu k Pj`uj~kuck nk Jnz`kèàl nl Dzgc`äycl nj Pàl Ykzbl'
^juë jbk á}c~l< Hkgmkuë k kylp~k< Gàl pkejdlp' Dkp {zj" kl njdlgp~uku ~kb
hukz nj `ljuág`ck jg~uj pjz ncp`zupl j pzk yuë~c`k" jbk jp~kuë kvkgèkgnl gk
ujpylp~k é cgnkhkèàl fludzbknk" ncp~l gàl ~jdlp nñvcnk'
; ' 6 ' [ z j d ~j d D j n l n k @ l d y j ~ á g ` ck ^ ã ` g c ` k <
Kyðp lp `ldjg~ëuclp kyujpjg~knlp" l`luuj$dj yjuhzg~ku1 {zjd ~jd
djnl nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k<
É bzq nk kgëbcpj fjc~k" ykuj`j ðevcl {zj kp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp gàl
~ád {zkb{zju dl~cvl ykuk ~jdju k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Kl `lg~uëucl" ã k `bkppj
nldcgkg~j {zj ~jd ukqújp ykuk ~jdá$bk" ~kg~l kppcd {zj" gl jdyjgml jd
yujpjuvku pjzp cg~jujppjp" k`kelz ylu yulvl`ku k yulnzèàl nk cg`ldyj~ág`ck
k njpyjc~l nkp yul`bkdkèújp jd `lg~uëucl'
^kdeãd gàl ~jdjuàl k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k lp cg~jbj`~zkcp vjunknjcuk¤
djg~j jdyjgmknlp jd kppzdcu" nj fk~l" zd `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l ku~c`zbknl
`ld lp cg~jujppjp nkp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp' ^jdjd k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k
k{zjbjp {zj" jdeluk yul`zujd kppzdcu jppj ~cyl nj `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l"
jg`lg~ukd$pj kcgnk ple k cgfbzág`ck nldcgkg~j nkp ~jluckp jnz`k`clgkcp {zj
`lgvjg`clgjc `mkdku nj ‒`uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp— -Pkvckgc" 5998#'
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06 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
^kcp ~jluckp" `ky~kgnl nj dlnl dj`ågc`l j zgcncuj`clgkb k nj~judcgk¤
èàl nk pl`cjnknj pleuj k jnz`kèàl" k`kekd ylu ncpplbvju k jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk
jnz`kèàl j" ylu cgpzfc`cág`ck nckbã~c`k" jbcdcgkd kp `lg~ukncèújp nl cg~juclu
nk jp`lbk" ujnzqcgnl$k k zd jpykèl lgnj lp cg~jujppjp nldcgkg~jp pj cdyújdnj fludk" ylu kppcd ncqju" keplbz~k' Ylu cppl k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k gl cg~j¤
uclu nkp jp`lbkp ã cg~juyuj~knk `ldl jp~kgnl pjdyuj k pjuvcèl nlp cg~jujppjp
nldcgkg~jp'
Njvl ujppkb~ku" ykuk jvc~ku cg~juyuj~kèújp j{zcvl`knkp" aë {zj jp~j djz
~j}~l ~jvj `ldl yuj~j}~l k yzebc`kèàl nl ku~chl nl Yklbl" {zj" `lgfludj jg¤
~jgnc" l Yklbl gàl ~jdj k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' L {zj jbj ~jdj ã k vjbmk `ld¤
yj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k" k{zjbk ku~c`zbknk `ld lp cg~jujppjp nk ezuhzjpck' J jbj kpycuk
k zdk glvk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k {zj pjak yulnz~l nkp bz~kp nl ‒`lbj~cvl nlp yulfjpplujp" ylbc~c`kdjg~j luhkgcqknlp— j ku~c`zbknlp `ld lp cg~jujppjp nlp
~ukekbmknlujp'
Gjppj pjg~cnl" `lgpcnjul {zj l ku~chl nl Yklbl `ldybjdjg~k j" ple kb¤
hzgp kpyj`~lp" ~kbvjq ylppk uj~cfc`ku l ~j}~l nk Hzcldku" kl fluèë$bl k j}ybc`c~ku
`ju~lp ylg~lp {zj jp~àl yujpjg~jp dkp {zj gàl djuj`jukd hukgnj njp~k{zj
jd vcp~k nlp cg~jubl`z~lujp yucg`cykcp nl ~j}~l' Ylu{zj gàl pj chgluk {zj k
~jpj nk Hzcldku ~cgmk `ldl cg~jubl`z~lujp ncuj~lp lp jnz`knlujp yulhujppcp~kp"
cnjg~cfc`knlp `ld ylpcèújp {zj ylnjuäkdlp `bkppcfc`ku `ldl ‒nj jp{zjunk—' Gjppj `lg~j}~l" l pjg~cnl nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l j pzk vcg`zbkèàl `ld lp
cg~jujppjp nldcgknlp jukd nknlp `ldl jg~jgncnlp j gàl yulebjdë~c`lp' K
{zjp~àl {zj pj yzgmk juk1 `ldl ujkbcqku jppj `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l< @ldl
fkqá$bl yulhujncu< @ldl ~lugë$bl k~zkg~j gk yuë~c`k nl`jg~j< Ã gjppj pjg~cnl
{zj jdjuhcz `ldl ~jdk yucg`cykb k {zjp~àl nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Cp~l gàl
jbcdcgk k{zcbl {zj {zju l Yklbl" cp~l ã" k gj`jppcnknj nj ‒zdk `uä~c`k dkcp
yulfzgnk `lg~uk `ju~k `ldyj~ág`ck yjnkhðhc`k" pl`ckbcqkgnl dkcp k `uä~c`k j k
njgñg`ck `lg~uk `lg`jyèújp kgk`uþgc`kp j jbc~cp~kp nk ~j`glblhck jnz`k`clgkbnldcgkg~j—'
Gk bcgmk nkp `lgpcnjukèújp k`cdk cgnc`knkp" `kej lepjuvku {zj l Yklbl
njc}k jg~ujvju zd `ju~l ~jdlu nj {zj ylpcèújp `ldl k nk Hzcldku vjgmkd
k ujfluèku l ~j`gc`cpdl yjnkhðhc`l" nkgnl zd glvl kbjg~l klp knjy~lp njppk
ylpcèàl" {zj vcgmkd yjunjgnl jpykèl jd ukqàl nkp `uä~c`kp `knk vjq dkcp
`juuknkp {zj bmjp jukd jgnjujèknkp' Kbhzdkp yjpplkp `mjhkukd djpdl k
`ldjg~ku {zj" nj pzk yku~j" jg~jgnckd kp ylpcèújp nk Hzcldku' Kppzp~kvkd$
pj" yluãd" `ld l fk~l nj {zj lp ~uknc`clgkbcp~kp" `lgpjuvknlujp j ujk`clgëuclpfkqckd zdk bjc~zuk nl bcvul {zj uj`zyjukvk l pjz `lg~jñnl jd ejgjfä`cl nj
pzkp ylpcèújp ylbä~c`kp gl `kdyl jnz`k`clgkb'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 08
K jppj ujpyjc~l" yjgpl {zj ã jppj ~cyl nj bjc~zuk {zj njvj pju `uc~c`knl"
`ldek~cnl" njgzg`cknl' @ld jfjc~l" kppcd `ldl gàl pj ylnj `zbyku Dku}
yjbk uj`zyjukèàl ezuhzjpk {zj @ul`j fjq nkp `k~jhluckp ~jðuc`kp ylu jbj nj¤
pjgvlbvcnkp dkp `kej" cp~l pcd" `ldek~ju @ul`j" `ldl l fjq Hukdp`c" kppcd~kdeãd dj ykuj`j {zj gàl pj ~uk~k nj `zbyku k Hzcldku j njpdjuj`ju l pjz
~ukekbml jd vcu~znj njppkp bjc~zukp ‒uj`zyjuknlukp—'
5 ' [ Z J D ^ J D D J N L N L @ L D Y U L D CP P L Y L B Ä^ C@ L <
Jpflu`jc$dj" gk yucdjcuk yku~j njp~j `kyä~zbl" jd pc~zku$dj gl cg~juclu
nl ncp`zupl j}yujppl gl bcvul nj Hzcldku Gkdl nj Djbbl" yul`zukgnl `ky~ku"
k yku~cu nj njg~ul" pzk yjupyj`~cvk" pjzp kuhzdjg~lp" pzkp ylpcèújp'
@zdyuj" khluk" ~jg~ku `ky~ku k yjupyj`~cvk nl Yklbl nj dlnl {zj hk¤
gmjdlp `lgncèújp nj `lgfulg~ku kp nzkp yjupyj`~cvkp `ld `lgmj`cdjg~l
nj `kzpk" ~jg~kgnl njpvjgnku" leaj~cvkdjg~j" pzkp ncp`ujyåg`ckp j jvjg~zkcp
`lcg`cnág`ckp'
Yulylgml$dj" ylcp" gjp~k yku~j" k ujkbcqku pleuj l ku~chl ‒L `ldyul¤
dcppl ylbä~c`l `ldl mlucqlg~j nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k— l djpdl dlvcdjg~l
ujkbcqknl gk yucdjcuk yku~j pleuj l bcvul Dkhcp~ãucl nj ;¹ hukz1 nk `ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Yul`zukujc knjg~uku$dj kl ~j}~l" ezp`kgnl
`ky~ku" nl cg~juclu nj pjz ncp`zupl" k yjupyj`~cvk {zj l jgfludk' J" `ldl
kg~jucludjg~j" k{zc ~kdeãd `ujcl {zj" gjppj yul`jppl nj cdjupàl" l dã~lnl
dkcp knj{zknl ã kppzdcu zdk k~c~znj nj pcdyk~ck" yjudc~cgnl {zj l ~j}~l
nchk ~znl l {zj {zcp ncqju? cp~l cdybc`k jvc~ku yulvcpluckdjg~j {zj dcgmkp
yuðyuckp ylpcèújp" dcgmkp ncp`lunåg`ckp" dcgmkp ujppkbvkp flu`jd l kz~lu k
ncqju k{zcbl {zj jbj gàl yuj~jgnjz ncqju'
@ldl gk yucdjcuk yku~j" k{zc ~kdeãd z~cbcqkujc pze~ä~zblp kbjhðuc`lp'K ujfjuág`ck" bë" kl ‒yldl nk ncp`ðunck— juk ncuj~kdjg~j `ldyujjgpävjb yjblp
bjc~lujp' K{zc z~cbcqkujc k dj~ëfluk nl ‒fuz~l yulcecnl—' Jbk ykuj`j$dj uc`k nj
pcdelblhck" ylcp" kbãd nj kylg~ku ykuk k yjupyj`~cvk nj cgp~kzukèàl nj zdk
lunjd {zj ã yulcecnk gkp k~zkcp `cu`zgp~åg`ckp" cdybc`kgnl" ylu~kg~l" k nj¤
plejncág`ck" k {zjeuk nk lunjd vchjg~j" pzhjuj" kcgnk" k cdkhjd nk ‒ëuvluj
nk `cág`ck nl ejd j nl dkb—" pchgcfc`kgnl `ld cppl k yjunk nk cgl`ág`ck" l
njpvjgnkdjg~l nlp pjhujnlp -bjcp# {zj k~zkd gk pl`cjnknj'
K{zc" ~kdeãd" `ldjèkujc ylu kyujpjg~ku pcg~j~c`kdjg~j l `lg~jñnlhblekb nl ku~chl' Jd pjhzcnk" pjuàl fjc~lp lp njp~k{zjp nj dkgjcuk mldðblhk
kl yul`jncdjg~l knl~knl gk yucdjcuk yku~j'
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5 ' ; ' K K u v l u j n l F u z ~ l Y u l c e c n l
L ku~chl ‒L `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l `ldl mlucqlg~j nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`¤
gc`k— `ldjèk ylu ujhcp~uku zdk yjuybj}cnknj {zj pj j}yujppk gl ~jdlu nj {zjk ~jpj nk Hzcldku pchgcfc{zj zd uj~lugl k ‒zd glvl j ncpfkuèknl ~j`gc`cpdl
yjnkhðhc`l—' ^kb ~jdlu pj dkg~ãd" jdeluk pj uj`lgmjèkd gk ujfjucnk ~jpj
‒`bkukp kfcudkèújp k ujpyjc~l nk gj`jppcnknj nj kcgnk pj `uc~c`ku j njgzg`cku k
yuë~c`k jp`lbku— j}cp~jg~j' Cp~l l`luuj jd ukqàl nk cgpzfc`cjg~j mcp~luc`cqkèàl
nlp `lg`jc~lp ~ukekbmknlp gk ~jpj'
Ykuk pzyjuku k bcdc~kèàl k`cdk kylg~knk" Yklbl knvlhk" jg~àl" k gj`jp¤
pcnknj nj mcp~luc`cqku j ujfjucu lp `lg`jc~lp kl jdek~j jg~uj kp `bkppjp pl`ckcp'
Jp~k mcp~luc`cqkèàl cdybc`k ujfjucu k `ldyj~ág`ck ép ncfjujg~jp `lg`jyèújp nj`zb~zuk' Fzgnkdjg~kbdjg~j" ~uk~k$pj nj ncp~cghzcu jg~uj k ‒`zb~zuk jg`c`blyã¤
nc`l$ezuhzjpk— j k ‒`zb~zuk mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck—' @knk zdk ~jd pzk yuðyuck
cnjck nj `ldyj~ág`ck'
Nl ylg~l nj vcp~k mcp~ðuc`l" kp nzkp `zb~zukp ujfjucnkp ujbk`clgkd$pj
nckbj~c`kdjg~j" `lgp~c~zcgnl$pj k pjhzgnk gzd dldjg~l pzyjuclu {zj cg¤
`luyluk" nj zd glvl ylg~l nj vcp~k" kp `lg{zcp~kp nkp `zb~zukp ykppknkp' Nkä
l `lg`jc~l nj lu~lnl}ck" {zj cdybc`k l uj`lgmj`cdjg~l nj {zj k fcblplfck nk
yuë}cp ã kz~lppzfc`cjg~j'Jd päg~jpj" l kz~lu ylpc`clgk$pj ujplbz~kdjg~j yjbk pzeluncgkèàl nk
`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" njfcgcnl k yku~cu nj zd mluc¤
qlg~j ylbä~c`l {zj cdybc`k l uldycdjg~l `ld k vjbmk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k
hjp~knk gl pjcl nj zd `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l ujk`clgëucl lz `lgpjuvknlu j k
hjp~àl nj zdk glvk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k `ldyuldj~cnk ylbc~c`kdjg~j `ld
kp fluèkp jdjuhjg~jp `lgp~c~zänkp yjbkp dkppkp ~ukekbmknlukp'
@ldl ujkbcqku cp~l< L `kdcgml yuj`lgcqknl jp~kejbj`j yuclucnknj ykuk
k ujfbj}àl `uä~c`k j kgëbcpj ylbádc`k' K yku~cu nkä" j pð nkä" pjuë ylppävjb njfcgcu lp glvlp yul`jpplp ~ã`gc`lp {zj yujppzyújd zdk j}ybä`c~k j `lbj~cvk glvk
yujl`zykèàl mcp~ðuc`k' Kppcd" k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k fc`k pzeluncgknk j k pju¤
vcèl nl ‒glvl leaj~cvl pl`ckb {zj k `bkppj ~ukekbmknluk j}ybc`c~lz j njfcgcz
ykuk pc— -Glpjbbk" ;3=0#'
K yku~cu nkp yujdcppkp kg~jp jp~kejbj`cnkp" Yklbl pzhjuj zdk glvk cg¤
~juyuj~kèàl nk ‒cg`ldyj~ág`ck yjnkhðhc`k—? jp~k ylnj pju1
k# j}yujppàl `lbj~cvk nj ujpcp~ág`ck?
e# dkgcfjp~kèàl nj jphl~kdjg~l nk fluèk mjhjdþgc`k nk `bkppj nldc¤
gkg~j?
`# ujpzb~knl nj zd yul`jppl nj ujyujppàl j jpvkqckdjg~l `zb~zukb'
0= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 03
Pzhjuj" ~kdeãd" zdk glvk cg~juyuj~kèàl nl pjg~cnl nj eld pjgpl nlp
yulfjpplujp' Jp~j gàl pchgcfc`kuck kyjgkp k yju`jyèàl nj {zj k kyujgncqkhjd
nl kbzgl ã cdylu~kg~j' Cdybc`kuck1
k# njp`kpl j `jy~c`cpdl nl yulfjppluknl jd ujbkèàl ép yul`bkdkèújp
nl jp~knl j nj pzk j{zcyj nj ~ã`gc`lp?
e# njp`kpl ykuk `ld k ~j`glblhck jnz`k`clgkb j kp dj~lnlblhckp cd¤
ylp~kp'
J zdk glvk cg~juyuj~kèàl nk `kyk`c~kèàl nlp yulfjpplujp {zj ykppk k
pju jg~jgncnk `ldl zd pkeju$fkqju {zj `lg`uj~cqk nj~judcgknk bcgmk ylbä~c`k'
Ylu~kg~l" jbk gàl nj~judcgk l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" dkp ã ylu jbj nj~judc¤
gknk'
J" ~kdeãd" zdk glvk cg~juyuj~kèàl nk ‒vcpàl kppcp~jg`ckbcp~k nl yul¤
fjpplu—' Jp~k gàl ã ujpzb~knl nk cg`ldyj~ág`ck" dkp k ‒kbdk cnjlbðhc`k— nk
~j`glblhck jnz`k`clgkb ‒`ldyj~jg~j— cg`zb`knk glp yulfjpplujp ylu ‒`ldyj¤
~jg~jp— yulfcppclgkcp'
J" kcgnk" zdk glvk cg~juyuj~kèàl nk cdyl~ág`ck nlp yulfjpplujp' Jp~k
~kdeãd gàl nj`luuj nk cg`ldyj~ág`ck" dkp `lgp~c~zc ‒zd njuuknjcul hjp~l
nj ujpcp~ág`ck— é ‒`ldyj~ág`ck— cgp~c~zänk `ldl bjhc~cdknluk nl njp`kbkeul
jnz`k`clgkb'
J" ylu fcd" pzhjuj zdk glvk cg~juyuj~kèàl nk ‒vlg~knj {zj l yulfjpplu
dkgcfjp~k jd {zjuju fkqju kbhl gk jp`lbk— -Glpjbbk" ;3=0#' Jp~k vlg~knj" jg¤
{zkg~l eld pjgpl jgz`bjknl gl pjgpl `ldzd nlp yulfjpplujp" gàl ylnjuck
pju cbzdcgknk yjbl kyjbl é `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k" l {zj flc pjdyuj l ‒ujfuàl nlp
ncp`zuplp hlvjugcp~kp— -cnjd" y' 38#' ^uk~k$pj" kg~jp" nj zdk vlg~knj ylbä~c`k
{zj cdybc`kuck" nj zd bknl" l kyulfzgnkdjg~l j k pl`ckbcqkèàl nk `uä~c`k é
`ldyj~ág`ck yjnkhðhc`k nj`luujg~j nj `lg`jyèújp kgk`uþgc`kp j jbc~cp~kp j"
nj lz~ul" k ~jg~k~cvk nj jbkeluku" gl cg~juclu nk luhkgcqkèàl ylbä~c`l$`lbj~cvk
nlp yulfjpplujp" glvkp ~ã`gc`kp j dj~lnlblhckp nj jgpcgl'
J l ku~chl jg`juuk$pj `ld zd jblhcl é `ldyj~ág`ck nlp yulfjpplujp
eukpcbjculp" {zj pjdyuj flukd `kykqjp nj `ucku fludkp jfc`cjg~jp nj jnz`ku
pjzp kbzglp gkp `lgncèújp kp dkcp knvjupkp" dkp {zj flukd ujyucdcnlp pcp~j¤dk~c`kdjg~j'
Ylu pleuj kp
uzägkp nj j}`jbjg~jp ~j`glblhckp jnz`k`clgkcp flukd lfjuj`cnkp kb~ju¤
gk~cvkp ~ã`gc`kp lz~ukp {zj nj `ldyj~jg~j gknk ylppzäkd k gàl pju k
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`kyk`cnknj nj dcp~cfc`ku" yzbvjucqku" cbzncu j njpkgcdku ple k kykuág`ck
nj yul`jpplp ~ã`gc`lp jfc`cjg~jp ykuk l jgpcgl$kyujgncqkhjd _Glpjbbk"
;3=0" y' 38T'
Ylu{zj pkejd dzc~l ejd ncppl ~znl ã {zj lp jnz`knlujp eukpcbjculp
`lgfjujd k yucdkqck kl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" pjd l {zj akdkcp ~juàl kp `lg¤
ncèújp leaj~cvkp ykuk k~cghcujd k glvk `ldyj~ág`ck j}chcnk yjbk `lg`jyèàl
mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck nj `zb~zuk'
5 ' 5 ' L F u z ~ l Y u l c e c n l
Vá$pj" k yku~cu nl ujpzdl kyujpjg~knl gl c~jd kg~juclu" {zj ykuk Yklbl Glpjbbk l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l ã l ‒ylg~l `uä~c`l nl yul`jppl jnz`k~cvl—' L
jnz`knlu {zj {zjcuk `lbl`ku$pj gk yjupyj`~cvk nk ‒jdjuhjg~j `bkppj ~ukekbmk¤
nluk— njvj" ylcp" uldyju `ld k vjbmk `lg`jyèàl nj `zb~zuk -k jg`c`blyãnc`l$
ezuhzjpk#' Cp~l cdybc`k njplejnj`ju" {zjeuku kp ujhukp jp~kejbj`cnkp" lzpku
`ldju nl fuz~l nk ‒ëuvluj nk `cág`ck nl ejd j nl dkb—" gjhkgnl" kppcd" k
cgl`ág`ck ykukncpäk`k {zj ujcgk gk jp`lbk `kyc~kbcp~k'
Z~cbcql jppk pcdelblhck ylu{zj jbk dj ykuj`j uc`k" zdk vjq {zj yju¤
dc~j jg~jgnju l yul`jppl nj njpvjbkdjg~l nkp bjcp {zj ujhjd k pl`cjnknj`kyc~kbcp~k' Gjppk ~kujfk l jnz`knlu gàl gj`jppc~k `ldjèku nl qjul' Nl pjcl nk
vjbmk `zb~zuk jdjuhcz k ‒vcpàl `zb~zukb pl`ckbcp~k— {zj" ‒jdeluk nldcgknk" ã
mcp~luc`kdjg~j pzyjuclu é ezuhzjpk j cg`luyluk" nj zd glvl ylg~l nj vcp~k" kp
`lg{zcp~kp nkp `zb~zukp ykppknkp— -cnjd" y' 30#' J k j}yujppàl jbkeluknk njppk
glvk `zb~zuk ã k ‒fcblplfck nk yuë}cp—' Jp~k ã k `cág`ck {zj njpvjgnk lp pjhujnlp
nk nldcgkèàl ezuhzjpk'
Aë {zj jppj ylg~l nj vcp~k ã uknc`kbdjg~j glvl" cp~l ã" `lgp~c~zc$pj nj zdk
‒ukcq pzep~kg~cvkdjg~j ncfjujg~j—" ã kyjgkp `lbl`kgnl$pj gjppk yjupyj`~cvk {zjpjuë ylppävjb cdyucdcu zdk ncujèàl hjgzcgkdjg~j glvk ykuk k yuë~c`k jnz¤
`k~cvk' @lbl`ku$pj gjppk yjupyj`~cvk pchgcfc`k kppzdcu zd ‒glvl jghkakdjg~l
ylbä~c`l—" l {zkb `lgp~c~zc `lgncèàl ykuk pj `ldyujjgnju {zj1
k fcblplfck nk yuë}cp pj ekp~k k pc djpdk ylu ylppzcu ~lnkp kp `k~jhluckp
jppjg`ckcp ykuk zdk glvk `lg`jyèàl nj dzgnl `kykq nj `ldyujjgnju
j kppcdcbku" nj zd glvl ylg~l nj vcp~k luchcgkb j pzyjuclu" k mcp~ðuck
ykppknk _cnjd" cecnjdT"
Ykuk ~uknzqcu jppk yjupyj`~cvk {zj jp~kejbj`j l yucdknl nl `ldyuldcppl
ylbä~c`l" Yklbl z~cbcqk$pj nk cdkhjd nl mlucqlg~j1
>9 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC >;
K cdkhjd dkcp knj{zknk {zj glp l`luuj" ykuk j}yujppku jppjp `lg`jc¤
~lp" ã kcgnk k cdkhjd nl mlucqlg~j {zj ~ukgp`jgnj j kl djpdl ~jdyl
`lgpzep~kg`ck nj pchgcfc`kèàl ~lnl ykppl jpyj`äfc`l nl `kdcgmkg~j'
L mlucqlg~j ylbä~c`l ã k päg~jpj yuj`ëuck nj ~lnk yjp{zcpk? yuj`jnj j
k`ldykgmk ~lnk yuë}cp `cjg~äfc`k" {zkbcfc`kgnl$k ylbc~c`kdjg~j' Pj l
mlucqlg~j ylbä~c`l nj yju pc pð gàl ã kcgnk k `kyk`cnknj nj pj `kdcgmku"
ã" gl jg~kg~l" k lucjg~kèàl `lg`uj~k {zj cgfludk ~lnk ~ã`gc`k j ~lnk
cgp~uzdjg~kèàl jnz`k~cvk _cnjd" yy' 30$3>T'
5 ' 0 ' K L z ~ u k F k ` j n l F u z ~ l Y u l c e cn l
K kfcudkèàl kg~juclu" `jg~uknk gk cdkhjd nl mlucqlg~j" aë glp knvju~j
nj {zj l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" pj nj~ãd k yucdkqck" pj ã l ylg~l nj yku~cnk
j l ylg~l nj `mjhknk" k dku`k ncp~cg~cvk" k lucjg~kèàl `lg`uj~k {zj cgfludk
~lnl l yul`jppl" gàl l jphl~k" yluãd' Jbj ‒gàl ã kcgnk k `kyk`cnknj nj pj
`kdcgmku—'
Ylu~kg~l" pj l Yklbl pzeluncgk ujplbz~kdjg~j k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k kl
`ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" gjd ylu cppl jbj njc}k nj uj`lgmj`ju k cdylu~åg`ck j
gj`jppcnknj nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Ã gj`jppëucl ‒pzep~c~zcu l vjbml kupjgkb nj
`ldyj~ág`ckp ~ã`gc`kp— ylu ‒zd glvl `lgazg~l nj ~ã`gc`kp— -cnjd" y' 30#'
Ykuk pj `mjhku kä" yluãd" ã gj`jppëucl zd blghl j yk`cjg~j ~ukekbml'
Pj k bjc~zuk nlp nlcp ñb~cdlp ykuëhukflp nl ku~chl nl Yklbl ylnj `lgnzqcu é
cg~juyuj~kèàl nj {zj l glvl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l aë ã zdk `lg{zcp~k nlp
yulfjpplujp" `kej knvju~cu" `lg~znl" {zj ~kb cg~juyuj~kèàl gàl `luujpylgnj
kl jpyäuc~l nl `lgazg~l nl ~j}~l' Yklbl ujvjbk ybjgk `lgp`cág`ck nj {zj l
`ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l ã zd mlucqlg~j -Hlbndkgg ncuck {zj ã k ‒`lgp`cág`ck
ylppävjb—# {zj jp~ë kcgnk blghj nj pju ybjgkdjg~j k~cghcnl' Ylu cppl cgpcp~j jbj
gk gj`jppcnknj nj gàl pj njp`zcnku nj" `lg~cgzkdjg~j" kyulfzgnku j kdybcku
k ujfbj}àl `uä~c`k" ylcp1 ‒zd ~ukekbml `uä~c`l j dk`cèkdjg~j ylbádc`l `lg~uk
k yuë~c`k yjnkhðhc`k {zj jp~ë kä gjd pj{zju `ldjèlz nj fludk luhkgcqknk"
dlbj`zbku j yulfzgnk jg~uj gðp— -cnjd" y' 3>#'
Ylnjdlp" ylcp" `lg`bzcu {zj kp ujfjuág`ckp nlp nlcp ñb~cdlp ykuëhukflp
gàl ~uknzqjd" yulyuckdjg~j" zdk `lg{zcp~k kppjhzuknk" dkp ujfjujd$pj" kg~jp"
kl eld pjgpl nlp yulfjpplujp' ^kb eld pjgpl gj`jppc~k pju ~ukekbmknl j jbjvknl
kl gävjb nj zdk `lg`jyèàl jbkeluknk" luhågc`k j `ljujg~j {zj" ~lugkgnl$pjmjhjdþgc`k" pj ujvjbj `kykq nj ku~c`zbku l `lbj~cvl nlp yulfjpplujp'
^uk~k$pj nj zdk ~kujfk ëunzk" ncfä`cb1
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>5 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
l ~ukekbml nj ujfbj}àl `uä~c`k j nj kgëbcpj ylbádc`k ã zd yul`jppl
blghl j njvj$pj njp`lgfcku nk yujppk jd pzyjuë$bl' Dzc~kp dkgcfjp~kèújp
nj ‒pk~zukèàl— nj `uä~c`k j nj ylbádc`k jp`lgnjd zd yjuchlpl k~cvcpdl
{zkgnl gàl zdk ujajcèàl nk jdjuhág`ck nj glvkp mjhjdlgckp _cnjd"
cecnjdT'
K `ldyj~ág`ck jdjuhj" kppcd" `ldl k lz~uk fk`j nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c¤
`l" {zj ã nzukdjg~j `lg{zcp~knk yjbl yuðyucl kyulfzgnkdjg~l j uknc`kbcqkèàl
nl dldjg~l ylbä~c`l1
Glvkp `ldyj~ág`ckp ~ã`gc`kp gàl pzuhcuàl jpylg~kgjkdjg~j" ylcp
pàl fuz~l nj blghl ~ukekbml' Ykppk$pj yjbk `uä~c`k `juuknk ép ~j`glblhckp
mcp~luc`kdjg~j hjuknkp gk jpfjuk nlp cg~jujppjp nkp k~zkcp `bkppjp nl¤
dcgkg~jp j k cg`luylukèàl nj jbjdjg~lp vkbclplp nk `zb~zuk ykppknk pj
nkuë nj fludk luchcgkb j njg~ul nl jpyäuc~l ncvjuhjg~j j lylp~l _cnjd"
cecnjdT'
Kbãd nl dkcp" Yklbl ~kdeãd njp`ku~k k ~jgnág`ck" ylu vjqjp fuj{zjg~j"
nj pj `lg`jg~uku l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l gk ~kujfk `uä~c`l$ylbádc`k? ylu cppl
k`ujp`jg~k1
Fcgkbdjg~j" jp~kp glvkp `ldyj~ág`ckp ~ã`gc`kp njvjuàl pju pzedj¤
~cnkp é yulvk nk yuë~c`k" ylcp ~juàl kbhzd vkblu gk djncnk jd {zj
kb`kgèkujd l leaj~cvl yuj~jgncnl {zj ã l nj ujkbcqku l jg`lg~ul nkp
dkppkp ~ukekbmknlukp njp~j ykäp `lgpchl djpdkp kl uj`lgmj`jujd pjzp
ncujc~lp" pjzp njvjujp" pzk mcp~ðuck" pjz fz~zul _cnjd" cecnjdT'
@lg~cgzkgnl gk bcgmk nk pcdelblhck {zj vjgml z~cbcqkgnl" vkbj ncqju {zj"
pj l fuz~l yulcecnl ã k~ukjg~j" yulvë$bl cdybc`k `lgnjgku$pj k ‒hkgmku l yàl
`ld l pzlu nj pjz ulp~l—" cp~l ã" ~ukekbml" dzc~l ~ukekbml' J ple l ujcgl nl njzp
@kyc~kb cp~l pchgcfc`k jgfujg~ku ~lnk plu~j nj yujppújp j ncfc`zbnknjp" cg`bzpcvj
k ujyujppàl' J zdk vjq {zj pj ~uk~k nj zdk uzy~zuk uknc`kb" {zj gj`jppc~k pj
kyulfzgnku `knk vjq dkcp" aë gàl ã yjudc~cnl plgmku `ld l ykukäpl yjuncnl'
5 ' > ' K p n z k p F k ` j p n l F u z ~ l Y u l c e cn l 1 @ l d l p j U j b k ` cl g k d <Pj l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l gàl j}`bzc k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k" `kej vj¤
ucfc`ku `ldl pj ku~c`zbkd" gl ~j}~l nl Yklbl" jppjp nlcp kpyj`~lp'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC >0
Yklbl ã jgfë~c`l jd kfcudku k yucdkqck nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" kl {zkb
pzeluncgk" nj dlnl cgpcp~jg~j" k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' J cp~l ã `ldyujjgpävjb"
nknk k dl~cvkèàl ylbádc`k nj pjz ~j}~l" cgpycuknl {zj flc gl ~jdlu nj {zj k
ágfkpj gk cdylu~åg`ck nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k yznjppj ‒ujyujpjg~ku" gk yuë~c`k"zdk vlb~k k zd glvl j ncpfkuèknl ~j`gc`cpdl yjnkhðhc`l—' J `ldl jppj ~jdlu
flc pzp`c~knl yjbk bjc~zuk nl bcvul nk Hzcldku" jg~jgnj$pj {zj" kl vju ujkbèknk
gl ujfjucnl bcvul k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k" ~jgmk pcnl jbj bjvknl k yþu l k`jg~l
gl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l'
Njvj$pj" yluãd" gl~ku {zj" kl keucu pjz ku~chl" kl djpdl ~jdyl jd
{zj ujhcp~uk pzkp yjuybj}cnknjp" Yklbl kfcudk ~kdeãd {zj ~kcp yjuybj}cnknjp
‒ylnjuckd jg`lg~uku ujpylp~k {zkgnl pj kyulfzgnkppj l yuðyucl `lg`jc~l
nj `ldyj~ág`ck j,lz cg`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k j pzk ujbkèàl `ld l mlucqlg~j ylbä~c`l—'
Ylu~kg~l" njpnj kä aë jp~ë ylp~l l yulebjdk nk ujbkèàl jg~uj kdelp lp
kpyj`~lp'
K cgpcp~ág`ck gl yucdknl nl kpyj`~l ylbä~c`l ã pcg~j~cqknk gjp~k fukpj1
‒K `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k" ujyj~cdlp" gàl ã akdkcp zd dldjg~l yuãvcl ykuk l
jghkakdjg~l ylbä~c`l" jbk aë ã zd nj~judcgknl jghkakdjg~l ylbä~c`l—'
Vá$pj" ylcp" {zj k `ldyj~ág`ck gàl ã jg~jgncnk `ldl zd dldjg¤
~l yuãvcl kl jghkakdjg~l ylbä~c`l" dkp `ldl zd dldjg~l gl cg~juclu nl yuðyucl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' L {zj `kuk`~jucqk l dldjg~l nk `ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k< @ldl jbk pj njfcgj gl cg~juclu nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l< [zkb pjz
ykyjb<
Jvcnjg~jdjg~j" jppkp {zjp~újp gàl pàl leaj~l nj ncp`zppàl j}ybä`c~k glp
bcdc~jp nl ku~chl' Cg~jujppk$glp" yluãd" `ky~ku l jpyäuc~l" k ncujèàl gk {zkb
Yklbl pc~zk ~kcp {zjp~újp' Ykuj`j {zj" ykuk jbj" l mlucqlg~j ylbä~c`l nj~judcgk
k {zkbcnknj" l pcgkb -ylpc~cvl lz gjhk~cvl#" l pjg~cnl j l `lg~jñnl nk `ld¤
yj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k1
Pj l mlucqlg~j ylbä~c`l nj yju pc pð gàl ã kcgnk k `kyk`cnknj nj pj
`kdcgmku" ã" jg~uj~kg~l" k lucjg~kèàl `lg`uj~k {zj cgfludk ~lnk ~ã`gc`k
j ~lnk cgp~uzdjg~kèàl jnz`k~cvk'
Jg~uj~kg~l" `ldl aë pzhjuj k fukpj `c~knk $ ‒l mlucqlg~j ylbä~c`l nj yju
pc pð gàl ã kcgnk k `kyk`cnknj nj pj `kdcgmku— $" ã yjbk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k
{zj l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l pj ujkbcqk' @ld jfjc~l" ~uk~k$pj nj pj `mjhku k zd`lgazg~l nj ~ã`gc`kp lz k zdk dj~lnlblhck ‒{zj ylppk k~zku j `lg`uj~cqku zd
glvl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l— -cnjd" y' 30" hucfl djz#' @lg~cgzkgnl gk djpdk
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>> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
bcgmk nj k`jg~zku l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" gàl pj yjunj nj vcp~k" `lg~znl" k
j}chág`ck nj pzk `lg`uj~cqkèàl'
Jppj pkeju$fkqju gàl ylnj pju zd dldjg~l {zj yuj`jnj l mlucqlg~j
ylbä~c`l" yjbl `lg~uëucl" jbj ã aë zdk `lg`uj~cqkèàl nj zdk nj~judcgk¤
nk bcgmk ylbä~c`k' ^lnl pkeju$fkqju `lg~ãd `ju~k vcpàl nj dzgnl j ã
zd k~l ylbä~c`l gl {zkb pj `lg`uj~cqkd `ju~kp cg~jgèújp pl`ckcp hjukcp
_cnjd" y' 36T'
Luk" ncqju {zj l pkeju$fkqju ã `lg`uj~cqkèàl nj zdk bcgmk ylbä~c`k j {zj
ã gl pkeju$fkqju {zj pj `lg`uj~cqkd `ju~kp cg~jgèújp pl`ckcp hjukcp" gàl pchgcfc`k
kndc~cu {zj ã yjbk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k {zj pj ujkbcqk l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l<Cgpcgzk$pj" ylcp" ~kdeãd gl ~j}~l nl Yklbl k{zcbl {zj jp~kvk j}ybä`c~l gl bcvul
nk Hzcldku1 l `lg`jc~l nj djnckèàl'
5 ' : ' F u z ~ l Y u l c e cn l j Y l d l n k N c p ` ð u n ck 1 @ l g v j u h á g ` c k
Nl {zj k{zc aë flc nc~l ylnjuäkdlp kndc~cu {zj" jd ñb~cdk cgp~åg`ck" k
yjupyj`~cvk nl Yklbl `lgvjuhj `ld k nk Hzcldku" aë {zj ~kdeãd jbj" gl fzgnk¤
djg~kb" k`jc~kuck k ~jpj pjhzgnl k {zkb k fzgèàl ylbä~c`k nk jnz`kèàl -jp`lbku# pj
`zdyuj ~kdeãd" jdeluk gàl pldjg~j" yjbk djnckèàl nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k'
@ld jfjc~l" pj jp~k ã `lg`uj~cqkèàl nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" pj ã yjbl pkeju$
fkqju {zj kp cg~jgèújp pl`ckcp hjukcp pj dk~juckbcqkd" j pj ã yjbk dj~lnlblhck
{zj k~zk l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l" jg~àl" l `kuë~ju djncknlu nk `ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k gl cg~juclu nl yulaj~l ylbä~c`l j}yujppk$pj kä nj dlnl `bkul'
^znl l {zj l Yklbl fjq kl blghl nj ~lnl l pjz ku~chl flc cgpcp~cu gl fk~l
nj {zj k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k gàl ylnj pju `lgpcnjuknk ‒jd pc—' Jbk ã pjdyuj
ujfjucnk k nj~judcgknk yjupyj`~cvk ylbä~c`k" njvjgnl pju kfjucnk k yku~cu nkä j
gàl l `lg~uëucl' Nkä `lgpcnjuku jbj j{zävl`k k ecylbkucnknj jg~uj `ldyj~ág`ck
j cg`ldyj~ág`ck1
Cnjlblhc`kdjg~j k ecylbkucnknj jg~uj `ldyj~ág`ck j cg`ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`kp dkp`kuk zdk pjhzgnk dkcp uknc`kb ecylbkucnknj" cp~l ã" jg~uj
l `lg`jc~l nj `ldyj~ág`ck ykuk k `zb~zuk nldcgkg~j j l nj `ldyj~ág¤
`ck ykuk kp `bkppjp jdjuhjg~jp' K yucdjcuk ecylbkucnknj njc}k jg~jgnju
{zj k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k ã zdk `k~jhluck jd pc" zgcvjupkb" k`cdk nlp
cg~jujppjp nj `bkppj" {zkgnl" yjbl `lg~uëucl" pkej$pj {zj `ldyj~ág`ck
j,lz cg`ldyj~ág`ck pàl {zkbcfc`kèújp k~ucezänkp gl cg~juclu nj zdk
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC >:
vcpàl nj `zb~zuk mcp~luc`kdjg~j nj~judcgknk" ylcp j}cp~j l `ldyj~jg~j
j l cg`ldyj~jg~j ykuk zdk `ju~k `lg`jyèàl nj `zb~zuk" `ldl j}cp~j
l `ldyj~jg~j j l cg`ldyj~jg~j ykuk zdk glvk `lg`jyèàl nj `zb~zuk
_cnjd" y' 3;T'
@lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" l k~l jnz`k~cvl `kuujhk pjdyuj `lgpchl nj~judc¤
gknl `lg~jñnl ylbä~c`l" pjgnl k yuðyuck ncp~cgèàl jg~uj lp kpyj`~lp ~ã`gc`l j
ylbä~c`l zdk kep~ukèàl1
Akdkcp bjdeukujdlp ekp~kg~j l fk~l nj {zj" pj lp jbjdjg~lp ~ã`gc`l$
jnz`k~cvlp" jd pc" ylnjd pju `lgpcnjuknlp gjz~ulp" nj fk~l jp~k vjunknj
gàl ykppk nj zdk kep~ukèàl" aë {zj lp jbjdjg~lp ~ã`gc`lp j}cp~jd pjd¤
yuj gzd nj~judcgknl yul`jppl mcp~ðuc`l j gcghzãd pj cbznk nj ylnju
kppcdcbku jppjp jbjdjg~lp ‒jd pc—" pjd `lg`uj~kdjg~j kppcdcbku ~kdeãd
k ncujèàl mcp~ðuc`k {zj lp yulnzqcz _cnjd" y' 3>T'
Luk" l `lg`jc~l nj djnckèàl cgnc`k" azp~kdjg~j" l `kuë~ju cgp~uzdjg~kb
nk jnz`kèàl j" ylu `lgpj{zág`ck" kfcudku {zj k jnz`kèàl ã djnckèàl pchgcfc`k
kndc~cu {zj l {zj pj ykppk jd pjz cg~juclu gàl pj j}ybc`k ylu pc djpdl" dkp
hkgmk jp~j lz k{zjbj pjg~cnl" yulnzq jp~j lz k{zjbj jfjc~l pl`ckb njyjgnjgnlnkp fluèkp pl`ckcp {zj gjbk k~zkd j `ld kp {zkcp jbk pj vcg`zbk'
Më kä" ylu~kg~l" `lgvjuhág`ck `ld k kfcudkèàl nk Hzcldku" pjhzgnl k
{zkb k yuë~c`k nl yulfjpplu ~jd pjdyuj zd pjg~cnl ylbä~c`l jd pc" cgnjyjgnjg¤
~jdjg~j nj {zj jppj pjg~cnl j}cp~k ykuk l yulfjpplu" cp~l ã" cgnjyjgnjg~jdjg~j
nj {zj pj ~jgmk lz gàl `lgp`cág`ck nl pchgcfc`knl ylbä~c`l nk kèàl jnz`k~cvk'
Kykujg~jdjg~j" ylcp" mkvjuck kyjgkp zdk ncfjujgèk bchknk kl `lgp~kg~j
zpl {zj l Yklbl fkq nl knaj~cvl glvl' Jbj pjdyuj fkq {zjp~àl nj ncp~cghzcu jg~uj
l vjbml `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l j l glvl? jg~uj k vjbmk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k jk glvk' @ldl" yluãd" é bzq nk kgëbcpj {zj yul`zujc fkqju gk yucdjcuk yku~j
njp~j ku~chl" ujpzb~k ncfä`cb cnjg~cfc`ku k ylpcèàl nk Hzcldku `ld lp cg~jujppjp
ylbä~c`lp nldcgkg~jp" kbcgmkgnl$k" jd `lgpj{zág`ck" gl ulb nlp njfjgplujp
nk vjbmk `ldyj~ág`ck" k `lg`bzpàl hjukb ykuj`j kylg~ku gk ncujèàl nj zdk
`lgvjuhág`ck eëpc`k gkp ylpcèújp nj kdelp'
5 ' 6 ' [ z j d ^ j d D j n l n l @ l d y u l d c p p l Y l b ä~ c` l <
É bzq nkp `lgpcnjukèújp fjc~kp" gàl ykuj`j ncfä`cb `lg`bzcu {zj" gk vjunknj"
~jdjd l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l k{zjbjp djpdlp {zj ~jdjd k `ldyj~ág`ck
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>6 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
~ã`gc`k' Cp~l ylu{zj" k{zcbl {zj jfj~cvkdjg~j ~jdj k `bkppj nldcgkg~j ã k `lg¤
`uj~cqkèàl nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l ~ukgpfludknlu' L ncp`zupl nk ~ukgpfludk¤
èàl gàl pð gàl ã ~jdcnl `ldl ~jgnj k pju kyulyucknl yjbk `bkppj nldcgkg~j'
Kbcëp" gðp pkejdlp {zj jbk yuðyuck yul`zuk ~ldku k cgc`ck~cvk nj fludzbkèàl njzd ncp`zupl ~ukgpfludknlu `ldl dj`kgcpdl nj dkgz~jgèàl,uj`ldylpcèàl
nj mjhjdlgck' Jcp ylu {zj" pj l ncp`zupl ujbk~cvl k zd `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l
~ukgpfludknlu ylnj pju ~lbjuknl" kp ~jg~k~cvkp nj `lg`uj~cqku ~kb `ldyuldcppl
pàl `ldek~cnkp nkp dkcp ncfjujg~jp fludkp" pjd j}`bzcu k ujyujppàl vclbjg~k
{zkgnl lp njdkcp uj`zuplp gàl pj ujvjbkujd jfc`kqjp'
Vá$pj" ylcp" {zj" kppcd `ldl k njfjpk nk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k ylnj
pju kyulyucknk yjblp `lgpjuvknlujp j ujk`clgëuclp" k njfjpk nl `ldyuldcppl
ylbä~c`l ~kdeãd ylnj pju kyulyucknk yjblp {zj ezp`kd jpvkqcku k jnz`kèàljp`lbku nj pzk `lg~ucezcèàl jpyj`cfc`kdjg~j yjnkhðhc`k ykuk k ~ukgpfludkèàl
pl`ckb" `ld l {zj pj k`kek ylu kgzbku k ncujèàl ~ukgpfludknluk nj pjz `ld¤
yuldcppl ylbä~c`l'
@kej" ylcp" njgzg`cku zdk j lz~uk kyulyuckèàl j gàl cnjg~cfc`ku bcgjku¤
djg~j k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k `ld k `lgpjuvkèàl j l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l
`ld l jpvkqckdjg~l nk jp`lbk' Kppcd `ldl k ylpcèàl nk Hzcldku$ `lgfludj
kfcudjc gl fcgkb nk yucdjcuk yku~j njp~j ~j}~l $ gàl ylnj pju cnjg~cfc`knk `ld
k yjupyj`~cvk `lgpjuvknluk nj njfjpk nk vjbmk `ldyj~ág`ck" kppcd ~kdeãdk ylpcèàl nl Yklbl $ jpyjul ~ju njc}knl cp~l `bkul kl blghl njp~k pjhzgnk
yku~j $ gàl ylnj pju cnjg~cfc`knk `ld zdk yjupyj`~cvk nj jpvkqckdjg~l nk
jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl jp`lbku'
Kbcëp" k jp~j ujpyjc~l" `kej fucpku {zj gk ylbádc`k jd `zupl ~jd jp~knl
pjdyuj cdcgjg~j l ucp`l nj zdk ylbkucqkèàl jgvcjpknk {zj `lg~ukyúj" nj zd
bknl" k `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k j" nj lz~ul" l `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l' Luk" gàl pj fkq
ylbä~c`k pjd `ldyj~ág`ck j gàl j}cp~j ~ã`gc`k pjd `ldyuldcppl? kbãd ncppl" k
ylbä~c`k ã ~kdeãd zdk {zjp~àl ~ã`gc`k j l `ldyuldcppl pjd `ldyj~ág`ck ãnjp`ldyuldcppl' ^jg~jc {zjeuku k ujfjucnk ylbkucqkèàl aë njpnj l ~ä~zbl njp~j
~j}~l' K njgldcgkèàl ‒`ldyj~ág`ck ylbä~c`k j `ldyuldcppl ~ã`gc`l— ~jvj k
cg~jgèàl dkgcfjp~k nj uldyju k vcg`zbkèàl jg~uj ~ã`gc`k j `ldyj~ág`ck" nj
zd bknl" j ylbä~c`k j `ldyuldcppl" nj lz~ul'
Pj" jd ñb~cdk cgp~åg`ck" k yjupyj`~cvk nl Yklbl `lgvjuhj `ld k nk
Hzcldku? pj k `lg`bzpàl hjukb k {zj `mjhkdlp kylg~k gk ncujèàl nj zdk
`lg`lunåg`ck eëpc`k gkp ylpcèújp nj kdelp" `kej yjuhzg~ku jg~àl1 {zj pjg~cnl
~jd jppj njek~j<Levckdjg~j" k `lg`bzpàl pzyuk dj ykuj`j vëbcnk j}k~kdjg~j glp ~ju¤
dlp jd {zj flc j}yujppk" cp~l ã" `ldl `lg`bzpàl hjukb j jd ñb~cdk cgp~åg`ck'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC >8
Cp~l ylu{zj" nk fludk pcdybcfc`knk `ldl flc kyujpjg~knk" jbk `luuj l ucp`l nj
ujpzb~ku hjgãuc`k" gàl `lg~ucezcgnl ykuk fkqju kvkgèku k ncp`zppàl'
@ld jfjc~l" k~ã kä pcdybjpdjg~j pj ujkfcudlz j pj `lbl`lz gl njvcnl
bzhku" kfkp~kgnl `uä~c`kp kyujppknkp j cg~juyuj~kèújp j{zcvl`knkp" k{zcbl {zjpzylgml pju nj `lgmj`cdjg~l hjukb1 ~kg~l l Yklbl `ldl k Hzcldku ezp`kd"
`ldl jnz`knlujp" kppzdcu zd `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l cnjg~cfc`knl `ld lp cg~j¤
ujppjp nkp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp' @ldl" jg~àl" `lg`jejd jppj `ldyuldcppl<
Nj {zj fludk yuj~jgnjd ujkbcqë$bl< @ldl cg~juyuj~kd l ykyjb nk jp`lbk glcg~juclu njppj `ldyuldcppl<
^jg~kujc" é hzcpk nj `lg`bzpàl" jg`kdcgmku jppkp {zjp~újp vcpkgnl k
`lg~ucezcu ykuk fkqju kvkgèku l njek~j' Ykuk cppl pjuë gj`jppëucl j}~ukylbku lp
~j}~lp jd ujfjuág`ck'
0 ' @ L G @ B Z P À L 1 Y K U K K B Ã D N L Y L D L N K N C P @ Ð U N CK J N L FU Z ^ L Y U L CE CN L
Yjbk bjc~zuk {zj fcq" jg~jgnl {zj gk ukcq nk ncvjuhág`ck jp~àl nlcp `lg`jc~lp$
`mkvj gàl pzfc`cjg~jdjg~j j}ybc`c~knlp dkp {zj fzg`clgkd `ldl pzylp~lp {zj
lucjg~kd ~kg~l kp yuðyuckp kgëbcpjp j ylpcèújp `ldl k `uä~c`k k lz~ukp kgëbcpjp
j ylpcèújp' Jppjp `lg`jc~lp pàl1 ykuk Hzcldku" ‒pkeju jp`lbku— j" ykuk Glpjbbk"
‒`lg`jyèàl mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck nj `zb~zuk—'
Kppcd `ldl Hzcldku në ylu jg~jgncnl l pkeju jp`lbku" `zal nldägcl
ã cgnc`knlu nj `ldyj~ág`ck j `zal gàl nldägcl `lgfchzuk k cg`ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k" Yklbl ~kdeãd pzyúj jg~jgncnl l pchgcfc`knl nj ‒`zb~zuk mcp~ðuc`l$
yulbj~ëuck— j" é bzq njbj" fludzbk pzk `uä~c`k'
Dkp ylu {zj jppk pzylpcèàl<
Kl knaj~cvku nj jp`lbku l pkeju kl {zkb pj ujfjuj" Hzcldku jp~ë `ld cppl
{zjujgnl ncqju {zj jppj pkeju gàl ã lz~ul pjgàl k{zjbj {zj `lgp~c~zc leaj~l
nj pcp~jdk~cqkèàl j ~ukgpdcppàl k~ukvãp nk jp`lbk" j gàl nj zdk jp`lbk cnjkb"
dkp njp~k jp`lbk gjp~k pl`cjnknj' Ylu cppl `lgpcnjuk ncpyjgpëvjb j}ybc`c~ku `ld
dkcp nj~kbmjp l `lg~jñnl njppj pkeju" zdk vjq {zj ~lnkp kp yjpplkp {zj ykppk¤
ukd nj kbhzd dlnl yjbl yul`jppl nj jp`lbkucqkèàl jg~jgnjuàl pjd dkclujp
ncfc`zbnknjp l {zj pchgcfc`k l pkeju jp`lbku'
Yklbl ~kdeãd gàl vá gj`jppcnknj nj j}ybc`c~ku l pchgcfc`knl nk ‒`zb~zuk
mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck—" ylu{zj ~kb `zb~zuk jp~ë jd njpjgvlbvcdjg~l k yku~cu nkp
yuë~c`kp" nkp bz~kp nl dlvcdjg~l yulbj~ëucl" j pjz gñ`bjl fzgnkdjg~kb flc
pcp~jdk~cqknl j jbkeluknl gk ‒fcblplfck nk yuë}cp—" `zak yjupyj`~cvk gj`jppc~k
pju kppzdcnk" pj pj {zju ku~c`zbku k jnz`kèàl `ld jppk `lg`jyèàl mcp~ðuc`l$
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>= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
yulbj~ëuck nj `zb~zuk j gàl kyjgkp fkbku k ujpyjc~l njbk' J k`ujnc~k {zj jppk
`lg`jyèàl pj ncfzgncuë yjbk `uä~c`k j ylbjdcqkèàl pjd ~uãhzkp {zj flu `kykq
nj dlvju é ‒`zb~zuk jg`c`blyãnc`l$ezuhzjpk—'
à nk ncfjujgèk k`cdk cgnc`knk {zj" kl {zj dj ykuj`j" njucvk k ncvju¤hág`ck'
@ld jfjc~l" Hzcldku ~jd ybjgk `bkujqk nj {zj" gkp `lgncèújp k~zkcp" l
pkeju jp`lbku ã nldcgknl j `lg~ulbknl yjbk ezuhzjpck' Jg~jgnj" yluãd" {zj
ã nj cg~jujppj nk `bkppj ~ukekbmknluk nldcgku jppj pkeju' Gl fzgnl" Hzcldku
kylp~k gk `kyk`cnknj nk `bkppj ~ukekbmknluk nj" kl pj kyulyucku nl pkeju
‒ezuhzáp—" cgvju~ju$bmj l pcgkb" njpku~c`zbkgnl$l nlp cg~jujppjp ezuhzjpjp j
`lbl`kgnl$l k pjuvcèl nj pjzp cg~jujppjp'
Yklbl yjgpk {zj cppl gàl ã pzfc`cjg~j' L pkeju ezuhzáp ã gjfkp~l klp cg~j¤ujppjp nlp ~ukekbmknlujp' Kppcd" jg{zkg~l l pkeju jp`lbku flu nldcgkg~jdjg~j
ezuhzáp" k ~kujfk yucg`cykb nl dlvcdjg~l yulbj~ëucl ã yul`jnju é `uä~c`k njppj
pkeju' ^kb `uä~c`k pzyúj" ylu~kg~l" {zj njpnj l cgä`cl pldlp `kykqjp nj glp
`lbl`ku gl ylg~l nj vcp~k nk ‒`zb~zuk mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck—' Ã nkä {zj jdjuhcuë
zd glvl pkeju jp`lbku j" `lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" zdk glvk `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k
-gl `kdyl yjnkhðhc`l#'
Dkp jd {zj pj fzgnk k `ujgèk nk Hzcldku< Jbk kndc~j {zj k jp`lbk ~jd
k vju `ld l pkeju zgcvjupkb' Ylu~kg~l" pj l pkeju jp`lbku" jd glppk pl`cjnknj" ãnldcgknl yjbk ezuhzjpck" gjd ylu cppl `kej `lg`bzcu {zj jbj ã cg~ucgpj`kdjg~j
ezuhzáp' Nkä k `lg`bzpàl1 jppj pkeju" {zj" nj pc" gàl ã ezuhzáp" pjuvj" gl jg~kg~l"
klp cg~jujppjp ezuhzjpjp" zdk vjq {zj k ezuhzjpck njbj pj kyulyuck" `lbl`k$l
k pjz pjuvcèl j l plgjhk nkp `bkppjp ~ukekbmknlukp' Ylu~kg~l" ã fzgnkdjg~kb k
bz~k `lg~uk jppk plgjhkèàl" zdk vjq {zj ã yjbk kyulyuckèàl nl pkeju jp`lbku
ylu yku~j nlp ~ukekbmknlujp {zj pjuàl uj~cuknlp njppj pkeju pjzp `kuk`~jujp
ezuhzjpjp j pj bmj cdyucdcuàl lp `kuk`~jujp yulbj~ëuclp'
Yklbl vá gjppk dkgjcuk nj jg~jgnju l yulebjdk k kfcudkèàl nk gjz~ukbc¤nknj `cjg~äfc`l$`zb~zukb' ^uk~ku$pj$ck nj zdk cg~juyuj~kèàl kep~uk~k j k$mcp~ðuc`k
nl pkeju? nkä k `ujgèk gzd pkeju zgcvjupkb' Uj`bkdk" ylcp" k gj`jppcnknj nj
mcp~luc`cqkèàl nlp `lg`jc~lp'
Jppk mcp~luc`cqkèàl ã fzgnkdjg~kb" j jz lzpkuck kfcudku {zj jbk gàl ã
fjc~k nj dlnl pzfc`cjg~j ~kdeãd gl ~j}~l nl Yklbl'
Yjgpl {zj k yku~cu njppj ylg~l ~kbvjq ~jgmkdlp `lgncèújp nj fkqju l
njek~j kvkgèku'
Jd vjunknj" pj k kfcudkèàl nl pkeju zgcvjupkb ylnj pju -gàl l ã gj¤`jppkuckdjg~j# kep~uk~k j k$mcp~ðuc`k" jz ncuck {zj pzk gjhkèàl gàl kyjgkp
ylnj pju `ldl gj`jppkuckdjg~j ujpzb~k kep~uk~k j k$mcp~ðuc`k' Cp~l ylu{zj ~kb
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC >3
gjhkèàl pchgcfc`k k ncbzcèàl nk leaj~cvcnknj nl pkeju gzd ujbk~cvcpdl {zj gàl
~jd ujpykbnl mcp~ðuc`l j ylu cppl ã kep~uk~l'
Yjgpl gàl pju ncfä`cb `ldyujjgnju {zj leaj~cvcnknj nl pkeju gàl ã pc¤
gþgcdl nj gjz~ukbcnknj' Jppk cnjg~cfc`kèàl flc fjc~k `ld pcgkb kfcudk~cvl yjbl ylpc~cvcpdl" j gðp `luujdlp l ucp`l nj `kcu gk djpdk kudkncbmk {zkgnl k
knl~kdlp `ld pcgkb gjhk~cvl' Jd lz~ulp ~judlp1 l ylpc~cvcpdl yul`bkdlz k
gjz~ukbcnknj nl pkeju jd gldj nk leaj~cvcnknj' J gðp `luujdlp l ucp`l nj
gjhku k leaj~cvcnknj nl pkeju k yku~cu nk `lgp~k~kèàl nj pzk gàl gjz~ukbcnk¤
nj' Jd kdelp lp `kplp" l yujppzylp~l ã k cnjg~cfc`kèàl jg~uj gjz~ukbcnknj j
leaj~cvcnknj'
L uk`cl`ägcl pzyuk ylnj pju fludzbknl yjbl pjhzcg~j pcblhcpdl {zj
~uknzq k yjupyj`~cvk ylpc~cvcp~k1
‥ Yujdcppk dkclu1 Pð j}cp~j l pkeju leaj~cvl pj j}cp~cu k gjz~ukbcnknj'
‥ Yujdcppk djglu1 Luk" j}cp~j k gjz~ukbcnknj'
‥ @lg`bzpàl1 Blhl" j}cp~j l pkeju leaj~cvl'
K `uä~c`k `kc gk kudkncbmk njppk kuhzdjg~kèàl {zkgnl dkg~ãd cg~k`~k
k yujdcppk dkclu" bcdc~kgnl$pj k gjhku k yujdcppk djglu" l {zj pð ã ylppävjb
yjbk gjhkèàl nk `lg`bzpàl' @ld jfjc~l" jppj ã zd pcblhcpdl nl ~cyl `lgnc¤`clgkb jd {zj k gjz~ukbcnknj lyjuk `ldl kg~j`jnjg~j j k leaj~cvcnknj `ldl
`lgpj{zjg~j' ^kb pcblhcpdl pj ujhj ekpc`kdjg~j ylu nzkp ujhukp bðhc`kp1
k# ylp~l l kg~j`jnjg~j" yúj$pj l `lgpj{zjg~j -dlnzp ylgjgp#?
e# ncpylp~l l `lgpj{zjg~j" ncpyúj$pj l kg~j`jnjg~j -dlnzp ~lbbjgp#'
Gl `kpl jd {zjp~àl ~jd$pj" ylcp" {zj k kfcudkèàl nk gjz~ukbcnknj k`ku¤
uj~k gj`jppkuckdjg~j k kfcudkèàl nk leaj~cvcnknj" j k gjhkèàl nk leaj~cvc¤nknj k`kuuj~k gj`jppkuckdjg~j k gjhkèàl nk gjz~ukbcnknj' Aë k kfcudkèàl nl
`lgpj{zjg~j lz k gjhkèàl nl kg~j`jnjg~j gàl yjudc~jd `lg`bzpàl kbhzdk'
@ldyujjgnj$pj" jg~àl" ylu {zj" gl kfà nj njdlgp~uku k cdylppcecbcnknj nk
gjz~ukbcnknj" k `uä~c`k ~jgmk pj fc}knl gk gjhkèàl nl pkeju leaj~cvl'
Jd djz jg~jgnju" ã gj`jppëucl" ykuk njpdlg~ku l uk`cl`ägcl ylpc~cvcp~k
j jvc~ku k kudkncbmk" gjhku k yujdcppk dkclu" cp~l ã" njdlgp~uku k fkbpcnknj nl
väg`zbl jg~uj gjz~ukbcnknj j leaj~cvcnknj'
Cdylu~k" ylcp" `ldyujjgnju {zj k {zjp~àl nk gjz~ukbcnknj -lz gàlgjz~ukbcnknj# ã zdk {zjp~àl cnjlbðhc`k" cp~l ã" ncq ujpyjc~l kl `kuë~ju cg~jujp¤
pknl lz gàl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l" jg{zkg~l k leaj~cvcnknj -lz gàl leaj~cvcnknj#
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:9 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
ã zdk {zjp~àl hglpclbðhc`k" cp~l ã" ncq ujpyjc~l é `luujpylgnág`ck lz gàl nl
`lgmj`cdjg~l `ld k ujkbcnknj é {zkb pj ujfjuj' Ylu kä pj ylnj yju`jeju {zj
gàl j}cp~j `lgmj`cdjg~l njpcg~jujppknl? ylu~kg~l" k gjz~ukbcnknj ã cdylppävjb'
Jg~uj~kg~l" l `kuë~ju pjdyuj cg~jujppknl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l gàl pchgcfc`k k cd¤ ylppcecbcnknj nk leaj~cvcnknj' @ld jfjc~l" pj j}cp~jd cg~jujppjp {zj pj lyújd
é leaj~cvcnknj nl `lgmj`cdjg~l" më cg~jujppjp {zj gàl pð gàl pj lyújd `ldl
j}chjd jppk leaj~cvcnknj' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj ylnjdlp kfcudku {zj" gk k~zkb
j~kyk mcp~ðuc`k" lp cg~jujppjp nk ezuhzjpck ~jgnjd `knk vjq dkcp k pj lylu é
leaj~cvcnknj nl `lgmj`cdjg~l" jg`lg~ukgnl `knk vjq dkcp ncfc`zbnknjp nj
pj azp~cfc`ku uk`clgkbdjg~j" kl ykppl {zj lp cg~jujppjp yulbj~ëuclp j}chjd k
leaj~cvcnknj j ~jgnjd `knk vjq dkcp k pj j}yujppku leaj~cvk j uk`clgkbdjg~j'
à fë`cb `ldyujjgnju cppl zdk vjq {zj k ezuhzjpck" ejgjfc`cëuck nkp `lgnc¤èújp nj j}yblukèàl" gàl ~jd cg~jujppj kbhzd jd njpvjgnë$bkp" kl ykppl {zj
l yulbj~kucknl {zj plfuj k j}yblukèàl ~jd ~lnl cg~jujppj jd njpvjgnku lp
dj`kgcpdlp njppk pc~zkèàl" {zj ã leaj~cvk' Jp~k ã k ukqàl nk pzyjuclucnknj nk
`zb~zuk ‒mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck— é {zkb Yklbl pj ujfjucz'
Luk" pj l jg~jgncdjg~l nl {zj flc nc~l k`cdk aë gàl ã ~àl ncfä`cb" zdk
vjq {zj pj ~uk~k nj zdk glèàl {zj `ldjèlz k pj cg`luyluku é glppk `lg`jyèàl
nj `zb~zuk ylu fluèk nl ~ukekbml `uä~c`l aë njpjgvlbvcnl $ j {zj gj`jppc~k yulp¤
pjhzcu $" l djpdl gàl k`lg~j`j `ld k glèàl nj pkeju zgcvjupkb' Jp~k glèàl -jk ncppjdcgkèàl nl ylpc~cvcpdl `lg~ucezcz ykuk plbkyë$bk# kcgnk pj jg`lg~uk
yujpk k zdk `lg`jyèàl dj~kfäpc`k' Jg~uj~kg~l" l ylg~l nj vcp~k nckbã~c`l" `jg¤
~uknl gk `k~jhluck nk ~l~kbcnknj `lg`uj~k" ylppcecbc~k bcejuë$bk nj pzk `kukykèk
dj~kfäpc`k -kep~uk~k j k$mcp~ðuc`k# j ujphk~ku pzkp ukäqjp mcp~ðuc`kp'
Gàl vlz" gjppj dldjg~l" kyulfzgnku jppk ujfbj}àl' Kyjgkp ujhcp~ul
{zj k zgcvjupkbcnknj nl pkeju jp~ë cg~cdkdjg~j bchknk é {zjp~àl nk leaj~cvc¤
nknj' @ld jfjc~l" ncqju {zj nj~judcgknl `lgmj`cdjg~l ã zgcvjupkb pchgcfc`k
ncqju {zj jbj ã leaj~cvl" cp~l ã" pj jbj j}yujppk kp bjcp {zj ujhjd k j}cp~ág`ck njnj~judcgknl fjgþdjgl" ~uk~k$pj nj kbhl `zak vkbcnknj ã zgcvjupkb' J cp~l pj
kybc`k ~kg~l k fjgþdjglp gk~zukcp `ldl pl`ckcp' Kppcd" l `lgmj`cdjg~l nkp
bjcp {zj ujhjd k gk~zujqk ~jd `kuë~ju zgcvjupkb" ylu~kg~l" pzk vkbcnknj zb~uk¤
ykppk lp cg~jujppjp yku~c`zbkujp nj yjpplkp" `bkppjp" ãyl`kp j bzhku" jdeluk ~kb
`lgmj`cdjg~l pjak pjdyuj mcp~ðuc`l" cp~l ã" pjz pzuhcdjg~l j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l
pàl `lgnc`clgknlp mcp~luc`kdjg~j' L djpdl `kej ncqju nl `lgmj`cdjg~l nkp
bjcp {zj ujhjd" ylu j}jdybl" k pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k' Kcgnk {zj pjak `lg~uk lp
cg~jujppjp nk ezuhzjpck" ~kb `lgmj`cdjg~l ã vëbcnl ~kdeãd ykuk jbk'Fjc~lp jppjp jp`bkuj`cdjg~lp" ylnjdlp uj~ldku l ylg~l glnkb1 k mcp~luc$
`cqkèàl' @ld jfjc~l" jg~jgnl {zj l vcãp ylpc~cvcp~k" vcg`zbkgnl k leaj~cvcnknj é
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC :;
gjz~ukbcnknj j njp`ku~kgnl k zgcvjupkbcnknj nl pkeju" vcg`zbk$pj kl yul`jppl nj
njpcp~luc`cqkèàl {zj `kuk`~jucqk jppk `lg`jyèàl' K mcp~luc`cqkèàl" ylcp" jd bzhku
nj gjhku k leaj~cvcnknj j k zgcvjupkbcnknj nl pkeju" ã k fludk nj ujphk~ë$bkp'
Pj kfcudjc kg~jp {zj" gk j~kyk mcp~ðuc`k k~zkb" lp cg~jujppjp ezuhzjpjplyújd$pj kl pkeju leaj~cvl" ã yuj`cpl ncqju {zj gjd pjdyuj flc kppcd' Gk j~kyk
jd {zj k ezuhzjpck juk `bkppj ujvlbz`clgëuck" pjzp cg~jujppjp `lcg`cnckd `ld k
j}chág`ck nj leaj~cvcnknj' Ylu cppl jbk pzedj~ck é `uä~c`k k lunjd jg~àl vchjg~j"
njpvjgnkgnl lp dj`kgcpdlp {zj k ujhckd" cp~l ã" mcp~luc`cqkgnl$k'
Gjppj pjg~cnl ã {zj kfcudjc {zj l ~j}~l nl Yklbl `kuj`j" ~kdeãd jbj" nj
mcp~luc`cqkèàl' @ld jfjc~l" kp j}yujppújp ‒`zb~zuk jg`c`blyãnc`l$ezuhzjpk— j
‒`zb~zuk mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck— ujpzb~kd kep~uk~kp pj gàl flujd mcp~luc`cqknkp"
ylu{zj" kppcd fludzbknkp" ylnjd pzhjucu {zj l jg`c`blyjncpdl pjak cgjujg¤~jdjg~j ezuhzáp" l {zj gàl ~jd pzylu~j mcp~ðuc`l'
Kbcëp" gl yuðyucl ~j}~l nj Hukdp`c jd {zj Yklbl pj cgpycuk ykuk `zgmku
jppkp j}yujppújp" ~kb {zjp~àl fc`k `bkuk' Kä Hukdp`c `uc~c`k l jg`c`blyjncpdl ykuk
dlp~uku {zj jbj gàl ~jd gknk k vju `ld k `zb~zuk' ‒Dkp cppl gàl ã `zb~zuk" ã
yjnkg~cpdl _'''T K `zb~zuk ã zdk `lcpk ejd ncfjujg~j— -Hukdp`c" ;38:" y'5>#'
Jd pjhzcnk" cbzp~uk `ld l `kpl nk Ujvlbzèàl Fukg`jpk" dlp~ukgnl k cdylu¤
~åg`ck" k leaj~cvcnknj" l pchgcfc`knl mcp~ðuc`l$`zb~zukb nl Cbzdcgcpdl1
L yjuälnl kg~juclu `zb~zukb" nc~l cbzdcgcpdl" ~àl ncfkdknl yjblp
`uä~c`lp fë`jcp nk ukqàl ~jluã~c`k" gàl flc kyjgkp" lz kl djglp gàl flc
`ldybj~kdjg~j k{zjbj fkufkbmku nj pzyjufc`ckcp cg~jbchág`ckp jg`c`bl¤
yãnc`kp {zj ncp`luuckd pleuj ~znl j pleuj ~lnlp `ld chzkb cdyju~zu¤
ekecbcnknj _'''T gàl flc jd pzdk pð zd fjgþdjgl nj cg~jbj`~zkbcpdl
yjnkg~j j ëucnl _'''T Flc zdk dkhgäfc`k ujvlbzèàl jbj yuðyucl" yjbk {zkb"
`ldl gl~k khznkdjg~j Nj Pkg`~cp gk Mcp~ðuck nk bc~juk~zuk c~kbckgk" pj
fludkvk jd ~lnk k Jzulyk `ldl zdk `lgp`cág`ck zgc~ëuck" zdk cg~ju¤
gk`clgkb jpycuc~zkb ezuhzjpk pjgpävjb jd ~lnkp kp pzkp yku~jp ép nlujp
j ép njphukèkp `ldzgp j {zj juk k djbmlu yujykukèàl ykuk k ujvlb~k
pkghujg~k njylcp vjucfc`knk gk Fukgèk _cnjd" yy' 5>$5:T'
J yulppjhzj" ujkbèkgnl lp jfjc~lp dk~juckcp njppj fjgþdjgl `zb~zukb j
njp~k`kgnl pzk zgcvjupkbcnknj1
Gk C~ëbck" gk Fukgèk" gk Kbjdkgmk pj ncp`z~ckd kp djpdkp `lcpkp"
kp djpdkp cgp~c~zcèújp" lp djpdlp yucg`äyclp' _'''T Kp ekclgj~kp nlp
j}ãu`c~lp nj Gkylbjàl jg`lg~ukvkd l `kdcgml aë kybkcgknl ylu zd
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:5 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
j}ãu`c~l cgvcpävjb nlp bcvulp" nlp lyñp`zblp" {zj jukd ncppjdcgknlp nj
Ykucp gl fcd nk yucdjcuk dj~knj nl pã`zbl ]VCCC j {zj mkvckd yuj¤
ykuknl mldjgp j cgp~c~zcèújp ykuk k ujglvkèàl gj`jppëuck' Dkcp ~kunj"
{zkgnl lp fk~lp nk Fukgèk plbnkukd kp `lgp`cág`ckp" ekp~kvk zd dl¤vcdjg~l ylyzbku jd Ykucp ykuk pzp`c~ku lz~ulp pjdjbmkg~jp jd Dcbàl"
jd Vcjgk j glp dkcp yj{zjglp `jg~ulp' ^znl cppl ykuj`j gk~zukb" jp¤
ylg~ågjl ép djg~jp pzyjufc`ckcp" j gl jg~kg~l pjuck cg`ldyujjgpävjb pj
gàl pj `lgmj`jppjd lp fk~lujp nj `zb~zuk {zj `lg~ucezäukd ykuk `ucku
k{zjbjp jp~knlp nj ågcdl yulg~lp ykuk k j}yblpàl ylu zdk `kzpk {zj
k`ujnc~kvkd `ldzd _cnjd" y'5:T'
Uj~cuk" k pjhzcu" lp jgpcgkdjg~lp yuë~c`lp njppk ujfbj}àl mcp~ðuc`k j mcp¤~luc`cqknluk1
L djpdl fjgþdjgl pj ujyj~j mlaj ykuk l pl`ckbcpdl' Ã k~ukvãp nk
`uä~c`k nk `cvcbcqkèàl `kyc~kbcp~k {zj pj fludk lz jp~ë pj fludkgnl k
`lgp`cág`ck zgc~ëuck nl yulbj~kucknl" j `uä~c`k {zju ncqju `zb~zuk" j gàl
aë jvlbzèàl jpylg~ågjk j gk~zukbäp~c`k' _'''T J gàl pj ylnj le~ju cppl
pj gàl pj `lgmj`j ~kdeãd lp lz~ulp" k pzk mcp~ðuck" l pz`jnju$pj nlp
jpfluèlp {zj jbjp fcqjukd ykuk pju cp~l {zj pàl" ykuk `ucku k `cvcbcqkèàl
{zj `uckukd j {zj gðp {zjujdlp pzep~c~zcu yjbk glppk' [zju ncqju" ~ju
glèújp nj {zj `lcpk ã k gk~zujqk j kp pzkp bjcp ykuk `lgmj`ju kp bjcp {zj
hlvjugkd l jpyäuc~l _cnjd" yy' 5:$56T'
K `lg`bzpàl nl ku~chl ã `ucp~kbcgk kl pc~zku k gj`jppcnknj nj l yulbj~k¤
ucknl nldcgku l pkeju mcp~ðuc`l" `lbl`kgnl$pj" kppcd" `ldl zd jbl gk `knjck
nk mcp~ðuck zgcvjupkb1
Pj ã vjunknj {zj k mcp~ðuck zgcvjupkb ã zdk `knjck nlp jpfluèlp {zj
l mldjd fjq ykuk bceju~ku$pj ~kg~l nlp yucvcbãhclp `ldl nlp yuj`lg`jc¤
~lp j nk cnlbk~uck" gàl pj `ldyujjgnj ylu {zj l yulbj~kucknl" {zj zd
lz~ul jbl {zju azg~ku k jppk `knjck" gàl njvk pkeju `ldl j ylu {zj j
nj {zjd ~jgmk pcnl yuj`jncnl" j {zkb k vkg~khjd {zj ylnj ~cuku njppj
pkeju _cnjd" y' 56T'
Nl ylg~l nj vcp~k `zb~zukb" k `uä~c`k kl ykppknl gàl pchgcfc`k" ylcp"lz~uk `lcpk pjgàl k kyulyuckèàl k~cvk nl pkeju k`zdzbknl" {zj ã" kppcd" nj¤
yzuknl nj pjzp jbjdjg~lp kgk`uþgc`lp -yjblp {zkcp pjuvj é yjuyj~zkèàl njppj
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC :0
djpdl ykppknl jg{zkg~l `ucp~kbcqknl gk lunjd `lgp~c~zänk# j ku~c`zbknl ép
j}chág`ckp nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l' Nkä k njpkz~lucqkèàl nk `lg`jyèàl
jg`c`blyãnc`k nj `zb~zuk" {zj ã azp~kdjg~j k `lg`jyèàl ylpc~cvcp~k pjhzgnl
k {zkb k `zb~zuk pj ujpzdj k zdk `lbjèàl nj glèújp" k zdk pldk~ðuck nj
`lgmj`cdjg~lp'
Luk" kppcd `ldl cg~jbj`~zkcp nl ~cyl nj Dlg~jp{zcjz j Ulzppjkz
`lgp~c~zäukd$pj jd cnjðblhlp nk ezuhzjpck ujvlbz`clgëuck j ylu cppl flukd
`kykqjp nj fkqju k `uä~c`k nl Kg~chl Ujhcdj" kylg~kgnl kp j}chág`ckp nj zdk
glvk lunjd mcp~ðuc`k? j kppcd `ldl Mjhjb pj `lgfchzulz `ldl l cnjðblhl nk
ezuhzjpck ~uczgfkg~j" `jbjeukgnl gl `lg`jc~l -gk cnjck keplbz~k# k `lgplbcnk¤
èàl nl ylnju ezuhzáp" kppcd ~kdeãd l ylpc~cvcpdl pj `kuk`~jucqlz `ldl k
cnjlblhck nk ezuhzjpck `lgpjuvknluk' Ylu cppl jbj j}lu`cqlz kp `lg~ukncèújp
j k gjhk~cvcnknj" fc}kgnl$pj kyjgkp gl bknl ylpc~cvl -nkä l pjz gldj# nk
pl`cjnknj ezuhzjpk" {zj ykpplz k pju `zb~zknk `ldl k lunjd j l yulhujppl
yjudkgjg~jp' Njppk fludk" pj ykuk lp cnjðblhlp ezuhzjpjp nk fkpj ujvlbz`cl¤
gëuck k `zb~zuk j}yujppkvk kp j}chág`ckp nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l" j ykuk
Mjhjb k `zb~zuk fkqck k mcp~ðuck dlvju$pj gl ådec~l nl jpyäuc~l keplbz~l" ykuk
l ylpc~cvcpdl k `zb~zuk pc~zk$pj fluk nk mcp~ðuck" njpcp~luc`cqk$pj' Ylu cppl jbk
ã cnjg~cfc`knk `ld l ‒pkeju jg`c`blyãnc`l—1 zdk `lbjèàl nj `lgmj`cdjg~lp
{zj vkbjd jd pc j ylu pc" cgnjyjgnjg~jdjg~j nkp `lgncèújp jd {zj flukd yulnzqcnlp j pjd kp {zkcp pjuckd cdylppävjcp'
Dku} j}yujpplz nk pjhzcg~j fludk jppk ujcfc`kèàl -gk~zukbcqkèàl# nk
`zb~zuk" ujfjucgnl$pj klp j`lgldcp~kp1
Lp j`lgldcp~kp ~ád zdk dkgjcuk nj yul`jnju pcghzbku' Ykuk jbjp pð
më nzkp jpyã`cjp nj cgp~c~zcèújp" kp ku~cfc`ckcp j kp gk~zukcp' Kp nl fjznk¤
bcpdl pàl cgp~c~zcèújp ku~cfc`ckcp? kp nk ezuhzjpck" gk~zukcp' J{zcykukd$pj"
kppcd" klp ~jðblhlp {zj `bkppcfc`kd kp ujbchcújp jd nzkp jpyã`cjp' ^lnk
ujbchcàl {zj gàl flu k pzk ã zdk cgvjgèàl nlp mldjgp? k pzk ã zdk
ujvjbkèàl nj Njzp' Njppj dlnl" mkvck mcp~ðuck" dkp" khluk" gàl më dkcp
_Dku}" ;36=" yy' 39$3;T'
Ykuknl}kbdjg~j" ylu~kg~l" flc azp~kdjg~j k pzeluncgkèàl nl pkeju
leaj~cvl klp cg~jujppjp ezuhzjpjp {zj `lgnzqcz l ylpc~cvcpdl k yul`bkdku k
gjz~ukbcnknj nl pkeju `ldl `lgncèàl nj pzk leaj~cvcnknj' [zj" jg~uj~kg~l"
ykuk Dku} l pkeju leaj~cvl ã ylppävjb" fc`k jvcnjg~j gk pjhzcg~j ykppkhjd"ujfjujg~j é pc~zkèàl nk j`lgldck ylbä~c`k gl fcgkb nk yucdjcuk dj~knj nl
pã`zbl ]C]1
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:> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
K ezuhzjpck `lg{zcp~kuk ylnju ylbä~c`l" gk Fukgèk j gk Cghbk~juuk'
Nkä jd nckg~j" k bz~k nj `bkppjp kn{zcucz" yuë~c`k j ~jluc`kdjg~j" fludkp
dkcp njfcgcnkp j kdjkèknlukp' Pllz l nleuj nj fcgknlp nk `cág`ck j`l¤
gþdc`k ezuhzjpk' Gàl cg~jujppkvk dkcp pkeju pj jp~j lz k{zjbj ~jlujdkjuk vjunknjcul lz gàl? dkp cdylu~kvk pkeju l {zj" ykuk l `kyc~kb" juk
ñ~cb lz yujaznc`ckb" `lgvjgcjg~j lz cg`lgvjgcjg~j" l {zj `lg~ukuckvk
lz gàl k lunjgkèàl ylbc`ckb' Lp yjp{zcpknlujp njpcg~jujppknlp flukd
pzep~c~zänlp ylu jpyknk`mcgp dju`jgëuclp" k cgvjp~chkèàl `cjg~äfc`k cd¤
yku`ckb `jnjz pjz bzhku é `lgp`cág`ck njfludknk j ép cg~jgèújp yjuvjupkp
nk kylblhã~c`k _cnjd" y' ;;T'
Kl njpdlg~ku l uk`cl`ägcl ylpc~cvcp~k" yjgpl ~ju jg`kdcgmknl kl djp¤dl ~jdyl k {zjp~àl nk mcp~luc`cqkèàl ~kg~l nl ‒pkeju jp`lbku— `ldl nk ‒`lg¤
`jyèàl nj `zb~zuk—'
@ld jfjc~l" l pkeju jp`lbku yujppzyúj k j}cp~ág`ck nl pkeju leaj~cvl -j
zgcvjupkb#' Kbcëp" l {zj pj `lgvjg`clglz `mkdku nj pkeju jp`lbku gàl ã lz~uk
`lcpk pjgàl k luhkgcqkèàl pj{zjg`ckb j huknk~cvk nl pkeju leaj~cvl ncpylgävjb
gzdk j~kyk mcp~ðuc`k nj~judcgknk ykuk jfjc~l nj pzk ~ukgpdcppàl$kppcdcbkèàl
kl blghl nl yul`jppl nj jp`lbkucqkèàl' Ã jppk ~kdeãd k ylpcèàl nj Hukdp`c'
Ncq jbj1
K jp`lbk" djnckg~j l {zj jgpcgk" bz~k `lg~uk l flb`bluj" `lg~uk ~l¤
nkp kp pjncdjg~kèújp ~uknc`clgkcp nj `lg`jyèújp nl dzgnl" k fcd nj
ncfzgncu zdk `lg`jyèàl dkcp dlnjugk" `zalp jbjdjg~lp yucdc~cvlp j
fzgnkdjg~kcp pàl nknlp yjbk kyujgncqkhjd nk j}cp~ág`ck nj bjcp gk~zukcp
`ldl kbhl leaj~cvl j ujejbnj" ép {zkcp ã yuj`cpl knky~ku$pj ykuk nldcgë$
bkp" ejd `ldl nj bjcp `cvcp j jp~k~kcp {zj pàl yulnz~l nj zdk k~cvcnknj
mzdkgk jp~kejbj`cnkp yjbl mldjd j ylnjd pju ylu jbj dlncfc`knkpvcpkgnl k pjz njpjgvlbvcdjg~l `lbj~cvl _Hukdp`c" ;36=" y' ;09" hucflp
djzpT'
Kppcd jg~jgncnl" blghj nj pj lylu é ‒`lg`jyèàl mcp~ðuc`l$yulbj~ëuck nj
`zb~zuk—" l pkeju jp`lbku `lgp~c~zc l pjz ylg~l nj yku~cnk" aë {zj ã jbj {zj
`uck lp yucdjculp jbjdjg~lp nj zdk cg~zcèàl nl dzgnl bceju~k nj ~lnk
dkhck lz euz}kuck" j flugj`j l ylg~l nj yku~cnk ykuk l ylp~juclu njpjg¤
vlbvcdjg~l nj zdk `lg`jyèàl mcp~ðuc`l$nckbã~c`k nl dzgnl" ykuk k
`ldyujjgpàl nl dlvcdjg~l j nl njvjgcu" ykuk k vkblucqkèàl nk pldk
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ::
nj jpfluèlp j nj pk`ucfä`clp {zj l yujpjg~j `zp~lz kl ykppknl j {zj l
fz~zul `zp~k kl yujpjg~j" ykuk k `lg`jyèàl nk k~zkbcnknj `ldl päg~jpj
nl ykppknl" nj ~lnkp kp hjukèújp ykppknkp" {zj pj yulaj~k gl fz~zul' Ã
jp~j l fzgnkdjg~l nk jp`lbk jbjdjg~ku _cnjd" yy' ;09$;0;T"
@lg`lunl `ld l Yklbl {zkgnl jbj kfcudk {zj pj njvj njp`lgfcku nk
yujppk jd pzyjuku k ujfbj}àl `uä~c`k j k kgëbcpj ylbádc`k' Dkp `lg`lunl ~kd¤
eãd `ld k Hzcldku {zkgnl jbk cgpcp~j gk gj`jppcnknj nj pj zb~ukykppku k fkpj
djukdjg~j gjhk~cvk nk `uä~c`k j nk njgñg`ck' @ld cppl" {zjul ncqju {zj gàl ã
j}k~l kfcudku {zj l dldjg~l nk `uä~c`k aë ykpplz" ~jgnl plknl k mluk nk kèàl'
Yjgpl" cp~l pcd" {zj pàl lp `lg~jñnlp ~kg~l nk `uä~c`k j nk njgñg`ck `ldl nk
kèàl {zj jp~àl dznkgnl' Cdylu~k" ylcp" kyulfzgnku jppj yul`jppl ykuk {zjpj k~cgak zd glvl yk~kdku' Cdylu~k ykppku nk ‒fkpj uldåg~c`k é fkpj `bëppc`k—"
`ldl kfcudlz Hukdp`c k yulyðpc~l nk jp`lbk k~cvk1
Kcgnk pj jp~ë gk fkpj uldåg~c`k nk jp`lbk k~cvk" gk {zkb lp jbjdjg~lp
nk bz~k `lg~uk k jp`lbk dj`ågc`k j ajpzä~c`k pj ncbk~kukd dluecnkdjg~j
ylu `kzpk nl `lg~ukp~j j nk ylbádc`k1 ã gj`jppëucl jg~uku gk fkpj ‒`bëppc¤
`k—" uk`clgkb" jg`lg~ukgnl glp fcgp k k~cghcu k flg~j gk~zukb ykuk jbkeluku
lp dã~lnlp j kp fludkp _cnjd" y' ;5>T'
Ykukfukpjkgnl Hukdp`c" jz ncuck {zj gðp jp~kdlp kcgnk gk fkpj uldåg¤
~c`k nk njfjpk nl `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l jd jnz`kèàl' Gjp~k fkpj" lp jbjdjg¤
~lp nk bz~k `lg~uk k `lg`jyèàl ~ã`gc`l$yjnkhðhc`k ujp~uc~k j pzylp~kdjg~j
kylbä~c`k ncbk~kukd$pj dluecnkdjg~j ylu `kzpk nl `lg~ukp~j j nk ylbádc`k'
à gj`jppëucl ykppku é fkpj `bëppc`k" jg`lg~ukgnl glp fcgp k k~cghcu k flg~j ykuk
k jbkelukèàl nkp fludkp knj{zknkp nj ujkbcqë$blp'
Luk" k cnjg~cfc`kèàl nlp fcgp cdybc`k cdjnck~kdjg~j `ldyj~ág`ck yl¤
bä~c`k j djnck~kdjg~j `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k? k jbkelukèàl nlp dã~lnlp ykuk
k~cghc$blp cdybc`k" ylu pzk vjq" cdjnck~kdjg~j `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k j djnck¤
~kdjg~j `ldyj~ág`ck ylbä~c`k' Blhl" pjd `ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`l$ylbä~c`k gàl ã
ylppävjb pkcu nk fkpj uldåg~c`k'
@kej" jgfcd" k`zdzbku fluèkp" zgcfc`ku kp bz~kp" vcpkgnl k `lgplbcnku lp
kvkgèlp j ~lugku cuujvjupävjcp kp `lg{zcp~kp fjc~kp" ~ucbmkgnl zd `kdcgml pjd
uj~lugl gl yul`jppl nj ujkyulyuckèàl" ylu yku~j nkp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp"
nl `lgmj`cdjg~l jbkeluknl j k`zdzbknl mcp~luc`kdjg~j' Gcp~l" Hzcldku"Yklbl j jz jp~kdlp cg~jcukdjg~j nj k`lunl'
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yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k vkc ~ldkgnl fludk é djncnk {zj pj
ncfjujg`ck gl elal nkp `lg`jyèújp `uä~c`kp? jbk ncfjujg`ck$pj nk vcpàl
`uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k" zdk vjq {zj yul`zuk ku~c`zbku zd ~cyl nj lucjg~kèàl
yjnkhðhc`k {zj pjak `uä~c`k pjd pju ujyulnz~cvcp~k' Jp~k `lbl`kèàl ykuj`j$dj
cdylu~kg~j ylu{zj elk yku~j nlp njek~jp {zj pj ~ukvkukd j nkp leajèújp {zj
pj bjvkg~kukd k jppk ~jgnág`ck k`kekukd njp`lgpcnjukgnl {zj jbk jp~ë kbãdnl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcpdl" j gàl k{zãd' Kp `uä~c`kp fludzbknkp yjbl `uä~c`l$
ujyulnz~cvcpdl pàl kbhl {zj pj `lgpcnjuk pzyjuknl' Vjakdlp `ldl pj njz l
yul`jppl'
K vcpàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k pzuhcz ekpc`kdjg~j k yku~cu nkp `lgpj¤
{zág`ckp nl dlvcdjg~l nj dkcl nj ;36=" k `mkdknk ~jg~k~cvk nj ujvlbzèàl
`zb~zukb nlp alvjgp" {zj ~jvj pzk dkgcfjp~kèàl dkcp uj~zdekg~j gk Fukgèk" dkp
jpykbmlz$pj ylu ncvjuplp ykäpjp" cg`bzpcvj l Eukpcb' Jppj dlvcdjg~l yuj~jgnck
ujkbcqku k ujvlbzèàl pl`ckb yjbk ujvlbzèàl `zb~zukb' Pj k ekgnjcuk nlp glpplpYclgjculp nk Jnz`kèàl Glvk juk fkqju k ujvlbzèàl pl`ckb yjbk ujvlbzèàl jnz¤
`k`clgkb" cp~l ã" k~ukvãp nk jp`lbk" l dlvcdjg~l nj ;36= flc dkcp kdec`clpl"
ylcp yuj~jgnck jfj~zku k ujvlbzèàl pl`ckb" dznku kp ekpjp nk pl`cjnknj yjbk
ujvlbzèàl `zb~zukb -keukghck" ylu~kg~l" gàl kyjgkp k jp`lbk" dkp ~lnl l ådec~l
nk `zb~zuk#' Jppj dlvcdjg~l `mjhlz" nj fk~l" k kdjkèku k lunjd `lgp~c~zänk'
Gl dldjg~l jd {zj l dlvcdjg~l jp~znkg~cb k~cghcz bcdc~jp dkcp uknc`kcp"
! Jp~j ~j}~l ã k ~ukgp`ucèàl" `ld bjvjp knky~kèújp" nk fkbk hukvknk gl Pjdcgëucl pleuj Yjnk¤hlhck @uä~c`l$Pl`ckb nlp @lg~jñnlp" ujkbcqknl jd Gc~juðc jd njqjdeul nj ;3=:' Yzebc`knlkg~jucludjg~j gk Ujvcp~k nk Kgnj " g' ;;";3=6" yy' ;:$50'
; ' L @ U Ä ^ C@ L $ U J Y U L N Z ^ C V CP D L J P J Z P B CD C ^ J P
K Yjnkhlhck Mcp~ðuc`l$@uä~c`k gl [zknul
nkp ^jgnág`ckp @uä~c`kp nk Jnz`kèàl Eukpcbjcuk!
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:= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
k jp~uz~zuk ylbä~c`l$cgp~c~z`clgkb nk Fukgèk flc kekbknk' Nj Hkzbbj" {zj jp~kvk
vckakgnl yjbk Jzulyk" ~jvj {zj `kg`jbku pjzp jg`lg~ulp j ujhujppku é Fukgèk
ykuk ~jg~ku `lg~ulbku l yul`jppl'
Nj fk~l" flc ylppävjb `lg~lugku k `ucpj" j k `lgpj{zág`ck ncppl flc zdkj}k`juekèàl nl kz~luc~kucpdl ~j`gl`uë~c`l' @ld k pzep~c~zcèàl nj Nj Hkzbbj"
yucdjcul ylu Yldycnlz j njylcp ylu Hcp`kun n–Jp~kcgh" k yjupyj`~cvk ~j`gl¤
`uë~c`l$kz~luc~ëuck yujvkbj`jz pleuj lp ncfjujg~jp cg~jujppjp nk pl`cjnknj' Cppl
pj dkgcfjp~lz ~kdeãd gl Eukpcb" `ld k `ucpj jp~znkg~cb jvcnjg`cknk gk ~ldknk
nkp jp`lbkp `ldl j}yujppàl nk ~jg~k~cvk nj ujvlbz`clgku k pl`cjnknj yjbk vck
nk ujfludk `zb~zukb' ^kdeãd k{zc yujvkbj`jz l kz~luc~kucpdl ~j`gl`uë~c`l"
pð {zj `ld zdk jpyj`cfc`cnknj1 l `ldylgjg~j dcbc~ku" {zj gàl kykuj`jz gk
Fukgèk' Luk" kp ~jluckp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp pàl jbkeluknkp ~jgnl yujpjg~jl fuk`kppl nl dlvcdjg~l nj dkcl nj ;36=' Ezp`kd" ylcp" yþu jd jvcnág`ck k
cdylppcecbcnknj nj pj fkqju zdk ujvlbzèàl pl`ckb yjbk ujvlbzèàl `zb~zukb' Gl
fzgnl" lp ujyulnz~cvcp~kp uk`cl`cgkd dkcp lz djglp glp pjhzcg~jp ~judlp1
~kb dlvcdjg~l fuk`kpplz j gjd ylnck pju ncfjujg~j' @ld jfjc~l" k `zb~zuk -j"
jd pjz elal" k jnz`kèàl# ã zd fjgþdjgl pzyjujp~uz~zukb? cg~jhuk" ylcp" k
cgp~åg`ck cnjlbðhc`k" pjgnl kppcd nj~judcgknl yjbk ekpj dk~juckb' Ylu~kg~l"
gàl ~jd l ylnju nj kb~juku k ekpj dk~juckb' Blhl" juk cgjvc~ëvjb {zj kp jp~uz¤
~zukp dk~juckcp yujvkbj`jppjd pleuj jppkp yuj~jgpújp k`clgknkp gl ådec~l nk`zb~zuk' Nj fk~l" gàl ykuj`j ylu k`kpl {zj jp~kp ~jluckp ~jgmkd pzuhcnl blhl
kyðp l dlvcdjg~l fukg`áp nj ;36=' Kppcd" k ~jluck nlp kykujbmlp cnjlbðhc`lp
nj Jp~knl" nj Kb~mzppju" j k ~jluck nk ujyulnzèàl" cp~l ã" k ~jluck nk vclbág`ck
pcdeðbc`k" nj Elzuncjz j Ykppjulg" pàl nj ;389? j k ~jluck nk jp`lbk `kyc~kbcp~k"
nj Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~" ã nj ;38;'
Jppk vcpàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k njpjdyjgmlz zd ykyjb cdylu~kg~j
jd glppl ykäp" ylu{zj nj kbhzdk fludk cdyzbpclglz k `uä~c`k kl ujhcdj
kz~luc~ëucl j é yjnkhlhck kz~luc~ëuck njppj ujhcdj" k yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k' Nj`ju~k fludk" jppkp ~jluckp kbcdjg~kukd ujfbj}újp j kgëbcpjp nk{zjbjp {zj jd
glppl ykäp pj `lbl`kvkd gk lylpcèàl é yjnkhlhck lfc`ckb j é ylbä~c`k jnz`k¤
`clgkb nldcgkg~j' Gjppk fkpj mkvck" ylcp" zdk cgncfjujg`ckèàl1 k yjupyj`~cvk
`uä~c`k kykuj`ck `ldl pj flppj nl~knk nj `ju~k mldlhjgjcnknj" jd {zj gàl pj
ncp~cghzck l ujyulnz~cvcpdl nl gàl ujyulnz~cvcpdl? l yuðyucl ujyulnz~cvcpdl
juk jg~jgncnl `ldl nj cgpycukèàl dku}cp~k" nj `kuë~ju nckbã~c`l" j jppjp jgfl¤
{zjp fc`kvkd dkcp lz djglp dcp~zuknlp" cdeuc`knlp' Yulhujppcvkdjg~j" gl
jg~kg~l" flukd ~lugkgnl$pj `knk vjq dkcp jvcnjg~jp lp bcdc~jp nk ~jluck `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k' Jbk ujvjbk$pj `kykq nj fkqju k `uä~c`k nl j}cp~jg~j" nj j}ybc`c~ku
lp dj`kgcpdlp nl j}cp~jg~j" dkp gàl ~jd yulylp~k nj cg~juvjgèàl yuë~c`k" cp~l
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC :3
ã" bcdc~k$pj k `lgp~k~ku j" dkcp nl {zj cppl" k `lgp~k~ku {zj ã kppcd j gàl ylnj
pju nj lz~ul dlnl' L yulebjdk" gl jg~kg~l" {zj lp jnz`knlujp jgfujg~kvkd
j}~ukylbkvk jppj ådec~l" ylu{zj k {zjp~àl `jg~ukb juk azp~kdjg~j `ldl k~zku
nj dlnl `uä~c`l gl `kdyl yjnkhðhc`l" `ldl pju zd yulfjpplu {zj" kl khcu"njpjgvlbvj zdk yuë~c`k nj `kuë~ju `uä~c`l' K ~jluck `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k gàl
ylnj lfjuj`ju ujpylp~k k jppkp {zjp~újp" ylu{zj" pjhzgnl jbk" ã cdylppävjb
{zj l yulfjpplu njpjgvlbvk zdk yuë~c`k `uä~c`k? k yuë~c`k yjnkhðhc`k pc~zk$pj
pjdyuj gl ådec~l nk vclbág`ck pcdeðbc`k" nk cg`zb`kèàl cnjlbðhc`k" nk ujyul¤
nzèàl nkp ujbkèújp nj yulnzèàl' Ykuk `zdyucu jppk fzgèàl" ã gj`jppëucl {zj
lp jnz`knlujp njp`lgmjèkd pjz ykyjb? {zkg~l dkcp jbjp chglukd {zj jp~àl
ujyulnzqcgnl" ~kg~l dkcp jfc`kqdjg~j jbjp ujyulnzqjd' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j"
gàl më `ldl ~ju zdk k~zkèàl `uä~c`k" zdk k~zkèàl `lg~uëuck ép nj~judcgkèújpdk~juckcp nldcgkg~jp? l yulfjpplu ylnj k~ã njpjaku cppl" dkp ã zd njpjal
cg~jcukdjg~j cgð`zl" ylu{zj kp fluèkp dk~juckcp gàl nàl dkuhjd k {zj jbj pj
ujkbcqj' Gjp~j `lg~j}~l" flc `ujp`jgnl zd `bkdlu gl pjg~cnl nk ezp`k nj pkänkp'
Jp~j kgpjcl ã {zj jp~ë gk ekpj nk fludzbkèàl nj zdk yulylp~k {zj pzyjuj k
vcpàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k'
5 ' K E Z P @ K N J P K Ä N K P ^ J Ð U C @ K P
Njpnj {zj `ldj`jc k ~ukekbmku jd fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl" yul`zujc kelu¤
nku kp {zjp~újp jnz`k`clgkcp jd ~judlp nckbã~c`lp' K~ã jg~àl l yulebjdk nk
nckbã~c`k gk jnz`kèàl gàl pj mkvck `lbl`knl gl Eukpcb nj fludk j}ybä`c~k j pcp¤
~jdë~c`k' Jd zd ~j}~l cgãnc~l" nj ;363" njgldcgknl Jpelèl nj fludzbkèàl nj
zdk cnjlblhck jnz`k`clgkb ykuk l Eukpcb" fcq zd yucdjcul jpfluèl gjp~j pjg~cnl"
ncp`z~cgnl l yulebjdk nlp leaj~cvlp nk jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk j nlp djclp ykuk
k~cghc$blp' Jppk ~jg~k~cvk cplbknk flc ~ldkgnl `luyl' É djncnk {zj lp njek~jp
kvkgèkvkd" l `kdyl `zb~zukb flc kbkuhkgnl$pj j k yujl`zykèàl yjnkhðhc`k flc
khzèkgnl$pj' Kl pcp~jdk~cqku j jp~uz~zuku dcgmk kelunkhjd nk fcblplfck nk
jnz`kèàl" `mjhzjc k zd jp{zjdk `bkppcfc`k~ðucl {zj jgvlbvck {zk~ul hukgnjp
~jgnág`ckp1 k `lg`jyèàl mzdkgcp~k ~uknc`clgkb nk fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl" k `lg¤
`jyèàl mzdkgcp~k dlnjugk" k `lg`jyèàl kgkbä~c`k j k `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k'
K~ã jppj dldjg~l" jz gàl ncfjujg`ckvk k `lg`jyèàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz¤
~cvcp~k nk yuðyuck nckbã~c`k' Ykuk zd `zupl nk Zgcvjupcnknj Fjnjukb nj Pàl
@kublp" jd ;388" ~jg~jc pjbj`clgku lp ~j}~lp dkcp ujyujpjg~k~cvlp nj `knk ~jg¤nág`ck' Cppl flc ujbk~cvkdjg~j pcdybjp jd ujbkèàl ép `lg`jyèújp mzdkgcp~kp
~uknc`clgkb" dlnjugk j kgkbä~c`k" dkp gàl jd ujbkèàl é nckbã~c`k' Fc`kvk djpdl
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69 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
k pjgpkèàl nj {zj gàl mkvck zdk ujfbj}àl pcp~jdk~cqknk j j}ybä`c~k nj `kuë~ju
nckbã~c`l pleuj k {zjp~àl jnz`k`clgkb' Jg~àl" {zj ~j}~lp z~cbcqku< L {zj ylnck
fkqju juk yulnzqcu jz yuðyucl kbhzdk pcp~jdk~cqkèàl'
Gjppk l`kpcàl" jgpkcjc ~ukekbmku `ld nlcp ~j}~lp {zj dj ykuj`ckd k~ã`ju~l ylg~l ujyujpjg~k~cvlp nk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k1 zd nj Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~"
K jp`lbk `kyc~kbcp~k gk Fukgèk? j lz~ul nj Ykzbl Fujcuj" Kèàl `zb~zukb ykuk k bc¤
ejunknj' Fc}jc$dj gjppj ~j}~l nj Ykzbl Fujcuj ylu{zj glp kg~juclujp gàl pj `lg¤
fchzukvk zdk kelunkhjd nckbã~c`k nk jnz`kèàl? më" pcd" ujfjuág`ck é nckbã~c`k"
dkp ã zdk nckbã~c`k cnjkbcp~k" zdk nckbã~c`k nj `lgp`cág`ckp' Jd Kèàl `zb~zukb
ykuk k bcejunknj" jbj ujfjuj$pj j}ybc`c~kdjg~j é bz~k nj `bkppjp" é ujvlbzèàl" é
kèàl `zb~zukb `ldl zd ~ukekbml {zj yuj`jnj k dznkgèk nk jp~uz~zuk pl`ckb
j é ujvlbzèàl `zb~zukb `ldl zd ~ukekbml {zj pj njpjgvlbvj kyðp k dznkgèknk jp~uz~zuk pl`ckb' Gk vjunknj" jppj ~j}~l ã cgpycuknl gk j}yjucág`ck dkläp~k
nk Ujvlbzèàl @zb~zukb `mcgjpk'
Jd K jp`lbk `kyc~kbcp~k gk Fukgèk" Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~ kfcudkvkd" j}ybc¤
`c~kdjg~j" k yucdkqck nk `k~jhluck nk `lg~ukncèàl gk kgëbcpj nlp yulebjdkp
jnz`k`clgkcp j k cdylppcecbcnknj nj jg~jgnju kp {zjp~újp jp`lbkujp fluk nl
`lg~j}~l nk bz~k nj `bkppjp' Ylu jppk ukqàl" l ~j}~l ylnjuck pju `bkppcfc`knl gl
cg~juclu nk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k'
É{zjbk kb~zuk" aë jp~kvk cg~jcukdjg~j `bkul ykuk dcd {zj Elzuncjz jYkppjulg gàl pj jg`kc}kvkd gk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k' @zgmjc ykuk k pzk ~jluck
k njgldcgkèàl nj vju~jg~j ‒pð`cl$bðhc`k—" ylu{zj gl fzgnl l {zj jbjp yuj~jg¤
njd fkqju ã zdk bðhc`k nl pl`ckb" {zju ncqju" zdk ~jluck nk jnz`kèàl vëbcnk
ykuk ~lnkp kp ãyl`kp j ~lnkp kp pl`cjnknjp {zj j}cp~cukd" j}cp~jd lz vjgmkd k
j}cp~cu' É djncnk {zj dcgmkp kgëbcpjp pj kyulfzgnkukd" fzc yju`jejgnl {zj k
^jluck nk Jp`lbk @kyc~kbcp~k nj Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~ gàl ylnjuck pju `lgpcnjuknk
j}yujppàl nk vcpàl nckbã~c`k' Cppl jp~ë yk~jg~j gl fk~l nj {zj lp kz~lujp ~ukek¤
bmkd kp `lg~ukncèújp kyjgkp gl ådec~l nk pl`cjnknj? gàl j}cp~j zdk kgëbcpjnk jnz`kèàl `ldl zd yul`jppl `lg~uknc~ðucl' Ykuk jbjp" k jnz`kèàl jp`lbku ã
zgc`kdjg~j zd cgp~uzdjg~l nk ezuhzjpck gk bz~k `lg~uk l yulbj~kucknl' Jd
gjgmzd dldjg~l kndc~jd {zj k jp`lbk ylppk pju zd cgp~uzdjg~l nl yul¤
bj~kucknl gk bz~k `lg~uk k ezuhzjpck' Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~ `lgpcnjukd k jp`lbk
kyjgkp `ldl ujyulnz~luk nkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' K ~ukgpfludkèàl nk jp~uz~zuk
pl`ckb gàl ykppk yjbk jp`lbk' K cnjlblhck yulbj~ëuck" k `zb~zuk yulbj~ëuck" `zak
ujpcp~ág`ck" kz~lgldck j `lgpcp~ág`ck jbjp kndc~jd" pzuhjd nlp dlvcdjg~lp
nk yuë~c`k j nkp bz~kp ylyzbkujp' Gàl njyjgnjd yulyuckdjg~j nl yul`jppl njjp`lbkucqkèàl' K ezuhzjpck" pjhzgnl jbjp" z~cbcqk k jp`lbk ykuk cg`zb`ku k pzk
cnjlblhck gl yulbj~kucknl j uj`kb`ku k cnjlblhck yulbj~ëuck" lz pjak" k~zk pleuj
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 6;
lp ~ukekbmknlujp nj dlnl {zj jgfuk{zjèk k vcpàl cnjlbðhc`k {zj jbjp ~ukqjd
nj pzk yuðyuck `bkppj'
Nj~j`~knk k cgpzfc`cág`ck nckbã~c`k nkp ~jluckp nj Elzuncjz j Ykppjulg j
Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~" kppcd `ldl nj Kb~mzppju" fzc bjvknl k kdybcku djz jp{zj¤dk `bkppcfc`k~ðucl" cg~ulnzqcgnl zd {zcg~l huzyl nj ~jgnág`ckp yjnkhðhc`kp
jd fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl $ kp cg`bzänkp gk `lg`jyèàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k'
Ykppjc jg~àl k `lgpcnjuku `cg`l hukgnjp ~jgnág`ckp1 mzdkgcp~k ~uknc`clgkb"
mzdkgcp~k dlnjugk" kgkbä~c`k" `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k j nckbã~c`k'
0 ' L G L D J
Nckg~j nk cgpk~cpfkèàl `ld jppkp kgëbcpjp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp" flc
kvlbzdkgnl$pj k j}chág`ck nj zdk kgëbcpj nl yulebjdk jnz`k`clgkb {zj njppj
`lg~k nj pjz `kuë~ju `lg~uknc~ðucl" ujpzb~kgnl jd lucjg~kèújp `ld cgfbz}l
gk yuë~c`k yjnkhðhc`k" kb~jukgnl$k j ylppcecbc~kgnl pzk ku~c`zbkèàl `ld lp
cg~jujppjp ylyzbkujp jd ~ukgpfludku k pl`cjnknj' Jppj yul`jppl ~ldk `luyl
k yku~cu nj ;388' Jd ;38= më zd pjdcgëucl pleuj jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk" jd
@kdycgkp" gl {zkb kp vcpújp `uä~c`kp jp~kvkd dkcp lz djglp cgncfjujg`cknkp
j kcgnk gàl pj ncp~cghzckd ~jðuc`lp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp j mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`lp'K njgldcgkèàl ‒~jgnág`ck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k— jz cuck cg~ulnzqcu njylcp" ylu¤
{zj k njgldcgkèàl ‒nckbã~c`k— ~kdeãd hjukvk kbhzdkp ncfc`zbnknjp1 më zd
jg~jgncdjg~l cnjkbcp~k nk nckbã~c`k" yjbl {zkb nckbã~c`k ã `lg`jecnk `ldl
ujbkèàl cg~jupzeaj~cvk" `ldl nckbðhc`k' @zgmjc" jg~àl" k j}yujppàl ‒`lg`jyèàl
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k—" gk {zkb jz yul`zukvk uj~ju l `kuë~ju `uä~c`l nj ku~c`zbkèàl
`ld kp `lgnc`clgkg~jp pl`ckcp {zj k vcpàl ujyulnz~cvcp~k ylppzc" vcg`zbknl"
yluãd" é ncdjgpàl mcp~ðuc`k {zj l ujyulnz~cvcpdl yjunj nj vcp~k' Lp `uä~c`lp$
ujyulnz~cvcp~kp ~ád ncfc`zbnknj jd nku `lg~k nkp `lg~ukncèújp j}k~kdjg~j ylu{zj jbkp pj j}ybc`c~kd gl dlvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l'
> ' Z D D K U @ L 1 ; 3 8 3
@lp~zdl pc~zku l kgl nj ;383 `ldl zd dku`l nk `lgfchzukèàl dkcp
`bkuk nk `lg`jyèàl mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Jd ;383" l yulebjdk nj kelunku nckbj$
~c`kdjg~j k jnz`kèàl `ldjèlz k pju ncp`z~cnl dkcp kdybk j `lbj~cvkdjg~j'
Lp jpfluèlp njc}kukd nj pju cgncvcnzkcp" cplbknlp" ykuk kppzdcujd j}yujppàl
`lbj~cvk' Jz `llunjgkvk" jg~àl" k yucdjcuk ~zudk nl nlz~luknl jd jnz`kèàl
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65 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
gk YZ@$PY? jukd ;; nlz~lukgnlp" njg~uj jbjp l @kublp Uleju~l Akdcb @zus"
l Gjcnplg Ulnuchzjp" l Bzäp Kg~þgcl @zgmk" k Hzcldku Gkdl nj Djbbl" l
Yklbl Glpjbbk" k Ej~~s Lbcvjcuk" k Dcuckg Xkunj j l Lpdku Fëvjul" {zj flukd
fludkbdjg~j djzp lucjg~kgnlp' Kl ~jg~ku fludzbku ~jluc`kdjg~j l fjgþdjgljnz`k~cvl" l yulebjdk `jg~ukb njppj huzyl juk k pzyjukèàl nl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz¤
~cvcpdl' Jp~k {zjp~àl ~jvj zdk fludzbkèàl pcp~jdë~c`k gk ~jpj nl @zus" {zj flc
njfjgncnk jd ;383" jdeluk yzebc`knk kyjgkp jd ;3=:" `ld l ~ä~zbl Jnz`kèàl
j `lg~ukncèàl' L yulaj~l cgc`ckb nl @zus juk zd jp~znl pleuj k zgcvjupcnknj
`k~ðbc`k' ^lnkvck" kyðp zdk j}ylpcèàl {zj fcq pleuj k cdylu~åg`ck nj bjvku jd
`lg~k k `k~jhluck nk `lg~ukncèàl jd jnz`kèàl" jbj luhkgcqlz j yulnzqcz zd
~j}~l pleuj l kppzg~l j ncp~ucezcz ykuk lp `lbjhkp" j jg~àl l huzyl `lgpcnjulz
{zj jbj njvck `jg~uku pzk ~jpj gk{zjbj ~jdk" dzc~l dkcp zuhjg~j {zj l nkzgcvjupcnknj `k~ðbc`k' Jbj k`jc~lz l njpkfcl' [zjd kgkbcplz l ~j}~l yju`jejz
`bkukdjg~j {zj l cg~jubl`z~lu yucg`cykb ã k vcpàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k' Gjp~j
pjg~cnl" më zd jdyjgml jd `lbl`ku k `lg~ukncèàl `ldl k `k~jhluck$`mkvj j
dlp~uku `ldl kp lz~ukp pj pzeluncgkd k jbk1 djpdl l kpyj`~l ujyulnz~lu nk
jnz`kèàl ã `lg~uknc~ðucl j gàl dj`ågc`l'
K yku~cu nkä" jppkp yujl`zykèújp ~ldkd `luyl j vàl pjgnl ncp`z~cnkp
dkcp kdybkdjg~j" ~kg~l yjblp dlvcdjg~lp nj yulfjpplujp j jpyj`ckbcp~kp jd
jnz`kèàl" `ldl yjblp djp~ukgnlp j lucjg~knlujp nj djp~uknl' @ldjèkvk$pj k~jg~ku njp`leucu fludkp nj kgkbcpku k jnz`kèàl" dkg~jgnl yujpjg~j k gj`jppc¤
nknj nj `ucku kb~jugk~cvkp j gàl kyjgkp fkqju k `uä~c`k nl j}cp~jg~j'
Jd ;3=;" pkc k ~jpj nk Hzcldku" {zj aë yujppzyúj kp kgëbcpjp pcp~jdk¤
~cqknkp gl ~ukekbml nl @zus' Jbk `lbl`k l yulebjdk yku~cgnl nl yujppzylp~l
nj {zj k jnz`kèàl ~jd zdk fzgèàl ylbä~c`k -{zj gcghzãd dkcp yzgmk jd
nñvcnk# j ~kdeãd nj {zj jppk fzgèàl nk jnz`kèàl ã `lg~uknc~ðuck j" ylu~kg~l"
k `bkppj nldcgkg~j jdyjgmk$pj jd `lbl`ku k jnz`kèàl k pjz pjuvcèl" kl djpdl
~jdyl jd {zj kp `bkppjp nldcgknkp" lp ~ukekbmknlujp" ezp`kd ku~c`zbku k jp`lbk~jgnl jd vcp~k lp pjzp cg~jujppjp' @lbl`kgnl$glp gjppk pjhzgnk yjupyj`~cvk"
{zkgnl k jp`lbk ylnj k~jgnju klp cg~jujppjp nlp ~ukekbmknlujp< K ~jpj `jg~ukb
nk Hzcldku ã {zj k fzgèàl ylbä~c`k nk jnz`kèàl pj `zdyuj yjbk djnckèàl nk
`ldyj~ág`ck ~ã`gc`k' Jbk `lgpcnjuk {zj ykuk ujkbcqku jppk fzgèàl ylbä~c`k nj
fludk ~ukgpfludknluk ã gj`jppëucl ylppzcu `ldyj~ág`ck yjnkhðhc`k" nldcgku
lp yul`jpplp cg~juglp kl ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l' Gl~j$pj {zj l cg~jubl`z~lu nk
Hzcldku aë gàl ã dkcp k ~jgnág`ck `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k" dkp zdk vcpàl nj
jnz`kèàl {zj k hjg~j ylnjuck `mkdku" hulppl dlnl" nj ‒ylbc~c`cp~k—' Pjhzg¤nl lp ‒ylbc~c`cp~kp—" aë {zj k jnz`kèàl ã pjdyuj zd k~l ylbä~c`l" ~ukekbmku k
jnz`kèàl ylbc~c`kdjg~j ã fkqju ylbä~c`k gk jp`lbk $ kp {zjp~újp yjnkhðhc`kp
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 60
pjuckd yjufzdkuckp" ~juhcvjupkèàl" dj`kgcpdlp cnjlbðhc`lp nj nldcgkèàl nk
ezuhzjpck' Pàl jppjp" gl fzgnl" lp cg~jubl`z~lujp nk ~jpj nk Hzcldku" lz pjak"
~uk~k$pj nj dlp~uku {zj ykuk k jp`lbk `zdyucu k pzk fzgèàl ylbä~c`k ã yuj`cpl
{zj jbk j}juèk ejd pzk `lg~ucezcèàl jpyj`äfc`k' Jd pjz ~j}~l" aë pzuhj `ld `ju~kfluèk k glèàl nj {zj l ykyjb ylbä~c`l nk jnz`kèàl pj `zdyuj" gk yjupyj`~cvk
nlp cg~jujppjp nlp nldcgknlp" {zkgnl pj hkukg~j klp ~ukekbmknlujp l k`jppl
kl pkeju" kl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl'
Jd ;3=0" jbkelul l ~j}~l ‒Lgqj ~jpjp pleuj jnz`kèàl j ylbä~c`k—" yzebc¤
`knl gl bcvul Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck" j gjbj yul`zul `kuk`~jucqku dkcp yuj`cpk¤
djg~j kp ujbkèújp jg~uj ylbä~c`k j jnz`kèàl ykuk {zj pjakd pzyjuknlp ~kg~l l
‒ylbc~c`cpdl yjnkhðhc`l— {zj ncpplbvj k jnz`kèàl gk ylbä~c`k" {zkg~l l ‒yjnk$
hlhcpdl ylbä~c`l— {zj ncpplbvj k ylbä~c`k gk jnz`kèàl' J kppcd flc jdjuhcgnlj ~ldkgnl fludk jppk glvk yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`k' K yku~cu nj ;383" {zkgnl
`ldjèk k kppzdcu k fludk pcp~jdk~cqknk" vkc njpjgvlbvjgnl$pj j `mjhk" ylu
vlb~k nj ;3=0" k `lgpjhzcu zdk `ju~k mjhjdlgck gk ncp`zppàl yjnkhðhc`k' L
ujyulnz~cvcpdl `jnj jpykèl" j jp~j jpfluèl jd jg`lg~uku pkänkp ykuk k {zjp~àl
yjnkhðhc`k gk ekpj nj zdk vkblucqkèàl nk jp`lbk `ldl cgp~uzdjg~l cdylu¤
~kg~j ykuk kp `kdknkp nldcgknkp vkc hjgjukbcqkgnl$pj' J dzb~cybc`kukd$pj lp
`bkdlujp ykuk {zj jppk `lg`jyèàl yjnkhðhc`k pj njpjgvlbvjppj `ld l cg~zc~l
nj j}ju`ju zd cgfbz}l dkcp ncuj~l pleuj k yuë~c`k jpyj`äfc`k nlp yulfjpplujp gkpkbk nj kzbk' Gjppj {zknul hkgmk ujbjvåg`ck l ~ukekbml nj Alpã @kublp Bceågjl"
{zj pj jdyjgmk jd kgkbcpku k yuë~c`k nlp yulfjpplujp j ujnjfcgcu k ncnë~c`k é
bzq nk ujfjucnk `lg`jyèàl" ylu jbj njgldcgknk ‒yjnkhlhck `uä~c`l$pl`ckb nlp
`lg~jñnlp— -Bceågjl" ;3=8#'
: ' P Z U H J K @ U Ä ^ C@ K N K @ U Ä ^ C@ K
Dkp blhl `ldjèlz k pj dkgcfjp~ku zd `lgazg~l nj `uä~c`kp `lg~uk jppk
~jgnág`ck' Ã cg~jujppkg~j gl~ku {zj gjppkp `uä~c`kp pj zgjd `lgpjuvknlujp nk
ncujc~k j zb~ukp nk jp{zjunk' Jppjp ñb~cdlp `lgpcnjukd {zj pju `uä~c`l ã pju
cg~ukgpchjg~j" ã gjhku cg~jcukdjg~j ~znl l {zj k ezuhzjpck yulnzqcz" j kppcd
k`kekd fkqjgnl zdk jpyã`cj nj `lul `ldzd `ld k ncujc~k" fzp~chkgnl k yj¤
nkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
à `zuclpl gl~ku {zj lp ‒zb~uk`uä~c`lp— ~jg~kd ujkecbc~ku k Jp`lbk Glvk'
Cppl dj ykuj`j zd fjgþdjgl dzc~l jp~ukgml" ylu{zj jbjp djpdlp pj ncp~cg¤
hzcukd ylu fkqju k `uä~c`k nk `lg`jyèàl bcejukb" nl yjnkhlhcpdl j" `lgpj{zjg¤
~jdjg~j" nk Jp`lbk Glvk' ^kbvjq k dznkgèk pj njvk kl fk~l nj {zj" kl ~jg~ku
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6> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
jg`kdcgmku k yulylp~k nj zdk yjnkhlhck `uä~c`k gàl ujyulnz~cvcp~k" jz `ldj¤
`jc ylu fzp~chku k Jp`lbk Glvk gk @lgfjuág`ck Eukpcbjcuk nj Jnz`kèàl -@EJ#
nj ;3=9' Yku~cgnl nl yujppzylp~l nj {zj k ybk~jck juk yujnldcgkg~jdjg~j
jp`lbkglvcp~k" z~cbcqjc k dj~ëfluk nj Bágcg" nk `zuvk~zuk nk vkuk" fluèkgnl k
kuhzdjg~kèàl ykuk l lz~ul bknl" l nk njfjpk nk Jp`lbk ^uknc`clgkb' Njc}kvk
`bkul" ~lnkvck" {zj cppl gàl {zjuck ncqju {zj k Jp`lbk ~uknc`clgkb jp~kvk `ju~k' Jz
jp~kvk kyjgkp kybc`kgnl k ~ã`gc`k nk `zuvk~zuk nk vkuk" lz pjak" ykuk jgncujc~ë$
bk gàl ekp~k `lbl`ë$bk gk ylpcèàl `luuj~k" ã yuj`cpl `zuvë$bk nl bknl lylp~l'
Dcgmk cg~juvjgèàl gk @EJ flc yzebc`knk gk Ujvcp~k nk K gnj `ld l
~ä~zbl nj ‒Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck1 k ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk nk vkuk—' Jd fzgèàl nkp
ncp`zppújp {zj jppj ~j}~l yulvl`lz" bkg`jc zdk `lg~cgzkèàl" gk djpdk ujvcp~k"
{zj njgldcgjc ‒Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck1 ykuk kbãd nk ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk nkvkuk—' Gjppj ku~chl" ~jg~kvk dlp~uku `ldl pj `lgfchzukuck zdk yulylp~k {zj
gàl flppj gjd ~uknc`clgkb gjd jp`lbkglvcp~k' Yluãd" `ldl k `uä~c`k cgc`ckb flc
dzc~l `lg~zgnjg~j" nj kbhzdk fludk dku`lz k djg~j nkp yjpplkp" j ép vjqjp
plz dkcp cnjg~cfc`knl `ldl kg~cjp`lbkglvcp~k nl {zj yulyuckdjg~j `ldl zd
jnz`knlu `uä~c`l" {zj ~jg~k fzgnku l ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l gk ekpj nk yjupyj`~cvk
mcp~ðuc`k' Ã kä {zj pzuhjd kbhzdkp ~jg~k~cvkp nj ujkecbc~kèàl nk Jp`lbk Glvk j
`lbl`kèújp `ldl1 ‒Gàl ã ylppävjb alhku k Jp`lbk Glvk gk bk~k nl bc}l? k Jp`lbk
Glvk flc cdylu~kg~j" ~jvj zd ykyjb gk njdl`uk~cqkèàl nk jp`lbk yñebc`k glEukpcb j~`'—' Gl jg~kg~l" cppl gàl flc gjhknl jd gjgmzd dldjg~l glp djzp
~ukekbmlp' K ujkecbc~kèàl nk Jp`lbk Glvk ykuj`j$dj kcgnk dkcp jp~ukgmk ylu{zj
~jd kvkgèknl k ylg~l nj pju `lgpcnjuknk ujvlbz`clgëuck+
Kp leajèújp bjvkg~knkp `lg~uk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k `lp~zdkd
kppzdcu k fludk nj fkbpkp nc`l~ldckp" {zj `ldjg~kujc k pjhzcu'
6 ' L E A J È Ú J P J N C@ L ^ L D CK P
6 ' ; ' F l u d k j @ l g ~ j ñ n l
Zdk yucdjcuk nc`l~ldck ã k{zjbk {zj pj j}yujppk gk lylpcèàl jg~uj
fludk j `lg~jñnl' Pjhzgnl jppk leajèàl" k yulylp~k jd {zjp~àl pjuck `lg~jz$
ncp~k" j" gjppj pjg~cnl" njp`lgpcnjukuck kp fludkp" lp yul`jpplp j lp dã~lnlp
yjnkhðhc`lp' K`ml {zj k njgldcgkèàl ‒yjnkhlhck nlp `lg~jñnlp—" jd {zj
yjpj l fk~l nj pju k`ujp`cnk nk jpyj`cfc`kèàl ‒`uä~c`l$pl`ckb—" ~jd nknl dkuhjd
é leajèàl nj {zj k yulylp~k pj `jg~uk glp `lg~jñnlp j pj`zgnkucqk kp fludkp
j lp yul`jpplp' Gl jg~kg~l" cppl aë ~jd pcnl ujfz~knl nj ncfjujg~jp dkgjcukp'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 6:
Gzd ncp`zupl {zj jp`ujvc ykuk k fludk~zuk nk Zgcvjupcnknj Pkg~k Ñupzbk"
j {zj flc yzebc`knl gk Ujvcp~k nk K gnj " g' 3" ;3=:" `ld l ~ä~zbl ‒Pjg~cnl nk
yjnkhlhck j ykyjb nl yjnkhlhl—" jgfk~cql {zj k {zjp~àl `jg~ukb nk yjnkhlhck
ã k {zjp~àl nlp dã~lnlp" nlp yul`jpplp' L `lg~jñnl" l pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl"gàl cg~jujppk é yjnkhlhck `ldl ~kb' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj jd ~ukekbmlp dkcp
kg~chlp jz fkèl ujfjuág`ck kl fk~l nj {zj l `cjg~cp~k ~jd zdk yjupyj`~cvk
ncfjujg~j nk nl yulfjpplu jd ujbkèàl kl `lg~jñnl' Jg{zkg~l l `cjg~cp~k jp~ë
cg~jujppknl jd fkqju kvkgèku k pzk ëujk nj `lgmj`cdjg~l" jd fkqju yulhujncu
k `cág`ck" l yulfjpplu jp~ë dkcp cg~jujppknl jd fkqju yulhujncu l kbzgl' L
yulfjpplu vá l `lgmj`cdjg~l `ldl zd djcl ykuk l `ujp`cdjg~l nl kbzgl"
kl ykppl {zj ykuk l `cjg~cp~k l `lgmj`cdjg~l ã zd fcd? ~uk~k$pj nj njp`leucu
glvlp `lgmj`cdjg~lp gk pzk ëujk nj k~zkèàl' Gjppj pjg~cnl" jz kfcudkvk gzd~j}~l nj ;38;" cg`bzänl gl djz bcvul nj ;3=9 $ Jnz`kèàl1 nl pjgpl `ldzd
é `lgp`cág`ck fcblpðfc`k $" {zj l djbmlu hjðhukfl gàl pjuë gj`jppkuckdjg~j
l djbmlu yulfjpplu nj hjlhukfck? gjd pjuë l mcp~lucknlu k{zjbj {zj njpjd¤
yjgmkuë djbmlu l ykyjb nj yulfjpplu nj mcp~ðuck? lz l djbmlu bc~juk~l" l
djbmlu jp`uc~lu" gàl pjuë gj`jppkuckdjg~j l djbmlu yulfjpplu nj ylu~zhzáp'
J ylu {zá< Ylu{zj ykuk jgpcgku ã fzgnkdjg~kb {zj pj `lbl{zj cgc`ckbdjg~j
k pjhzcg~j yjuhzg~k1 ykuk {zj pjuvj jgpcgku zdk ncp`cybcgk `ldl hjlhukfck"
mcp~ðuck lz ylu~zhzáp klp kbzglp `lg`uj~lp `ld lp {zkcp pj vkc ~ukekbmku< Jd{zj jppkp ncp`cybcgkp pàl ujbjvkg~jp ykuk l yulhujppl" ykuk l kvkgèl j ykuk l
njpjgvlbvcdjg~l njppjp kbzglp<
Nkä pzuhj l yulebjdk nk ~ukgpfludkèàl nl pkeju jbkeluknl jd pkeju
jp`lbku' Jppk ~ukgpfludkèàl ã l yul`jppl ylu djcl nl {zkb pj pjbj`clgkd" nl
`lgazg~l nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl" lp jbjdjg~lp ujbjvkg~jp ykuk l `ujp`cdjg~l
cg~jbj`~zkb nlp kbzglp j luhkgcqkd$pj jppjp jbjdjg~lp gzdk fludk" gzdk
pj{zág`ck ~kb {zj ylppcecbc~j k pzk kppcdcbkèàl' Kppcd" k {zjp~àl `jg~ukb nk
yjnkhlhck ã l yulebjdk nkp fludkp" nlp yul`jpplp" nlp dã~lnlp? `ju~kdjg~j"gàl `lgpcnjuknlp jd pc djpdlp" ylcp kp fludkp pð fkqjd pjg~cnl {zkgnl
vckecbcqkd l nldägcl nj nj~judcgknlp `lg~jñnlp'
L dã~lnl ã jppjg`ckb kl yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l' Yjnkhlhck" `ldl ã pkecnl"
pchgcfc`k bc~jukbdjg~j k `lgnzèàl nk `uckgèk" j k pzk luchjd jp~ë gl jp`ukvl {zj
bjvkvk k `uckgèk k~ã l bl`kb nlp alhlp lz l bl`kb lgnj jbk uj`jeck cgp~uzèàl nl
yuj`jy~lu' Njylcp" jppj jp`ukvl ykpplz k pju l yuðyucl jnz`knlu' Lp uldkglp"
yju`jejgnl l gävjb nj `zb~zuk nlp jp`ukvlp hujhlp" `lgfckvkd k jbjp k jnz`k¤
èàl nlp fcbmlp' Jppk ã k j~cdlblhck nk ykbkvuk' Nl ylg~l nj vcp~k pjdåg~c`l" lpjg~cnl kb~julz$pj' Gl jg~kg~l" k ykcnjck jg~uj lp hujhlp gàl pchgcfc`kvk kyj¤
gkp cgfåg`ck" ykcnjck pchgcfc`kvk k `zb~zuk" lp cnjkcp nk `zb~zuk hujhk' Kppcd" k
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66 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
ykbkvuk yjnkhlhck" yku~cgnl nj pzk yuðyuck j~cdlblhck" pchgcfc`k gàl kyjgkp k
`lgnzèàl nk `uckgèk" dkp k cg~ulnzèàl nk `uckgèk gk `zb~zuk'
K yjnkhlhck ã l yul`jppl yjbl {zkb l mldjd pj ~lugk ybjgkdjg~j
mzdkgl' Gl ncp`zupl nj fludk~zuk" ncp~cghzc jg~uj k yjnkhlhck hjukb" {zjjgvlbvj jppk glèàl nj `zb~zuk `ldl ~znl l {zj l mldjd yulnzq" ~znl l
{zj l mldjd `lgp~uðc" j k yjnkhlhck jp`lbku" bchknk é {zjp~àl nl pkeju pcp¤
~jdk~cqknl" nl pkeju jbkeluknl" nl pkeju dj~ðnc`l' K jp`lbk ~jd l ykyjb nj
ylppcecbc~ku l k`jppl nkp glvkp hjukèújp kl dzgnl nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl" nl
pkeju dj~ðnc`l" `cjg~äfc`l' Jbk gj`jppc~k luhkgcqku yul`jpplp" njp`leucu fludkp
knj{zknkp k jppk fcgkbcnknj' Jppk ã k {zjp~àl `jg~ukb nk yjnkhlhck jp`lbku' Lp
`lg~jñnlp gàl ujyujpjg~kd k {zjp~àl `jg~ukb nk yjnkhlhck" ylu{zj pj yulnz¤
qjd k yku~cu nkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp j pj pcp~jdk~cqkd `ld kz~lgldck jd ujbkèàlé jp`lbk' K pcp~jdk~cqkèàl nlp `lg~jñnlp yujppzyúj nj~judcgknkp mkecbcnknjp
{zj k jp`lbk gludkbdjg~j hkukg~j" dkp gàl l`luuj gl cg~juclu nkp jp`lbkp nj
jnz`kèàl eëpc`k' K j}cp~ág`ck nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl `lbl`k é yjnkhlhck l
pjhzcg~j yulebjdk1 `ldl ~lugë$bl kppcdcbëvjb yjbkp glvkp hjukèújp" lz pjak"
ylu k{zjbjp {zj yku~c`cykd nj kbhzd dlnl nj pzk yulnzèàl jg{zkg~l khjg~jp
pl`ckcp" dkp yku~c`cykd gzd jp~ëhcl nj~judcgknl" jp~ëhcl jp~j {zj ã nj`luujg~j
nj ~lnk zdk ~ukaj~ðuck mcp~ðuc`k<
6 ' 5 ' P l ` c k b c q k è à l vjupzp Y u l n z è à l n l P k e j u
à ylppävjb ku~c`zbku k {zjp~àl nk ujbkèàl jg~uj fludk j `lg~jñnl `ld k
nk pl`ckbcqkèàl nl pkeju yulnzqcnl' K leajèàl {zj vjd pjgnl fludzbknk ã k
pjhzcg~j1 ‒Fkbku jd pl`ckbcqkèàl nl pkeju jbkeluknl ã vlb~ku k Nzuomjcd" {zj
aë ncqck {zj k fzgèàl nk jp`lbk ã pl`ckbcqknluk—' Gl jg~kg~l" gàl ã l fk~l nj jz
z~cbcqku k ykbkvuk pl`ckbcqkèàl {zj dj ~lugk nzuomjcdckgl? ã yuj`cpl `lgpcnjuku
jd {zj `lg~j}~l k j}yujppàl ã z~cbcqknk' Pj flppj kppcd" ~juäkdlp {zj `lg`bzcu {zj Dku} ã nzuomjcdckgl j {zj ~lnlp lp pl`ckbcp~kp pàl nzuomjcdckglp" ylu{zj
k ekgnjcuk eëpc`k nk bz~k nl pl`ckbcpdl ã k pl`ckbcqkèàl nlp djclp nj yulnzèàl'
Luk" ã pleuj k ekpj nk {zjp~àl nk pl`ckbcqkèàl nlp djclp nj yulnzèàl {zj
`lgpcnjukdlp fzgnkdjg~kb k pl`ckbcqkèàl nl pkeju jbkeluknl' Cppl ylu{zj l
pkeju yulnzqcnl pl`ckbdjg~j ã zdk fluèk yulnz~cvk" ã zd djcl nj yulnzèàl'
Gk pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k" k ~jgnág`ck ã ~lugë$bl yulyucjnknj j}`bzpcvk nk `bkppj
nldcgkg~j' Gàl pj ylnj bjvku jppk ~jgnág`ck ép ñb~cdkp `lgpj{zág`ckp ylu{zj
cppl jg~ukuck jd `lg~ukncèàl `ld lp yuðyuclp cg~jujppjp nl `kyc~kb' Kppcd" k`bkppj nldcgkg~j yulvcnjg`ck ykuk {zj l ~ukekbmknlu kn{zcuk kbhzd ~cyl nj
pkeju" pjd l {zj jbj gàl ylnjuck yulnzqcu? pj l ~ukekbmknlu ylppzc kbhzd ~cyl
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 68
nj pkeju" jbj ã nlgl nj fluèk yulnz~cvk j gl `kyc~kbcpdl lp djclp nj yulnz¤
èàl pàl yulyucjnknj yucvknk+ Jg~àl" k mcp~ðuck nk jp`lbk gl `kyc~kbcpdl ~ukq
`lgpchl jppk `lg~ukncèàl'
Jd Knkd Pdc~m" aë kykuj`ck `bkukdjg~j k cgnc`kèàl nj {zj lp ~ukekbmknl¤ujp njvckd pju jnz`knlp" yluãd jd nlpjp mldjlyë~c`kp' Njvckd uj`jeju kyjgkp
l dägcdl gj`jppëucl nj cgp~uzèàl ykuk pjujd yulnz~cvlp" ykuk fkqjujd `ujp`ju
l `kyc~kb' Gknk kbãd ncppl' Njylcp" l ~ksblucpdl kyjufjcèllz jppj yul`jppl' Gl
~j}~l ‒J}~jgpàl zgcvjupc~ëuck" zdk kelunkhjd gàl j}~jg`clgcp~k— -Pkvckgc" ;3=>"
yy' >6$6:#" `lbl`l {zj l ~ksblucpdl ã zd yul`jppl yjbl {zkb l pkeju nlp ~ukek¤
bmknlujp ã njpkyulyucknl j kyulyucknl yjblp pj~lujp nldcgkg~jp" jbkeluknl j
njvlbvcnl gk fludk yku`jbknk' ^ksblu fjq jp~znlp nj ~jdyl j dlvcdjg~l" kgkbc¤
plz `ldl lp ~ukekbmknlujp yulnzqckd" jbkelulz j pcp~jdk~cqlz l `lgmj`cdjg~lnkä ujpzb~kg~j" njpkyulyuckgnl lp ~ukekbmknlujp nl pkeju pleuj l `lgazg~l nl
yul`jppl" {zj ykpplz k pju yulyucjnknj yucvknk nk `bkppj nldcgkg~j' @ldl lp
~ukekbmknlujp gàl ylnjd pju njpkyulyucknlp" nj fludk keplbz~k" nl pkeju" ã
yuj`cpl {zj jbjp ~jgmkd k`jppl kl dägcdl nl pkeju gj`jppëucl ykuk yulnzqcujd'
K njvlbzèàl gk fludk yku`jbknk pchgcfc`k cppl1 njvlbvj$pj kl ~ukekbmknlu kyj¤
gkp l `lgmj`cdjg~l ujbk~cvl é{zjbk lyjukèàl {zj vkc njpjgvlbvju gl yul`jppl
yulnz~cvl' L pkeju ujbk~cvl kl `lgazg~l aë gàl dkcp bmj yju~jg`j'
Jppk ã k ekpj nk cnjck nk pl`ckbcqkèàl nl pkeju {zj ~jdlp fludzbknl jd~judlp yjnkhðhc`lp' K{zc ã yuj`cpl njpfkqju zdk `lgfzpàl' Jbkelukèàl nl pkeju
gàl ã pcgþgcdl nj yulnzèàl nl pkeju' K yulnzèàl nl pkeju ã pl`ckb" l`luuj
gl cg~juclu nkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' K jbkelukèàl nl pkeju cdybc`k j}yujppku nj
fludk jbkeluknk l pkeju {zj pzuhj nk yuë~c`k pl`ckb' Jppk j}yujppàl jbkeluknk
pzyúj l nldägcl nlp cgp~uzdjg~lp nj jbkelukèàl j pcp~jdk~cqkèàl' Nkä k cd¤
ylu~åg`ck nk jp`lbk1 pj k jp`lbk gàl yjudc~j l k`jppl k jppjp cgp~uzdjg~lp" lp
~ukekbmknlujp fc`kd ebl{zjknlp j cdyjncnlp nj kp`jgnju kl gävjb nk jbkeluk¤
èàl nl pkeju" jdeluk `lg~cgzjd" yjbk pzk k~cvcnknj yuë~c`k ujkb" k `lg~ucezcu ykuk k yulnzèàl nl pkeju' L pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl `lg~cgzk k pju yulyucjnknj
yucvknk k pjuvcèl nl huzyl nldcgkg~j' Kppcd" k {zjp~àl nk pl`ckbcqkèàl nl
pkeju" gjppj `lg~j}~l" akdkcp ylnjuck pju kppcdcbknk é vcpàl nl fzg`clgkbcpdl
nzuomjcdckgl" ylu{zj pj cgpycuk ~lnk gk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k" gk `uä~c`k nk
pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k njpjgvlbvcnk ylu Dku}'
6 ' 0 ' P k e j u vjupzp @ l g p ` c á g ` c k
K ~ju`jcuk nc`l~ldck" pkeju vjupzp `lgp`cág`ck" pzp~jg~k {zj k yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k jp~kuck nkgnl dkcp cdylu~åg`ck é k{zcpcèàl nl pkeju {zj nk
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6= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
`lgp`cág`ck `uä~c`k' Luk" ~kb leajèàl yujppzyúj {zj ã ylppävjb njpjgvlbvju k
`lgp`cág`ck é dkuhjd nl pkeju' Ã `ldl pj l k`jppl kl pkeju yznjppj pju fjc~l
nj fludk cg`lgp`cjg~j' Gk vjunknj" l gävjb nj `lgp`cág`ck nlp ~ukekbmknlujp
kyul}cdk$pj nj zdk fludk jbkeluknk é djncnk {zj jbjp nldcgkd lp cgp¤~uzdjg~lp nj jbkelukèàl nl pkeju' Gjppj pjg~cnl ã {zj k yuðyuck j}yujppàl
jbkeluknk nk `lgp`cág`ck nj `bkppj ykppk yjbk {zjp~àl nl nldägcl nl pkeju'
6 ' > ' P k e j u K ` k e k n l vjupzp P k e j u j d Y u l ` j p p l
Pjhzgnl jppk nc`l~ldck" k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k cdybc`kuck zdk
vcpàl nl pkeju `ldl kbhl njfcgc~cvl j k`keknl" ~uk~kgnl$pj kyjgkp nj ~ukgpdc~c$
bl' Luk" ~kb leajèàl ~kdeãd ã njp`kecnk' @ld jfjc~l" kl kfcudku {zj l pkeju ã
yulnzqcnl pl`ckbdjg~j" cppl pchgcfc`k {zj jbj jp~ë pjgnl yulnzqcnl pl`ckbdjg~j
j" ylu~kg~l" gàl `kej fkbku jd pkeju k`keknl' K yulnzèàl pl`ckb nl pkeju ã
mcp~ðuc`k" ylu~kg~l gàl ã leuk nj `knk hjukèàl cgnjyjgnjg~j nkp njdkcp' L yul¤
ebjdk nk yjnkhlhck ã azp~kdjg~j yjudc~cu {zj kp glvkp hjukèújp pj kyulyucjd"
pjd gj`jppcnknj nj ujfkqju l yul`jppl" nl yk~ucdþgcl nk mzdkgcnknj" cp~l ã"
nk{zjbjp jbjdjg~lp {zj k mzdkgcnknj aë yulnzqcz j jbkelulz' Gàl ylnjdlp
fkqju `ld {zj `knk `uckgèk vlb~j é Cnknj nk Yjnuk Bkp`knk ykuk ylnju njylcp
k~cghcu" gk cnknj knzb~k" l nldägcl nl pkeju `cjg~äfc`l" ~kb `ldl ã fludzbknl
jd glppk ãyl`k' Jppj ã zd kpyj`~l {zj dj ykuj`j cdylu~kg~j `lgpcnjuku'
L fk~l nj fkbku gk pl`ckbcqkèàl nj zd pkeju pzyúj zd pkeju j}cp~jg~j"
dkp cppl gàl pchgcfc`k {zj l pkeju j}cp~jg~j pjak jp~ë~c`l" k`keknl' Ã zd pkeju
pzp`j~ävjb nj ~ukgpfludkèàl" dkp pzk yuðyuck ~ukgpfludkèàl njyjgnj nj kb¤
hzdk fludk nl nldägcl njp~j pkeju yjblp khjg~jp pl`ckcp' Ylu~kg~l" l k`jppl
k jbj cdyúj$pj'
6 ' : ' P k e j u J u z n c ~l vjupzp P k e j u Y l y z b k u l z Y l g ~ l n j Y k u ~ cn k vjupzp Y l g ~ l n j @ m j h k n k
[zkg~l é nc`l~ldck pkeju juznc~l vjupzp pkeju ylyzbku " k`ml {zj jbk
ylnj pju bchknk é {zjp~àl nl ylg~l nj yku~cnk j ylg~l nj `mjhknk' K~ukvãp njppkp
nc`l~ldckp" kfcudk$pj {zj k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k jp~kuck vkblucqkgnl k
`zb~zuk juznc~k jd nj~ucdjg~l nk `zb~zuk ylyzbku j" kl `jg~uku$pj gl ylg~l
nj `mjhknk" jp~kuck njp`lgpcnjukgnl l ylg~l nj yku~cnk' ^uknc`clgkbdjg~j" k
`lg`jyèàl nldcgkg~j `lgpcnjuk {zj k ñgc`k `zb~zuk nchgk njppj gldj ã k `zb¤
~zuk juznc~k' @zb~lp pjuckd lp cg~jbj`~zkcp" lp {zj jp~znkukd j ~cvjukd k`jppl
é `zb~zuk bj~uknk' L ylvl pjuck cg`zb~l ylu{zj pzkp fludkp nj `lgp`cág`ck j
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 63
nj pkeju pàl jpylg~ågjkp" kppcp~jdë~c`kp' Jd `lg~ukylpcèàl k jppk ~jgnág`ck"
fcudk$pj zdk lz~uk {zj k`kelz ylu `lg`bzcu {zj pð k `zb~zuk ylyzbku ã nchgk
njppj gldj" ã k `zb~zuk bjhä~cdk" kz~ág~c`k' K `zb~zuk juznc~k pjuck zdk `zb~zuk
jpyñuck" ku~cfc`ckb? njvjuäkdlp ~ukekbmku `ld k `zb~zuk ylyzbku ylu{zj kä jp~ë kvjunknj" k fluèk" k `lgpcp~ág`ck' K lz~uk pjuck zdk `zb~zuk lugkdjg~kb" {zj pð
pjuvcuck ykuk bjhc~cdku dj`kgcpdlp nj zd ylnju le~cnl yjbk fluèk dk~juckb' Aë
kelunjc jppk {zjp~àl jd lz~ulp dldjg~lp" cg`bzpcvj gl ~j}~l ‒@ldyj~ág`ck
ylbä~c`k j `ldyuldcppl ~ã`gc`l—? kä `mkdl k k~jgèàl ykuk l fk~l nj {zj l pkeju
ã mcp~ðuc`l" j `ldl ~kb ã kyulyucknl yjbkp `bkppjp nldcgkg~jp" dkp cppl gàl pch¤
gcfc`k {zj jbj pjak cgjujg~jdjg~j nldcgkg~j' L {zj mlaj ã njgldcgknl ‒pkeju
ezuhzáp— ã zd pkeju nl {zkb k ezuhzjpck pj kyulyuclz j `lbl`lz k pjuvcèl nj pjzp
cg~jujppjp' Jd pzdk" l {zj ykuj`j cdylu~kg~j jg~jgnju ã l pjhzcg~j1 jppk nc`l¤~ldck jg~uj pkeju juznc~l `ldl pkeju nk nldcgkèàl j pkeju ylyzbku `ldl pkeju
kz~ág~c`l yuðyucl nk bceju~kèàl ã zdk nc`l~ldck fkbpk' Gjd l pkeju juznc~l ã
yzukdjg~j ezuhzáp" nldcgkg~j" gjd k `zb~zuk ylyzbku ã yzukdjg~j ylyzbku'
K `zb~zuk ylyzbku cg`luyluk jbjdjg~lp nk cnjlblhck j nk `zb~zuk nldcgkg~jp
{zj" kl pj `lgvju~jujd jd pjgpl `ldzd" yjgj~ukd gkp dkppkp'
Jg~àl" k {zjp~àl fzgnkdjg~kb k{zc ykuj`j pju k pjhzcg~j1 `ldl k ylyz¤
bkèàl ylnj ~ju k`jppl ép fludkp nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl nj dlnl {zj j}yujppjd
nj fludk jbkeluknk lp pjzp cg~jujppjp" lp cg~jujppjp ylyzbkujp< @mjhkuäkdlpkppcd k zdk `zb~zuk ylyzbku jbkeluknk" pcp~jdk~cqknk' Cppl kylg~k gk ncujèàl
nk pzyjukèàl njppk nc`l~ldck" ylu{zj pj l ylvl ~jd k`jppl kl pkeju juznc~l"
l pkeju juznc~l gàl ã dkcp pcgkb ncp~cg~cvl nj jbc~jp" {zju ncqju" jbj ~lugk$pj
ylyzbku' K `zb~zuk ylyzbku" jg~jgncnk `ldl k{zjbk `zb~zuk {zj l ylvl nldcgk"
ylnj pju k `zb~zuk juznc~k" {zj ykpplz k pju nldcgknk yjbk ylyzbkèàl' K cppl
pj bchk k {zjp~àl nl ylg~l nj yku~cnk vjupzp ylg~l nj `mjhknk' K k`zpkèàl nj
{zj njp`zcnjc nk `zb~zuk ylyzbku ã cgazp~k' Gl djz ~j}~l ‒Ykuk kbãd nk `zu¤
vk~zuk nk vkuk—" ~ukekbmjc l yulebjdk yjnkhðhc`l é bzq njppk ncfjujgèk jg~ujl ylg~l nj yku~cnk j l ylg~l nj `mjhknk' Dlp~ujc {zj l yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l
~jd {zj ujkbcqku gl ylg~l nj `mjhknk l {zj gl ylg~l nj yku~cnk gàl jp~ë nknl'
Ujfcul$dj" ylu j}jdybl" é {zjp~àl nk chzkbnknj {zj gàl jp~ë nknk gl ylg~l
nj yku~cnk" dkp {zj ã kbhl {zj ~jd {zj pju kb`kgèknl gl ylg~l nj `mjhknk' K
`zb~zuk ylyzbku" nl ylg~l nj vcp~k jp`lbku" ã nk dkclu cdylu~åg`ck jg{zkg~l
ylg~l nj yku~cnk' Gàl ã" yluãd" k `zb~zuk ylyzbku {zj vkc njfcgcu l ylg~l
nj `mjhknk nl ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l gkp jp`lbkp' Pj kp jp`lbkp pj bcdc~kujd
k ujc~juku k `zb~zuk ylyzbku" {zkb pjuë pzk fzgèàl< Ykuk njpjgvlbvju `zb~zuk ylyzbku" jppk `zb~zuk kppcp~jdë~c`k j jpylg~ågjk" l ylvl gàl yuj`cpk nj jp`lbk'
Jbj k njpjgvlbvj ylu leuk nj pzkp yuðyuckp bz~kp" ujbkèújp j yuë~c`kp' L ylvl
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89 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
yuj`cpk nk jp`lbk ykuk ~ju k`jppl kl pkeju juznc~l" kl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl j"
jd `lgpj{zág`ck" ykuk j}yujppku nj fludk jbkeluknk lp `lg~jñnlp nk `zb~zuk
ylyzbku {zj `luujpylgnjd klp pjzp cg~jujppjp'
Bjvkgnl jd `lgpcnjukèàl lp njek~jp {zj kcgnk pj ~ukvkd gl dldjg~lk~zkb" lz~ukp nc`l~ldckp ylnjuckd pju cnjg~cfc`knkp' Jg~uj~kg~l" ykuk lp bcdc~jp
nl ~jdyl njp~cgknl k jp~k j}ylpcèàl lukb" `ujcl ~ju djg`clgknl j ujpylgncnl
ép yucg`cykcp leajèújp' Lz~ukp yuj`cpújp j glvlp jp`bkuj`cdjg~lp ylnjuàl pju
k`ujp`jg~knlp lylu~zgkdjg~j'
8 ' N J E K ^ J
Kbj}kgnuj $ Hlp~kuck nj yjncu kl yulfjpplu Pkvckgc {zj `ldjg~kppj zdk `lg~jp~kèàl
{zj ~jd kykuj`cnl dzc~l gk Zgcvjupcnknj nk Ykukäek" j {zj ujkbdjg~j
ekbkgèk kp yjpplkp {zj jp~àl ~ukekbmkgnl gk bcgmk nk yjnkhlhck `uä~c`l$
pl`ckb nlp `lg~jñnlp' K `lg~jp~kèàl ã {zj k ágfkpj klp `lg~jñnlp cgp~uz¤
djg~kcp fkuck `ld {zj jp~jp kppzdcppjd zdk `ju~k kz~lgldck jd ujbkèàl
klp nknlp yujpjg~jp gk ujkbcnknj `lg`uj~k' Gàl pj bjvkuckd jd `lg~k" ylu
j}jdybl" kp `lgncèújp cgc`ckcp nlp kbzglp nkp `bkppjp nldcgknkp" `zakp
njfc`cág`ckp yuj`cpkd jfj~cvkdjg~j pju pzyjuknkp'
Njudjvkb $ Jd ujbkèàl é {zjp~àl nj zdk ylppävjb mcyju~ulfck nlp `lg~jñnlp cgp~uz¤
djg~kcp" lgnj kp `lgncèújp `lg`uj~kp nl kbzgl flppjd jp{zj`cnkp" jz
~juck k ncqju l pjhzcg~j1 k yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`k {zj vcdlp fludzbkgnl
cdybc`k l jpfluèl nj njpjgvlbvju zdk yjnkhlhck `lg`uj~k" {zj pzyjuj k
yjnkhlhck kep~uk~k" k yjnkhlhck nkp fludkp yjbkp fludkp' Jp~lz z~cbcqkgnl
l ~judl ‒`lg`uj~l— gàl gl pjg~cnl yckhj~ckgl" dkp gl pjg~cnl jd {zj
Dku} njfcgj l `lg`jc~l nj `lg`uj~l' Kppcd" ylnjuäkdlp ~uknzqcu yjnk¤
hlhck `lg`uj~k ylu yjnkhlhck nckbã~c`k' K nckbã~c`k ã zdk bðhc`k `lg`uj~k"
jg{zkg~l k bðhc`k fludkb" k bðhc`k nkp fludkp" ã kep~uk~k' Zdk bðhc`k
`lg`uj~k ã zdk bðhc`k nlp `lg~jñnlp' Pð {zj gàl ylnjdlp `lgfzgncu
`lg~jñnlp `lg`uj~lp `ld `lg~jñnlp jdyäuc`lp' Lp `lg~jñnlp jdyäuc`lp
dkgcfjp~kd$pj gk j}yjucág`ck cdjnck~k' Lp `lg~jñnlp `lg`uj~lp pàl `ky¤
~knlp jd pzkp dñb~cybkp ujbkèújp" l {zj pð ylnj l`luuju yjbk djnckèàl
nl kep~uk~l' Ykuk `mjhku kl `lg`uj~l" ã yuj`cpl pzyjuku l jdyäuc`l yjbk
vck nl kep~uk~l' Jppj ncp`zupl ylnj ~ju fc`knl dzc~l mjudã~c`l" jg~àl vlz
cbzp~uë$bl yjnkhlhc`kdjg~j" gk ncujèàl nk {zjp~àl fjc~k'
K`ml {zj zdk nkp bcdc~kèújp nk `lg~ucezcèàl nk ypc`lblhck é jnz`kèàl
jp~ë gl fk~l nj {zj k ypc`lblhck ~jd ~uk~knl yucg`cykbdjg~j nl cgncvänzl
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 8;
jdyäuc`l" gàl nl cgncvänzl `lg`uj~l' Luk" l yulfjpplu gk pkbk nj kzbk gàl
pj njfulg~k `ld l cgncvänzl jdyäuc`l" njp`uc~l jd ~lnkp kp pzkp vkucëvjcp"
k ujpyjc~l nl {zkb j}cp~jd `lg`bzpújp yuj`cpkp" jp~k~cp~c`kdjg~j pchgcfc`k¤
~cvkp' L yulfjpplu jp~ë bcnkgnl `ld l cgncvänzl `lg`uj~l? jg{zkg~l cgnc¤
vänzl `lg`uj~l" jbj ã zdk päg~jpj nj cgñdjukp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' Jbj gàl pj
jg{zknuk gl dlnjbl njp`uc~l yjbk ypc`lblhck" ylcp l cgncvänzl jdyäuc`l ã
zdk kep~ukèàl" yujppzyúj zd `lu~j lgnj pj njfcgjd nj~judcgknkp vkucë¤
vjcp {zj pàl leaj~l nj jp~znl' L yulfjpplu gàl ylnj fkqju l `lu~j? l kbzgl
jp~ë nckg~j njbj" vcvl" cg~jcul" `lg`uj~l' Ã jd ujbkèàl k jp~j kbzgl {zj jbj
~jd nj khcu' Nkä k gj`jppcnknj nj pj njpjgvlbvju zdk ypc`lblhck {zj bjvj
jd `lg~k l cgncvänzl `lg`uj~l j gàl kyjgkp l cgncvänzl jdyäuc`l' Zdk
{zjp~àl fzgnkdjg~kb gk yjnkhlhck" j {zj l dlvcdjg~l nk Jp`lbk Glvk
j}yþp `ld vjjdág`ck" ã k {zjp~àl nlp cg~jujppjp nl kbzgl' L leaj~cvl nl
yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l ã l `ujp`cdjg~l nl kbzgl" blhl" pjzp cg~jujppjp njvjd
gj`jppkuckdjg~j pju bjvknlp jd `lg~k' L yulebjdk ã l pjhzcg~j1 {zkcp pàl
lp cg~jujppjp nl kbzgl< Nj {zj kbzgl jp~kdlp fkbkgnl" nl kbzgl jdyäuc`l
lz nl kbzgl `lg`uj~l< L kbzgl jdyäuc`l" l cgncvänzl cdjnck~kdjg~j
lepjuvëvjb" ~jd nj~judcgknkp pjgpkèújp" njpjalp j kpycukèújp {zj `lu¤
ujpylgnjd é pzk `lgncèàl jdyäuc`k cdjnck~k' Jp~jp njpjalp j kpycukèújp
gàl `luujpylgnjd gj`jppkuckdjg~j klp pjzp cg~jujppjp ujkcp" njfcgcnlp yjbkp `lgncèújp pl`ckcp {zj l pc~zkd jg{zkg~l cgncvänzl `lg`uj~l' Gjp~j
pjg~cnl" ~jgml djg`clgknl {zj lp ykcp nkp `kdknkp ~ukekbmknlukp `lp¤
~zdkd ncqju l pjhzcg~j1 ‒Jz el~jc l djz fcbml gk jp`lbk ykuk kyujgnju
dkp jbj gàl jp~ë kyujgnjgnl? l yulfjpplu jp~ë bë ykuk jgpcgku dkp gàl
jp~ë jgpcgkgnl? l {zj pjuë {zj jp~ë k`lg~j`jgnl<—' Lp ykcp vcvjukd ~lnl
zd `lgazg~l nj j}yjucág`ckp dlp~ukgnl {zj lp jp~znlp fkqjd fkb~k' Luk"
lp ykcp" kl yju`jejujd cppl" k`mkd {zj lp yulfjpplujp ~ád leuchkèàl nj
pkeju l {zj ã ujkbdjg~j cdylu~kg~j ykuk lp kbzglp' Gjd pjdyuj l {zj k`uckgèk dkgcfjp~k é yucdjcuk vcp~k `ldl pjgnl nj pjz cg~jujppj ã nj pjz
cg~jujppj `ldl pju `lg`uj~l" cgpjucnl jd nj~judcgknkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp'
Jd `lg~ukyku~cnk" `lg~jñnlp {zj jbk ~jgnj k ujajc~ku pàl" gl jg~kg~l" nj
pjz dkclu cg~jujppj jg{zkg~l cgncvänzlp `lg`uj~lp' Kppcd" k ágfkpj glp
`lg~jñnlp cgp~uzdjg~kcp gàl pj njpvcg`zbk nk ujkbcnknj `lg`uj~k nlp
kbzglp" ylcp ã azp~kdjg~j k yku~cu nkp `lgncèújp `lg`uj~kp {zj pj ~jg~k
`ky~ku ylu {zj j jd {zj djncnk jppjp cgp~uzdjg~lp pàl cdylu~kg~jp'
Kbhzgp yucg`äyclp nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k vád pjgnl z~cbcqknlp
ylu pj~lujp `lgpjuvknlujp ykuk azp~cfc`ku zd uj~lugl é Jp`lbk ^uknc`clgkb'
Në`cl $
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8 5 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Jd vcp~k ncppl" jz yjncuck kl yulfjpplu Pkvckgc {zj jp`bkuj`jppj djbmlu
k lyèàl nj `bkppj j k lyèàl ylu zdk vcpàl nckbã~c`k nk mcp~ðuck cdybä`c~k
gk yulylp~k nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
K kyulyuckèàl nj `lg`jc~lp j ~jluckp ã fjc~k k yku~cu nlp cg~jujppjp" nk vcpàl
nj dzgnl j nk ylpcèàl {zj lp cgncvänzlp l`zykd gl {zknul pl`ckb' Ã zd
fk~l {zj pj~lujp `lgpjuvknlujp vád pj kyulyuckgnl gàl pð nk yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k `ldl nj lz~ukp yulylp~kp $ k z~cbcqkèàl nl dã~lnl Ykzbl
Fujcuj ã zd j}jdybl ncppl' Njpgk~zuk$pj l {zknul luchcgkb" jg`kc}kgnl$pj
`lg`jc~lp nj zdk yulylp~k jd lz~ul jp{zjdk ~jðuc`l' Jppj ã zd fjgþdj¤
gl ujkb' ^jdlp {zj kyujgnju k bcnku `ld jbj" j}ybc`c~kgnl$l' Jd ujbkèàl
é lyèàl ylbä~c`k kppzdcnk ylu gðp" ã eld bjdeuku {zj gk yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k k {zjp~àl jnz`k`clgkb ã pjdyuj ujfjucnk kl yulebjdk
nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l pl`ckb j nkp `bkppjp' K vcg`zbkèàl jg~uj cg~jujppjp
ylyzbkujp j jnz`kèàl ã j}ybä`c~k' Lp njfjgplujp nk yulylp~k njpjakd k
~ukgpfludkèàl nk pl`cjnknj' Pj jp~j dku`l gàl jp~ë yujpjg~j" gàl ã nk
yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k {zj pj ~uk~k' Kbhzgp ~jg~kd pzhjucu {zj gàl ã
gknk ncppl" {zj jppkp `lbl`kèújp pàl ‒nj fk`mknk— j gl fzgnl k yulylp~k
‒fj`mk `ld k ezuhzjpck—' ^kcp kfcudkèújp" gl jg~kg~l" gàl pj pzp~jg~kd'
Kylckd$pj ép vjqjp jd dz~cbkèújp' Ylu j}jdybl" më kelunkhjd kl djz
~j}~l ‒Lgqj ~jpjp pleuj jnz`kèàl j ylbä~c`k— -Pkvckgc" 5998" yy' =;$3;#" jd
{zj pj `lgpcnjuk {zj jz mcyju~ulfcl l ykyjb nl Jp~knl jd nj~ucdjg~l nkp
ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' Gl jg~kg~l" jppk kgëbcpj gàl ylnj pju j}~ukänk nl ~j}~l"
pj jbj flu `l~jaknl `ld l ku~chl ‒K njfjpk nk Jp`lbk Yñebc`k— -Pkvckgc"
;3=>" yy' ;9$5:#" lgnj njp~k`l l ykyjb nk pl`cjnknj `cvcb" nl dlvcdjg~l
nlp ~ukekbmknlujp `ldl fludk nj `lg~ulbku j fcp`kbcqku k kèàl nl Jp~knl
gk jnz`kèàl' Ylu~kg~l" l `kuë~ju nj `bkppj nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k
jp~ë j}ybä`c~l' Kbcëp" gk dcgmk j}ylpcèàl jz jgfk~cqjc jp~j ylg~l" {zkgnl
bjdeujc {zj k yulylp~k nj pl`ckbcqkèàl nl pkeju jbkeluknl ã k ~uknzèàl
yjnkhðhc`k nl yucg`äycl dkcp hjukb nk pl`ckbcqkèàl nlp djclp nj yulnz¤
èàl' Lz pjak" nl ylg~l nj vcp~k yjnkhðhc`l" ~kdeãd pj ~uk~k nj pl`ckbcqku
l pkeju jbkeluknl" ylcp jp~j ã zd djcl nj yulnzèàl'
Ej~~s K' Lbcvjcuk $ Jp~lz dzc~l yujl`zyknk `ld l hukgnj njpvcl {zj k njgldcgkèàl
yjnkhlhck `uä~c`l$pl`ckb nlp `lg~jñnlp jp~ë hjukgnl jg~uj lp jnz`knlujp'
Jz aë fcq yku~j nj njek~jp lgnj kp yjpplkp zpkvkd l ~judl yjnkhlhck
nlp `lg~jñnlp" pzyucdcgnl k j}yujppàl ‒`uä~c`l$pl`ckb—" {zj ã nj ncfä`cb
jg~jgncdjg~l' Cp~l ã zd njpvcl" aë {zj jp~kdlp ezp`kgnl k ujbkèàl `lg¤
Njudjvkb $
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 80
~jñnl j fludk njg~ul nl yul`jppl jnz`k~cvl' Jg~àl yulylgml {zj" jd
vjq nj yjnkhlhck `uä~c`l$pl`ckb nlp `lg~jñnlp" zpjdlp k njgldcgkèàl
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" {zj ~jd dzc~l dkcp fzgnkdjg~l" `ldl flc j}ybc`knl
k{zc yjbl Pkvckgc'Ykuj`j$dj {zj k glvk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k jp~ë kvkgèkgnl" dkp l
djpdl gàl k`lg~j`j `ld l jp~znl nk nckbã~c`k" gj`jppëucl ykuk k `ld¤
yujjgpàl j yuë~c`k njppk `lg`jyèàl' Kp nc`l~ldckp jgzg`cknkp ylu Pkvckgc
pàl fuz~lp nl nzkbcpdl bðhc`l {zj nldcgk glppkp lyjukèújp djg~kcp'
Yjgpkdlp gk ekpj nl ‒lz$lz—' Gàl `lgpjhzcdlp yjgpku ylu ujbkèújp'
Ëbvkul Vcjcuk Ycg~l kbju~lz ykuk l yulebjdk {zkgnl gl~lz {zj yjgpkdlp
k `lg~ukncèàl dkp gàl yjgpkdlp ylu `lg~ukncèàl' K dcgmk {zjp~àl ykuk l
Njudjvkb ã1 `ldl kvkgèku gl jp~znl nk glvk `lg`jyèàl mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k"pjd yjgpë$bk nckbj~c`kdjg~j ykuk {zj jbk pjak `lg`uj~cqknk" pzyjukgnl
lp fkbplp nzkbcpdlp<
Njudjvkb $ [zkgnl l Bceågjl jp~kvk ykuk yzebc`ku pjz bcvul" z~cbcqkgnl k njgldc¤
gkèàl yjnkhlhck `uä~c`l$pl`ckb nlp `lg~jñnlp" fc`lz pkejgnl nk njgl¤
dcgkèàl ‒yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k— `ucknk ylu dcd' Ncppj$dj jg~àl
{zj jp~k juk j}k~kdjg~j k njgldcgkèàl {zj jp~kvk ezp`kgnl" j `mjhlz
k yjgpku jd z~cbcqë$bk gl bcvul' Dkp jz `lgpcnjujc pj`zgnëuck k {zjp~àlnl gldj" ylcp l dkcp cdylu~kg~j juk ncfzgncu k yulylp~k' K fc}kèàl nl
gldj dkcp knj{zknl njyjgnjuck nkp ujkèújp pzp`c~knkp' Jg~àl" gàl dj
lyzp k {zj jbj jdyujhkppj k pzk njgldcgkèàl'
Djpdl k j}yujppàl ‒yjnkhlhck nlp `lg~jñnlp— gàl ã ~l~kbdjg~j ujajc~ëvjb'
K {zjp~àl nlp dã~lnlp jp~ë yujpjg~j gk ykbkvuk yjnkhlhck' K`lg~j`j {zj
kp j}yujppújp pj ncfzgnjd j gl fcgkb vl`á fc`k `ld fludkp pjd `lg~jñnlp'
à ylu cppl {zj pj fkbk jd yjnkhlhck pjd jp~ku k~jg~l kl pchgcfc`knl nk
ykbkvuk' Më zdk fj~c`mcqkèàl" zdk ujcfc`kèàl nlp `lg`jc~lp' K vkg~khjdnk njgldcgkèàl ‒yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k— ã {zj gàl pj yujnj~judcgk
l pjg~cnl' Pj vl`á gàl jg~jgnj l {zj ã ‒mcp~ðuc`l— lz ‒`uä~c`k—" vkc ~jg~ku
cg~jcuku$pj nl pchgcfc`knl nk{zcbl {zj bmj jp`kyk" bjgnl j jp~znkgnl lp
ujyujpjg~kg~jp nk `lg`jyèàl' L yulebjdk nk njgldcgkèàl ‒yjnkhlhck
nlp `lg~jñnlp— ã k ujpplgåg`ck {zj jbk ~ukq" nkgnl dkuhjd k zdk cg¤
~juyuj~kèàl gk bcgmk nj zdk vlb~k é yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb" lz nj zdk
uj`zyjukèàl njppk yulylp~k'
Jd ujbkèàl kl jp~znl nk nckbã~c`k" nkp djnckèújp ~jðuc`kp ykuk k `ld¤ yujjgpàl nl fjgþdjgl jd ykz~k" `ujcl {zj ã fzgnkdjg~kb' Ncfzgncu
zdk `lg`jyèàl cdybc`k pzk cg`luylukèàl gl gävjb nj pjgpl `ldzd"
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8> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
njpgk~zukgnl jd vëuclp kpyj`~lp l {zj ã yujppzylp~l' Gl glppl `kpl"
më l ucp`l nj" kyujpjg~knk k yulylp~k {zj yuj~jgnj lucjg~ku k yuë~c`k"
k`ujnc~ku$pj {zj ã pð kybc`ë$bk j kp `lcpkp jp~àl ujplbvcnkp' Cppl aë ã zdk
ncp~luèàl nk yulylp~k" {zj gàl pj j}yujppk jd fðudzbkp kep~uk~kp j j}¤~jugkp kl leaj~l'
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>
K Yjnkhlhck Mcp~ðuc`l$@uä~c`k
j k Jnz`kèàl Jp`lbku!
~jdk nl glppl jg`lg~ul hcuk jd ~lugl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
^kbvjq njvjppj cgc`cku k j}ylpcèàl ujfjucgnl$dj k jppk njgldcgkèàl"
{zju ncqju" é gldjg`bk~zuk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Blhl nj cgä`cl ã ylppä¤
vjb kfcudku {zj" jd vjunknj" yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ylnj pju `lgpcnjuknk
pcgþgcdl nj yjnkhlhck nckbã~c`k' Gl jg~kg~l" k yku~cu nj ;3=> njc yujfjuág`ck
é njgldcgkèàl yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" ylcp l lz~ul ~judl $ yjnkhlhck
nckbã~c`k$ vcgmk ujvjbkgnl$pj zd ~kg~l hjgãuc`l j ykppävjb nj ncfjujg~jp cg¤
~juyuj~kèújp' Pkej$pj {zj më zdk cg~juyuj~kèàl cnjkbcp~k nk nckbã~c`k" kbãdnj zdk ~jgnág`ck k azbhë$bk nj zdk fludk jpyj`zbk~cvk" ylu~kg~l" njp`lbknk
nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l ujkb' Më `luujg~jp" ylu j}jdybl" yuð}cdkp é
fjgldjglblhck" {zj z~cbcqkd k ykbkvuk nckbã~c`k `ldl pcgþgcdl nj nckbðhc`l"
lz pjak" ujfjujg~j kl ncëblhl" é ~ul`k nj cnjckp" é `lg~ukylpcèàl nj lycgcújp" j
gàl yulyuckdjg~j `ldl ~jluck nl dlvcdjg~l nk ujkbcnknj" cp~l ã" ~jluck {zj
ezp`k `ky~ku l dlvcdjg~l leaj~cvl nl yul`jppl mcp~ðuc`l' Lz~ul dl~cvl nk
lyèàl ylu yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k flc k l`luuág`ck nj ncfjujg~jp vcpújp nk
ykbkvuk nckbã~c`k" `lgpcnjukgnl {zj" {zkgnl k yulgzg`ckdlp" `knk zd ~jdgk `kejèk zd `lg`jc~l nj nckbã~c`k $ jd `lgpj{zág`ck nl {zj k j}yujppàl
yjnkhlhck nckbã~c`k k`kek pjgnl jg~jgncnk `ld `lgl~kèújp ncvjupkp'
Kbãd ncppl" k gldjg`bk~zuk mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" ylu gàl pju dzc~l `luujg~j"
yulvl`k k `zuclpcnknj nlp lzvcg~jp" `uckgnl k lylu~zgcnknj nj pj j}ybc`ku
l pjz pchgcfc`knl' K lz~uk njgldcgkèàl" ylu pzk vjq" k`kek pjgnl jg~jgncnk
pjhzgnl lp yujppzylp~lp nj `knk zd j" `lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" ã ylppävjb {zj"
jd bzhku nj pj kn{zcucu `bkujqk" cgp~kbj$pj zdk `ju~k `lgfzpàl k ujpyjc~l'
! Yzebc`knl kg~jucludjg~j jd Yjgpkgnl k jnz`kèàl" Pàl Ykzbl" Z gjpy" ;3=3" yy' 50$00'
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86 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Jd lz~ulp ~judlp" l {zj jz {zjul ~uknzqcu `ld k j}yujppàl yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ã l jdyjgml jd `ldyujjgnju k {zjp~àl jnz`k`clgkb `ld
ekpj gl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l leaj~cvl' Ylu~kg~l" k `lg`jyèàl yujppz¤
ylp~k gjp~k vcpàl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ã l dk~juckbcpdl mcp~ðuc`l"lz pjak" k `ldyujjgpàl nk mcp~ðuck k yku~cu nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l dk~juckb" nk
nj~judcgkèàl nkp `lgncèújp dk~juckcp nk j}cp~ág`ck mzdkgk' Gl Eukpcb" jp~k
`luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k fcudk$pj" fzgnkdjg~kbdjg~j" k yku~cu nj ;383;'
[zkgnl pc~zl jp~j dldjg~l" ;383" ã cdylu~kg~j ~ju jd `lg~k l
pjhzcg~j1 k jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk njpjgvlbvjz$pj" yucg`cykbdjg~j" ylu cgfbzág`ck
nk yjnkhlhck `k~ðbc`k -k yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb nj lucjg~kèàl ujbchclpk#" `ld
lp ajpzä~kp" {zj" yuk~c`kdjg~j" j}ju`jukd l dlglyðbcl nk jnz`kèàl k~ã ;8:3"
{zkgnl flukd j}yzbplp ylu Yldekb' K yku~cu nkä" ~jg~k$pj njpjg`knjku zdkcg~juyuj~kèàl nk {zjp~àl jnz`k`clgkb é bzq nk yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb bjchk" lz
pjak" yjnkhlhck cgpycuknk gl bcejukbcpdl `bëppc`l' Cppl njdlgp~uk l jdyjgml
nj Yldekb jd ykz~ku$pj yjbkp cnjckp nl Cbzdcgcpdl j ujvju k `zb~zuk j k
cgp~uzèàl yñebc`k pjhzgnl jp~k `lg`jyèàl' Levckdjg~j" cppl gàl pchgcfc`lz
k j}`bzpàl nk cgfbzág`ck `k~ðbc`k gk jnz`kèàl" dkp" pcd" k {zjeuk nj pjz
dlglyðbcl' Jppj yjuälnl vkc k~ã l cgä`cl nl pã`zbl ]]" {zkgnl pj ~lugk flu~j
k cgfbzág`ck nk Jp`lbk Glvk" {zj pj cgpycuk gk{zcbl {zj `mkdl nj `lg`jyèàl
mzdkgcp~k dlnjugk nj fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl'K nã`knk nj ;359 ã dzc~l fãu~cb gjppk cgfbzág`ck nl jp`lbkglvcpdl'
Gðp pkejdlp {zj" jd ;35>" ã fzgnknk k Kppl`ckèàl Eukpcbjcuk nj Jnz`kèàl
-KEJ#" {zj ujzgck lp yucg`cykcp ujyujpjg~kg~jp nkp glvkp cnjckp jd jnz`kèàl'
K Chujak `k~ðbc`k ~kdeãd pj luhkgcqk j jg~uk jd ylbádc`k `ld lp Yclgjc¤
ulp nk Jnz`kèàl Glvk' Jp~k luhkgcqkèàl l`luuj ylu djcl nk Kppl`ckèàl nlp
Jnz`knlujp @k~ðbc`lp -KJ@#" {zj pj `lg~ukyúj é KEJ'
Jd ;305" ã bkgèknl l Dkgcfjp~l nlp Yclgjculp nk Jnz`kèàl Glvk' Jd
;30>" `ld kp ncp`zppújp jd ~lugl nk @lgp~c~zcèàl" ylbkucqkd$pj kp ylpcèújpgl ådec~l nk jnz`kèàl jg~uj lp bcejukcp" ujyujpjg~knlp yjblp jp`lbkglvcp~kp"
j lp `k~ðbc`lp" {zj njfjgnckd k ylpcèàl ~uknc`clgkb jd jnz`kèàl' Ylu l`kpcàl
nk yucdjcuk Bjc nj Ncuj~ucqjp j Ekpjp -BNE#" jppk ylbádc`k flc uj~ldknk" gl
fcgkb nk nã`knk nj ;3:9" kppzdcgnl glvlp `lg~luglp {zkgnl nk ncp`zppàl j
vl~kèàl nk @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;3==' @ldl pj vá" k ylbádc`k ‒jnz`kèàl yñebc¤
`k vjupzp jnz`kèàl `lgfjppclgkb— aë ~jd zdk blghk mcp~ðuck jd glppl ykäp'
; Mcp~lucl zd ylz`l jp~k yulebjdë~c`k gzd ku~chl yzebc`knl gk Ujvcp~k nk Kgnj" g' ;;";3=6"`mkdknl ‒K yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k gl {zknul nkp ~jgnág`ckp `uä~c`kp nk jnz`kèàl
eukpcbjcuk—" cg`bzänl gjp~j bcvul" gl `kyä~zbl ~uáp'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 88
Kyðp k yuldzbhkèàl nk @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;30>" k Jp`lbk Glvk vkc hkgmkg¤
nl ~juujgl gl Eukpcb" j" jd ;3>8" jd nj`luuág`ck aë nk glvk @lgp~c~zcèàl" k nj
;3>6" {zj nj~judcglz pju k~ucezcèàl nk Zgcàl fc}ku kp Ncuj~ucqjp j Ekpjp nkJnz`kèàl Gk`clgkb" `ldyúj$pj zdk `ldcppàl ykuk jbkeluku l kg~jyulaj~l nk
glvk bjc' Jppk `ldcppàl ujñgj lp yucg`cykcp jnz`knlujp nk ãyl`k j gjbk fchzukd"
jd dkclu gñdjul" jp`lbkglvcp~kp" l {zj aë ~uknzq zdk yujnldcgåg`ck nl
jp`lbkglvcpdl gk jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk gjppj yjuälnl" {zj vkc k~ã `ju`k nj ;369'
Zd cgnc`knlu ~kdeãd njppk yujnldcgåg`ck ã l fk~l nj {zj k yuðyuck jnz`kèàl
`k~ðbc`k ezp`k ujglvku$pj j" nj zdk `ju~k fludk" k~jgnju k `ju~lp uj{zcpc~lp ple
cgfbzág`ck nl jp`lbkglvcpdl' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj" jd ;3::" ;3:6 j ;3:8" k Chujak
luhkgcqk kp Pjdkgkp nk Jnz`kèàl" ~ukq l yknuj Ycjuuj Fkzuj" nk Fukgèk" {zjncvzbhk k{zc kp cnjckp nj Bzecjgpok" kppl`cknkp k Dlg~jppluc" ujyujpjg~kg~jp"
ylu~kg~l" nk Jp`lbk Glvk' K ágfkpj jpyj`ckb jd Bzecjgpok j}ybc`k$pj yjbk pzk
dkclu `ldyk~cecbcnknj `ld k nlz~ucgk nk Chujak' @ld jfjc~l" Bzecjgpok ~cgmk
zd yjgpkdjg~l däp~c`l $ `ld cgfbzág`ck lucjg~kb $ j bc~ñuhc`l? ekpjkvk$pj gk
Eäebck j kybc`kvk lp yul`jpplp bc~ñuhc`lp gk jnz`kèàl nkp `uckgèkp' Kylcknk
gjppk yjnkhlhck" k Chujak" nj zdk `ju~k fludk" ezp`k k~zkbcqku$pj j cg`luyluku
gl kpyj`~l dj~lnlbðhc`l kbhzdkp nkp `lg{zcp~kp nk Jp`lbk Glvk" levckdjg~j
pjd keucu dàl nk nlz~ucgk'
Gk nã`knk nj ;369" k Jp`lbk Glvk `ldjèk k kyujpjg~ku pcgkcp nj `ucpj"
njbcgjkgnl$pj zdk lz~uk ~jgnág`ck {zj jz `mkdl nj yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k'
Jppk yjnkhlhck k`kek cdylgnl$pj" k yku~cu nj ;363 $ njylcp nk Bjc g' :':>9"
{zj ujjp~uz~zulz l jgpcgl pzyjuclu" njp~k`kgnl$pj gjppj {zknul l Ykuj`ju
g' 5:5,63" {zj ujfludzblz l `zupl nj yjnkhlhck' Gjppk ujfludzbkèàl" k cg¤
fbzág`ck ~j`gc`cp~k aë jp~ë ejd yujpjg~j' L `zupl ã luhkgcqknl dkcp é ekpj nj
fludkèàl nj ~ã`gc`lp j nj mkecbc~kèújp yulfcppclgkcp j ujfbzc k{zjbk fludkèàl
eëpc`k" fludkèàl hjukb" {zj juk k dku`k kg~juclu nl `zupl nj yjnkhlhck' Jd
;38;" vjd k Bjc g' :'635" `ld k ~jg~k~cvk nj yulfcppclgkbcqkèàl zgcvjupkb nl
jgpcgl nj 5l hukz' K cgfbzág`ck ~j`gc`cp~k" jg~àl" cdyúj$pj? ã gk nã`knk nj ;389
{zj l ujhcdj dcbc~ku ~jg~k cdybkg~ku zdk lucjg~kèàl yjnkhðhc`k cgpycuknk gk
kppjppluck kdjuc`kgk" k~ukvãp nlp k`lunlp DJ@$Zpkcn" `jg~uknk gkp cnjckp nj
uk`clgkbcnknj" jfc`cág`ck j yulnz~cvcnknj" {zj pàl kp `kuk`~juäp~c`kp eëpc`kp nk`mkdknk yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k'
Dkp kl djpdl ~jdyl jd {zj" gjppk nã`knk" k yjnkhlhck kppzdcnk yjbl
hlvjugl ezp`k cdyucdcu jppj `kuë~ju é jnz`kèàl" njpjg`knjck$pj zd yul`jppl
nj `uä~c`k k jbk' Elk yku~j nlp jnz`knlujp gàl k`jc~k k jnz`kèàl lfc`ckb j ezp`k
ku~c`zbku kp `uä~c`kp kl ujhcdj dcbc~ku" kz~luc~ëucl j ~j`gl`uë~c`l" é pzk yulylp~k
jnz`k`clgkb' Cppl ã fjc~l kl blghl nk nã`knk nj ;389 `ld flu~j kylcl gk `lg¤
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8= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
`jyèàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k nj jnz`kèàl' Jppk `lg`jyèàl flc pcp~jdk~cqknk
ylu kbhzgp ~jðuc`lp" jg~uj lp {zkcp pj njp~k`kd kbhzgp kz~lujp fukg`jpjp" ekpc¤
`kdjg~j Elzuncjz j Ykppjulg" `ld k leuk K ujyulnzèàl -;389#" Kb~mzppju" `ld
l ku~chl ‒Cnjlblhck j kykujbmlp cnjlbðhc`lp nj Jp~knl—" yzebc`knl gk ujvcp~k Bk
Yjgpãj" jd azgml nj ;389" j njylcp ujyzebc`knl gk fludk nj bcvul" j Ekznjbl~
j Jp~kebj~" `ld l bcvul K jp`lbk `kyc~kbcp~k gk Fukgèk" {zj nk~k nj ;38;'
Ylu cgfbzág`ck njppkp leukp" yul`zulz$pj jdyujjgnju k `uä~c`k nk jnz¤
`kèàl" ylgnl jd jvcnág`ck pjz `kuë~ju ujyulnz~cvcp~k" cp~l ã" l ykyjb nj uj¤
yulnzèàl nkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp nj yulnzèàl' @mkdl jppk `luujg~j nj `uä~c`l$
ujyulnz~cvcp~k ylu{zj gàl pj ylnj gjhku pjz `kuë~ju `uä~c`l" pj jg~jgnjudlp
ylu `lg`jyèàl `uä~c`k k{zjbk {zj bjvk jd `lg~k lp nj~judcgkg~jp pl`ckcp nk
jnz`kèàl" jd `lg~ukylpcèàl ép ~jluckp gàl `uä~c`kp" {zj k`ujnc~kd ~ju k jnz¤`kèàl l ylnju nj nj~judcgku kp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp" hlqkgnl nj zdk kz~lgldck
ybjgk jd ujbkèàl é jp~uz~zuk pl`ckb -gjppj pjg~cnl" gðp ylnjuäkdlp ncqju {zj k
yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb" kppcd `ldl k yjnkhlhck glvk j k yjnkhlhck ~j`gc`cp~k"
pàl gàl `uä~c`kp#' Dkp" kbãd nj `uä~c`kp" kp ~jluckp jd {zjp~àl pàl ujyulnz~cvcp$
~kp" gl pjg~cnl nj {zj `mjhkd cgvkuckvjbdjg~j é `lg`bzpàl nj {zj k jnz`kèàl
~jd k fzgèàl nj ujyulnzqcu kp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp vchjg~jp' Pjgnl kppcd" jppk `lg¤
`jyèàl gàl kyujpjg~k yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`k" kbãd nj `ldek~ju {zkb{zju zdk
{zj pj kyujpjg~j' Kppcd" nknk zdk pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k" pzk jnz`kèàl ujyulnzqlp cg~jujppjp nl `kyc~kb' Jp~k `lg`jyèàl pjuvcz ykuk dzgc`cku k njgñg`ck nk
yjnkhlhck lfc`ckb nldcgkg~j j" gl yjuälnl jg~uj ;38: j ;38=" juk `lgfzgncnk
`ld k `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k'
Zd dku`l nk pc~zkèàl k`cdk cgnc`knk flc l Pjdcgëucl nj Jnz`kèàl
Eukpcbjcuk" luhkgcqknl jd @kdycgkp" jd ;38=" gl {zkb yujvkbj`jz k `uä~c`k é
yjnkhlhck lfc`ckb" ~jgnl fc`knl jd pjhzgnl ybkgl k {zjp~àl ujbk~cvk klp uzdlp
{zj pj njvjuck cdyucdcu é jnz`kèàl' Gl jg~kg~l" nj dlnl jpyj`ckb k yku~cu nl
fcgkb nk nã`knk nj ;389" vkc hjgjukbcqkgnl$pj jg~uj lp yulfjpplujp k j}yj`~k~cvkjd ~lugl nk ezp`k nj kb~jugk~cvkp' É djncnk {zj pj ~lugkd dkcp jvcnjg~jp k
cgpzfc`cág`ck" k cgknj{zkèàl" k cgvckecbcnknj nk lucjg~kèàl lfc`ckb" k ~jgnág`ck
nlp yulfjpplujp ã uk`cl`cgku" dkcp lz djglp" glp pjhzcg~jp ~judlp1 ‒Jp~ë ejd'
Jp~k yjnkhlhck lfc`ckb {zj pj ~jg~lz hjgjukbcqku ã cg`lgpcp~jg~j" ã ykppävjb nj
`lg~jp~kèàl" k~jgnj k cg~jujppjp dcgluc~ëuclp" k~jgnj é ~jg~k~cvk nlp huzylp
nldcgkg~jp nj cdylu k ~lnk k pl`cjnknj k pzk nldcgkèàl' Dkp" j jg~àl< Pj
jppk jnz`kèàl" jppk fludk nj jgpcgku" gàl ã knj{zknk" {zkb pjuë<— Mkvck" ylcp"
zdk j}yj`~k~cvk dzc~l hukgnj jg~uj lp yulfjpplujp gl cg~zc~l nj pj ujpylgnju é {zjp~àl1 `ldl njvl dj `lgnzqcu gl yul`jppl jnz`k~cvl<
K `lg`jyèàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k gàl ~jd ujpylp~kp ykuk jppkp cg¤
nkhkèújp j ~jgnj k `lg`bzcu {zj {zkb{zju ~jg~k~cvk gk ëujk nj jnz`kèàl ã
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 83
gj`jppkuckdjg~j ujyulnz~luk nkp `lgncèújp vchjg~jp j nkp ujbkèújp nj nldc¤
gkèàl $ `kuk`~juäp~c`kp yuðyuckp nk pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k' Luk" hjgjuc`kdjg~j
cppl ylnjuck k~ã pju k`jc~l" dkp lp yulfjpplujp yjuhzg~kvkd$pj {zkb pjuck l
ujpzb~knl nj pj bjvku ép ñb~cdkp `lgpj{zág`ckp k kgëbcpj njppkp ~jluckp" nckg~jnk ylppcecbcnknj nj" cg`zb`kgnl k cnjlblhck nldcgkg~j glp kbzglp" `lg~ucezcu
ykuk {zj zdk pl`cjnknj ekpjknk gk j}yblukèàl pj yjuyj~zj' Lz jg~àl" kl
ncp`lunku j gàl `ldyk`~zku `ld jppj ~cyl nj pl`cjnknj" k nj`cpàl dkcp k`ju¤
~knk" j ~kbvjq k ñgc`k lyèàl" flppj njc}ku k yulfcppàl nj jnz`knlu' Gl jg~kg~l"
elk yku~j nlp yulfjpplujp cg~zäk {zj jppk `lg`bzpàl gàl ylnck yujvkbj`ju"
k`ujnc~kgnl gk vckecbcnknj nj zdk jnz`kèàl {zj gàl flppj" gj`jppkuckdjg~j"
ujyulnz~luk nk pc~zkèàl vchjg~j" j pcd knj{zknk klp cg~jujppjp nk dkcluck"
klp cg~jujppjp nk{zjbj hukgnj `lg~cghjg~j nk pl`cjnknj eukpcbjcuk" j}ybluknl yjbk `bkppj nldcgkg~j' Nkä k {zjp~àl1 `ldl khcu gjppk glvk ncujèàl< [zkb ã k
ujpylp~k yjnkhðhc`k {zj k~jgnjuck k jppkp j}chág`ckp<
à gjppj {zknul {zj pj yul`zulz fkqju zdk kgëbcpj dkcp kyulfzgnknk
nk {zjp~àl jnz`k`clgkb jd hjukb j nk yuðyuck ~jluck `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k"
lz pjak" pzedj~á$bk é `uä~c`k" ylgnl jd jvcnág`ck l pjz `kuë~ju dj`kgc`cp~k j"
ylu~kg~l" l pjz `kuë~ju gàl nckbã~c`l" k$mcp~ðuc`l' Jd vjunknj" l {zj fkqck" gl
fzgnl" k `lg`jyèàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k< @lgpcnjukvk k pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k"
nj `bkppjp" `ldl kbhl gàl pzp`j~ävjb k ~ukgpfludkèújp" zd fjgþdjgl {zj pj azp~cfc`k jd pc djpdl? zdk jp~uz~zuk {zj pj cdyúj `ldyk`~kdjg~j" ylu~kg~l"
nj fludk gàl `lg~uknc~ðuck' Jd lz~ulp ~judlp" gàl `lgpcnjukvk jp~k pl`cjnknj
`lg~uknc~ðuck" ncgådc`k j" ylu~kg~l" jd ~ukgpfludkèàl' @ld jfjc~l" flc k yku~cu
nkp `lg~ukncèújp nl dlnl nj yulnzèàl fjznkb {zj pj njpjgvlbvjz l `kyc~kbcp¤
dl' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" k pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k `lg~ãd" ~kdeãd" jd pjz cg~j¤
uclu" zd `kuë~ju `lg~uknc~ðucl `zal njpjgvlbvcdjg~l `lgnzq é ~ukgpfludkèàl
j" dkcp ~kunj" é pzk yuðyuck pzyjukèàl' K {zjp~àl juk" ylcp" k pjhzcg~j1 `ldl
`ldyujjgnju k jnz`kèàl gjppj dlvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l< ^uk~kvk$pj nj yju`jeá$bk`ldl ~kdeãd nj~judcgknk ylu `lg~ukncèújp cg~jugkp é pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k"
gk {zkb pj cgpjuck" ylnjgnl gàl kyjgkp pju zd jbjdjg~l nj ujyulnzèàl dkp zd
jbjdjg~l {zj cdyzbpclgkppj k ~jgnág`ck nj ~ukgpfludkèàl njppk pl`cjnknj'
à jp~k kgëbcpj {zj jd glppl ykäp `ldjèk k kn{zcucu fludk dkcp pcp¤
~jdë~c`k k yku~cu nj ;383" {zkgnl pj jdyujjgnj k `uä~c`k nk vcpàl `uä~c`l$
ujyulnz~cvcp~k j pj ezp`k `ldyujjgnju k {zjp~àl jnz`k`clgkb k yku~cu nlp
`lgnc`clgkg~jp pl`ckcp' ^uk~k$pj" kppcd" nj zdk kgëbcpj `uä~c`k ylu{zj `lgp¤
`cjg~j nk nj~judcgkèàl j}ju`cnk yjbk pl`cjnknj pleuj k jnz`kèàl? gl jg~kg~l"
ã zdk kgëbcpj `uä~c`l$nckbã~c`k j gàl `uä~c`l$dj`kgc`cp~k' @ld jfjc~l" k vcpàl
dj`kgc`cp~k cgjujg~j ép ~jluckp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp `lgpcnjuk k pl`cjnknj
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=9 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
nj~judcgkg~j zgcncuj`clgkb nk jnz`kèàl' Luk" pjgnl jp~k nj~judcgknk nj flu¤
dk keplbz~k yjbk pl`cjnknj" cppl pchgcfc`k {zj pj chgluk k `k~jhluck nj kèàl
uj`äyul`k" lz pjak" {zj k jnz`kèàl ã" pcd" nj~judcgknk yjbk pl`cjnknj" dkp
{zj jppk nj~judcgkèàl ã ujbk~cvk j gk fludk nk kèàl uj`äyul`k $ l {zj pchgcfc`k{zj l nj~judcgknl ~kdeãd ujkhj pleuj l nj~judcgkg~j' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j"
k jnz`kèàl ~kdeãd cg~jufjuj pleuj k pl`cjnknj" ylnjgnl `lg~ucezcu ykuk k
pzk yuðyuck ~ukgpfludkèàl'
Jd pzdk" k ykppkhjd nk vcpàl `uä~c`l$dj`kgc`cp~k" `uä~c`l$k$mcp~ðuc`k
ykuk zdk vcpàl `uä~c`l$nckbã~c`k" ylu~kg~l mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" nk jnz`kèàl" ã l
{zj {zjul ~uknzqcu `ld k j}yujppàl yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Jppk fludz¤
bkèàl jgvlbvj k gj`jppcnknj nj pj `ldyujjgnju k jnz`kèàl gl pjz njpjgvlbvc¤
djg~l mcp~ðuc`l$leaj~cvl j" ylu `lgpj{zág`ck" k ylppcecbcnknj nj pj ku~c`zbku zdk yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`k `zal ylg~l nj ujfjuág`ck" `zal `ldyuldcppl" pjak k
~ukgpfludkèàl nk pl`cjnknj j gàl pzk dkgz~jgèàl" k pzk yjuyj~zkèàl' Jppj
ã l pjg~cnl eëpc`l nk j}yujppàl yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Pjzp yujppzylp~lp"
ylu~kg~l" pàl lp nk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k nk mcp~ðuck' Cppl jgvlbvj k ylppcecbcnknj
nj pj `ldyujjgnju k jnz`kèàl jp`lbku ~kb `ldl jbk pj dkgcfjp~k gl yujpjg~j"
dkp jg~jgncnk jppk dkgcfjp~kèàl yujpjg~j `ldl ujpzb~knl nj zd blghl yul¤
`jppl nj ~ukgpfludkèàl mcp~ðuc`k' Kppcd" k pjhzgnk yku~j nl jgzg`cknl nl
~jdk njp~k ykbjp~uk" {zj pj ujfjuj é ujbkèàl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k `ldk ujkbcnknj jp`lbku nl yujpjg~j" ylnj pju jgfl`knk ple nlcp kpyj`~lp'
Gzd yucdjcul pjg~cnl" ylnj$pj ncqju {zj k ujbkèàl jg~uj k yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k j k ujkbcnknj jp`lbku yujpjg~j ã dzc~l äg~cdk' @ld jfjc~l"
`ldl pj dlp~ulz" k ujfjucnk `lg`jyèàl yjnkhðhc`k pzuhcz jd nj`luuág`ck
nj gj`jppcnknjp ylp~kp yjbk yuë~c`k nlp jnz`knlujp gkp `lgncèújp k~zkcp' Ã"
ylcp" gk ujkbcnknj jp`lbku yujpjg~j {zj pj jgukäqk k yulylp~k nk yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k'
Gzd lz~ul åghzbl nj kgëbcpj" k ujbkèàl `ld k ujkbcnknj jp`lbku yujpjg~jcdybc`k k `ldyujjgpàl njppk ujkbcnknj gkp pzkp ukäqjp mcp~ðuc`kp' Pkej$pj {zj l
{zj `kuk`~jucqk l mldjd ã l fk~l nj jbj gj`jppc~ku `lg~cgzkdjg~j yulnzqcu k
pzk j}cp~ág`ck' Jd lz~ulp ~judlp" l mldjd ã zd pju gk~zukb yj`zbcku" ncp~cg~l
nlp njdkcp pjujp gk~zukcp" yjbl pjhzcg~j1 jg{zkg~l jp~jp jd hjukb $ lp kgcdkcp
cg`bzpcvj $ knky~kd$pj é gk~zujqk j" ylu~kg~l" ~ád aë hkukg~cnkp" yjbk yuðyuck
gk~zujqk" pzkp `lgncèújp nj j}cp~ág`ck" l mldjd yuj`cpk knky~ku k gk~zujqk
k pc" kazp~kgnl$k" pjhzgnl kp pzkp gj`jppcnknjp' Jppk ã k dku`k ncp~cg~cvk nl
mldjd" {zj pzuhj gl zgcvjupl" gl dldjg~l jd {zj zd pju gk~zukb pj njp¤~k`k nk gk~zujqk" jg~uk jd `lg~ukncèàl `ld jbk j" ykuk `lg~cgzku j}cp~cgnl"
yuj`cpk ~ukgpfludë$bk' Jcp k ukqàl yjbk {zkb l {zj njfcgj k jppág`ck nk ujkbcnknj
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC =;
mzdkgk ã l ~ukekbml" ylcp ã k~ukvãp njbj {zj l mldjd khj pleuj k gk~zujqk"
kazp~kgnl$k ép pzkp gj`jppcnknjp'
L {zj pj `mkdk njpjgvlbvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l gàl ã lz~uk `lcpk pjgàl l
yul`jppl k~ukvãp nl {zkb l mldjd yulnzq k pzk j}cp~ág`ck gl ~jdyl' Khcgnlpleuj k gk~zujqk" lz pjak" ~ukekbmkgnl" l mldjd vkc `lgp~uzcgnl l dzgnl
mcp~ðuc`l" vkc `lgp~uzcgnl l dzgnl nk `zb~zuk" l dzgnl mzdkgl' J k jnz`kèàl
~jd pzkp luchjgp gjppj yul`jppl' Gl yucg`äycl" l mldjd khck pleuj k gk~z¤
ujqk `lbj~cvkdjg~j j k jnz`kèàl `lcg`cnck `ld l yuðyucl k~l nj khcu j j}cp~cu"
`ld l ~ukekbml" ylu~kg~l' L k~l nj vcvju juk l k~l nj pj fludku mldjd" nj
pj jnz`ku' J aë {zj gàl j}cp~j yulnzèàl pjd kyulyuckèàl" gjppk fkpj cgc`ckb" lp
mldjgp kyulyuckvkd$pj `lbj~cvkdjg~j nlp djclp gj`jppëuclp é yulnzèàl nj
pzk j}cp~ág`ck" fjgþdjgl jp~j knj{zknkdjg~j ~uknzqcnl gl `lg`jc~l nj ‒dlnlnj yulnzèàl `ldzgkb—' Ylu~kg~l" gl `mkdknl ‒`ldzgcpdl yucdc~cvl—" lp
mldjgp yulnzqckd pzk j}cp~ág`ck nj fludk `lbj~cvk" lz pjak" kyulyuckvkd$pj
jd `ldzd nlp jbjdjg~lp gj`jppëuclp é pzk j}cp~ág`ck' Lp djclp nj yulnzèàl
nk j}cp~ág`ck jukd" ylcp" nj zpl `ldzd'
K yku~cu nl dldjg~l jd {zj k kyulyuckèàl nk ~juuk$ {zj juk" jg~àl"
l djcl nj yulnzèàl fzgnkdjg~kb$ kppzdj k fludk yucvknk" pzuhj k `bkppj
nlp yulyucj~ëuclp? jp~jp" ylu nj~jujd k yulyucjnknj nk ~juuk" `lbl`kvkd ykuk
~ukekbmku k{zjbjp gàl yulyucj~ëuclp' Pleuj jppk ekpj" `lgp~c~zc$pj l dlnl nj yulnzèàl kg~chl lz jp`ukvcp~k" gl {zkb lp jp`ukvlp ~ukekbmkvkd ykuk yul¤
nzqcu k pzk j}cp~ág`ck j k nlp pjzp pjgmlujp' Jp~k yulyucjnknj yucvknk nk
~juuk" {zj l`luuj ~kg~l gl dlnl nj yulnzèàl kg~chl lz jp`ukvcp~k {zkg~l
gl dlnl nj yulnzèàl djncjvkb lz fjznkb" yulyc`ck l pzuhcdjg~l nj zdk
`bkppj l`clpk" {zj gàl yuj`cpk ~ukekbmku ykuk pleujvcvju ylu{zj l ~ukekbml
nj lz~ulp hkukg~j ~kdeãd k pzk pleujvcvág`ck' Ã kä {zj ylnjdlp bl`kbcqku
k luchjd nk jp`lbk'
Jp`lbk" jd hujhl" pchgcfc`k ‒l bzhku nl ð`cl—' L ~jdyl njp~cgknl kl ð`cl'K{zjbjp {zj ncpyzgmkd nj bkqju" {zj gàl yuj`cpkvkd ~ukekbmku ykuk pleujvcvju"
~cgmkd {zj l`zyku l ~jdyl bcvuj" j jppk l`zykèàl nl ð`cl juk ~uknzqcnk yjbk
j}yujppàl jp`lbk' Gk Cnknj Dãnck" jvcnjg`clz$pj k j}yujppàl bk~cgk l~czd `zd
nchgc~k~j" l ‒ð`cl `ld nchgcnknj—" cp~l ã" k dkgjcuk nj pj l`zyku l ~jdyl bcvuj
nj fludk gleuj j nchgk' K ykbkvuk hcgëpcl ylppzc luchjd pjdjbmkg~j' Hcgëpcl
juk" j kcgnk ã" l bl`kb lgnj pj yuk~c`kd lp alhlp" k hcgëp~c`k? juk" ylcp" l bl`kb
z~cbcqknl ylu k{zjbjp {zj ncpyzgmkd nj bkqju" nj ~jdyl bcvuj" nj ð`cl'
Gk djncnk jd {zj gjppjp nlcp ~cylp nj pl`cjnknj" kg~chk lz jp`ukvcp~kj djncjvkb lz fjznkb" mkvck zdk ncdcgz~k `bkppj nj yulyucj~ëuclp j zdk hukg¤
nj dkppk nj gàl yulyucj~ëuclp" k jp`lbk kykuj`ck `ldl zdk dlnkbcnknj nj
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=5 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
jnz`kèàl `ldybjdjg~ku j pj`zgnëuck' Cp~l ylu{zj k dlnkbcnknj yucg`cykb nj
jnz`kèàl `lg~cgzkvk pjgnl l ~ukekbml" zdk vjq {zj k hukgnj dkppk" k dkcluck"
gàl pj jnz`kvk k~ukvãp nk jp`lbk" dkp k~ukvãp nk vcnk" lz pjak" nl yul`jppl nj
~ukekbml' Juk ~ukekbmkgnl k ~juuk" hkukg~cgnl k pzk pleujvcvág`ck j k nlp pjzppjgmlujp {zj jbjp pj jnz`kvkd' Jbjp kyujgnckd k `zb~cvku k ~juuk `zb~cvkgnl k
~juuk' J jppj ~ukekbml fzgnkvk nj~judcgknkp ujbkèújp jg~uj lp mldjgp k~ukvãp
nkp {zkcp jbjp `lgp~uzäkd k `zb~zuk j" kppcd" cgp~uzäkd$pj j fludkvkd$pj `ldl
mldjgp' K dkcluck" ylu~kg~l" jnz`kvk$pj yjbl ~ukekbml? pð zdk dcgluck ~cgmk
k`jppl é fludk jp`lbku nj jnz`kèàl'
K jnz`kèàl jp`lbku" ylu pzk vjq" juk zdk fludk pj`zgnëuck j njyjgnjg~j
nk gàl jp`lbku" {zj juk l ~ukekbml'
@ld k ãyl`k dlnjugk" jd nj`luuág`ck nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nkp flu¤èkp yulnz~cvkp gl ådec~l nl fjznkbcpdl" k`zdzbkd$pj uj`zuplp k~ukvãp nkp
k~cvcnknjp dju`kg~cp" {zj njpbl`kd k ~juuk nk `lgncèàl nj djcl nj yulnzèàl
yucg`cykb' Lp djclp nj yulnzèàl ykppkd k kppzdcu k fludk nj `kyc~kb" l {zkb
cg`bzc gàl kyjgkp k ~juuk dkp lp dkcp vkucknlp cgp~uzdjg~lp nj ~ukekbml' Pzuhj
jg~àl zdk glvk pl`cjnknj" `mkdknk dlnjugk lz `kyc~kbcp~k lz ezuhzjpk'
Jp~k njpbl`k l jc}l nl yul`jppl yulnz~cvl nl `kdyl ykuk k `cnknj" nk khuc¤
`zb~zuk ykuk k cgnñp~uck' J k `bkppj nldcgkg~j njppk glvk pl`cjnknj" {zj ã k
ezuhzjpck" ncfjujg~jdjg~j nlp yulyucj~ëuclp nj ~juuk -lp pjgmlujp nj jp`ukvlpnk Kg~chzcnknj j lp pjgmlujp fjznkcp gk Cnknj Dãnck#" gàl ylnj pju `lgpcnj¤
uknk zdk `bkppj l`clpk' Kl `lg~uëucl" ã zdk `bkppj jdyujjgnjnluk" {zj ~jd
k gj`jppcnknj nj yulnzqcu `lg~cgzkdjg~j" ykuk ujyulnzqcu cgnjfcgcnkdjg~j"
nj fludk cgpk`cëvjb" l `kyc~kb' Jd `lgpj{zág`ck" k ezuhzjpck ujvlbz`clgk kp
ujbkèújp nj yulnzèàl j ykppk k `lg{zcp~ku `knk vjq dkcp jpykèlp" k nldcgku
k gk~zujqk k~ukvãp nl `lgmj`cdjg~l dj~ðnc`l" j `lgvju~j k `cág`ck" {zj ã zd
`lgmj`cdjg~l cg~jbj`~zkb" zdk yl~ág`ck jpycuc~zkb" jd yl~ág`ck dk~juckb" ylu
djcl nk cgnñp~uck' Gjppj {zknul" pzuhjd kp `cnknjp `ldl bl`kb nj~judcgkg~jnkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' Jd bzhku nl {zj l`luuck gk Cnknj Dãnck" jd {zj l `kdyl
nj~judcgkvk k `cnknj" k khuc`zb~zuk nj~judcgkvk k cgnñp~uck" gk ãyl`k dl¤
njugk ã k `cnknj {zj ykppk k nj~judcgku kp ujbkèújp gl `kdyl j ã k cgnzp~uck
{zj ujhj k khuc`zb~zuk' Gjppj pjg~cnl" k ãyl`k dlnjugk vkc `kuk`~jucqku$pj ylu
zdk `ujp`jg~j cgnzp~uckbcqkèàl nk khuc`zb~zuk j zdk yulhujppcvk zuekgcqkèàl
nl `kdyl? vkc pju dku`knk ylu ujbkèújp pl`ckcp ekpjknkp gl ncujc~l ylpc~cvl' K
`cnknj ã zdk `lgp~uzèàl ku~cfc`ckb" kp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp kä aë gàl pàl dkcp gk~zukcp?
pàl ujbkèújp jd {zj l pl`ckb yujnldcgk pleuj l gk~zukb" jd {zj l `lg~uk~ljp~kejbj`cnl jg~uj lp mldjgp yujnldcgk pleuj kp fludkp `lgpzj~zncgëuckp
{zj yujnldcgkvkd kg~jucludjg~j' Ylu~kg~l" kl ncujc~l gk~zukb pz`jnj l nc$
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC =0
ujc~l ylpc~cvl' J ã gjppj {zknul {zj k j}chág`ck nj `lgmj`cdjg~l cg~jbj`~zkb
pj ~lugk gj`jppcnknj hjukb'
@lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" k yku~cu nk ãyl`k dlnjugk" l `lgmj`cdjg~l pcp¤~jdë~c`l $ k j}yujppàl bj~uknk" k j}yujppàl jp`uc~k $ hjgjukbcqk$pj" nknkp kp
`lgncèújp nk vcnk gk `cnknj' Jcp ylu {zj ã gk pl`cjnknj ezuhzjpk {zj pj vkc
`lbl`ku k j}chág`ck nj zgcvjupkbcqkèàl nk jp`lbk eëpc`k' Më zd `lgazg~l nj
`lgmj`cdjg~lp eëpc`lp {zj jgvlbvjd l nldägcl nlp `ðnchlp jp`uc~lp" {zj pj
~lugkd cdylu~kg~jp ykuk ~lnlp'
@ld l knvjg~l njppj ~cyl nj pl`cjnknj" vkdlp `lgp~k~ku {zj k fludk
jp`lbku nk jnz`kèàl pj hjgjukbcqk j pj ~lugk nldcgkg~j' Kppcd" pj k~ã l fcgkb
nk Cnknj Dãnck k fludk jp`lbku juk yku`ckb" pj`zgnëuck" gàl hjgjukbcqknk" {zju ncqju" juk nj~judcgknk yjbk fludk gàl jp`lbku" k yku~cu nk ãyl`k dlnjugk jbk
hjgjukbcqk$pj j ykppk k pju k fludk nldcgkg~j" é bzq nk {zkb pàl kfjucnkp kpnjdkcp'
J ã jp~k k pc~zkèàl jd {zj glp jg`lg~ukdlp mlaj' Ylu cppl ã {zj" mlaj
jd nck" vcvjdlp zdk pc~zkèàl zd ~kg~l ykuknl}kb" nl ylg~l nj vcp~k jp`lbku'
Nj zd bknl" k jp`lbk ã pj`zgnkucqknk? kfcudk$pj {zj gàl ã pð k~ukvãp njbk {zj
pj jnz`k? jnz`k$pj k~ukvãp nj dñb~cybkp fludkp" k~ukvãp nj lz~ukp cgp~c~zcèújp"
`ldl lp yku~cnlp" lp pcgnc`k~lp" kppl`ckèújp nj ekcuulp" kppl`ckèújp ujbchclpkp"
k~ukvãp nj ujbkèújp cgfludkcp" nk `lgvcvág`ck" nlp djclp nj `ldzgc`kèàl nj
dkppk $ cp~l ã" nl `cgjdk" nl uëncl" nk ~jbjvcpàl' Ylu~kg~l" më dñb~cybkp fludkp
nj jnz`kèàl" jg~uj kp {zkcp pj pc~zk k jp`lbku' Pjhzgnl jppk ~jgnág`ck" k jp`lbk
gàl ã k ñgc`k j gjd djpdl k yucg`cykb fludk nj jnz`ku? më" k~ã djpdl" k{zjbjp
{zj `lgpcnjukd k jp`lbk gjhk~cvk" nl ylg~l nj vcp~k jnz`k`clgkb" l {zj flc
fludzbknl j}ybc`c~kdjg~j yjbk yulylp~k nj njpjp`lbkucqkèàl" `zal yucg`cykb
djg~lu flc Cvkg Cbbc`m' Nj k`lunl `ld jppk yulylp~k" k jp`lbk gàl kyjgkp ã
njpgj`jppëuck j yujp`cgnävjb" `ldl k~ã yujaznc`ckb' Ylu~kg~l" l {zj nj djbmlu
k pl`cjnknj ylnj fkqju ã pj bcvuku nkp jp`lbkp? ã zd yjpl cgñ~cb' Dkcp nl {zj
cgñ~cb" k jp`lbk ã `lgpcnjuknk gl`cvk' Luk" jp~k vcpàl" gk pzk uknc`kbcnknj" gl
pjz j}~ujdl" ~kb `ldl fludzbknk ylu Cbbc`m" jp~ë zd ylz`l k~jgzknk" jp~ë jd
ujfbz}l' Dkp" nj {zkb{zju dlnl" j}cp~j kcgnk mlaj" ncfzgncnl" zd pjg~cdjg~l
nj pj`zgnkucqkèàl nk jp`lbk' Cppl" nj zd bknl' Nj lz~ul bknl" `lg~uknc~luck¤
djg~j gðp kppcp~cdlp k zdk mcyju~ulfck nk jp`lbk'
K jp`lbk ã ~kdeãd" gk pc~zkèàl k~zkb" mcyju~ulfcknk ~kg~l vju~c`kb `ldl
mlucqlg~kbdjg~j' Jd pjg~cnl vju~c`kb" më gàl kyjgkp k ~jgnág`ck k kdybcku l
~jdyl nj jp`lbkucnknj nl jgpcgl dãncl ykuk k zgcvjupcnknj" nk huknzkèàl ykuk
k yðp$huknzkèàl j kppcd ylu nckg~j" `ldl ~kdeãd k kdybcë$bk" kg~j`cykgnl
pjz cgä`cl' Nkä k ujcvcgnc`kèàl dkcp lz djglp hjgjukbcqknk nj jnz`kèàl jp`lbku
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=> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
ykuk k fkpj kg~juclu é cnknj yulyuckdjg~j jp`lbku' K `mkdknk jnz`kèàl yuã$
jp`lbku lz jnz`kèàl cgfkg~cb ã uj{zjucnk mlaj gàl dkcp jd ~judlp nj kyjgkp
zd lz nlcp kglp" `luujpylgnjg~jp kl kg~chl `zupl yuã$yucdëucl" dkp njpnj l
qjul kgl' K ujcvcgnc`kèàl jp~ë gkp uzkp j flc ylp~k ~kdeãd ykuk k Kppjdebjck
@lgp~c~zcg~j' L Fðuzd nkp Jg~cnknjp Jnz`k`clgkcp jd Njfjpk nk Jp`lbk Yñ¤
ebc`k kyulvlz l njvju nl Jp~knl nj `zcnku nk jnz`kèàl nkp `uckgèkp njpnj qjul
kgl nj cnknj' Më" ylcp" zdk ~jgnág`ck k mcyju~ulfcku k jp`lbk" k kdybcku pzk
jpfjuk nj kèàl jnz`k~cvk" ujnzqcgnl lp njdkcp jpykèlp' K yuðyuck fkdäbck" jd
bzhku nj uj{zjuju ykuk pc k j}`bzpcvcnknj nk jnz`kèàl" gk yucdjcuk cgfåg`ck"
~jgnj k j}chcu k jnz`kèàl jp`lbku njpnj k dkcp ~jguk cnknj? pj ylppävjb" njpnj l
gkp`cdjg~l' Kbãd njppk j}~jgpàl vju~c`kb" më k j}~jgpàl mlucqlg~kb' Uj`bkdk$
pj k kdybckèàl nk alugknk jp`lbku' Yuj~jgnj$pj {zj kp `uckgèkp gàl fc{zjd
kyjgkp ~uáp mlukp ylu nck gk jp`lbk dkp pcd pjcp" lz k~ã lc~l mlukp' Jd pzdk"
ujcvcgnc`k$pj k jp`lbk nj alugknk cg~jhukb'
[zkb l pchgcfc`knl njppk ~jgnág`ck<
Jppk mcyju~ulfck nk jp`lbk" nj zdk `ju~k fludk" `lbl`k k pjhzcg~j {zjp~àl1
k yku~cu nk pl`cjnknj dlnjugk kcgnk vchjg~j yjbl djglp gl L`cnjg~j" k fludk
nldcgkg~j nj jnz`kèàl ã k jp`lbku' Cppl ã ~àl `bkul {zj ã ncfä`cb yjgpkudlp jd
jnz`kèàl pjd k jp`lbk'
K jnz`kèàl jp`lbku ã pcdybjpdjg~j k jnz`kèàl? aë kp lz~ukp dlnkbc¤
nknjp pàl pjdyuj njfcgcnkp yjbk vck gjhk~cvk' Ujfjucdl$glp k jbkp k~ukvãp nj
njgldcgkèújp `ldl jnz`kèàl gàl jp`lbku" gàl fludkb" cgfludkb" j}~ukjp`lbku'
Ylu~kg~l" k ujfjuág`ck nj kgëbcpj" cp~l ã" l ykuådj~ul ykuk pj `lgpcnjukujd kp
lz~ukp dlnkbcnknjp nj jnz`kèàl" ã k yuðyuck jnz`kèàl jp`lbku' Jp~k ã k pc~zk¤
èàl `ld k {zkb glp njfulg~kdlp mlaj' Ã gjppj {zknul j k yku~cu njppkp ekpjp
mcp~ðuc`kp {zj l {zj `mkdkdlp nj yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k pj jdyjgmk gk
njfjpk nk jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jp`lbk' Jd lz~ulp ~judlp" k jp`lbk ~jd zdk fzg¤
èàl jpyj`cfc`kdjg~j jnz`k~cvk" yulyuckdjg~j yjnkhðhc`k" bchknk é {zjp~àl nl
`lgmj`cdjg~l? ã yuj`cpl" ylcp" ujphk~ku k cdylu~åg`ck nk jp`lbk j ujluhkgcqku
l ~ukekbml jnz`k~cvl" bjvkgnl jd `lg~k l yulebjdk nl pkeju pcp~jdk~cqknl" k
yku~cu nl {zkb pj njfcgj k jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl jp`lbku'
K yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k jg~jgnj {zj k ~jgnág`ck k pj`zgnkucqku
k jp`lbk ~uknzq l `kuë~ju `lg~uknc~ðucl {zj k~ukvjppk k jnz`kèàl" k yku~cu nk
`lg~ukncèàl nk yuðyuck pl`cjnknj' Gk djncnk jd {zj jp~kdlp kcgnk gzdk
pl`cjnknj nj `bkppjp `ld cg~jujppjp lylp~lp j {zj k cgp~uzèàl hjgjukbcqknk
nk ylyzbkèàl `lg~ukuck lp cg~jujppjp nj jp~uk~cfc`kèàl nj `bkppjp" l`luuj jppk~jg~k~cvk nj njpvkblucqkèàl nk jp`lbk" `zal leaj~cvl ã ujnzqcu l pjz cdyk`~l
jd ujbkèàl ép j}chág`ckp nj ~ukgpfludkèàl nk yuðyuck pl`cjnknj' Jppk ã zdk
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC =:
`kuk`~juäp~c`k yujpjg~j gk pl`cjnknj ezuhzjpk njpnj k pzk `lgp~c~zcèàl" dkp {zj
kppzdj `kuk`~juäp~c`kp dku`kg~jp gk fkpj fcgkb" lz pjak" gl dldjg~l jd {zj
pj k`cuukd kp `lg~ukncèújp jg~uj l kvkgèl pjd yuj`jnjg~jp nkp fluèkp yulnz¤
~cvkp j kp ujbkèújp nj yulnzèàl ekpjknkp gk yulyucjnknj yucvknk j" ylu~kg~l"
gk lylpcèàl nj `bkppjp' @lgfludj pj k`cuuk k `lg~ukncèàl jg~uj k kyulyuckèàl
yucvknk nlp djclp nj yulnzèàl j k pl`ckbcqkèàl nl ~ukekbml ujkbcqknk yjbk
yuðyuck pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k" l njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nkp fluèkp yulnz~cvkp ykppk
k j}chcu k pl`ckbcqkèàl nlp djclp nj yulnzèàl" l {zj cdybc`k k pzyjukèàl nk
pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k' @ld jfjc~l" pl`ckbcqku lp djclp nj yulnzèàl pchgcfc`k
cgp~kzuku zdk pl`cjnknj pl`ckbcp~k" `ld k `lgpj{zjg~j pzyjukèàl nk ncvcpàl
jd `bkppjp' Luk" `lgpcnjukgnl$pj {zj l pkeju" {zj ã l leaj~l jpyj`äfc`l nl
~ukekbml jp`lbku" ã zd djcl nj yulnzèàl" jbj ~kdeãd ã k~ukvjppknl ylu jppk
`lg~ukncèàl' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" k j}ykgpàl nk lfju~k nj jp`lbkp `lgpcp~jg~jp
{zj k~jgnkd k ~lnk k ylyzbkèàl pchgcfc`k {zj l pkeju njc}k nj pju yulyucj¤
nknj yucvknk ykuk pju pl`ckbcqknl' ^kb fjgþdjgl jg~uk jd `lg~ukncèàl `ld
lp cg~jujppjp k~zkbdjg~j nldcgkg~jp' Nkä k ~jgnág`ck k pj`zgnkucqku k jp`lbk"
jpvkqckgnl$k nj pzk fzgèàl jpyj`äfc`k" {zj pj bchk é pl`ckbcqkèàl nl pkeju jbk¤
eluknl" `lgvju~jgnl$k gzdk khág`ck nj kppcp~ág`ck pl`ckb" njp~cgknk k k~jgzku
kp `lg~ukncèújp nk pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k'
Gl bcdc~j" `ldl aë flc kppcgkbknl" jppjp dj`kgcpdlp j}yujppkd$pj gk
yulylp~k nk ‒njpjp`lbkucqkèàl—" {zj pchgcfc`k k gjhkèàl `kekb nk yuðyuck jp`lbk'
Jcp ylu {zj `uc~c{zjc jppk yulylp~k" njpnj l pjz pzuhcdjg~l" `lgpcnjukgnl
{zj jbk yulvãd nlp aë jp`lbkucqknlp" lp {zkcp aë pj ejgjfc`ckukd nk{zcbl {zj
k jp`lbk ylnjuck lfjuj`ju j" ylu~kg~l" gàl pjuàl k~cghcnlp yjbk njpjp`lbkucqk¤
èàl' @zdyuj kppcgkbku {zj l yulebjdk jd ykz~k aë kykuj`ck glp cgä`clp nk
pl`cjnknj ezuhzjpk" yjbl djglp gzd vj~lu njppk pl`cjnknj ujyujpjg~knl
yjbk j`lgldck ylbä~c`k' Lp j`lgldcp~kp ~cgmkd `bkuk `lgp`cág`ck" nj zd
bknl" nk gj`jppcnknj nj pj hjgjukbcqku k jp`lbk j" nj lz~ul" nj {zj jppk hjgj¤
ukbcqkèàl ~cgmk {zj pju bcdc~knk é jp`lbk eëpc`k' Jppj ã l pjg~cnl nk fkdlpk
fukpj k~ucezänk k Knkd Pdc~m" dzc~l ujyj~cnk" jd {zj jbj kndc~ck k cgp~uzèàl
cg~jbj`~zkb ykuk lp ~ukekbmknlujp" dkp k`ujp`jg~kvk1 ‒yluãd" jd nlpjp mldjl¤
yë~c`kp—' [zju ncqju" lp ~ukekbmknlujp ~ád {zj ~ju cgp~uzèàl" dkp kyjgkp k{zjbj
dägcdl gj`jppëucl ykuk yku~c`cykujd njppk pl`cjnknj" cp~l ã" nk pl`cjnknj
dlnjugk ekpjknk gk cgnñp~uck j gk `cnknj" k fcd nj pj cgpjucujd gl yul`jppl
nj yulnzèàl" `lg`luujgnl ykuk l pjz njpjgvlbvcdjg~l' Luk" gk pl`cjnknj
`kyc~kbcp~k" njpjgvlbvcdjg~l yulnz~cvl pchgcfc`k hjukèàl nj j}`jnjg~jp" cp~lã" ~ukekbml {zj" ylu hjuku dkcp$vkbck" kdybck l `kyc~kb' Cppl juk gä~cnl jg~uj
lp j`lgldcp~kp ylbä~c`lp'
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=6 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Lp cnjðblhlp nk ezuhzjpck `lbl`kvkd k gj`jppcnknj nj jnz`kèàl nj
fludk dkcp hjukb j" gjppj pjg~cnl" `zdyuckd l ykyjb nj mjhjdlgck" lz pjak"
nj ku~c`zbku ~lnk k pl`cjnknj jd ~lugl nlp cg~jujppjp {zj pj `lg~ukyzgmkd é
nldcgkèàl fjznkb' Jg{zkg~l k ezuhzjpck juk ujvlbz`clgëuck" cppl fkqck pjg~cnl?
{zkgnl jbk pj `lgplbcnlz gl ylnju" k {zjp~àl yucg`cykb aë gàl juk pzyjuku k
vjbmk lunjd" l Kg~chl Ujhcdj' Jppj" `ld jfjc~l" aë fluk pzyjuknl" j k ezuhzjpck"
jd `lgpj{zág`ck" aë pj ~lugkuk `bkppj nldcgkg~j? gjppj dldjg~l" l yulebjdk
yucg`cykb nk ezuhzjpck ykppk k pju jvc~ku kp kdjkèkp j gjz~ukbcqku kp yujppújp
ykuk {zj pj kvkg`j gl yul`jppl ujvlbz`clgëucl j pj `mjhzj k zdk pl`cjnknj
pl`ckbcp~k' K ezuhzjpck" jg~àl" ~lugk$pj `lgpjuvknluk j ykppk k ~ju ncfc`zbnknjp
kl bcnku `ld l yulebjdk nk jp`lbk" ylcp k vjunknj ã pjdyuj ujvlbz`clgëuck'
Jg{zkg~l k ezuhzjpck juk ujvlbz`clgëuck" jbk ylppzäk cg~jujppj gk vjunknj'
[zkgnl ykppk k pju `lgpjuvknluk" k vjunknj jg~àl k cg`ldlnk" `ml`k$pj `ld lp
pjzp cg~jujppjp' Cppl l`luuj ylu{zj k vjunknj mcp~ðuc`k jvcnjg`ck k gj`jppcnknj
nkp ~ukgpfludkèújp" kp {zkcp" ykuk k `bkppj nldcgkg~j $ zdk vjq `lgplbcnknk
gl ylnju $ gàl pàl cg~jujppkg~jp? jbk ~jd cg~jujppj gk yjuyj~zkèàl nk lunjd
j}cp~jg~j'
K kdechzcnknj {zj k~ukvjppk k {zjp~àl jp`lbku mlaj ã dku`knk ylu jppk
pc~zkèàl pl`ckb' J k `bkujqk ncppl ã {zj ~uknzq l pjg~cnl `uä~c`l nk yjnkhlhck'
@ld jfjc~l" k yjnkhlhck `uä~c`k cdybc`k k `bkujqk nlp nj~judcgkg~jp pl`ckcp nk
jnz`kèàl" k `ldyujjgpàl nl hukz jd {zj kp `lg~ukncèújp nk pl`cjnknj dku¤
`kd k jnz`kèàl j" `lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" `ldl l jnz`knlu njvj ylpc`clgku$pj
nckg~j njppkp `lg~ukncèújp j njpjgujnku k jnz`kèàl nkp vcpújp kdeähzkp" ykuk
yju`jeju `bkukdjg~j {zkb ã k ncujèàl {zj `kej cdyucdcu é {zjp~àl jnz`k`clgkb'
Kä jp~ë l pjg~cnl fzgnkdjg~kb nl {zj `mkdkdlp nj yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$
`uä~c`k' Gjppj {zknul" ~jgml cgpcp~cnl jd kbhzgp ylg~lp {zj" nj `ju~l dlnl"
ylnjuckd pju `mkdknlp nj ðevclp' Dkp ã yuj`cpl cgpcp~cu ylu{zj jbjp k`kekd
pjgnl jp{zj`cnlp' Ylu j}jdybl" {zj k jp`lbk eëpc`k ã cdylu~kg~j ykuk ~lnlp"{zj k kbfkej~cqkèàl njvj pju k`jppävjb k ~lnlp ã l ðevcl' Gl jg~kg~l" cppl fc`k
lep`zuj`cnl ylu ~lnk zdk pãucj nj ~juhcvjupkèújp kp {zkcp pjuvjd ykuk uj~ku¤
nku k `lgpj`zèàl njppj leaj~cvl" `lg~jdylucqku j yulblghku kp njpchzkbnknjp
vchjg~jp'
Gjppj pjg~cnl" ~jgml pcnl `uä~c`l nlp `mkdknlp dlncpdlp gk jnz`kèàl"
ylu{zj kykuj`jd `ldl kbhl dzc~l kvkgèknl dkp" gk vjunknj" kyjgkp jbcnjd
{zjp~újp k~ã `ju~l ylg~l ðevckp" {zj gàl ylnckd pju yjuncnkp nj vcp~k j {zj
ncqjd ujpyjc~l kl ~ukekbml jp`lbku' Jcp ylu {zj jd zd nj djzp ~j}~lp5 jgzg¤
5 Njudjvkb Pkvckgc" ‒L jgpcgl eëpc`l j l yul`jppl nj njdl`uk~cqkèàl nk pl`cjnknj eukpcbjcuk—" Ujvcp~k nk Kgnj " g' 8" yy' 3$;0" ;3=>" uj~ldknl gjp~j bcvul" yy' ;>$55'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC =8
`cjc k ncp~cgèàl jg~uj l ~uknc`clgkb j l `bëppc`l' ^uknc`clgkb ã l {zj pj ujfjuj
kl ykppknl" kl ku`kc`l" zb~ukykppknl" l {zj glp bjvk k `ldek~ju k yjnkhlhck
~uknc`clgkb j uj`lgmj`ju k vkbcnknj nj kbhzdkp nkp `uä~c`kp {zj k Jp`lbk Glvk
fludzblz é yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb' Gl jg~kg~l" cppl gàl ylnj ncdcgzcu k cd¤
ylu~åg`ck nl jbjdjg~l `bëppc`l gk jnz`kèàl" ylcp jp~j gàl pj `lgfzgnj `ld l
~uknc`clgkb' @bëppc`l ã k{zcbl {zj ujpcp~cz kl ~jdyl" blhl pzk vkbcnknj j}~ukylbk
l dldjg~l jd {zj jbj flc yulylp~l' Ã ylu cppl {zj k `zb~zuk huj`l$uldkgk ã
`lgpcnjuknk `bëppc`k? jdeluk ~jgmk pcnl yulnzqcnk gk Kg~chzcnknj" dkg~ãd$pj
vëbcnk" djpdl ykuk kp ãyl`kp ylp~juclujp' Nj fk~l" kcgnk mlaj uj`lgmj`jdlp j
vkblucqkdlp jbjdjg~lp {zj flukd jbkeluknlp gk{zjbk ãyl`k' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl
{zj pj `lgpcnjuk Njp`ku~jp zd `bëppc`l nk fcblplfck dlnjugk' K{zc l `bëppc`l
gàl pj cnjg~cfc`k `ld l kg~chl" ylu{zj zd dlnjugl ã ~kdeãd `lgpcnjuknl
zd `bëppc`l' Nlp~lcãvpoc" ylu j}jdybl $ pjhzgnl k yjuclncqkèàl nlp dkgzkcp
nj mcp~ðuck" zd kz~lu `lg~jdyluågjl$" ã ~cnl `ldl zd `bëppc`l nk bc~juk~zuk
zgcvjupkb' Nk djpdk fludk" ncq$pj {zj Dk`mknl nj Kppcp ã zd `bëppc`l nk
bc~juk~zuk eukpcbjcuk" kyjpku nj l Eukpcb pju dkcp uj`jg~j k~ã djpdl {zj k Cnknj
Dãnck" {zkg~l dkcp {zj k Kg~chzcnknj' Jg~àl" l `bëppc`l gàl pj `lgfzgnj `ld
l ~uknc`clgkb" ukqàl yjbk {zkb ~jgml yul`zuknl `mkdku k k~jgèàl ykuk `ju~kp
`kuk`~juäp~c`kp" `ju~kp fzgèújp `bëppc`kp nk jp`lbk {zj gàl ylnjd pju yjuncnkp
nj vcp~k ylu{zj" nl `lg~uëucl" k`kekdlp cgvju~jgnl l pjg~cnl nk jp`lbk j `lg¤
pcnjukgnl {zjp~újp pj`zgnëuckp j k`cnjg~kcp `ldl yucg`cykcp" ykppkgnl ykuk
l ybkgl pj`zgnëucl kpyj`~lp yucg`cykcp nk jp`lbk'
J}jdybl ncppl pàl kp `ldjdlukèújp gkp jp`lbkp" {zj pj jpykbmkvkd
ylu ~lnl l kgl bj~cvl" ép {zkcp khluk pj kppl`ckd" lz k jbkp pàl k`ujp`cnlp" lp
njgldcgknlp ~jdkp ~ukgpvjupkcp" `ldl jnz`kèàl kdecjg~kb" jnz`kèàl pj}zkb"
jnz`kèàl ykuk l ~uågpc~l j~`' Kl fcgkb nl kgl bj~cvl" kyðp ~lnkp jppkp k~cvcnk¤
njp" fc`k k {zjp~àl1 kp `uckgèkp flukd kbfkej~cqknkp< Kyujgnjukd ylu~zhzáp<
Kyujgnjukd dk~jdë~c`k" `cág`ckp gk~zukcp" mcp~ðuck" hjlhukfck< Luk" jppjp pàl lp
jbjdjg~lp `bëppc`lp nl `zuuä`zbl jp`lbku" ~àl `bëppc`lp {zj gcghzãd `lg~jp~k' Ép
vjqjp pj `lg~jp~k k fludk1 pjuë {zj pj njvj kbfkej~cqku kppcd lz pjuck djbmlu nj
lz~uk fludk< Dkp kbhzãd lzpkuck kfcudku {zj k jp`lbk gàl njvj kbfkej~cqku< Gl
jg~kg~l" jppjp jbjdjg~lp k`kekd ylu pju pj`zgnkucqknlp" ncbzänlp gzdk `lg¤
`jyèàl ncfzpk nj `zuuä`zbl' Kfcudk$pj {zj ~znl l {zj k jp`lbk fkq" cdylu~kg~j
lz gàl" vëbcnl lz gàl ã `zuuä`zbl' Ykuk jvc~ku jppj ~cyl nj j{zävl`l" yulyzp k
uj`zyjukèàl nk ncp~cgèàl jg~uj `zuuc`zbku j j}~uk`zuuc`zbku' Njppk fludk" ujpjuvl
ykuk l ~judl `zuuä`zbl kp k~cvcnknjp jppjg`ckcp {zj k jp`lbk gàl ylnj njc}ku nj njpjgvlbvju" ple yjgk nj pj njp`kuk`~jucqku" nj yjunju k pzk jpyj`cfc`cnknj'
Kp njdkcp k~cvcnknjp" ~kcp `ldl kp `ldjdlukèújp kg~jp djg`clgknkp" gàl
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== YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
pjgnl jppjg`ckcp" njfcgjd$pj `ldl j}~uk`zuuc`zbkujp' Gjppk `lgncèàl" jbkp pð
fkqjd pjg~cnl {zkgnl jguc{zj`jd kp k~cvcnknjp `zuuc`zbkujp" gàl njvjgnl"
jd mcyð~jpj kbhzdk" yujaznc`ë$bkp lz pzep~c~zä$bkp'
@ujcl ~ju kyujpjg~knl l pchgcfc`knl fzgnkdjg~kb nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ð¤uc`l$`uä~c`k' ^uk~k$pj nj zdk `lg`jyèàl {zj" `ldl l gldj cgnc`k" yul`zuk
kfcudku$pj pleuj zdk ekpj mcp~ðuc`k j mcp~luc`cqkg~j' Jd ~j}~l kg~juclu -Pkvckgc"
;3==" y' 6#" lepjuvjc {zj Dku} -;380" yy' 50>$506#" kl kgkbcpku k yulebjdë~c`k
mcp~ðuc`k" `mjhlz é `lg`bzpàl nj {zj ã k yku~cu nl dkcp njpjgvlbvcnl {zj pj
`ldyujjgnj l djglp njpjgvlbvcnl' Ylu cppl jbj kfcudlz {zj ã ylppävjb `ld¤
yujjgnju l `kyc~kb pjd k ujgnk nk ~juuk" dkp gàl ã ylppävjb `ldyujjgnju k
ujgnk nk ~juuk pjd l `kyc~kb" zdk vjq {zj gk pl`cjnknj dlnjugk k ujgnk nk
~juuk ã nj~judcgknk yjbl `kyc~kb' Luk" gk pl`cjnknj k~zkb" ylnj$pj yju`jeju {zj aë gàl ã ylppävjb `ldyujjgnju k jnz`kèàl pjd k jp`lbk" ylu{zj k jp`lbk ã
k fludk nldcgkg~j j yucg`cykb nj jnz`kèàl' Kppcd" ykuk `ldyujjgnju$pj kp
ncfjujg~jp dlnkbcnknjp nj jnz`kèàl" j}chj$pj k `ldyujjgpàl nk jp`lbk' Jd
`lg~ukyku~cnk" k jp`lbk ylnj pju `ldyujjgncnk cgnjyjgnjg~jdjg~j nkp njdkcp
dlnkbcnknjp nj jnz`kèàl'@ld ujfbj}újp j kgëbcpjp nl ~cyl nkp k{zc kyujpjg~knkp" yul`zuk$pj fzg¤
nku j leaj~cvku mcp~luc`kdjg~j k `ldyujjgpàl nk {zjp~àl jp`lbku" k njfjpk nk
jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jp`lbk j k cdylu~åg`ck nl ~ukekbml jp`lbku `ldl jbjdjg~lgj`jppëucl kl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l `zb~zukb" {zj `lg`luuj ykuk l njpjgvlbvcdjg~l
mzdkgl jd hjukb' K jp`lbk ã" ylcp" `ldyujjgncnk `ld ekpj gl njpjgvlbvc¤
djg~l mcp~ðuc`l nk pl`cjnknj? kppcd `ldyujjgncnk" ~lugk$pj ylppävjb k pzk
ku~c`zbkèàl `ld k pzyjukèàl nk pl`cjnknj vchjg~j jd ncujèàl k zdk pl`cjnknj
pjd `bkppjp" k zdk pl`cjnknj pl`ckbcp~k' Ã njppk fludk {zj pj ku~c`zbk k `lg¤
`jyèàl ylbä~c`k pl`ckbcp~k `ld k `lg`jyèàl yjnkhðhc`k mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" kdekp
fzgnknkp gl djpdl `lg`jc~l hjukb nj ujkbcnknj" {zj jgvlbvj k `ldyujjgpàl
nk ujkbcnknj mzdkgk `ldl pjgnl `lgp~uzänk yjblp yuðyuclp mldjgp" k yku¤~cu nl yul`jppl nj ~ukekbml" lz pjak" nk yulnzèàl nkp `lgncèújp dk~juckcp kl
blghl nl ~jdyl'
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:
K Dk~juckbcnknj nk Kèàl Yjnkhðhc`k
j lp Njpkfclp nk Yjnkhlhck Mcp~ðuc`l$@uä~c`k!
~jdk ujbk~cvl klp njpkfclp ylp~lp ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ylnj
pju ~uk~knl nj ncfjujg~jp dkgjcukp' [zkgnl fkbkdlp gzdk `luujg~j
yjnkhðhc`k" gludkbdjg~j yjgpkdlp gk ~jluck" lz pjak" gk ~jluck nk jnz`kèàl
{zj jppk `luujg~j njpjgvlbvj j jbkeluk" l {zj glp bjvk k yjgpku k ~jluck jd
~judlp nk pzk `lgpcp~ág`ck bðhc`k j jd ~judlp nl pjz yl~jg`ckb" {zju ncqju"
nj pzk fluèk" nl pjz cgfbz}l jd ncujèàl é yuë~c`k yjnkhðhc`k' J k`kekdlp
gàl yjgpkgnl" yjbl djglp nj fludk dkcp cg~jgpk" gl `kdcgml cgvjupl" cp~l
ã" l `kdcgml {zj vkc nk yuë~c`k é ~jluck' Gjppj ådec~l pjuck ylppävjb" pjdnñvcnk" yjgpku glp njpkfclp ~jðuc`lp {zj k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k jg¤
fujg~k' Njpkfclp ~jðuc`lp {zj gðp ylnjuäkdlp pzdkucku ~kbvjq" hulppl dlnl"
jd nzkp hukgnjp ncujèújp1 zdk cdybc`kuck njpjgvlbvju kpyj`~lp nk ~jluck
{zj kcgnk uj{zjujd dkclu jbkelukèàl? k lz~uk ncujèàl pjuck pcp~jdk~cqku"
j}ybc`c~ku kpyj`~lp {zj k ~jluck aë `lg~ãd" k~ã djpdl aë jbkelulz" dkp kcg¤
nk gàl njz k jbjp zdk fludk pcp~jdk~cqknk" ku~c`zbknk jd ~judlp nj zdk
fludzbkèàl luhågc`k" kdybk" ~l~kbcqkg~j j `ljujg~j' Zd njppjp kpyj`~lp ncq
ujpyjc~l" ylu j}jdybl" é ku~c`zbkèàl nlp jbjdjg~lp ypc`lbðhc`lp gl cg~juclu nk ~jluck {zj jp~ë uj{zjujgnl zd hukz dkclu nj njpjgvlbvcdjg~l j nj pcp¤
~jdk~cqkèàl' Pleuj cppl flc bkgèknl l bcvul nj Pzqj P`kb`lg" É yul`zuk nk
zgcnknj ypc`lyjnkhðhc`k1 ku~c`zbkgnl k ypc`lblhck mcp~ðuc`l$`zb~zukb `ld k
yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k -P`kb`lg" 5995#" {zj kvkgèk pchgcfc`k~cvkdjg~j
gk `ldyujjgpàl njppj kpyj`~l'
! Jp~j ~j}~l uj~ldk" dlncfc`kgnl j k~zkbcqkgnl" l ~jdk nk lgfjuág`ck nj jg`juukdjg~l nlPcdyðpcl nj Dkuäbck -@f' Pkvckgc" ;33>#'
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39 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
jgpcgl jd pkbk nj kzbk' ^kdeãd jppj kpyj`~l uj`jejz cdylu~kg~j `lg~ucezcèàl
dk~juckbcqknk gl bcvul nj Alàl Bzcq Hkpykucg" Zdk ncnë~c`k ykuk k yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k -Hkpykucg" 5995#'
Gl jg~kg~l" jg~jgnl {zj lp yulebjdkp yucg`cykcp cg`cnjd j}k~kdjg~jpleuj k yulebjdë~c`k {zj jgvlbvj k yuë~c`k" cp~l ã" k pc~zkèàl nk jnz`kèàl euk¤
pcbjcuk gl cg~juclu nk {zkb k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k ~jg~k njpjgvlbvju$pj
j jd ujbkèàl é {zkb ezp`k j}ju`ju zd cgfbz}l gl pjg~cnl ~ukgpfludknlu j nj
jbjvkèàl nk pzk {zkbcnknj' Gjppj `lg~j}~l" l`luujz$dj ~uk~ku nj zd ~jdk
hjukb {zj jz ylnjuck njgldcgku nk pjhzcg~j fludk1 k dk~juckbcnknj nk kèàl
yjnkhðhc`k'
; ' P L E U J K D K ^ J U C K B CN K N J N K K È À L Y J N K H Ð H C @ K
Levckdjg~j" ~uk~ku njppk dk~juckbcnknj gàl pchgcfc`k gjhku l `kuë~ju
gàl dk~juckb nl ~ukekbml jnz`k~cvl' L`luuj {zj" {zkgnl gðp ncp~cghzcdlp
k yulnzèàl dk~juckb" nj zd bknl" j k yulnzèàl gàl dk~juckb" nj lz~ul" jp~k
ncp~cgèàl jp~ë pjgnl fjc~k ple l kpyj`~l nl yulnz~l" nk fcgkbcnknj" nl ujpzb¤
~knl' [zkgnl gðp fkbkdlp {zj k jnz`kèàl ã zdk yulnzèàl gàl dk~juckb"cppl pchgcfc`k {zj k k~cvcnknj {zj k `lgp~c~zc pj ncuchj k ujpzb~knlp {zj gàl
pàl dk~juckcp" ncfjujg~jdjg~j nk yulnzèàl dk~juckb" {zj ã zdk kèàl {zj pj
njpjgvlbvj j pj ncuchj k ujpzb~knlp dk~juckcp' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj jp~ë ylp~k
k ncp~cgèàl'
Gl jg~kg~l" gðp pkejdlp {zj k kèàl {zj ã njpjgvlbvcnk yjbk jnz`kèàl
ã zdk kèàl {zj ~jd vcpcecbcnknj" ã zdk kèàl {zj pð pj j}ju`j `ld ekpj jd
zd pzylu~j dk~juckb' Blhl" jbk ujkbcqk$pj gzd `lg~j}~l nj dk~juckbcnknj' L
yuðyucl Dku}" {zkgnl kgkbcpk k yulnzèàl gàl dk~juckb" ncp~cghzj nzkp dl¤nkbcnknjp1 k{zjbk jd {zj l yulnz~l pj pjykuk nl yulnz~lu j k{zjbk jd {zj
l yulnz~l gàl pj pjykuk nl yulnz~lu' J" kl j}jdybcfc`ku k yucdjcuk" jbj fkbk
glp bcvulp" glp leaj~lp ku~äp~c`lp jd hjukb' Gjppj `kpl" l yulnz~l pjykuk$pj nl
yulnz~lu" j}k~kdjg~j ylu{zj ~kdeãd l yulnz~l `lg~ãd zdk dk~juckbcnknj"
dkp jppj djpdl yulnz~l `lg~ãd zd ujpzb~knl {zj gàl ã" jbj yuðyucl" dk¤
~juckb? jppj ujpzb~knl ã jpycuc~zkb" {zju ncqju" ã pcdeðbc`l' Gjppj pjg~cnl" zd
bcvul ã dk~juckb" dkp l {zj jbj `lg~ãd pàl cnjckp" pàl ~jluckp" ylu~kg~l kbhl
cdk~juckb' Jg~àl l yulnz~l nk jbkelukèàl nj zd bcvul ã cdk~juckb" pàl cnjckp"dkp jppkp cnjckp pàl vjc`zbknkp yjbk dk~juckbcnknj" yjbl bcvul {zj pj dkgcfjp~k
fcpc`kdjg~j' L djpdl pj nchk nl ncp`l lgnj pj hukvkd plgp" {zj pàl ~kdeãd
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 3;
dk~juckcp" levckdjg~j" dkp k dñpc`k" jg{zkg~l ~kb" ã zd ujpzb~knl {zj gàl
ã dk~juckb" dkp {zj pj vjc`zbk k~ukvãp nk dk~juckbcnknj'
Gl `kpl nk yulnzèàl gàl dk~juckb" `zal yulnz~l gàl pj pjykuk nl yul¤
nz~lu" Dku} `c~k lp j}jdyblp nl jgpcgl j nk k~cvcnknj nl dãnc`l" {zju ncqju"nk djnc`cgk' Gl jg~kg~l" l pjz j}ju`ä`cl ~kdeãd cdybc`k zdk dk~juckbcnknj"
j jp~k dk~juckbcnknj `lgnc`clgk l pjz njpjgvlbvcdjg~l' K kèàl jnz`k~cvk"
ylu~kg~l" njpjgvlbvj$pj k yku~cu nj `lgncèújp dk~juckcp j jd `lgncèújp ~kd¤
eãd dk~juckcp'
Jppkp `lgncèújp dk~juckcp `lgfchzukd l ådec~l nk yuë~c`k' Jp~k j}ju`j$
pj gl ådec~l nk dk~juckbcnknj j ã zd nlp fzgnkdjg~lp nk `lg`jyèàl yjnk¤
hðhc`k {zj jp~ë pjgnl leaj~l nj kgëbcpj" cp~l ã" k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" k
{zkb" `ldl pj pkej" `lgpcnjuk {zj k ~jluck ~jd l pjz fzgnkdjg~l" l pjz `uc~ãuclnj vjunknj j k pzk fcgkbcnknj gk yuë~c`k' Jg~àl l yucdknl nk yuë~c`k pleuj k
~jluck ã ylp~l kä nj fludk `bkuk' Cppl pchgcfc`k {zj gàl ylnjdlp glp bcdc~ku k
kyjgkp yjgpku k yuë~c`k k yku~cu nl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk ~jluck'
[zkgnl jg~jgnjdlp {zj k yuë~c`k pjuë ~kg~l dkcp `ljujg~j j `lgpcp¤
~jg~j" pjuë ~kg~l dkcp {zkbc~k~cvk" pjuë ~kg~l dkcp njpjgvlbvcnk {zkg~l dkcp
`lgpcp~jg~j j njpjgvlbvcnk flu k ~jluck {zj k jdekpk" j {zj zdk yuë~c`k pjuë
~ukgpfludknk é djncnk {zj j}cp~k zdk jbkelukèàl ~jðuc`k {zj azp~cfc{zj k gj¤
`jppcnknj nk pzk ~ukgpfludkèàl j {zj yulylgmk kp fludkp nk ~ukgpfludkèàl"jp~kdlp yjgpkgnl k yuë~c`k k yku~cu nk ~jluck' Dkp ã yuj`cpl ~kdeãd fkqju l
dlvcdjg~l cgvjupl" lz pjak" yjgpku k ~jluck k yku~cu nk yuë~c`k" ylu{zj pj k
yuë~c`k ã l fzgnkdjg~l nk ~jluck" pjz `uc~ãucl nj vjunknj j pzk fcgkbcnknj" cppl
pchgcfc`k {zj l njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk ~jluck njyjgnj nk yuë~c`k' Gjppj pjg~cnl"
`ldl kp `lgncèújp nj njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk yuë~c`k pàl yuj`ëuckp" ~kdeãd pj
`uckd ðec`jp" `uckd$pj njpkfclp kl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nk ~jluck" j cp~l gzd nzybl
pjg~cnl1 gzd yucdjcul pjg~cnl" gk djncnk jd {zj" pj k yuë~c`k {zj fzgnk¤
djg~k k ~jluck j {zj lyjuk `ldl pjz `uc~ãucl nj vjunknj j pzk fcgkbcnknj ~jdzd njpjgvlbvcdjg~l yuj`ëucl" jgfujg~kgnl gl ådec~l nj pzk dk~juckbcnknj
jg~ukvjp `ldybj}lp" jbk `lbl`k bcdc~jp é ~jluck" ncfc`zb~kgnl l pjz kvkgèl?
gzd pjhzgnl pjg~cnl" gk djncnk jd {zj kp `lgncèújp yuj`ëuckp nk yuë~c`k
yulvl`kd k ~jluck k jg`lg~uku kp fludkp nj `ldyujjgnju jppjp jg~ukvjp j" kl
`ldyujjgná$blp" ezp`ku lp dj`kgcpdlp jfj~cvlp j" ylu~kg~l" ~kdeãd yuë~c`lp"
fludzbkgnl$lp `ld k `bkujqk {zj k ~jluck j}chj" ~jgnl jd vcp~k k pzk dlecbc¤
qkèàl ykuk k ~ukgpfludkèàl jfj~cvk njppkp djpdkp `lgncèújp'
Gjppj ybkgl" yulylgml$dj k kelunku k {zjp~àl nk dk~juckbcnknj nkkèàl yjnkhðhc`k" yul`zukgnl `lbl`ku ~uáp hukgnjp yulebjdkp" ~uáp hukgnjp
njpkfclp'
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35 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
L yucdjcul jz njgldcgkuck hjgjuc`kdjg~j nj kzpág`ck nj zd pcp¤
~jdk nj jnz`kèàl' K fkb~k nj zd pcp~jdk nj jnz`kèàl gl Eukpcb `lbl`k$glp
nckg~j nj `lgncèújp yuj`ëuckp {zj ujyju`z~jd gk ~jluck j {zj ncfc`zb~kd
l yuðyucl kvkgèl nk ~jluck ylu{zj" levckdjg~j" pj k yuë~c`k ã l `uc~ãucl njvjunknj nk ~jluck" jz fludzbl jd gldj nk ~jluck nj~judcgknlp `lg`jc~lp"
nj~judcgknkp mcyð~jpjp" dkp cppl yuj`cpk pju ylp~l jd yuë~c`k ykuk yulvku
k pzk vkbcnknj j ykuk pkeju$pj jd {zj hukz jbk nj fk~l ujpylgnj ép gj`jp¤
pcnknjp jd ukqàl nkp {zkcp flc yulylp~k' É djncnk" yluãd" {zj k yuë~c`k
~jd ~kb hukz nj yuj`kucjnknj {zj pj ~lugk cgvcëvjb k ylppcecbcnknj nj pj
~jp~ku jppkp mcyð~jpjp" nj vjucfc`ku gl ådec~l nk kèàl kp yulylpcèújp {zj k
~jluck fludzbk" jppk fludzbkèàl fc`k ujyujpknk" l {zj ncfc`zb~k l pjz kvkg¤
èl' Jg~àl" l yucdjcul hukgnj yulebjdk {zj dj ykuj`j jg~ukvj yuë~c`l klkvkgèl nk ~jluck ã l fk~l nj gðp gàl ncpyludlp nj zd pcp~jdk nj jnz`kèàl
jd ådec~l gk`clgkb'
Zd pjhzgnl yulebjdk {zj jz dj yulylgml k j}kdcgku" zd pjhzgnl
njpkfcl" ylu~kg~l" ã k pc~zkèàl nj zdk yuë~c`k {zj cg`luyluk luhkgcqk`cl$
gkbdjg~j nj~judcgknlp cghujncjg~jp ~jðuc`lp" j gðp" kl glp yulyludlp k
~ukgpfludkèàl nk yuë~c`k" fludzbkdlp zdk glvk ~jluck" dkp gjd pjdyuj
k~jg~kdlp ykuk l fk~l nj {zj ~jdlp {zj dznku jppk luhkgcqkèàl leaj~cvk
{zj jp~ë ku~c`zbknk jd vcu~znj nj lz~uk ~jluck" ykuk {zj pj vckecbcqj k glvk~jluck gkp `lgncèújp yuë~c`kp'
L {zj yuj~jgnl j}kdcgku kä ã k `lg~ukncèàl ujyujpjg~knk ylu zdk
jp~uz~zuk jnz`k`clgkb luhkgcqknk `ld ekpj jd nj~judcgknlp cghujncjg~jp
~jðuc`lp" gl {zkb gðp" pjd glp nkudlp `lg~k njppk yulebjdë~c`k" fludzbk¤
dlp zd lz~ul ~cyl nj ~jluck j yuj~jgnjdlp {zj jppk lz~uk ~jluck pj ylppk
vckecbcqku gzdk yuë~c`k" gzdk jp~uz~zuk luhkgcqk`clgkb nk jnz`kèàl {zj
jp~ë dlg~knk pjhzgnl zdk yjupyj`~cvk ~jðuc`k ncvjupk lz k~ã djpdl lylp¤
~k é yjupyj`~cvk ylu gðp fludzbknk' Jppj ã l pjhzgnl yulebjdk {zj jz dj yulylgml k j}kdcgku'
Aë l ~ju`jcul yulebjdk" l ~ju`jcul njpkfcl" ã l nk njp`lg~cgzcnknj' Yk¤
uj`j {zj kp glppkp cgc`ck~cvkp jd jnz`kèàl yj`kd ylu zdk j}~ujdk njp`lg~c¤
gzcnknj" j cppl" k djz vju" jg~uk jd `lg~ukncèàl `ld zdk nkp `kuk`~juäp~c`kp
yuðyuckp nk k~cvcnknj jnz`k`clgkb" `ld zdk nkp `kuk`~juäp~c`kp {zj pj cgpjuj
gk gk~zujqk j jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl" {zj ã k j}chág`ck nj zd ~ukekbml
{zj ~jgmk `lg~cgzcnknj" {zj nzuj zd ~jdyl pzfc`cjg~j ykuk yulvl`ku zd
ujpzb~knl cuujvjupävjb' Pjd pj k~cghcu l ylg~l nj cuujvjupcecbcnknj" lp leaj~cvlpnk jnz`kèàl gàl pàl kb`kgèknlp' Jppj ã l ~ju`jcul njpkfcl'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 30
5 ' L N J P K F CL U J B K ^ CV L É K Z P Á G @ C K N J P CP ^ J D K J N Z @ K @ C L G K B
@ldjèkgnl yjbl yucdjcul ylg~l" `kej lepjuvku" yujbcdcgkudjg~j"
{zj k fkb~k nj zd pcp~jdk nj jnz`kèàl jd glppl ykäp ã zdk {zjp~àl {zj
vjd nl fcgkb nl pã`zbl ]C]" nknl {zj k yku~cu nk{zjbk ãyl`k lp yucg`cykcp
ykäpjp pj jdyjgmkukd jd luhkgcqku lp pjzp pcp~jdkp gk`clgkcp nj jgpcgl'
L Eukpcb gàl fjq cppl" j flc fc`kgnl k~ukpknl jd dk~ãuck nj jnz`kèàl" lz
pjak" flc k`zdzbkgnl zd nãfc`c~ mcp~ðuc`l {zj glp `uck yulebjdkp dzc~l
pãuclp gk k~zkb `cu`zgp~åg`ck' Gðp pkejdlp {zj l njpcg~jujppj yjbk jnz`kèàl
ylyzbku jd ådec~l gk`clgkb vjd nl Cdyãucl' Blhl kyðp k Yul`bkdkèàl nk
Cgnjyjgnág`ck" k @lgp~c~zcg~j {zj ck jbkeluku k yucdjcuk @lgp~c~zcèàl nl
Eukpcb ncp`z~cz blghkdjg~j {zjp~újp jnz`k`clgkcp" gknk ujpzb~kgnl" yluãd"
nj `lg`uj~l' K ujfjucnk @lgp~c~zcg~j k`kelz pjgnl ncpplbvcnk" lz~luhlz$pj
zdk @lgp~c~zcèàl jd ;=5>" j jd ;=58 gðp ~cvjdlp zdk bjc kyulvknk yjbl
Ykubkdjg~l {zj nj~judcgkvk k `uckèàl nj jp`lbkp nj yucdjcukp bj~ukp gkp
yucg`cykcp bl`kbcnknjp nl ykäp' Jppk bjc $ aë jdyleuj`cnk ylu{zj gjd nj
jp`lbk yucdëuck pj fkbkvk" dkp nj jp`lbkp nj yucdjcukp bj~ukp $" gl jg~kg~l"
gàl `mjhlz k pju yulyuckdjg~j cdybkg~knk' Vjcl jd ;=0> l K~l Knc`clgkb"
j k jnz`kèàl ylyzbku" {zju ncqju" k cgp~uzèàl yucdëuck" fc`lz njfcgcnk `ldl
nk kbèknk nkp yulväg`ckp'
L Hlvjugl @jg~ukb" ylu~kg~l" njpleuchlz$pj nk `mkdknk jnz`kèàl
ylyzbku" lz pjak" nk jnz`kèàl jbjdjg~ku" {zj juk l jgpcgl yucdëucl {zj `l¤
djèkvk aë k pj njfcgcu `ldl njp~cgknl kl `lgazg~l nk ylyzbkèàl" ~jgnl" ylcp"
zd `kuë~ju zgcvjupkb' Gl fcgkb nl Cdyãucl" ncp`z~cz$pj dzc~l jppk {zjp~àl nk
luhkgcqkèàl nl jgpcgl jbjdjg~ku jd ådec~l gk`clgkb" dkp jppkp ncp`zppújp
~kdeãd gàl `mjhkukd k ~ju ujpzb~knlp `lg`uj~lp' J `ld k Yul`bkdkèàl
nk Ujyñebc`k kykuj`jz dkcp zd dl~cvl ykuk jvc~ku$pj l `ldyuldcppl nl
hlvjugl `jg~ukb `ld k jnz`kèàl' Kuhzdjg~lz$pj {zj" pj gl Cdyãucl" {zjjuk zd ujhcdj ylbä~c`l `jg~ukbcqknl" k jnz`kèàl jbjdjg~ku jp~kvk njp`jg¤
~ukbcqknk" khluk `ld k Ujyñebc`k" {zj juk zd ujhcdj njp`jg~ukbcqknl" zd
ujhcdj fjnjuk~cvl nl ylg~l nj vcp~k ylbä~c`l" kflu~cluc" gàl `kejuck `jg~ukbcqku
k jnz`kèàl'
Kppcd" k jnz`kèàl eëpc`k `lg~cgzlz njp`jg~ukbcqknk" k `kuhl nlp jp¤
~knlp" j gðp ~cvjdlp" `ld l njpjgvlbvcdjg~l pl`ckb j j`lgþdc`l nl ykäp gk
nã`knk nj ;359" vëuckp ujfludkp jnz`k`clgkcp jd gävjb nlp jp~knlp" ~jg~kgnl
cdybkg~ku k jnz`kèàl eëpc`k" dkp jukd fjgþdjglp ujhclgkcp" j k {zjp~àlgk`clgkb k ujpyjc~l nk jnz`kèàl gàl ~cgmk pcnl ylp~k kcgnk' Jbk `ldjèk k pju
ylp~k kyðp k ujvlbzèàl nj ;309" `ld k `uckèàl" gl djpdl kgl" nl Dcgcp~ã¤
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3> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
ucl nk Jnz`kèàl j Pkñnj Yñebc`k j k ncvzbhkèàl nl Dkgcfjp~l nlp Yclgjculp
nk Jnz`kèàl Glvk" jd ;305" {zj ylp~zbkvk k luhkgcqkèàl nj zd pcp~jdk
`ldybj~l nj jnz`kèàl yñebc`k' Gk pj{zág`ck" ~cvjdlp k @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;30>
ujhcp~ukgnl jd zd nlp pjzp ku~chlp {zj `keck é Zgcàl fc}ku kp ncuj~ucqjp nkjnz`kèàl gk`clgkb' Jppk @lgp~c~zcèàl" gl jg~kg~l" flc njc}knk nj bknl `ld
l Jp~knl Glvl" {zj ekc}lz zdk glvk @lgp~c~zcèàl jd ;308" gk {zkb gàl pj
fkbkvk nj ncuj~ucqjp ykuk k jnz`kèàl gk`clgkb'
Gl jg~kg~l" l yjuälnl yðp$;309 pchgcfc`lz k ~jg~k~cvk nj `ldjèku k
fludzbku zdk bjhcpbkèàl nk jnz`kèàl jd gävjb gk`clgkb" j gðp vkdlp ~ju jd
;3>6 k Bjc Luhågc`k nl Jgpcgl Yucdëucl' Ylu~kg~l" kyðp k{zjbk ~jg~k~cvk nj
;=58" pð jd ;3>6 gðp vcjdlp k ~ju zdk bjc gk`clgkb ujbk~cvk kl jgpcgl yucdëucl?
j k @lgp~c~zcèàl njppj djpdl kgl nj ;3>6 vkc ujp~kejbj`ju k{zjbj ncpylpc~cvlnk @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;30>" kdybckgnl$l kl nj~judcgku {zj juk nk `ldyj~ág`ck
nk Zgcàl fc}ku kp ncuj~ucqjp j ekpjp nk jnz`kèàl gk`clgkb' Nkä nj`luujz k bz~k
jd ~lugl nk jbkelukèàl nk Bjc nj Ncuj~ucqjp j Ekpjp nk Jnz`kèàl Gk`clgkb"
kyulvknk jd ;36;" gàl kppjhzukgnl" jg~uj~kg~l" k cdybkg~kèàl nl pcp~jdk'
Jppk bz~k flc uj~ldknk kyðp k @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;3==" gl yul`jppl nj
jbkelukèàl nk glvk BNE' Fkqck yku~j nl yulaj~l luchcgkb njppk bjc l ~ä~zbl ‒Nl
Pcp~jdk Gk`clgkb nj Jnz`kèàl—" {zj" gl jg~kg~l" k`kelz pjgnl pzep~c~zänl
ylu ‒Nk Luhkgcqkèàl nk Jnz`kèàl Gk`clgkb—" j}yujppkgnl k ujpcp~ág`ck {zjk cnjck nj zd pcp~jdk gk`clgkb nj jnz`kèàl yulvl`kvk gl huzyl `lgpjuvknlu"
dkaluc~ëucl gl ykubkdjg~l eukpcbjcul' J k glvk BNE flc yuldzbhknk jd 59
nj njqjdeul nj ;336 pjd pcgkbcqku `bkukdjg~j gk ncujèàl nk cdybkg~kèàl nl
glppl Pcp~jdk Gk`clgkb nj Jnz`kèàl'
^uk`jc ukycnkdjg~j jppk ~ukaj~ðuck kyjgkp ykuk pc~zku `ldl" njpleuchkg¤
nl$pj nk cgp~uzèàl ylyzbku k~ukvãp nk gàl yujl`zykèàl `ld k cdybkg~kèàl
nj zd pcp~jdk gk`clgkb nj jgpcgl" glppl ykäp k`kelz ylu hjuku zd nãfc`c~
mcp~ðuc`l cdjgpl j pj`zbku" nj ~kb dlnl {zj l Eukpcb kcgnk ã zd nlp ykäpjp`ld lp dkclujp ägnc`jp nj kgkbfkej~cpdl' J jppj yulebjdk flc k`jg~zkgnl$pj"
zdk vjq {zj" é djncnk {zj l ~jdyl ykppkvk" kp {zjp~újp ujbk~cvkp kl kzdjg~l
nl kgkbfkej~cpdl ~kdeãd pj khukvkvkd'
Kppcd" pj gðp ~ldkudlp kbhzgp nknlp ekp~kg~j hjukcp" vkdlp vjucfc`ku
{zj" gl fcgkb nl pã`zbl ]C]" jd ;=39" l Eukpcb ~cgmk =:* nj kgkbfkej~lp jd
ujbkèàl é ylyzbkèàl ~l~kb -;5'5;0'0:6 nj kgkbfkej~lp ykuk zdk ylyzbkèàl nj
;>'000'3;:#' Jppj ägnc`j flc `kcgnl' Ykppknlp ;99 kglp" ylnj$pj `lgpcnjuku {zj"
jd ujbkèàl é ylyzbkèàl ~l~kb" l ägnc`j nj kgkbfkej~cpdl hcuj jd ~lugl nj 09*-lfc`ckbdjg~j pj ujhcp~ukd 5;"6* jd ujbkèàl é ylyzbkèàl nj cnknj chzkb lz
pzyjuclu k 8 kglp" l {zj yulaj~k zdk ~k}k nj 00"6=* ykuk k ylyzbkèàl ~l~kb"
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 3:
~ldkgnl$pj lp nknlp nl @jgpl nj ;33;#' Ylnju$pj$ck ncqju {zj" nj {zkb{zju
dlnl" ã zd yulhujppl" kcgnk {zj pjak zdk ~k}k dzc~l kb~k ykuk k ãyl`k k~zkb'
Gl jg~kg~l" ã zd yulhujppl kyjgkp jd ~judlp ujbk~cvlp" ylcp jd ~judlp ke¤
plbz~lp l nãfc`c~ khukvlz$pj" {zju ncqju" l gñdjul nj kgkbfkej~lp kzdjg~lz'@ld jfjc~l" pj `lgpcnjukudlp k ylyzbkèàl ~l~kb -;>6'=5:'>8:" `lgfludj l
djpdl @jgpl nj ;33;#" vjujdlp {zj 00"6=* `luujpylgnjd k >3'>:='886" l
{zj pchgcfc`k {zj l gñdjul keplbz~l nj kgkbfkej~lp {zknuzybc`lz' Ylu~kg~l"
jd ~judlp keplbz~lp" k pc~zkèàl khukvlz$pj' Cppl pchgcfc`k {zj gðp ~jdlp {zj
jgfujg~ku l yulebjdk nk kbfkej~cqkèàl nj ~lnl jppj `lg~cghjg~j" yulebjdk
jp~j {zj pjuck ujplbvcnl `ld k cdybkg~kèàl nj zd pcp~jdk gk`clgkb nj jgpcgl
vcpkgnl é zgcvjupkbcqkèàl nk jp`lbk eëpc`k" nk jp`lbk yucdëuck' K dkcluck nlp
ykäpjp nk Jzulyk j ~kdeãd kbhzgp nk Kdãuc`k Bk~cgk -Kuhjg~cgk" Zuzhzkc"@mcbj# gl fcgkb nl pã`zbl ]C] aë jp~kvkd luhkgcqkgnl pjzp pcp~jdkp gk`clgkcp
nj jgpcgl j" jd `lgpj{zág`ck" zgcvjupkbcqkgnl k jp`lbk eëpc`k" l {zj bmjp
yjudc~cz ~lugku yuk~c`kdjg~j njpyujqävjcp pzkp ~k}kp nj kgkbfkej~cpdl'
L jgludj nãfc`c~ mcp~ðuc`l kylg~knl ã zd cgnc`knlu jbl{zjg~j nk yuj`k¤
ucjnknj nj glppk pc~zkèàl jnz`k`clgkb" {zj pj yúj `ldl zd njpkfcl" gl nzybl
pjg~cnl cgnc`knl" ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' @ld jfjc~l" jbj cg`cnj
gzdk {zjp~àl pãuck" {zj ã k nlp uj`zuplp ykuk k jnz`kèàl" cp~l ã" l luèkdjg~l
{zj ã l yujppzylp~l nkp `lgncèújp dk~juckcp nk luhkgcqkèàl nl jgpcgl' Kbcëp"jd jpykgmlb" luèkdjg~l ã cgnc`knl yjbk ykbkvuk yujpzyzjp~l" l {zj dj ykuj`j
`luuj~l" ylu{zj jfj~cvkdjg~j pj ~uk~k nl yujppzylp~l pjd l {zkb gàl ã ylppävjb
njpjgvlbvju gknk nj `lgpcp~jg~j jd dk~ãuck nj jnz`kèàl'
Ylu~kg~l" gl luèkdjg~l" cp~l ã" gkp vjuekp njp~cgknkp é jnz`kèàl" ujfbj¤
~j$pj ~kdeãd l njp`kpl ykuk `ld k jnz`kèàl gl ykäp' Gàl pj ~uk~k" k{zc" nj
ujyulnzqcu k pc~zkèàl luèkdjg~ëuck nk jnz`kèàl gl Eukpcb" l {zj ã kbhl dkcp
lz djglp `lgmj`cnl nj ~lnlp' Vlz `mkdku k k~jgèàl kyjgkp ykuk l pjhzcg~j1
gk @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;3>6" gðp ~ägmkdlp k leuchkèàl nj {zj k Zgcàl njp~cgkppj yjbl djglp ;9* nl pjz luèkdjg~l é dkgz~jgèàl j kl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nl
jgpcgl" j lp jp~knlp j dzgc`äyclp" yjbl djglp 59*' L ujhcdj cgp~kzuknl jd
;36> jbcdcglz jppk vcg`zbkèàl ykuk k Zgcàl k~ukvãp nk @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;368"
l {zj yjudc~cz {zj k Zgcàl flppj ujnzqcgnl lp hkp~lp `ld k jnz`kèàl' Kppcd"
l luèkdjg~l nl Dcgcp~ãucl nk Jnz`kèàl flc fc`kgnl ejd k{zãd nlp ;5* nk
@lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;3>6" `kcgnl ykuk 3*" =*" 8*" j mlzvj zd kgl -;38:# jd {zj
fc`lz jd >"0*' Jd ukqàl ncppl" mlzvj ylp~jucludjg~j ~lnk zdk dlecbcqkèàl
`lg~uk jppk pc~zkèàl {zj bjvlz é kyulvkèàl nk Jdjgnk @kbdlg" {zj fc}lz jd
; K BNE nj ;36; jbjvlz ykuk ;5* l yju`jg~zkb nk Zgcàl dkg~jgnl 59* ykuk jp~knlp" Ncp~uc~lFjnjukb j dzgc`äyclp'
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36 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
;0* l dägcdl nl luèkdjg~l nk Zgcàl k pju njp~cgknl é jnz`kèàl' K @lgp¤
~c~zcèàl nj ;3== njfcgcz ;=* ykuk k Zgcàl j 5:* ykuk jp~knlp j dzgc`äyclp'
Cppl ã dzc~l lz ã ylz`l< Jd ~judlp gzdãuc`lp" pàl lp dkcp kb~lp yju`jg~zkcp
{zj k glppk mcp~ðuck ujhcp~uk' Gk @lgp~c~zcèàl nj ;3>6" lp yju`jg~zkcp jukd
;9 j 59" khluk gðp jp~kdlp `ld ;= j 5:'
Jppj yk~kdku bjhkb" djpdl `ldykuk~cvkdjg~j `ld l {zj lz~ulp ykäpjp
njp~cgkd é jnz`kèàl" ã ekp~kg~j pchgcfc`k~cvl' Dkp ã pzfc`cjg~j< Gàl ã pzfc¤
`cjg~j' J ylu {zj gàl ã pzfc`cjg~j< Ekpc`kdjg~j" ylu `kzpk nl nãfc`c~ mcp~ðuc`l'
Pj l pcp~jdk nj jgpcgl aë jp~cvjppj cdybkg~knl jd ådec~l gk`clgkb" l {zj
k`kuuj~kuck `ldl `lgpj{zág`ck k zgcvjupkbcqkèàl nl jgpcgl fzgnkdjg~kb"
lz pjak" ~lnkp kp `uckgèkp jd cnknj jp`lbku cghujppkgnl gk jp`lbk j yjudk¤
gj`jgnl gjbk k~ã l ~ãudcgl nl yjuälnl {zj k yuðyuck @lgp~c~zcèàl njfcgj
`ldl leuchk~ðucl" jz `lgpcnjul {zj jppjp yju`jg~zkcp pjuckd pzfc`cjg~jp
ykuk `zdyucu l ncpylpc~cvl `lgp~c~z`clgkb" ylu{zj l {zj k @lgp~c~zcèàl ncq
ã {zj jp~kp {zkg~ckp njvjd pju njp~cgknkp é dkgz~jgèàl j kl njpjgvlbvc¤
djg~l nl jgpcgl' Luk" dkgz~jgèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l pzyújd zd pcp~jdk
cdybkg~knl j lyjukgnl' J ~lnlp {zj bcnkd dcgcdkdjg~j `ld luèkdjg~l
pkejd {zj jbj pj `ldyúj nj nzkp yku~jp" {zj pàl l `zp~jcl" {zj gl `kpl k{zc
pjuck k dkgz~jgèàl" j l cgvjp~cdjg~l" lz pjak" uj`zuplp {zj cdybjdjg~kd
glvlp pjuvcèlp" {zj kdybckd k cgfukjp~uz~zuk j kppcd ylu nckg~j' Ylu~kg~l" l
njpjgvlbvcdjg~l pchgcfc`k {zj" é djncnk {zj më zd `ujp`cdjg~l nk njdkgnk
jnz`k`clgkb nj`luujg~j nl kzdjg~l vjhj~k~cvl nk ylyzbkèàl" levckdjg~j
~kdeãd l pcp~jdk nj jgpcgl ~jd {zj pj kdybcku yulylu`clgkbdjg~j" cp~l
ã" jbj ~jd {zj pju njpjgvlbvcnl {zkg~c~k~cvkdjg~j' Nj lz~ul bknl" l kvkgèl
~j`glbðhc`l ~kg~l jd ~judlp hjukcp `ldl jd ~judlp jpyj`cfc`kdjg~j yjnk¤
hðhc`lp cdyúj glvkp j}chág`ckp ykuk l pcp~jdk nj jgpcgl" `ldl l kyucdl¤
ukdjg~l nk {zkbcfc`kèàl nl {zknul nj yjpplkb nl pcp~jdk" k cg`luylukèàl
nj glvlp dã~lnlp j uj`zuplp yjnkhðhc`lp" l {zj pchgcfc`k {zj l pcp~jdk njvjnjpjgvlbvju$pj ~kdeãd {zkbc~k~cvkdjg~j'
Pj l pcp~jdk aë jp~cvjppj cdybkg~knl" ekp~kuck dkg~á$bl j njpjgvlbvá$
bl" `lgfludj dkgnk k @lgp~c~zcèàl' L yulebjdk ã {zj l pcp~jdk gàl jp~ë
cdybkg~knl' @ld jfjc~l" gðp ~jdlp kcgnk zd hukgnj `lg~cghjg~j nj `uckgèkp
{zj pj{zju `mjhkd é jp`lbk j" nkp {zj `mjhkd" hukgnj yku~j vkc fc`kgnl yjbl
`kdcgml' Jg~àl gðp ~jdlp zd pcp~jdk ncdjgpclgknl k yku~cu nkp yjunkp'
Pj gðp cdkhcgëppjdlp zdk pc~zkèàl jd {zj kp lc~l pãucjp flppjd cdybkg$
5 K Bjc g' ;;'58>" nj 6 nj fjvjujcul nj 5996" cgp~c~zcz l jgpcgl fzgnkdjg~kb nj glvj kglp yjbkcg`luylukèàl nl ñb~cdl kgl nk jnz`kèàl cgfkg~cb" `luujpylgnjg~j ép `uckgèkp nj 6 kglp njcnknj" `ldl zdk fkpj yujykuk~ðuck ép lc~l pãucjp ujhzbkdjg~kujp nl jgpcgl fzgnkdjg~kb'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 38
~knkp jfj~cvkdjg~j" nj ~kb dlnl {zj" jd `knk jp`lbk" ~lnkp kp `uckgèkp {zj
jg~ukppjd gk ;k pãucj ykppkppjd ykuk k 5k" k 0k" `mjhkgnl" pjd ujyj~cu" k~ã
k =k pãucj" pð cppl aë cdybc`kuck {zj gðp ~juäkdlp {zj ~ju dkcp pkbkp nj kzbk"
dkcp `ku~jcukp j" ylu~kg~l" dkcp cgvjp~cdjg~lp gk ujnj fäpc`k" {zj gk vjunknj
pàl gj`jppëuclp ylu{zj l pcp~jdk gàl jp~ë kcgnk cdybkg~knl' Jg~àl" ã `bkul
{zj ykuk pj cdybkg~ku l pcp~jdk l yju`jg~zkb njfcgcnl gk @lgp~c~zcèàl gàl
ã pzfc`cjg~j'
Kbãd nk njfcgcèàl nl yju`jg~zkb" gàl pj ylnj chgluku k gj`jppcnknj
nj pj ncpylu nj dj`kgcpdlp {zj cdyjèkd lp njpvclp nj uj`zuplp" dzc~l
`ldzgp gk glppk `zb~zuk ylbä~c`k' Nkä k cdylu~åg`ck nl ncpylpc~cvl {zj
cg~ulnzqc gl djz jpelèl yujbcdcgku nl yulaj~l nk glvk BNE j {zj pj cg`lu¤
ylulz" `ld zd hukz dkclu nj nj~kbmkdjg~l" gl Pzep~c~z~cvl Aluhj Mkhj'
^uk~k$pj nk ujhzbkdjg~kèàl nl {zj pchgcfc`k dkgz~jgèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l
nl jgpcgl" jpyj`cfc`kgnl l {zj pàl lp hkp~lp `ld dkgz~jgèàl j njpjgvlb¤
vcdjg~l nl jgpcgl j l {zj gàl pàl" nj ~kb dlnl {zj pj yul`zukppj jvc~ku
lp njpvclp' @ld jfjc~l" l `lg`jc~l nj ‒dkgz~jgèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nl
jgpcgl— ylnj pju jg~jgncnl jd pjg~cnl jp~uc~l j jd pjg~cnl bk~l' Pj jg~jg¤
ncnl jd pjg~cnl jp~uc~l" lz pjak" k{zcbl {zj pj ujfjuj ép k~cvcnknjp$fcgp" kl
njpjgvlbvcdjg~l jfj~cvl nl jgpcgl" ylnj$pj ~ju ylu kä zdk l~cdcqkèàl nlp
uj`zuplp' Dkp" pj flu jg~jgncnl jd pjg~cnl bk~l" lz pjak" pj pj cg~juyuj~k {zj‒dkgz~jgèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nl jgpcgl— ylnj keukghju dzc~kp `lcpkp"
ncbzjd$pj lp uj`zuplp" j jbjp k`kekd ylu ncpyjupku$pj" cgvckecbcqkgnl {zj
vjgmkd" nj fk~l" k ujvju~ju gzdk djbmluck {zkg~c~k~cvk j {zkbc~k~cvk nl
jgpcgl' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj jppj ncpylpc~cvl nk BNE yul`zukvk `lgpcnjuku
{zj djujgnk jp`lbku gàl ã jgpcgl? ylu~kg~l" gàl ylnj pju `zp~jknk `ld
vjuekp nj dkgz~jgèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nl jgpcgl? lp uj`zuplp ykuk jppj
fcd njvjd vcu nj flg~jp knc`clgkcp' L djpdl l`luuj `ld lz~ulp pjuvcèlp
{zj ~ád cdylu~åg`ck ykuk k jnz`kèàl" dkp {zj pàl pjuvcèlp nj kylcl jgàl bchknlp yulyuckdjg~j é k~cvcnknj$fcd nl jgpcgl" `ldl" ylu j}jdybl"
l ~ukgpylu~j jp`lbku'
É djncnk {zj jppkp {zjp~újp pjakd `bkukdjg~j njfcgcnkp j pj `ucjd
dj`kgcpdlp ykuk cdyjncu {zj lp hlvjugkg~jp kybc{zjd lp uj`zuplp ykuk k
jnz`kèàl jd k~cvcnknjp `ldl kp k`cdk djg`clgknkp" pj jp~kuckd `lg`jg¤
~ukgnl uj`zuplp gkp k~cvcnknjp$fcgp'
Nj fk~l" gk yuë~c`k" më dzc~kp fludkp nj lyjuku njpvclp' Ã ylppävjb" ylu
j}jdybl" njp~cgku uj`zuplp nl jgpcgl ykuk `lgp~uzcu jp~uknkp vc`cgkcp' @ld{zj kuhzdjg~l< L kuhzdjg~l nj {zj ykuk k `uckgèk ~ju k`jppl é jp`lbk jbk
yuj`cpk ykppku yjbk jp~uknk' K djpdk `lcpk l`luuj `ld l ~ukgpylu~j jp`lbku'
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3= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Ykuk `mjhku k~ã k jp`lbk" k `uckgèk yuj`cpk pju ~ukgpylu~knk? jg~àl" `ldyukd$
pj þgcezp jp`lbkujp `ld uj`zuplp nk jnz`kèàl' Lz1 nknk k j}k`juekèàl nl
yulebjdk nk vclbág`ck" ã yuj`cpl hkukg~cu k pjhzukgèk nkp jp`lbkp' Jg~àl" zpk$pj
ncgmjcul nk jnz`kèàl ykuk `lg~uk~ku lz ykhku pjuvcèlp nj pjhzukgèk" `ldl
l`luujz" ylu j}jdybl" gzdk `cnknj nl cg~juclu nj Pàl Ykzbl" lgnj pj `lgp¤
~k~lz {zj k Yujfjc~zuk ~cgmk njp~cgknl uj`zuplp nk jnz`kèàl ykuk k `ldyuk
nj ukèàl nj `kvkblp? j {zkgnl pj yul`zulz pkeju ylu {zj cppl ~cgmk l`luucnl
pj njp`leucz l pjhzcg~j1 kp jp`lbkp gl dzgc`äycl ~cgmkd yulebjdkp nj pjhz¤
ukgèk? jg~àl flc `mkdknk k ylbä`ck dcbc~ku" {zj z~cbcqlz hzkunk dlg~knk ykuk
fkqju k pjhzukgèk nkp jp`lbkp? `ldl jppk k~cvcnknj pj j}ju`ck jd ejgjfä`cl nkp
jp`lbkp" k ylbä`ck plbc`c~lz {zj k Pj`uj~kuck Dzgc`cykb nj Jnz`kèàl `leucppj
kp njpyjpkp `ld k ukèàl kgcdkb'
J}jdyblp `ldl jppj" nj `ju~l dlnl" dlp~ukd `ldl lp uj`zuplp yl¤
njd pju njpvcknlp `lg~kgnl" ép vjqjp" k~ã djpdl `ld l ujpykbnl nlp ðuhàlp
`zak fzgèàl pjuck cdyjncu jppjp njpvclp" l {zj ylnj pju cbzp~uknl `ld l
dkgzkb {zj l yuðyucl ^ucezgkb nj @lg~kp nl Jp~knl nj Pàl Ykzbl jbkelulz
ykuk lucjg~ku lp dzgc`äyclp pleuj lp hkp~lp `ld jnz`kèàl' Gkp cgp~uzèújp
`lg~cnkp gjppj dkgzkb" kykuj`ckd lp c~jgp {zj ylnckd pju `lgpcnjuknlp
‒dkgz~jgèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nl jgpcgl—" j kbc jukd ujhcp~uknlp vëuclp
c~jgp {zj jp`kykd cg~jcukdjg~j kl leaj~cvl `jg~ukb nl jgpcgl' Zd nlp ylg~lp
{zj `lgp~kvk njppkp cgp~uzèújp ã {zj k Yujfjc~zuk ylnjuck z~cbcqku uj`zuplp
nk jnz`kèàl ykuk kpfkb~ku k uzk jd fujg~j é jp`lbk" l {zj ã levckdjg~j zd
njpvcl'
Nckg~j nl j}ylp~l pj ylnjuck kuhzdjg~ku {zj" djpdl pj k Zgcàl" lp
jp~knlp j lp dzgc`äyclp njp~cgkppjd ;99* nj pjz luèkdjg~l é jnz`kèàl"
kcgnk gàl pjuck pzfc`cjg~j ykuk cdybkg~ku l pcp~jdk nj cdjnck~l' J kä vád lp
kuhzdjg~lp1 jg~àl ã cdylppävjb {zjuju ujplbvju jppj yulebjdk? jbj ã cgplbñvjb'
Gl jg~kg~l" gðp pkejdlp" yjbk j}yjucág`ck nj lz~ulp ykäpjp {zj jp~cvjukd jd
pc~zkèàl pjdjbmkg~j lz yclu {zj k glppk" {zj k plbzèàl ã" pcd" ylppävjb'
Leaj~cvkdjg~j" gl jg~kg~l" k pc~zkèàl ã jp~k1 gðp jp~kdlp `ld l pcp¤
~jdk nj jgpcgl jd gävjb gk`clgkb gàl cdybkg~knl" j cppl `uck jg~ukvjp' Jppj
{zknul" {zj k`kel nj j}ylu" `lgfchzuk k pc~zkèàl nj yjgñuck yjbk {zkb ykp¤
pkd kp glppkp jp`lbkp j yjbk {zkb ykppkd lp glpplp yulfjpplujp1 `lgncèújp
nj ~ukekbml yuj`ëuckp j pkbëuclp yuj`ëuclp'
Cppl pj ujfbj~j gk fludkèàl nlp yulfjpplujp" {zj ~kdeãd ujpzb~k yuj¤
`ëuck" pjgnl khukvknk ylu{zj pàl leuchknlp k ~ju zdk pleuj`kuhk nj kzbkp" l{zj" jd `lgpj{zág`ck" ~ukq ncfc`zbnknjp ykuk k ~jluck" `ldl jp~lz ~jg~kgnl
dlp~uku' Jd ~kcp `lgncèújp" fc`k ncfä`cb ykuk jppjp yulfjpplujp kppcdcbku kp yul$
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC 33
ylp~kp ~jðuc`kp j yul`zuku cdybjdjg~ë$bkp gk pzk yuë~c`k' Jvcnjg`ck$pj kä zd
{zknul nj yuj`kucjnknj {zj ujyju`z~j gk ~jluck" `lbl`kgnl ðec`jp ykuk l pjz
njpjgvlbvcdjg~l j ykuk k vjucfc`kèàl nl hukz jd {zj kp yulylp~kp ~jðuc`kp nj
fk~l ylnjd pju kb~jugk~cvkp ykuk zd ~ukekbml {zkbc~k~cvl yjnkhlhc`kdjg~j nc¤fjujg`cknl' Jd vjunknj" gðp gjd `mjhkdlp kcgnk k ylnju ncp`z~cu l yulebjdk
{zkbc~k~cvl" nknl {zj l nãfc`c~ {zkg~c~k~cvl ã nj ~kb lunjd {zj jppj yulebjdk
gàl ylnj pj{zju pju ylp~l' Jppj ã zd njpkfcl ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k
gk djncnk jd {zj yúj nckg~j njbk bcdc~jp kl pjz yuðyucl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l
~jðuc`l' Dkp ã zd njpkfcl ~kdeãd gl pjhzgnl pjg~cnl kylg~knl gk keju¤
~zuk njp~j ~j}~l" ylu{zj k leuchk k ~ldku `lgp`cág`ck njppj jp~knl nj `lcpkp"
vcpkgnl k `ldyujjgnju pzkp `kzpkp j k`clgku gàl pð j}ybc`kèújp" dkp lp
dj`kgcpdlp ylppävjcp nj jgfujg~kdjg~l njppj ~cyl nj pc~zkèàl'
0 ' K [ Z J P ^ À L D K ^ J U CK B N K L U H K G C QK È À L N L P CP ^ J D K J N K P J P @ L B K P
Ylp~l cppl" `ujcl {zj ã ylppävjb ykppku ykuk l pjhzgnl ~cyl nj njpkfcl"
djpdl ylu{zj k fludk nj jgfujg~kdjg~l njppk yulebjdë~c`k vkc ~ukqju é ekcbk
l pjhzgnl njpkfcl" {zj ã k{zjbj ujfjucnl kl ådec~l luhkgcqk`clgkb' Jd lz~ulp
~judlp" ykuk jgfujg~ku k pc~zkèàl k`cdk njp`uc~k" ã gj`jppëucl zd hukz nj dl¤ ecbcqkèàl j nj luhkgcqkèàl {zj yujppclgj l Jp~knl j l `lgazg~l nk pl`cjnknj"
gl cg~zc~l nj {zj k jnz`kèàl vjgmk k kppzdcu l `kuë~ju nj yuclucnknj jfj~cvk
j `ld cppl lp uj`zuplp gj`jppëuclp vjgmkd k pju njp~cgknlp' Nj lz~ul bknl"
jppk pc~zkèàl yuj`ëuck `lbl`k l njpkfcl nj dlecbcqkèàl j nj luhkgcqkèàl nl
yuðyucl ~ukekbml nl`jg~j" nj dlnl {zj gl cg~juclu nk yuðyuck kèàl yjnkhðhc`k
pj njpjgvlbvkd lp dj`kgcpdlp {zj pj `lg~ukylgmkd k jppj jp~knl nj `lcpkp' J
k{zc gðp vkdlp jgfujg~ku l yulebjdk ujbk~cvl kl njp`ldykppl jg~uj l ~jlu nk
yulylp~k" jd pzk fludzbkèàl ~jðuc`k" j l dlnl `ldl pj `lg`jej j pj j}j`z~kl yul`jppl nj pzk cdybkg~kèàl' @ld jfjc~l" k fludk nj cdybkg~kèàl jgvlbvj
k yulebjdë~c`k luhkgcqk`clgkb {zj" ylu pzk vjq" ~jd k vju `ld k {zjp~àl nk
bchkèàl jg~uj ~jluck j yuë~c`k {zj gðp" jnz`knlujp" ~jcdlpkdjg~j ~jgnjdlp k
`ldyujjgnju `ldl ylblp pjykuknlp'
Më zd pjgpl `ldzd glp djclp jnz`k`clgkcp {zj pjykuk ~jluck j yuë¤
~c`k" k ~kb ylg~l {zj jg~uj lp yulfjpplujp j jg~uj lp kbzglp ã dzc~l `ldzd k
ujcvcgnc`kèàl nk yuë~c`k `lg~uk k ~jluck' Lp kbzglp fuj{zjg~jdjg~j fludzbkd
klp pjzp yulfjpplujp k leajèàl1 ‒jppj `zupl jp~ë dzc~l ~jðuc`l" yuj`cpk pju dkcp yuë~c`l—' Lp yulfjpplujp" nj dlnl jpyj`ckb {zkgnl pj jg`kdcgmkd yulylp~kp
nj ujluhkgcqkèàl nl jgpcgl" nj ujfludk nk luhkgcqkèàl jp`lbku" nlp yul`jpplp
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;99 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
`zuuc`zbkujp j~`'" ~jgnjd ~kdeãd k ujpylgnju1 ‒Cp~l ã ~jluck" gàl dznk gknk"
vkc fc`ku ~znl nl djpdl ajc~l+—' Gl jg~kg~l" leaj~cvkdjg~j" gðp `lgp~k~kdlp
{zj" {zju pj {zjcuk lz gàl" cg~jg`clgkbdjg~j lz gàl" k bchkèàl jg~uj ~jluck
j yuë~c`k ã ekp~kg~j jp~ujc~k' Jz `lp~zdl cbzp~uku cppl `ld kp nzkp yulylp~kp yjnkhðhc`kp dkcp ncfzgncnkp" {zj pàl k yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb j k glvk'
K yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb ujkbcqk$pj gkp jp`lbkp é djncnk {zj jbk pj jg¤
`kugk gk yuë~c`k" yuë~c`k jp~k yjgpknk nj ~kb dkgjcuk {zj l yuðyucl kpyj`~l
fäpc`l nkp jp`lbkp hkgmk ~kb `lgfludkèàl {zj" {zkgnl `lgfulg~knk `ld l
{zj ã yuj`lgcqknl yjbk yjnkhlhck glvk" dznk cg~jcukdjg~j nj fchzuk' Pj gðp
yjgpkudlp zdk pkbk nj kzbk ~äyc`k nk yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb" vkdlp jg`lg~uku
zd `lgazg~l hukgnj nj `ku~jcukp nckg~j nj zdk djpk {zj l`zyk ylpcèàl njp¤
~k`knk" j {zj ã k djpk nl yulfjpplu' Kp `ku~jcukp gk pkbk ~äyc`k nk yjnkhlhck~uknc`clgkb pàl fc}kp j vlb~knkp ~lnkp ykuk nj~judcgknl ylg~l lgnj pj jg`lg~uk
l yulfjpplu' ^uk~k$pj" ylcp" nj zdk jp`lbk `zal `jg~ul ã l yulfjpplu" k {zjd `kej
~ldku kp cgc`ck~cvkp j ncuj`clgku l yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l' @lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j"
k pkbk nj kzbk yuðyuck njppk jp`lbk flc yjgpknk j yulhukdknk fcpc`kdjg~j ykuk
{zj lp kbzglp yujp~jd k~jgèàl gkp j}ybc`kèújp nl yulfjpplu' Ylu cppl ã zdk
pkbk nj kzbk pcbjg`clpk" nj ykujnjp lyk`kp'
[zkgnl gðp yjgpkdlp jd zdk pkbk nj kzbk ~äyc`k nk yjnkhlhck glvk"
`lgp~k~kdlp {zj pj ~uk~k nj kbhl cg~jcukdjg~j ncvjupl' Jppk pkbk gàl ~jd`ku~jcukp fc}kp" ã luhkgcqknk ykuk zd gñdjul djglu nj kbzglp" gàl ~jd zd
`jg~ul" gjbk gàl j}cp~j zdk djpk nl yulfjpplu {zj pj njp~k`k j kp ykujnjp
pàl dzb~c`lblucnkp" `mjckp nj `ku~kqjp' Ylu {zá< Ylu{zj kä pj yku~j nl yujp¤
pzylp~l nj {zj" {zkg~l dkcp jp~cdzbknl" ~kg~l djbmlu l kbzgl kyujgnj' Gk
yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb" yku~ck$pj nl yujppzylp~l nj {zj l kbzgl njvjuck pju
yul~jhcnl nj jp~ädzblp j}~juglp" ylu{zj ~cgmk {zj `lg`jg~uku pzk k~jgèàl
gkp j}ybc`kèújp nl yulfjpplu' Ylu cppl k pkbk nj kzbk ~cgmk {zj pju pcbjg`clpk"
nj ykujnjp lyk`kp" ykuk jvc~ku jp~ädzblp {zj ncp~ukäppjd k k~jgèàl" j ~kd¤ eãd ~cgmk {zj pju bl`kbcqknk gzd ylg~l {zj gàl flppj k~cghcnl ylu uzänlp
j}~juglp' Aë ykuk k yjnkhlhck glvk l`luuj j}k~kdjg~j l cgvjupl' Jppk ~jluck
yuj`lgcqk {zj kp `uckgèkp kyujgnjd jd k~cvcnknj" cg~jukhcgnl `ld lz~ukp
`uckgèkp ple lucjg~kèàl j pzyjuvcpàl nl yulfjpplu" ujpylgnjgnl klp jp~ädzblp
j njpkfclp nl kdecjg~j' Kppcd" k pkbk nj kzbk ã ekuzbmjg~k jd nj`luuág`ck nk
dzb~cybc`kèàl nlp jp~ädzblp cg~juglp j j}~juglp'
Cppl {zj yul`zujc dlp~uku ylu djcl nk `lg~ukylpcèàl jg~uj k yjnkhlhck
~uknc`clgkb j k yjnkhlhck glvk l`luuj ~kdeãd `ld kp njdkcp ~jluckp yjnk¤hðhc`kp' Fc`k jvcnjg~j" ylcp" {zj l yuðyucl kpyj`~l fäpc`l nkp pkbkp nj kzbk pj
dlncfc`k é djncnk {zj k `lg`jyèàl nj jnz`kèàl pj kb~juk j vc`j$vjupk'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;9;
[zkgnl vlb~kdlp lp lbmlp ykuk kp glppkp ujnjp nj jgpcgl" gðp `lgp~k¤
~kdlp jppk pc~zkèàl' Kp ujnjp jp`lbkujp pàl luhkgcqknkp pjhzgnl nj~judcgk¤
nk `lg`jyèàl {zj" gludkbdjg~j" ã cgp~c~zänk ylu djcl nk bjhcpbkèàl" jdeluk
`lg~jgmkd ~kdeãd" ép vjqjp nj fludk `lg~uknc~ðuck" jbjdjg~lp cdybä`c~lpnjucvknlp nj `lg`jyèújp {zj yjgj~ukukd gl `l~cnckgl nkp jp`lbkp" `lgp~c¤
~zcgnl k{zcbl {zj ylnjuäkdlp `mkdku nj ‒pjgpl `ldzd jnz`k`clgkb—'
Pj `lgpcnjukudlp k ujnj jp`lbku nj jnz`kèàl eëpc`k gl Eukpcb" vjuj¤
dlp {zj pzk luhkgcqkèàl k~zkb kcgnk pj ykz~k" fzgnkdjg~kbdjg~j" yjbkp
`kuk`~juäp~c`kp {zj kppzdcz jd nj`luuág`ck nk ujfludk nl jgpcgl jp~k~zänk
yjbk Bjc g' :'635" yuldzbhknk jd ;; nj khlp~l nj ;38;' Pj ~ldkudlp" ylu
pzk vjq" {zkb{zju cgp~c~zcèàl nj jgpcgl pzyjuclu" gðp vjujdlp {zj jbk jp~ë
luhkgcqknk pjhzgnl lp ncpylpc~cvlp nk Bjc g' :':>9" kyulvknk jd 5= nj gl¤vjdeul nj ;36= j ujhzbkdjg~knk yjbl Nj`uj~l g' >6> nj ;; nj fjvjujcul nj
;363' Glp nlcp `kplp" k ujfjucnk bjhcpbkèàl cg`luylulz nj~judcgknk `lg`jy¤
èàl {zj nj kbhzd dlnl lucjg~lz j `lg~cgzk kcgnk k lucjg~ku k luhkgcqkèàl
yuë~c`k nkp jp`lbkp" kyjpku nj kp bjcp djg`clgknkp ~jujd pcnl pzep~c~zänkp
yjbk glvk BNE'
^uk~k$pj" gl `kpl {zj jp~kdlp `lgpcnjukgnl" nk `lg`jyèàl j luhkgc¤
qkèàl nl jgpcgl `luujpylgnjg~j kl yjuälnl nl ujhcdj dcbc~ku" {zj vchlulz
gl Eukpcb jg~uj ;36> j ;3=>' Jg{zkg~l lp hlvjuglp dcbc~kujp yul`zukvkdcdybkg~ku" gk nã`knk nj ;389" k ujfludk nl jgpcgl" lp jnz`knlujp yulhujp¤
pcp~kp njpjgvlbvckd k `uä~c`k k jppk djpdk ujfludk" ujpykbnknlp" nj dlnl
hjukb" gkp fludzbkèújp nkp ~jluckp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp' Gk vcuknk nlp kglp
nj ;389 ykuk lp kglp nj ;3=9" k `uä~c`k `lg~jp~knluk ~jgnjz k pju pzep~c~zänk
ylu zdk `uä~c`k pzyjuknluk" nknl l kgpjcl jd lucjg~ku$pj k yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk
gzdk ncujèàl ~ukgpfludknluk nkp njpchzkbnknjp {zj vád dku`kgnl k pl¤
`cjnknj eukpcbjcuk' Ã gjppj `lg~j}~l {zj jdjuhj k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k
`ldl zdk ~jluck {zj yul`zuk `ldyujjgnju lp bcdc~jp nk jnz`kèàl vchjg~jj" kl djpdl ~jdyl" pzyjuë$blp ylu djcl nk fludzbkèàl nlp yucg`äyclp"
dã~lnlp j yul`jncdjg~lp yuë~c`lp bchknlp ~kg~l é luhkgcqkèàl nl pcp~jdk
nj jgpcgl {zkg~l kl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nlp yul`jpplp yjnkhðhc`lp {zj yújd
jd dlvcdjg~l k ujbkèàl yulfjpplu$kbzglp gl cg~juclu nkp jp`lbkp'
Gjppj {zknul" kcgnk kg~jp nl ~ãudcgl nl ujhcdj dcbc~ku" nckg~j nk
lylu~zgcnknj pzuhcnk `ld k jbjcèàl nj hlvjuglp {zj fkqckd lylpcèàl kl
ujhcdj j pj njfcgckd `ldl ylyzbkujp j njdl`uë~c`lp" l`luujukd ~jg~k~cvkp
nj kppzdcu" gl gävjb nk fludzbkèàl nj ylbä~c`kp jnz`k~cvkp" k yjnkhlhckmcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' ^kcp ~jg~k~cvkp pj kyujpjg~kukd" ekpc`kdjg~j" ple nzkp
dlnkbcnknjp1
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;95 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
k# k{zjbk jd {zj nj~judcgknlp hlvjugkg~jp bkgèkvkd dàl nj cnjckp
yjnkhðhc`kp `lgpcnjuknkp yulhujppcp~kp kyjgkp `ldl zd dj`kgcp¤
dl nj yulajèàl ylbä~c`k azg~l kl jbjc~luknl' Gjppk vjupàl ylyzbcp~k" k
{zjp~àl ujbk~cvk kl `lg~jñnl jpyj`äfc`l nkp cnjckp keukèknkp" pzkp ek¤pjp ~jðuc`kp" pjz pchgcfc`knl yjnkhðhc`l" pzk `kyk`cnknj nj cg~jufjucu
gk {zkbcnknj nl jgpcgl fc`kvkd jd pjhzgnl ybkgl" pzeluncgkgnl$pj
kl leaj~cvl dkclu `lgpzep~kg`cknl gl hkgml ylbä~c`l {zj pj ezp`kvk
k~cghcu?
e# k{zjbkp ~jg~k~cvkp `lgnzqcnkp ylu j{zcyjp {zj" kppzdcgnl fzgèújp
gl ådec~l nj pj`uj~kuckp nj jnz`kèàl jp~knzkcp lz dzgc`cykcp" ezp¤
`kvkd `ldyujjgnju `ld pjucjnknj kp `kuk`~juäp~c`kp nk ~jluck jp¤
`lbmcnk" yul`zukgnl cdybjdjg~ë$bk `ldl zd cgp~uzdjg~l jfc`kqnj ~ukgpfludkèàl j jbjvkèàl nk {zkbcnknj nl jgpcgl yñebc`l'
Ykuk jfjc~lp nk kgëbcpj {zj jp~lz fkqjgnl gjp~j ~j}~l" cdylu~k `lgpcnjuku
k pjhzgnk dlnkbcnknj" lepjuvkgnl {zj" djpdl gjp~j `kpl" l fk~l nj gàl pj
k~jg~ku pzfc`cjg~jdjg~j ykuk l dlnl `ldl kp jp`lbkp jp~àl luhkgcqknkp k`kek
ylu cgvckecbcqku k ~ukgpfludkèàl yuj~jgncnk' J cppl gàl ylu cgpzfc`cág`ck nk
~jluck" gjd" gj`jppkuckdjg~j" ylu cgpzfc`cjg~j `ldyujjgpàl ~jðuc`k ylu yku~j
nlp ujpylgpëvjcp ylu pzk cdybkg~kèàl' L`luuj {zj" `ldl aë pj cgnc`lz" kpjp`lbkp jp~àl luhkgcqknkp nj nj~judcgknk dkgjcuk {zj `luujpylgnj k nj~ju¤
dcgknk `lg`jyèàl" lz pjak" k nj~judcgknk lucjg~kèàl ~jðuc`k' Kppcd" {zkgnl
pj {zju dznku l jgpcgl" hzckgnl$pj ylu zdk lz~uk ~jluck" gàl ekp~k fludzbku
l yulaj~l yjnkhðhc`l j ncfzgnc$bl ykuk l `luyl nl`jg~j" lp kbzglp j" djpdl"
ykuk ~lnk k `ldzgcnknj" jpyjukgnl {zj jbjp ykppjd k pj lucjg~ku ylu jppk
glvk yulylp~k' Ã yuj`cpl bjvku jd `lg~k k yuë~c`k nkp jp`lbkp {zj" luhkgcqknkp
nj k`lunl `ld k ~jluck kg~juclu" lyjukd `ldl zd nj~judcgkg~j nk yuðyuck
`lgp`cág`ck nlp khjg~jp" lylgnl" ylu~kg~l" zdk ujpcp~ág`ck dk~juckb é ~jg~k~cvknj ~ukgpfludkèàl kbcdjg~knk ylu zdk glvk ~jluck'
Jppk pc~zkèàl dkgcfjp~lz$pj `ld zdk `ju~k fuj{zág`ck glp hlvjuglp
{zj pj `bkppcfc`kukd `ldl njdl`uë~c`lp j ylyzbkujp gk nã`knk nj ;3=9' Zd
j}jdybl {zj jz yuðyucl vcvjg`cjc {zkgnl fzc djdeul nl @lgpjbml Jp~knzkb
nj Jnz`kèàl nj Pàl Ykzbl" jd djknlp nlp kglp nj ;3=9" gl Hlvjugl Fukg`l
Dlg~lul" ã cbzp~uk~cvl nl {zj jp~ë pjgnl ncp`z~cnl'
Nknl {zj juk zd hlvjugl {zj pj njfcgck `ldl njdl`uë~c`l" kp yulylp¤
~kp {zj pj yul`zukvk cdybkg~ku jukd yjgpknkp gk Pj`uj~kuck nj Jnz`kèàl jjg`kdcgmknkp ykuk kp jp`lbkp" nkgnl$pj zd ~jdyl ykuk vjucfc`ku pj pzuhcuckd
pzhjp~újp' @kpl gàl pzuhcppjd" `lgpcnjukvk$pj {zj pj njvck cdybkg~ku" ylu¤
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;9 0
{zj" gàl vcgnl pzhjp~újp gjd leajèújp" cppl pchgcfc`kvk {zj k ujnj jp~kvk nj
k`lunl' @ld jfjc~l" gcp~l `lgpcp~ck l `kuë~ju njdl`uë~c`l1 fkq$pj k `lgpzb~k? pj
gàl mlzvju dkgcfjp~kèújp" ã ylu{zj më k`lunl" `lgfludj ujqk" kbcëp" l nc~knl
ylyzbku pjhzgnl l {zkb ‒{zjd `kbk `lgpjg~j—'
Gl jg~kg~l" ã {zjp~clgëvjb jppk `lg`jyèàl nj njdl`uk`ck' Jd yucdjc¤
ul bzhku" k yulylp~k flc `lg`jecnk gl hkecgj~j' Jdeluk pj `uc~c`kppj k vcpàl
~j`gc`cp~k nj ybkgjaku jd gävjb nj hkecgj~j" gcppl gàl mlzvj kb~jukèàl' Dkp
gk vcpàl ~j`gc`cp~k gàl pj `lgpcnjukvk cdylu~kg~j k `lgpzb~k" aë {zj jukd lp
~ã`gc`lp {zj jg~jgnckd nl kppzg~l? blhl" jbjp yulylgnl" ylnck$pj cdybkg~ku'
Gzd hlvjugl njdl`uë~c`l" cppl gàl ylnjuck l`luuju' Më zdk ncfjujgèk1 fkq$
pj k `lgpzb~k' Dkp `kej yjgpku" jd yucdjcul bzhku" {zj gk yuðyuck jbkelukèàl
ylnjuck mkvju zd `ju~l hukz nj yku~c`cykèàl' Jd pjhzgnl bzhku" kcgnk {zjk yulylp~k ~jgmk pcnl jbkeluknk jd gävjb nj Pj`uj~kuck ykuk pju pzedj~cnk é
`lgpzb~k" `zdyuj `lgpcnjuku {zj k ujpylp~k k jppk `lgpzb~k njyjgnj nj `ju~kp
`lgncèújp' Pj k ujnj fzg`clgk jd `lgncèújp ~kcp {zj k ujpylp~k é `lgpzb~k fc`k
dzc~l ncfc`zb~knk" gàl më ujpylp~k" gàl ylu{zj l yulfjppluknl gàl ~jgmk l
{zj ncqju k ujpyjc~l" dkp ylu{zj" gkp `lgncèújp jd {zj k ujnj lyjuk" ã dzc~l
ncfä`cb {zj jppk ujpylp~k ylppk pju fludzbknk'
Jppk ujfjuág`ck é ujnj nj jgpcgl dlp~uk {zj" pj k ujnj jp~kvk cdybkg~knk
pjhzgnl zdk luhkgcqkèàl {zj njucvkvk fzgnkdjg~kbdjg~j nk lucjg~kèàl ~j`¤gc`cp~k" `ldl" pjd dj}ju gk dë{zcgk" pj ylnjuck cg~ulnzqcu lz~uk yulylp~k<
à cdyjuclpl dj}ju gk dë{zcgk" ép vjqjp k~ã ylu zdk {zjp~àl nj eld pjgpl"
gàl pjgnl yuj`cpl fkqju uj`zupl k dzc~kp ~jluckp' Dkp gl `kpl jd ~jbk" jpyj¤
`ckbdjg~j jd pj ~uk~kgnl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" ykuk k {zkb" `ldl aë
pj njp~k`lz" k yuë~c`k ã l fzgnkdjg~l" l `uc~ãucl nj vjunknj j k fcgkbcnknj nk
~jluck" zdk vjq {zj pàl kp `lgncèújp dk~juckcp {zj nj~judcgkd k `lgp`cág`ck
j gàl l `lg~uëucl" k njp`lgpcnjukèàl jd ujbkèàl é dk~juckbcnknj nk yuë~c`k
yjnkhðhc`k j pjz `kuë~ju nj~judcgkg~j ylnj" djpdl" pju cg~juyuj~knk `ldlcg`lgpcp~ág`ck ~jðuc`k'
Jd vjunknj" k yku~cu nk ujfludk cdybkg~knk yjbk Bjc g' :'635,8;" k
luhkgcqkèàl nk ujnj jp`lbku jgfk~cqlz k cdylu~åg`ck nlp jpyj`ckbcp~kp" pc¤
~zkgnl l `luyl nl`jg~j gk `lgncèàl nj j}j`z~lujp nlp ybkglp j yulhukdkp
fludzbknlp yjblp ~ã`gc`lp j ylu jbjp pzyjuvcpclgknlp' Kppcd" pjhzgnl lp yucg¤
`äyclp nj gjz~ukbcnknj" uk`clgkbcnknj" jfc`cág`ck j yulnz~cvcnknj" ~uknzqcnlp
gk fðudzbk nk ezp`k nl dë}cdl nj ujpzb~knlp `ld l dägcdl nj ncpyágncl"
~jgnjz$pj k leaj~cvku l ~ukekbml nl`jg~j" ujnzqcgnl$l k zd `lgazg~l nj ~k¤ujfkp pcdybcfc`knkp ykppävjcp nj pjujd j}j`z~knkp pjd k j}chág`ck nj dkclujp
{zkbcfc`kèújp' Njppk fludk jpyjukvk$pj njplgjuku l luèkdjg~l" dkg~jgnl kp
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;9> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
jp`lbkp fzg`clgkgnl `ld zd gñdjul ujbk~cvkdjg~j ujnzqcnl nj ~ã`gc`lp"
`zalp pkbëuclp jukd dkcp jbjvknlp" klp {zkcp pj pzeluncgkvk zdk dkppk nj
yulfjpplujp" ujpylgpëvjcp ylu zdk `kuhk jbjvknk nj mlukp$kzbkp j lyjukgnl
`ld ekc}lp pkbëuclp'
@ld ekpj gk `uä~c`k k jppj dlnjbl" lp hlvjuglp nk `mkdknk Glvk
Ujyñebc`k flukd bjvknlp k keucu dàl nlp jpyj`ckbcp~kp" dkg~jgnl" yluãd" lp
yulfjpplujp gkp djpdkp `lgncèújp yuj`ëuckp yujvcp~kp gl dlnjbl `uc~c`knl'
@ld cppl" k ujnj jp`lbku njpluhkgcqlz$pj kcgnk dkcp" ykppkgnl nk hjp~àl
~j`gl`uë~c`k" yuðyuck nl yjuälnl kz~luc~ëucl nl ujhcdj dcbc~ku" ykuk l j}~uj¤
dl lylp~l" nk fukhdjg~kèàl j nl njp`lg~ulbj" jd gldj nk njp`jg~ukbcqkèàl"
dkg~jgnl$pj" yluãd" lp dj`kgcpdlp kz~luc~ëuclp yjblp {zkcp pj cdyzgmk k
glvk pc~zkèàl' @ldl dlp~ulz Bäbckg Kggk Xk`mlxc`q -;33>" yy' ;:0$;66#" ~kb
vcãp pj dkgcfjp~lz gkp ~jg~k~cvkp nj ujluhkgcqku kp jp`lbkp é bzq nk yjnkhlhck
mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k gl dzgc`äycl nj @zuc~cek j" yucg`cykbdjg~j" gk ujnj yñebc`k
jp~knzkb nl Ykukgë'
Jppk djpdk yulebjdë~c`k ylnj pju `lgp~k~knk ~kdeãd gl {zj pj ujfjuj
é jnz`kèàl pzyjuclu' Gjppj gävjb" vjd pjgnl dzc~l ncp`z~cnk k {zjp~àl nk
kvkbckèàl nl ~ukekbml nl`jg~j vcpkgnl é {zkbcnknj" j `leuk$pj yulnz~cvcnk¤
nj" ~uknzqcnk jd ku~chlp j yjp{zcpkp" jd ~jpjp j ncppju~kèújp njfjgncnkp" jd
kbzglp ~c~zbknlp `ld zdk fludkèàl yulfcppclgkb knj{zknk' @leuk$pj yku~c`c¤
ykèàl" kyujpjg~kd$pj nl`zdjg~lp nj kvkbckèàl ykuk lp njyku~kdjg~lp" ykuk
lp nl`jg~jp" yjncgnl {zj pjakd ncp`z~cnlp j uj~lugjd `ld pzhjp~újp' Dkp
k{zc ~kdeãd më zdk jp~uz~zuk luhkgcqk`clgkb {zj nj`luuj nk Bjc g' :':>9'
L {zj jppk bjc fjq< Jbk `ldjèlz ylu jp~kejbj`ju" jd pjz ku~chl 5l1 ‒L jgpcgl
pzyjuclu" cgncppl`cëvjb nk yjp{zcpk" pjuë dcgcp~uknl jd zgcvjupcnknjp j" j}¤
`jy`clgkbdjg~j" jd jp~kejbj`cdjg~lp cplbknlp" luhkgcqknlp `ldl cgp~c~zcèújp
nj ncujc~l yñebc`l lz yucvknl—'
Jppj ku~chl njfcgj l yucg`äycl eëpc`l nk `lg`jyèàl nj zgcvjupcnknj yuj`lgcqknk yjbk Bjc g' :':>9,6=' L`luuj" yluãd" {zj" {zkgnl jppk djpdk
bjc njfcgj k fludk nj fzg`clgkdjg~l nkp jp`lbkp pzyjuclujp" jbk `lg`jej zdk
jp~uz~zuk {zj pjykuk jgpcgl j yjp{zcpk' Jd lz~ulp ~judlp" k bjc yul`bkdk {zj
l jgpcgl ã cgncppl`cëvjb nk yjp{zcpk" dkp cgp~c~zc zdk jp~uz~zuk {zj pjykuk
l jgpcgl nk yjp{zcpk'
K pjykukèàl jg~uj jgpcgl j yjp{zcpk njz$pj yjbk pjykukèàl jg~uj njyku¤
~kdjg~l j `lbjhcknl nj `zupl' L `lbjhcknl nj `zupl kndcgcp~uk l jgpcgl j l
njyku~kdjg~l kndcgcp~uk l pkeju' Gk pc~zkèàl kg~juclu" njyku~kdjg~l j `zupljukd cnág~c`lp' K glvk jp~uz~zuk cgp~c~zcz ~kdeãd k dk~uä`zbk ylu ncp`cybc¤
gk bchknk é njyku~kdjg~kbcqkèàl" vcpkgnl é ujnzèàl nj `zp~lp' Gk jp~uz~zuk
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ; 9 :
kg~juclu" ylu j}jdybl" k dkcluck nlp `zuplp nk ëujk nj `cág`ckp mzdkgkp
`lbl`kvk gl `zuuä`zbl nl yucdjcul kgl k ncp`cybcgk cg~ulnzèàl é fcblplfck `ld
nzkp kzbkp pjdkgkcp' Kppcd" pj jukd njq `zuplp {zj cg`bzäkd jppk ncp`cybcgk"
mkvjuck vcg~j kzbkp nj cg~ulnzèàl é fcblplfck {zj pjuckd dcgcp~uknkp ylu zd
lz dkcp yulfjpplujp' @ld k njyku~kdjg~kbcqkèàl" cg~ulnzèàl é fcblplfck ykppk
k cg~jhuku l Njyku~kdjg~l nj Fcblplfck' Jd `lgpj{zág`ck" lp `llunjgknlujp
nj `zupl" kp `ldcppújp {zj `llunjgkd `knk zd nlp `zuplp {zj nj`cncujd
cg`bzcu cg~ulnzèàl é fcblplfck glp ujpyj`~cvlp `zuuä`zblp vàl jg`kdcgmku zd
lfä`cl ykuk l `mjfj nl Njyku~kdjg~l nj Fcblplfck" yjncgnl {zj jbj njpchgj zd
yulfjpplu ykuk dcgcp~uku k ncp`cybcgk cg~ulnzèàl é fcblplfck' @ldl k dk~uä`zbk
ã ylu ncp`cybcgk" ~lnlp lp kbzglp {zj njvjuàl `zupku cg~ulnzèàl é fcblplfck
cuàl dk~uc`zbku$pj gjppk ncp`cybcgk" `ldylgnl zdk djpdk j ñgc`k ~zudk'
J k cgp~c~zcèàl cuë ykhku nzkp kzbkp j gàl vcg~j" j`lgldcqkgnl lp `zp~lp
ujbk~cvlp k ;= kzbkp pjdkgkcp'
@lgpj{zjg~jdjg~j" pj gk jp~uz~zuk kg~juclu l yulfjpplu ~ukekbmkvk
`ld ~zudkp nj njq" vcg~j lz ~ucg~k kbzglp `knk zdk" gk glvk jp~uz~zuk jbj
ykppk k ~ukekbmku `ld ~zudkp nj ;99" ;:9 lz 599 kbzglp' Luk" nl ylg~l nj
vcp~k {zkbc~k~cvl" gàl ã k djpdk `lcpk bj`clgku ykuk ~zudkp nj vcg~j lz nj
;:9 kbzglp' J ~kdeãd gàl ã k djpdk `lcpk bj`clgku ykuk zd huzyl mj~jul¤
hágjl nj kbzglp nj ncfjujg~jp `zuplp lz ykuk zd huzyl mldlhágjl' @ld
jfjc~l" pkej$pj {zj l bzhku j l yjpl nj zdk ncp`cybcgk `ldl cg~ulnzèàl é
fcblplfck pàl ncvjuplp `lgfludj pj ~uk~j nj `zuplp ncfjujg~jp jg~uj pc `ldl
hjlhukfck" yjnkhlhck" fcblplfck" `cág`ckp pl`ckcp" mcp~ðuck" ypc`lblhck" bj~ukp"
pjuvcèl pl`ckb j~`'
Lz~uk djncnk nj`luujg~j nk jp~uz~zuk yujvcp~k yjbk Bjc g' :':>9 ã l
`kbjgnëucl pjdjp~ukb' Luk" k luhkgcqkèàl nl ~jdyl ujpjuvknl kl ~ukekbml
yjnkhðhc`l ã zd jbjdjg~l cdylu~kg~äppcdl nl ylg~l nj vcp~k {zkbc~k~cvl'
[zkgnl l `zupl juk kgzkb" l yulfjpplu ~ukekbmkvk `ld zdk ~zudk {zj jbj
k`ldykgmkvk kl blghl nj ~lnl l kgl' Kppcd" é djncnk {zj l yulfjpplu ck
nj~j`~kgnl kp ncfc`zbnknjp nlp kbzglp" jbj ylnck cgnc`ku ~ukekbmlp ykuk l
kbzgl kyujpjg~ku jd khlp~l" z~cbcqkgnl l yjuälnl nj fãuckp' J kp fãuckp nj
azbml ~cgmkd zdk cdylu~åg`ck jgludj gk {zkbcnknj nj jgpcgl" nj dlnl
jpyj`ckb gl `kpl nlp `zuplp gl~zuglp' [zjd ~ukekbmkvk l nck cg~jcul j ~cgmk
ncfc`zbnknj nj k`ldykgmku" pjdkgk k pjdkgk" k bc~juk~zuk {zj juk cgnc`knk"
ncpyzgmk nl dáp nj azbml" {zkgnl jbj gàl juk leuchknl k cu kppcp~cu kzbkp
dkp ~cgmk ~kujfk" ~cgmk ~ukekbml" ~cgmk bjc~zukp yujvckdjg~j cgnc`knkp" ykukpzyucu jvjg~zkcp njfc`cág`ckp' Gjppkp `cu`zgp~åg`ckp" l dáp nj azbml juk nj¤
`cpcvl' Jd khlp~l" l yulfjpplu nkvk yulppjhzcdjg~l kl `zupl j vjucfc`kvk
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;96 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
pj ~cgmk mkvcnl djbmluk" pj kp ncfc`zbnknjp ~cgmkd pcnl pzyjuknkp' J mkvck
kcgnk kbhzd ~jdyl ykuk pj ~ldkujd kp djncnkp gj`jppëuckp é pzyjukèàl nkp
ncfc`zbnknjp {zj kcgnk yjupcp~cppjd" ylcp l yjuälnl bj~cvl pð cuck ~judcgku
gl cgä`cl nj njqjdeul'Jd `lg~ukyku~cnk" `ld l `kbjgnëucl pjdjp~ukb" fc`k$pj kyucpclgknl'
Kp kzbkp `ldjèkd jd dkuèl" j {zkgnl l yulfjpplu `mjhk k `lgmj`ju djbmlu
lp kbzglp" nj~j`~kgnl kp ncfc`zbnknjp jpyj`äfc`kp" aë pj jp~ë jd dkcl' Jd
azgml" ã gj`jppëucl yul`jnju é kvkbckèàl fcgkb j l pjdjp~uj jg`juuk$pj pjd
{zj mkak ~jdyl ykuk {zj kp ncfc`zbnknjp pjakd ~ukekbmknkp" vcpkgnl é pzk
pzyjukèàl' Jd khlp~l" uj`ldjèk$pj ~znl nl qjul `ld zdk glvk ~zudk" j
kppcd pz`jppcvkdjg~j' Jppkp pàl {zjp~újp luhkgcqk`clgkcp {zj njucvkd nk
`lg`jyèàl yujpjg~j gk Bjc g' :':>9" {zj cdybc`k zdk vcpàl fukhdjg~knk nl`lgmj`cdjg~l" nl pkeju" yulvl`kgnl ncpyjupàl" dzb~cybc`kgnl kp k~cvcnknjp"
`uckgnl zdk ybj~luk nj ðuhàlp j `ldcppújp" nlp {zkcp lp yulfjpplujp ~ád
{zj yku~c`cyku" ncp`z~cgnl lp yulebjdkp nj fludk fukhdjg~knk j kbjk~ðuck'
^znl cppl kzdjg~k k ncpyjupàl" kzdjg~k k `kuhk nj k~cvcnknjp j}chcnkp nlp
nl`jg~jp" dkp pjd ujvju~ju jd ujpzb~knlp nl ylg~l nj vcp~k nkp fcgkbcnknjp
{zj azp~cfc`kd k j}cp~ág`ck nkp cgp~c~zcèújp nj jgpcgl pzyjuclu'
K ~àl yulykbknk j}chág`ck nj kvkbckèàl nl ~ukekbml nl`jg~j" nj dlnl
hjukb" gàl bjvk jd `lg~k jppkp `lgncèújp luhkgcqk`clgkcp {zj ncfc`zb~kd kdjbmluck nk {zkbcnknj" ncfc`zb~kgnl ~kdeãd zdk yku~c`cykèàl jfj~cvk ~kg~l
nj kbzglp `ldl nj yulfjpplujp gl yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l j gl yuðyucl yul`jppl
nj kvkbckèàl yuj`lgcqknl'Vá$pj" ylcp" {zj gl gävjb pzyjuclu" kppcd `ldl gl gävjb nk jnz`kèàl
eëpc`k" jppkp {zjp~újp luhkgcqk`clgkcp" {zj yuj`cpkd pju jgfujg~knkp" `lbl¤
`kd ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k chzkbdjg~j zd nzybl njpkfcl1 nj zd
bknl" jbkp ncfc`zb~kd l kvkgèl nk ~jluck" nknlp lp bcdc~jp {zj jppj ~cyl nj
luhkgcqkèàl cgp~c~z`clgkb cdyúj? nj lz~ul bknl" `lbl`kd ~kdeãd l njpkfclnj gðp dj}judlp gcppl" nj dlncfc`kudlp jppkp fludkp" j kl kyujpjg~kudlp
yulylp~kp gàl kyjgkp yjgpkudlp gkp `lg`jyèújp" dkp ~kdeãd gkp kb~jukèújp
luhkgcqk`clgkcp j}chcnkp yjbk glvk yulylp~k ~jðuc`k'
Ylu l`kpcàl nk ujkbcqkèàl nl Pcdyðpcl nj Dkuäbck -Pcbvk Au '" ;33>#"
luhkgcqknl ykuk ncp`z~cu k dcgmk leuk" flukd njp~k`knlp lp ujpzb~knlp {zj
nj kbhzd dlnl `lgpjhzc le~ju gl djz ~ukekbml gk zgcvjupcnknj' J mlzvj
zd `ju~l njp~k{zj k jppjp kpyj`~lp luhkgcqk`clgkcp' @lg~znl" nl ylg~l nj
vcp~k ~jðuc`l" vëuclp `lbjhkp dj `leukd dkclu hukz nj jbkelukèàl j nj pcp¤~jdk~cqkèàl" l {zj ~kbvjq jz ~cvjppj ujkbcqknl pj flppj bcejuknl nlp jg`kuhlp
luhkgcqk`clgkcp {zj ~cvj nj kppzdcu" `ldl `llunjgkèújp" kndcgcp~ukèàl nj
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;98
`zuplp j yulhukdkp nj yjp{zcpk j~`' Gl jg~kg~l" jppjp kpyj`~lp njvjuckd
pju jgfujg~knlp" pjgnl ylppävjb fludzbku k mcyð~jpj nj {zj" pj jz dj uj`l¤
bmjppj ykuk dj njnc`ku k jppk pcp~jdk~cqkèàl" ã ylppävjb {zj jz `mjhkppj k
zdk yulnzèàl ~jðuc`k dkcp luhågc`k" dkcp pcp~jdë~c`k" dkcp jbkeluknk" dkcp
`lgpcp~jg~j' Dkp cppl gàl ã hkukg~cnl j}k~kdjg~j ylu{zj" pj jz kppzdcppj
jppj ncp~kg`ckdjg~l" ã yulvëvjb {zj jz ~kdeãd jp~cvjppj pj`zgnkucqkgnl
lp kpyj`~lp luhkgcqk`clgkcp' J" gjppj `kpl" k ~jluck gàl cg`luylukuck jppk
yulebjdë~c`k? jd `lgpj{zág`ck" jbk gàl ujpylgnjuck k jppjp yulebjdkp j"
ylu~kg~l" pjuck njfc`cjg~j gjppj kpyj`~l'
Jd `lg~ukyku~cnk" jppj `zcnknl luhkgcqk`clgkb yjudc~j keucu jpykèlp'
K`ujnc~l" `ld jfjc~l" {zj vëuclp `lbjhkp {zj yznjukd njpjgvlbvju ~ukekbmlp
pchgcfc`k~cvlp l fcqjukd ylu{zj jppjp jpykèlp flukd keju~lp' [zkgnl ~ukek¤
bmjc gk YZ@$PY" jz jp~kvk pjdyuj k~jg~l k jppj kpyj`~l ujbk~cvl ép `lgncèújp
luhkgcqk`clgkcp {zj pj ujylu~kd é dk~juckbcnknj nl ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l'
Cppl jgvlbvj yulvcnág`ckp `ldl dznku k jp~uz~zuk `zuuc`zbku ykuk jbcdcgku
l jdyjuukdjg~l nkp k~cvcnknjp" pj`zgnkucqkgnl kp k~cvcnknjp ezul`uë~c`kp
jd fkvlu nkp k~cvcnknjp$fcgp' L djpdl flc l {zj ~jg~jc fkqju jd Pàl @kublp j
njylcp gk Z gc`kdy' Ylu{zj yjgpl {zj zd kpyj`~l fzgnkdjg~kb nk ëujk jnz¤
`k`clgkb ã luhkgcqku l jpykèl yjnkhðhc`l" l `kdyl nj k~zkèàl" nj ~kb dlnl
{zj pj `lgp~c~zk zd kdecjg~j nj cg~jgpl j j}chjg~j jp~ädzbl cg~jbj`~zkb' Édjncnk {zj l jpykèl ã luhkgcqknl njppk dkgjcuk" lp {zj pj jgvlbvjd `ld lp
~ukekbmlp pj jp~cdzbkd" ykppkd ylu j}chág`ckp" dkp pàl" kl djpdl ~jdyl"
bjvknlp k vjg`á$bkp" j gjppj pjg~cnl yulhucnj$pj" {zju ncqju" k jnz`kèàl kvkgèk"
k jnz`kèàl yulnzq fuz~lp' Pjd cppl gðp jgfujg~kdlp lep~ë`zblp {zj k`kekd
cdyjncgnl {zj k jnz`kèàl yulnzqk lp fuz~lp {zj njbk pj jpyjukd'
Kelunjdlp" fcgkbdjg~j" l ~ju`jcul ~cyl nj njpkfcl'
> ' 9 N J P K F CL N K N J P @ L G ^ C G Z C N K N J
L ~ukekbml jnz`k~cvl ~jd {zj pj njpjgvlbvju gzd ~jdyl pzfc`cjg~j
ykuk {zj kp mkecbcnknjp" lp `lg`jc~lp {zj pj yuj~jgnj pjakd kppcdcbknlp yjblp
kbzglp" nj fk~l" pj `lgvju~kd gzdk jpyã`cj nj pjhzgnk gk~zujqk' Luk" cppl
j}chj ~jdyl' K `lg~cgzcnknj ã" ylcp" zdk `kuk`~juäp~c`k yuðyuck nk jnz`kèàl'
à ylu jppk ukqàl {zj lp pcp~jdkp nj jgpcgl jd hjukb ~jgnjd k fc}ku l ~jdyl
dägcdl nj nzukèàl nk jp`lbkucnknj yucdëuck jd ~lugl nj {zk~ul kglp" nknl
{zj jppj ã l ~jdyl gj`jppëucl ykuk {zj k{zjbkp mkecbcnknjp eëpc`kp pj fc}jd'
Ép vjqjp" gðp ~jdlp k cbzpàl nj {zj k kbfkej~cqkèàl ã kyjgkp zd dldjg~l
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;9= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
cgc`ckb nl yul`jppl nj kyujgncqkhjd? nkä k{zjbk cdkhjd nj {zj pj kbfkej~cqk
gl yucdjcul kgl' Kppcd" l kbzgl ~juck {zj nldcgku l kbfkej~l gl yucdjcul
kgl j" k yku~cu nl pjhzgnl" jbj cuck `ldybjdjg~kgnl k pzk fludkèàl' É dj¤
ncnk" yluãd" {zj lp ägnc`jp nj fuk`kppl kl fcgkb nl yucdjcul kgl pj ujvjbkukdkb~lp" `ldjèlz$pj k yjgpku1 Dkp ylu {zj k kbfkej~cqkèàl ~jd {zj pj bcdc~ku kl
yucdjcul kgl< Vkdlp jp~jgnju ykuk nlcp' J kä pj `uclz l `c`bl eëpc`l'
Gl jg~kg~l" gjd gk{zjbk fludk ~uknc`clgkb" jd {zj pj k`ujnc~kvk {zj
lp dj`kgcpdlp jukd nldcgknlp gl yucdjcul kgl" juk vjunknj {zj k kbfk¤
ej~cqkèàl pj `ldybj~kvk jd kyjgkp zd kgl' Nj fk~l" l kbzgl `lg~cgzkvk l
yul`jppl nj kbfkej~cqkèàl kl blghl nlp kglp pjhzcg~jp' Uj`lgmj`ju kp jp~uz¤
~zukp fludkcp nk bäghzk gàl ã kcgnk cg`luyluë$bkp' Kl fcgkb nl yucdjcul kgl"
ã ylppävjb {zj kp `uckgèkp kp uj`lgmjèkd" dkp jbkp gàl jp~àl kcgnk cg`luyl¤
uknkp' K cg`luylukèàl vkc nku$pj djnckg~j l `lgazg~l nl `zuuä`zbl jp`lbku'
@ld jfjc~l" pj gk yucdjcuk pãucj" gl yucdjcul kgl nj jp`lbk" kp yulfjpplukp
~ukekbmkvkd `ld lp kbzglp yujnldcgkg~jdjg~j k {zjp~àl nk bcghzkhjd"
jvjg~zkbdjg~j aë ~ukgpdc~ckd glèújp nj mcp~ðuck nl Eukpcb" ylu j}jdybl"
dkp l fkqckd lukbdjg~j' K yku~cu nl pjhzgnl kgl" kp `uckgèkp pàl bjvknkp k
jp~znku mcp~ðuck nl Eukpcb" kppcd `ldl hjlhukfck j `cág`ckp fäpc`kp j gk~zukcp
ylu jp`uc~l' Jg~àl" jp~àl `lg~cgzkgnl pjz kyujgncqknl nk bjc~zuk j nk jp`uc~k'
Jbkp ykppkd k jp~znku hjlhukfck gl bcvul nj hjlhukfck j~`'" j ~ád {zj fkqju
nc~knl nj hjlhukfck" nc~knl nj mcp~ðuck" ~ád {zj lzvcu j ujhcp~uku ylu jp`uc~l
k{zcbl {zj jp~àl lzvcgnl' K ujbkèàl jg~uj k bäghzk fkbknk j k bäghzk jp`uc~k
fkqck$pj k~ukvãp nl nc~knl" {zj gàl yuj`cpkvk pju zd nc~knl nj ylu~zhzáp'
Ylnck pju zd nc~knl nj mcp~ðuck" hjlhukfck" `cág`ckp" dk~jdë~c`k' Ylu djcl
njppj yul`jppl ã {zj kp `uckgèkp ckd cg`luylukgnl kp jp~uz~zukp nk `zb~zuk
bj~uknk" j juk ylu vlb~k nl {zku~l kgl {zj kp mkecbcnknjp eëpc`kp jp~kvkd
fc}knkp" k~cghcgnl$pj l ylg~l nj cu ujvjupcecbcnknj" nj ~kb dlnl {zj" djpdl
{zj gàl pj bjppj dkcp gknk" gàl pj ujhujncuck é `lgncèàl nj kgkbfkej~l'
K `lg~cgzcnknj ã" ylcp" gj`jppëuck" j kä dj ykuj`j jp~ku k ekpj nl fuk¤
`kppl nkp `kdykgmkp nj kbfkej~cqkèàl' Ylu {zj jppkp `kdykgmkp fuk`kppkd<
Fuk`kppkd ylu{zj pàl jpyluënc`kp" pàl njp`lg~ägzkp" gàl nzukd l ~jdyl
pzfc`cjg~j ykuk pj k~cghcu l ylg~l nj cuujvjupcecbcnknj' Jd hjukb" lp kbfkej~cqkg$
nlp" kyðp kbhzgp djpjp" `mjhkd k ujnchcu ecbmj~jp pcdybjp" `mjhkd k jp`ujvju
yj{zjglp ~j}~lp" j kä pj `ldjdluk l fjc~l nj {zj jd ylz`lp djpjp pj kbfkej¤
~cqlz" në$pj l ncybldk" fkq$pj zdk fjp~k" j njylcp nj zd kgl lp ncybldknlpujhucnjd é `lgncèàl nj kgkbfkej~lp' Jd vjunknj" k fludk yuðyuck nj ujplbvju
jppj yulebjdk ã k zgcvjupkbcqkèàl nk jp`lbk jbjdjg~ku' Gàl pzuhcz kcgnk zd
dj`kgcpdl dkcp knj{zknl' Ã `bkul {zj cppl gàl cdybc`k njp`lgpcnjuku kp
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;93
ncp~luèújp j lp njpvclp {zj l`luujd gk jp`lbk yucdëuck? ã `bkul {zj cppl gàl
glp ncpyjgpk nl `ldyuldcppl j nl jdyjgml nj djbmluku kp `lgncèújp nk
jp`lbk fzgnkdjg~kb' Dkp dj ykuj`j jppjg`ckb `lgpcnjuku {zj jppj jbjdjg~l
nj `lg~cgzcnknj" nj zd ~jdyl gj`jppëucl ykuk pj fc}ku kp mkecbcnknjp eëpc¤
`kp" ã kbhl {zj njvj pju cgp`uc~l `ldl `lgncèàl yujbcdcgku cgncpyjgpëvjb gk
luhkgcqkèàl nlp pcp~jdkp nj jgpcgl j gk fludk `ldl l ~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l
njvj pju `lgnzqcnl gl cg~juclu nkp jp`lbkp'
K {zjp~àl nk njp`lg~cgzcnknj yúj$pj" ylu~kg~l" `ldl zd yulebjdk
nk dkclu hukvcnknj gl ådec~l nl {zj jp~lz `mkdkgnl nj dk~juckbcnknj
nk kèàl jnz`k~cvk" dkgcfjp~kgnl$pj nj dkgjcuk yku~c`zbkudjg~j flu~j gkp
ylbä~c`kp jnz`k`clgkcp' L yulebjdk kyujpjg~k$pj kä `ld zd hukz ~kb {zj cg¤
vckecbcqk {zkb{zju kvkgèl gl `kdyl nk jnz`kèàl' Ykuj`j {zj `knk hlvjugl"
`knk pj`uj~ëucl nj jnz`kèàl lz `knk dcgcp~ul {zju cdyucdcu pzk yuðyuck
dku`k" njc}kgnl nj bknl lp yulhukdkp cdybjdjg~knlp gkp hjp~újp kg~jucl¤
ujp' @ld jppj hukz nj njp`lg~cgzcnknj" gàl më `ldl fkqju fujg~j ép {zjp~újp
jpyj`cfc`kdjg~j jnz`k`clgkcp" nknl {zj" `ldl pj dlp~ulz" ~uk~k$pj nj zd
~cyl nj k~cvcnknj {zj uj{zju `lg~cgzcnknj' Ylu~kg~l" k ylbä~c`k jnz`k`clgkb
yuj`cpk bjvku jd `lg~k jppk yj`zbckucnknj j fludzbku dj~kp gàl kyjgkp k
`zu~l dkp k dãncl j blghl yukql j cgp~c~zcu yulylp~kp {zj ylppkd" nj fk~l"
pju cdybjdjg~knkp j kvkbcknkp gl pjz yul`jppl j glp pjzp ujpzb~knlp" pjgnl
`luuchcnkp" {zkgnl flu l `kpl" dkp {zj ~jgmkd pj{zág`ck" j {zj yjudc~kd
`ucku pc~zkèújp cuujvjupävjcp nj ~kb dlnl {zj kp dznkgèkp nj hlvjugl gàl
njpdkg~jbjd k{zcbl {zj jp~ë pjgnl `lgp~uzänl'
Jcp" jd pzkp hukgnjp bcgmkp" `ldl vjal l yulebjdk nlp njpkfclp {zj
pj yújd ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Yjgpl {zj l hukgnj njpkfcl vjd
nkp `lgncèújp leaj~cvkp nj fzg`clgkdjg~l nk jnz`kèàl gl Eukpcb" `lgncèújp
jppkp ylu dcd njgldcgknkp nj ‒dk~juckbcnknj nk kèàl jnz`k~cvk—" gl ådec~l
nk {zkb njp~k{zjc ~uáp kpyj`~lp" k pkeju1 kzpág`ck nj zd pcp~jdk gk`clgkb nj
jnz`kèàl" k {zjp~àl luhkgcqk`clgkb j l yulebjdk nk njp`lg~cgzcnknj'
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@LG^J]^ZKBCQKÈÀL MbP^ÐUC@K J ^JÐUC@K NKYJNKHLHCKMbP^ÐUC@K$@UÄ^C@K
; ' @ L G ^ J ] ^ Z K B C Q K È À L M C P ^ Ð U C @ K
zkg~l kl pzuhcdjg~l nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" njvjdlp ncp~cghzcu
nzkp `lcpkp1 nj zd bknl" k jdjuhág`ck nj zd dlvcdjg~l yjnkhðhc`l?
j" nj lz~ul" k jp`lbmk nk gldjg`bk~zuk' Jg{zkg~l dlvcdjg~l yjnkhðhc`l"
vjcl ujpylgnju é gj`jppcnknj nj jg`lg~uku kb~jugk~cvk é yjnkhlhck nldc¤
gkg~j' Pzk fludkèàl l`luuj gl fcgkb nk nã`knk nj ;389' Zdk nkp dku`kp nk
nã`knk nj ;389 flc l njpjgvlbvcdjg~l nkp kgëbcpjp `uä~c`kp nk jnz`kèàl' Cppl`luujpylgnck k zdk gj`jppcnknj mcp~ðuc`k" jpyj`ckbdjg~j gl `kpl eukpcbjcul"
lgnj ~ägmkdlp {zj fkqju k `uä~c`k nk yjnkhlhck lfc`ckb" jvcnjg`ckgnl l pjz
`kuë~ju ujyulnz~lu' Dkp juk zd dlvcdjg~l {zj gàl jp~kvk vcg`zbknl kyjgkp
é pc~zkèàl eukpcbjcuk' Juk zd dlvcdjg~l nj `kuë~ju cg~jugk`clgkb" `zakp ~jl¤
uckp flukd jbkeluknkp gl fcgkb nk nã`knk nj ;369 j cgä`cl nk nã`knk nj ;389'
@lp~zdl pc~zku jppkp ~jluckp `ldl zdk ~jg~k~cvk nj `ldyujjgnju l fuk`kppl
nl dlvcdjg~l nj dkcl nj ;36=" lz" dkcp kdybkdjg~j" nlp dlvcdjg~lp
nk nã`knk nj ;369" dku`knlp yjbk ujejbcàl nlp alvjgp' Gjppk dlecbcqkèàl"k jp`lbk" `jg~ul nlp yul`jpplp jnz`k~cvlp j {zj ekpc`kdjg~j pj ncuchck ép
glvkp hjukèújp" flc k cgp~c~zcèàl dkcp `lg~jp~knk j kekbknk' Jppj dlvcdjg~l
vkc kn{zcucu" jpyj`ckbdjg~j jd ;36=" kp `kuk`~juäp~c`kp nj zdk vjunknjcuk
ujejbcàl pl`ckb jd {zj" k~ukvãp nk ujvlbzèàl `zb~zukb" pj ~jg~kvk dznku kp
yuðyuckp ekpjp nk pl`cjnknj k yku~cu nlp pj~lujp alvjgp" ~jgnl é fujg~j lp jp¤
~znkg~jp zgcvjupc~ëuclp' Jppj fjgþdjgl kn{zcucz ~kcp yulyluèújp {zj ncvjuplp
cg~jbj`~zkcp" jg~uj jbjp Mjueju~ Dku`zpj" `lgpcnjukukd {zj l yul~khlgcpdl
ujvlbz`clgëucl pj ~juck njpbl`knl nl yulbj~kucknl ykuk k azvjg~znj'
6
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;;5 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
dku}cpdl j nj lz~ukp vjupújp" flppjd jbkp ncfjujg`cknkp lz" k~ã nj kbhzd
dlnl" `uä~c`kp `ld ujbkèàl kl dku}cpdl" lz pjak" `ldl vjupújp yuðyuckp {zj"
kl vju nj pjzp ujyujpjg~kg~jp" jukd dkcp `lgpcp~jg~jp j dkcp kvkgèknkp nl
{zj l yuðyucl dku}cpdl' Gjppj pjg~cnl flc dzc~l flu~j k cgfbzág`ck nl dkläpdl" {zj flc k vjupàl
nl dku}cpdl gk j}yjucág`ck `mcgjpk" nj `ju~l dlnl `lg~ukylp~k é vjupàl
uzppk' Cppl ~jvj" gk Jzulyk" zd yjpl cdylu~kg~j" ylu{zj k vjupàl uzppk ~uk¤
qck k dku`k nl p~kbcgcpdl j nj ylpcèújp kz~luc~ëuckp j}k`jueknkp ylu fk~lp
nj hukgnj ujyju`zppàl `ldl k njgñg`ck nlp `ucdjp nj P~kbcg ylu Ouz`mjv
gl ]] @lghujppl nl Yku~cnl @ldzgcp~k nk Zgcàl Plvcã~c`k" ujkbcqknl jd
fjvjujcul nj ;3:6" k ujyujppàl é Mzghuck" jd glvjdeul nj ;3:6" j k cgvk¤
pàl nk ^`mj`lpblvë{zck" cgvckecbcqkgnl k ‒yucdkvjuk nj Yukhk— jd khlp~lnj ;36=" kgl jd {zj mkvck j`blncnl k ujejbcàl jp~znkg~cb' Gjppj `jgëucl" lp
cg~jbj`~zkcp nj jp{zjunk ~jgnckd k pju nldcgkg~jdjg~j `uä~c`lp jd ujbkèàl
é vjupàl uzppk nl dku}cpdl j nl pl`ckbcpdl' Jg{zkg~l cppl" k j}yjucág`ck
`mcgjpk $ k @mcgk jg~uk jd ncppcnág`ck `ld k Zgcàl Plvcã~c`k $ ykpplz k pju
zdk ujfjuág`ck gjppkp kgëbcpjp `uä~c`kp' L yuðyucl Pku~uj fjq dcbc~åg`ck nj
jp{zjunk gzdk bcgmk yuð}cdk nlp `mkdknlp huzylp ‒ hkñ`mjp—" nj lucjg~kèàl
dkläp~k" ylbjdcqkgnl `ld l yku~cnl `ldzgcp~k fukg`áp" jg~àl kbcgmknl `ld
k Zgcàl Plvcã~c`k'@ldl pj pkej" k hukgnj dlecbcqkèàl {zj njpjdel`lz gk ujejbcàl nj
dkcl nj ;36= fuk`kpplz' J k {zjp~àl {zj pj yþp ykuk lp ~jðuc`lp flc k nj ~jg~ku
j}ybc`ku k ukqàl njppj fuk`kppl' K djz vju" kp ~jluckp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp
pzuhjd njppk ~jg~k~cvk" ylcp pj k `kuk`~juäp~c`k njppk dlecbcqkèàl juk ezp¤
`ku ujvlbz`clgku k pl`cjnknj ylu djcl nk `zb~zuk j" njg~ul nk `zb~zuk" yjbk
jnz`kèàl" vcgmk k {zjp~àl1 k `zb~zuk ~jd fluèk ykuk dznku k pl`cjnknj< K
`lg`bzpàl k {zj kp ujfjucnkp ~jluckp cuàl `mjhku ã {zj gàl' Gàl ã k `zb~zuk {zj
nj~judcgk k pl`cjnknj' Ã" kl `lg~uëucl" k pl`cjnknj {zj nj~judcgk k `zb~zuk' Gjppk ncujèàl njpjgvlbvj$pj l jpelèl nj Kb~mzppju1 ‒Cnjlblhck j kykujbmlp
cnjlbðhc`lp nj Jp~knl—" zd ku~chl yzebc`knl jd ;389 `ldl ‒gl~kp ykuk zdk
cgvjp~chkèàl— jd {zj pj jvcnjg`ck k nj~judcgkèàl dk~juckb nk cnjlblhck j
pj ncp~cghzjd lp kykujbmlp cnjlbðhc`lp nlp kykujbmlp ujyujppcvlp nj Jp~knl"
`zdyucgnl" kdelp" kp fzgèújp nj `cdjg~ku kp ujbkèújp nj fluèk j ujyulnzqcu
kp `lgncèújp pl`ckcp nldcgkg~jp'
Jd ;389" fludzbk$pj zdk ~jluck dzc~l dkcp jbkeluknk j dkcp pcp~jdë¤
~c`k" nj hukgnj kb`kg`j j nj j}~ujdkp yuj~jgpújp" j {zj ykpplz k pju `lgmj`cnk`ldl k ~jluck nk vclbág`ck pcdeðbc`k" j}yujppk gl bcvul K ujyulnzèàl' K jppk
kgëbcpj yujfcul `mkdku nj ~jluck nl pcp~jdk nj jgpcgl `ldl vclbág`ck pcd$
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;;0
eðbc`k" ylu{zj k ~jluck {zj ã j}ybc`c~knk gjppj bcvul pj ujfjuj kl pcp~jdk nj
jgpcgl' K ~jluck nk vclbág`ck pcdeðbc`k" yulyuckdjg~j nc~k" lyjuk `ldl zd
yujppzylp~l j jp~ë pcg~j~cqknk gl jgzg`cknl nl ‒k}cldk qjul—" `zal `lg~jñnl
jvcnjg`ck {zj k `zb~zuk ã vclbág`ck pcdeðbc`k gk djncnk jd {zj ujyulnzq" bj¤hc~cdkgnl j ujfluèkgnl" ylu ncppcdzbkèàl" kp ujbkèújp nj fluèk {zj bmj pjuvjd
nj ekpj' ^kb jgzg`cknl ã njgldcgknl ‒qjul— azp~kdjg~j ylu{zj kg~j`jnj' Ã
zdk yulylpcèàl kg~juclu k {zkb{zju lz~ul jgzg`cknl' K yku~cu njbk" `ld jfjc¤
~l" ylnjd$pj `lgp~uzcu ~jluckp jpyj`äfc`kp ujbk~cvkp k `knk zd nlp pj~lujp nk
`zb~zuk `ldl" ylu j}jdybl" zdk ~jluck nlp djclp nj `ldzgc`kèàl nj dkppk
jg{zkg~l vclbág`ck pcdeðbc`k' Aë k ~jluck njpjgvlbvcnk gk leuk K ujyulnzèàl
j}ybc`c~k l ~cyl nj vclbág`ck pcdeðbc`k {zj `kuk`~jucqk l pcp~jdk nj jgpcgl
gl j}ju`ä`cl nj pjz ykyjb nj ujyulnzèàl nk `zb~zuk kuec~uëuck nlp huzylp lz`bkppjp nldcgkg~jp'
Jd ;38; ã yzebc`knl l bcvul nj Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~ K jp`lbk `kyc~kbcp~k
gk Fukgèk" jd {zj pj njdlgp~uk ~kdeãd {zj k jp`lbk cg`zb`k k cnjlblhck
ezuhzjpk j ujyulnzq kp ujbkèújp nj nldcgkèàl ezuhzjpk' Cppl jd ~lnk k pl¤
`cjnknj" ~kg~l glp djdeulp nk `bkppj nldcgkg~j {zkg~l glp djdeulp nk
`bkppj nldcgknk" lz pjak" nl yuðyucl lyjukucknl'
Pj Kb~mzppju ~jd zdk cgpycukèàl dku}cp~k" cg`bzpcvj `ldl cg~jbj`~zkb
nl yku~cnl `ldzgcp~k fukg`áp" Elzuncjz j Ykppjulg aë gàl pj cg`bzjd gjppjzgcvjupl nl dku}cpdl' Pzk lucjg~kèàl yucg`cykb njucvk nj Xjeju' Jdeluk
`lgpcnjujd kp `lg~ucezcèújp nj Dku}" jppkp pàl pzeluncgknkp é lucjg~kèàl
yujnldcgkg~j" {zj ã k nj Xjeju" é {zkb pj kppl`ck ~kdeãd Nzuomjcd'
Aë Ekznjbl~ j Jp~kebj~ pàl kz~lujp {zj pj pc~zkd gl cg~juclu nl dku}cp¤
dl' Fludkukd$pj ple k cgfbzág`ck nj Kb~mzppju" uldyjd `ld jbj j ykppkd k
njpjgvlbvju zdk ~jluck ku~c`zbknk `ld l dkläpdl' Jbjp pj jdyjgmkuàl jd
fkqju zd ~ukekbml `jg~uknl gk ~jluck nk `lg~ukncèàl" j yuj~jgnjd fkqju zdk
kgëbcpj pzp~jg~knk ~jluc`kdjg~j gl dku}cpdl' L ujpzb~knl nj pzk kgëbcpj ãdkcp zdk `uä~c`k `lg~zgnjg~j kl `kuë~ju ujyulnz~cvcp~k nl kykujbml jnz`k¤
`clgkb' Dkg~ád k cnjck nj Kb~mzppju nj {zj k jp`lbk ã zd kykujbml cnjlbðhc`l
nj Jp~knl j ~jg~kd dlp~uku k pzk fzgèàl' Yul`zukd j}ybc`c~ku k{zcbl {zj jd
Kb~mzppju kykuj`ck kyjgkp `ldl zdk cnjck ncuj~ucq" j fkuàl cppl k yku~cu nj
zdk kgëbcpj nj~kbmknk nlp nknlp jp~k~äp~c`lp ujbk~cvlp kl pcp~jdk nj jgpcgl
fukg`áp' Ã ylu jppj `kdcgml {zj jbjp `mjhkuàl kl jg~jgncdjg~l nj {zj l pcp¤
~jdk nj jgpcgl ã `lgp~c~zänl ylu nzkp ujnjp1 k ujnj PP -pj`zgnëuck$pzyjuclu#
j k ujnj YY -yucdëuck$yulfcppclgkb#' Jppkp ku~c`zbkd$pj gl leaj~cvl `ldzdnj ujkbcqku k cg`zb`kèàl cnjlbðhc`k j k ujyulnzèàl nkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp nj
yulnzèàl'
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;;> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Jppk `ldyujjgpàl ~jðuc`k" nj `ju~l dlnl" ujc~jukvk kbhl {zj aë jp~kvk
yujpjg~j gl dlvcdjg~l nj dkcl nj ;36=" dkp nj zdk fludk jd {zj pj jbc¤
dcgkvkd kp pkänkp gl `kdyl yjnkhðhc`l' Ylu{zj gk nã`knk nj ;369 ~lnk k
`uä~c`k é ezul`uk`ck j ép cgp~c~zcèújp j" jg~uj jbkp" nldcgkg~jdjg~j k jp`lbk"fkqck$pj `ld l mlucqlg~j nj pzyjukèàl njppjp bcdc~jp' Ylu cppl" l dlvcdjg~l
nj dkcl nj ;36= jp~kvk flu~jdjg~j dku`knl yjbk yjnkhlhck cgp~c~z`clgkb" {zj
juk zdk `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k {zj fkqck `uä~c`kp é cgp~c~zcèàl jp`lbku vcpkgnl k
cgp~kzuku ujbkèújp chzkbc~ëuckp' Ã ylu jppj `kdcgml {zj pj yul`zulz ujkbcqku k
ujvlbzèàl pl`ckb yjbk ujvlbzèàl `zb~zukb' Zdk vjq {zj jppk ~jg~k~cvk fuk`kppk"
kp glvkp ~jluckp ~jg~kuàl j}ybc`ku ylu {zj fuk`kppkukd' J ~lnkp `mjhkuàl"
ekpc`kdjg~j" é `lg`bzpàl nj {zj gàl ylnckd gàl ~ju fuk`kppknl" ylcp pj k
`zb~zuk ã nj~judcgknk yjbk pl`cjnknj" jg~àl gàl ã ylppävjb fkqju k ujvlbzèàlpl`ckb yjbk ujvlbzèàl `zb~zukb' Pjuck gj`jppëucl fkqju l `lg~uëucl' Pð pj ylnj
dznku k `zb~zuk dznkgnl kp ekpjp nk yuðyuck pl`cjnknj'
Kppcd {zj jppkp ~jluckp pj flukd fludzbkgnl j ncfzgncgnl" flukd
pjgnl kppcdcbknkp" j gðp" k{zc gl Eukpcb" kp kppcdcbkdlp ukycnkdjg~j' Cppl
ylu{zj gl djpdl dldjg~l jd {zj pzuhckd gk Fukgèk aë jp~kvkd `cu`zbkgnl
k{zc jd glpplp `zuplp nj yðp$huknzkèàl' Ylu djcl njbkp kbcdjg~kvkd$pj kp
ujpcp~ág`ckp kl ujhcdj dcbc~ku' Jukd kudkp z~cbcqknkp ykuk fzp~chku k ylbä~c¤
`k jnz`k`clgkb nl ujhcdj dcbc~ku" {zj juk zdk ylbä~c`k nj kazp~kdjg~l nlpkykujbmlp cnjlbðhc`lp nl Jp~knl z~cbcqknlp `ldl cgp~uzdjg~lp nj `lg~ulbj
nk pl`cjnknj" vcpkgnl k yjuyj~zku kp ujbkèújp nj nldcgkèàl vchjg~jp' K{zjbkp
~jluckp flukd kppcdcbknkp `ld jppk fcgkbcnknj j `ld jppj leaj~cvl ejd yuë~c`l
j jpyj`äfc`l'
É djncnk {zj k pc~zkèàl pj flc kb~jukgnl" jd yku~j ylu `lg~k nl kyul¤
fzgnkdjg~l njp~kp bz~kp j ~kdeãd ylu{zj k yuðyuck nc~knzuk pj jp~kvk cg¤
vckecbcqkgnl kyðp k `ucpj nl ‒dcbkhuj j`lgþdc`l—" l ujhcdj dcbc~ku jbkeluk k
jp~uk~ãhck nk ncp~jgpàl bjg~k" huknzkb j pjhzuk {zj `ldjèk k pju cdybjdjg~knk`ld k ylppj nj Hjcpjb" jd ;38>' J lp bcdc~jp nkp ~jluckp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp
`ldjèkd k jvcnjg`cku$pj" ylcp vkc fc`kgnl `knk vjq dkcp `bkul {zj k bz~k
`lg~uk k nc~knzuk ~kdeãd cdybc`kvk k fludzbkèàl nj kb~jugk~cvkp' Gl `kdyl
jnz`k`clgkb" l yulebjdk `lbl`kvk$pj glp pjhzcg~jp ~judlp1 pj k yjnkhlhck
lfc`ckb juk cgk`jc~ëvjb" {zkb pjuck jg~àl k lucjg~kèàl kb~jugk~cvk k`jc~ëvjb< K
vcpàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k gàl nkvk ujpylp~k ykuk jppk yjuhzg~k' Gàl ~cgmk
zdk yulylp~k nj lucjg~kèàl' Fkqck k `uä~c`k nl j}cp~jg~j" dlp~ukgnl {zj jp~j
njpjdyjgmkvk k fzgèàl nj ujyulnzèàl' Jppk `uä~c`k flc dkcp blghj `ld kfludzbkèàl dkcp k`keknk nj Elzuncjz j Ykppjulg" {zj njc}kukd `bkul {zj
~lnk yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`k" {zkb{zju {zj jbk pjak" pjdyuj njpjdyjgmkuë jppj
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;;:
ykyjb" {zju lp khjg~jp ~jgmkd lz gàl `lgp`cág`ck ncppl' Ylu~kg~l" gàl mkvjuck
pkänkp gl `kdyl jnz`k`clgkb'
Gl jg~kg~l" l {zj `knk vjq dkcp pj vcgmk `lbl`kgnl ykuk l dlvcdjg~l
nlp jnz`knlujp juk k ezp`k nj kb~jugk~cvkp' K yku~cu nkä" k ncp`zppàl njppkp~jluckp `ldjèk k kyulfzgnku$pj" gl cg~zc~l nj nj~j`~ku lp pjzp bcdc~jp j ezp`ku
k pzk pzyjukèàl'
Njvj$pj gl~ku {zj k `uä~c`k aë vcgmk pjgnl fludzbknk gk yuðyuck luc¤
hjd" cp~l ã" gk Fukgèk" `ldl l cbzp~ukd lp ~ukekbmlp nj Vcg`jg~ Yj~c~" ‒Bjp
`lg~uknc`~clgp nj ”Bk uãyulnz`~clg— -Yj~c~" ;380#" j nj Hjluhjp Pgsnjup" Ã`lbj"
`bkppj j~ bz~~j nj `bkppjp -Pgsnjup" ;386e#' Gl Eukpcb" yku~cgnl njppjp ~ukekbmlp"
yul`zukdlp kyulfzgnku k `uä~c`k j}ybc`c~kgnl lp bcdc~jp njppkp ~jluckp" dl¤
djg~l jppj jd {zj `zgmjc k j}yujppàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcpdl ykuk `kuk`~j¤ucqku jppj huzyl nj ~jluckp' @lg~uk jppk njgldcgkèàl" kuhzdjg~k$pj {zj jbk
~jvj l jfjc~l nj njp{zkbcfc`ku kp ujfjucnkp ~jluckp" `lgnzqcgnl lp jnz`knlujp
k `lg`bzcu {zj gàl juk gj`jppëucl jp~znë$bkp' Nckg~j njppj kuhzdjg~l" pàl
lylu~zglp lp pjhzcg~jp jp`bkuj`cdjg~lp1
k# Kndc~l {zj kp `uä~c`kp fludzbknkp ylppkd ~ju yulnzqcnl glp yul¤
fjpplujp l jfjc~l djg`clgknl' Gl jg~kg~l" njvl fucpku {zj akdkcp flc
jppj l djz jg~jgncdjg~l' Kl `lg~uëucl' @ldl yulfjpplu" pjdyujcg`bzä glp yulhukdkp nkp ncp`cybcgkp {zj dcgcp~ukvk l jp~znl njp¤
pkp ~jluckp' J" pj gl `kpl nkp lz~ukp ~jluckp jz dj `lg~jg~kvk jd
njek~ju `ld lp kbzglp lp ~j}~lp cgnc`knlp ykuk bjc~zuk" gl `kpl nj
K ujyulnzèàl" nj Elzuncjz j Ykppjulg" `lgp`cjg~j nkp ncfc`zbnknjp
{zj lp kbzglp ~juckd jd `ldyujjgná$bk" jz fkqck" jd `bkppj" zdk
bjc~zuk `ldjg~knk nkp yulylpcèújp `lgp~c~z~cvkp nl bcvul ; nk ujfj¤
ucnk leuk'
e# L fk~l nj kp ~jluckp {zj `mkdjc nj ‒`uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp— gàl kyuj¤pjg~kujd kb~jugk~cvk" cp~l ã" gàl flugj`jujd zdk lucjg~kèàl yjnkhð¤
hc`k ykuk k yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk" gàl ylnj pju `lgpcnjuknl" jd pjg~cnl
yuðyucl" `ldl zd bcdc~j" zdk vjq {zj akdkcp ~cvjukd jppk yuj~jgpàl'
@lgfludj zdk ncp~cgèàl pzhjucnk ylu Bzcq Kg~þgcl @zgmk jd glp¤
pkp dzc~kp `lgvjupkp pleuj jppkp {zjp~újp" ~uk~k$pj nj ‒~jluckp pleuj
k jnz`kèàl— j gàl nj ‒~jluckp nk jnz`kèàl—' Pjz leaj~cvl ã" ylcp"
`ldyujjgnju j j}ybc`ku l dlnl nj fzg`clgkdjg~l nk jnz`kèàl j
gàl lucjg~ku k fludk nj ujkbcqkèàl nk yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk'`# L fk~l nj pjujd ‒~jluckp pleuj k jnz`kèàl— j gàl ‒~jluckp nk jnz¤
`kèàl— gàl cdybc`k {zj gàl ~jgmkd ~ukqcnl jbjdjg~lp nk dkclu
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;;6 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
cdylu~åg`ck ykuk pj jg~jgnju k yuðyuck yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk' Kl `lg¤
~uëucl' Jp~kgnl jdyjgmknkp jd `ldyujjgnju j j}ybc`ku l dlnl
nj fzg`clgkdjg~l nk jnz`kèàl" ~kcp ~jluckp fludzbkukd `k~jhluckp
nj hukgnj ujbjvåg`ck ykuk l jg~jgncdjg~l nk yuë~c`k jnz`k~cvk'Jp~àl gjppj `kpl lp `lg`jc~lp nj ‒Kykujbmlp cnjlbðhc`lp nj Jp¤
~knl— -Kb~mzppju#" ‒Ujnj YY1 Yucdëuck$Yulfcppclgkb— j ‒Ujnj PP1
Pj`zgnëuck$Pzyjuclu— -Ekznjbl~,Jp~kebj~#" ‒@kyc~kb @zb~zukb— j"
yucg`cykbdjg~j" mkec~zp -Elzuncjz,Ykppjulg#' Jz yuðyucl bkg`jc
dàl nl `lg`jc~l nj mkec~zp" k djz vju j{zcvkbjg~j kl `lg`jc~l nj
‒pjhzgnk gk~zujqk— -Hukdp`c#" kl ~jg~ku `ldyujjgnju j j}ybc`ku
k gk~zujqk j jpyj`cfc`cnknj nk jnz`kèàl'
n# Jd pzdk" kp ujfjucnkp ~jluckp aë ylnjd pju cg~jhuknkp gl ådec~l nkpkelunkhjgp `bëppc`kp nk jnz`kèàl {zj" `ldl ~kcp" njvjd pju jp~znk¤
nkp ylu ~lnlp k{zjbjp {zj yuj~jgnjd" nj dlnl pãucl" yul~khlgcqku
l ‒`kdyl jnz`k~cvl—' J l `lg`jc~l nj ‒`kdyl— ã lz~uk `k~jhluck {zj
njvjdlp k Elzuncjz'
Kyðp jppjp jp`bkuj`cdjg~lp uj~ldl k `lg~j}~zkbcqkèàl mcp~ðuc`k'
L `lg~j}~l nl fcgkb nk nã`knk nj ;389 juk nj ezp`k nj kb~jugk~cvkp' Jd
;38= mlzvj zd pjdcgëucl nj jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk jd @kdycgkp' Gjbj kcgnk ã ylppävjb yju`jeju `ldl k vcpàl `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k juk yujnldcgkg~j' Dkp
jd ;383 kp ~uáp yucg`cykcp jg~cnknjp nk ëujk nj jnz`kèàl" {zj k`kekvkd nj
pju `lgp~c~zänkp" zgjd$pj ykuk luhkgcqku k pãucj nkp `lgfjuág`ckp eukpcbjcukp
nj jnz`kèàl' ^uk~k$pj nk Kppl`ckèàl Gk`clgkb nj Yjp{zcpk j Yðp$Huknzkèàl
jd Jnz`kèàl -KGYJn#" pzuhcnk jd ;388" nl @jg~ul nj Jp~znlp Jnz`kèàl j
Pl`cjnknj -@jnjp#" ku~c`zbknl jd ;38=" j Kppl`ckèàl Gk`clgkb nj Jnz`k¤
èàl -K gnj#" fzgnknk jd ;383'
Jd ;3=9 ujkbcqk$pj k C @EJ' K ~jdë~c`k ujbk~cvk é ezp`k nj kb~jugk~cvkpfjq$pj yujpjg~j" nj dkgjcuk flu~j" jd pzk yulhukdkèàl' Cppl ~kdeãd jp~kvk
kppl`cknl é pc~zkèàl ylbä~c`k nl ykäp' Gjppj yjuälnl" k lylpcèàl kl Ujhcdj
Dcbc~ku aë ~cgmk `lg{zcp~knl kbhzdkp yujfjc~zukp j ~cgmk fjc~l j}yjucág`ckp
nj ylbä~c`kp jnz`k`clgkcp kb~jugk~cvkp" `ldl flc l `kpl nj Bkhjp j Ycuk`c`kek'
J" ujp~kejbj`cnkp kp jbjcèújp ncuj~kp ykuk hlvjugknlujp nlp jp~knlp" ~cgmkd
cgä`cl" aë jd ;3=9" kp `kdykgmkp ykuk kp jbjcèújp {zj cuckd l`luuju jd ;3=5'
Kppcd" keuck$pj k yjupyj`~cvk ujkb nj k lylpcèàl `mjhku kl ylnju glp jp~knlp"
l {zj ~ukqck k j}chág`ck nj pj fludzbku zdk ylbä~c`k jnz`k`clgkb `lgplkg~j`ld l ncp`zupl nk lylpcèàl'
K @EJ nj ;3=9" nj kbhzdk fludk" jpyjbmk jppk yulebjdë~c`k' Gjppk
`lgfjuág`ck yku~c`cyjc nl pcdyðpcl ‒Kelunkhjd ylbä~c`k nl fzg`clgkdjg~l
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;;8
cg~jugl nk jp`lbk nj yucdjcul hukz—' Nknkp kp `cu`zgp~åg`ckp jd {zj l`luujz
l pcdyðpcl" nj`cnc fkqju k kelunkhjd nl ~jdk cgvju~jgnl lp ~judlp jd {zj
k yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb j k yjnkhlhck glvk pj `lg~ukyzgmkd gk vcpàl nlp
yulfjpplujp' K j}ylpcèàl flc hukvknk j ~ukgp`uc~k" nkgnl luchjd kl ku~chl ‒Jp¤
`lbk j njdl`uk`ck lz k ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk nk vkuk—" yzebc`knl" yucdjcul" gl
gñdjul ; nk Ujvcp~k nk K gnj j njylcp cg`bzänl gl bcvul Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck'
J ykuk fkqju l `lg~ukylg~l zpjc j}yujppújp ejd kg~äylnkp'
Jdeluk gk vcpàl nldcgkg~j k Jp`lbk Glvk pjak zdk `lg`jyèàl `lgpc¤
njuknk cglvknluk j gàl yulyuckdjg~j ujvlbz`clgëuck" k vcpàl {zj lp yulfjppl¤
ujp pzeaj~cvkdjg~j ~ád ã {zj k cglvkèàl ã pjdyuj zdk `lcpk dzc~l kvkgèknk"
{zj jp~ë gk ylg~k" gk fujg~j' Jg~àl jz `kuujhzjc gkp ~cg~kp j zpjc k j}yujppàl
ujvlbz`clgëuck' J" ykuk `lg~ukylu" zpjc l ~judl ujk`clgëucl' Kppcd yul`jnc
gl cg~zc~l nj fkqju zdk yulvl`kèàl' Nkä l jgzg`cknl nk yucdjcuk ~jpj1 ‒Nl
`kuë~ju ujvlbz`clgëucl nk yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb j nl `kuë~ju ujk`clgëucl nk
yjnkhlhck glvk—' K ncvzbhkèàl njppk kgëbcpj" nj `zgml ylbádc`l" ~jvj hukgnj
ujyju`zppàl j yulvl`lz dzc~kp ujkèújp'
Gl kgl pjhzcg~j" jd glvjdeul nj ;3=;" {zkgnl yku~c`cyjc nj zd pjdc¤
gëucl pleuj k jp~uz~zuk nl jgpcgl gk zgcvjupcnknj eukpcbjcuk gk Zgcvjupcnknj
Fjnjukb nj Pàl @kublp" aë gl fcgkb nl njek~j kykuj`jz zdk yjuhzg~k cgnkhkgnl
pj gàl pjuck `lgpjuvknlu njfjgnju k yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb `lg~uk k Jp`lbk
Glvk' Ujpylgnc jd ~ld al`lpl1 ejd" cp~l ã zdk `lcpk {zj jpyjul jp`bkuj`ju
jd zd lz~ul ~j}~l {zj jp~lz yjgpkgnl jd jbkeluku j {zj yulvkvjbdjg~j pj
`mkdkuë ‒Ykuk kbãd nk ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk nk vkuk—' Nj fk~l" gl gñdjul 0
nk Ujvcp~k nk K gnj flc yzebc`knl" jd ;3=5" l ku~chl ‒Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck CC1
ykuk kbãd nk ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk nk vkuk—" {zj vjcl k `lgp~c~zcu l `kyä~zbl CCC
nl bcvul Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck" `zak yucdjcuk jncèàl ã nj ;3=0' Gjppj ~j}~l" jp~àl
jpelèknkp kp bcgmkp eëpc`kp nk{zcbl {zj ylp~jucludjg~j vcuck k pju `mkdknl
nj yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" {zj" dkg~jgnl k ~judcglblhck z~cbcqknk gl
ku~chl kg~juclu ylu ukqújp ylbádc`kp" kykuj`ck `ld l gldj nj yjnkhlhck
ujvlbz`clgëuck'
K njgldcgkèàl mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k vjcl `ldl zd njpnleukdjg~l njp¤
pj yul`jppl' Gk YZ@$PY" lp kbzglp ykppkukd k dj `leuku k lfju~k nj zdk
ncp`cybcgk ly~k~cvk {zj kyulfzgnkppj l jp~znl nk yjnkhlhck ujvlbz`clgëuck'
@bkul {zj jz ylnjuck k~jgnju k jppk njdkgnk" pjd nñvcnk" azp~cfc`knk' Dkp k
ncfc`zbnknj juk yulylu zdk ncp`cybcgk `ld l gldj nj yjnkhlhck ujvlbz`cl¤gëuck' @ld jfjc~l" fkbku nj zdk yjnkhlhck ujvlbz`clgëuck ã kbhl yulebjdë~c`l"
zdk vjq {zj k k~c~znj ujvlbz`clgëuck ncq ujpyjc~l é dznkgèk nkp ekpjp nk
pl`cjnknj' Juk yuj`cpl" ylcp" jg`lg~uku zdk njgldcgkèàl dkcp knj{zknk'
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;;= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Gjppk ezp`k" k yucdjcuk kb~jugk~cvk {zj dj vjcl é djg~j flc yjnkhlhck nckbã¤
~c`k' Nj fk~l" l {zj pj yuj~jgnck juk zdk yulylp~k yjnkhðhc`k {zj jp~cvjppj
k~jg~k klp nj~judcgkg~jp pl`ckcp nk jnz`kèàl j {zj yjudc~cppj ku~c`zbku l
~ukekbml yjnkhðhc`l `ld kp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' Dkp cppl gàl pj ylnjuck nku njfludk dj`ågc`k' ^juck {zj pju jd ~judlp nckbã~c`lp" lz pjak" ~juck {zj bjvku
jd `lg~k k kèàl uj`äyul`k jd {zj k jnz`kèàl" jdeluk nj~judcgknk" jd pzkp
ujbkèújp `ld k pl`cjnknj ujkhj k~cvkdjg~j pleuj l jbjdjg~l nj~judcgkg~j"
jp~kejbj`jgnl zdk ujbkèàl nckbã~c`k' Dkp mkvck l yulebjdk nk kdechzcnknj
nk ykbkvuk nckbã~c`k j nk j}yujppàl yjnkhlhck nckbã~c`k' Jppk kdechzcnknj ~jd
k vju gàl kyjgkp `ld k nckbã~c`k cnjkbcp~k nj Mjhjb" dkp `ld lz~ukp vjupújp
{zj ujdlg~kd ép luchjgp hujhkp jd {zj l ~judl nckbã~c`k kykuj`ck `ldl pch¤
gcfc`kgnl `lg~ukylpcèàl nj cnjckp j kyul}cdkgnl$pj" yjbk ukcq nk ykbkvuk" njnckbðhc`k" ncëblhl' Jppj pchgcfc`knl j~cdlbðhc`l flc uj~ldknl yjbk lucjg~kèàl
fcblpðfc`k nk fjgldjglblhck {zj ujp~kejbj`ck k nckblhc`cnknj bkgèkgnl dàl
nk ykbkvuk nckbã~c`k njg~ul njppj `lg~j}~l ~jðuc`l'
Gl `kdyl yjnkhðhc`l ~kdeãd ~ägmkdlp kbhzgp `ldybc`knlujp' Zd
njbjp juk l bcvul nj P`mdcjn$Olxkuqco -;3=0#" `zal ~ä~zbl juk j}k~kdjg~j
Yjnkhlhck nckbã~c`k' Jz gàl ~cgmk dzc~k pjhzukgèk pleuj k lucjg~kèàl ~jð¤
uc`k nl kz~lu ylu{zj gàl `lgmj`ck dkcp nj yju~l k pzk ~ukaj~ðuck" dkp jd
dcgmk yju`jyèàl l kz~lu jg~jgnck ylu nckbã~c`k l dlvcdjg~l nl ujkb j gàl yulyuckdjg~j zdk `lg`jyèàl' Pð njppk fludk ã ylppävjb jg~jgnju ylu{zj
jbj `lbl`kvk ~kg~lp kz~lujp" {zj `bkukdjg~j gàl ~cgmkd zdk `lg`jyèàl
nckbã~c`k nj jnz`kèàl" gjppj `kdyl' @ldl pj ylnj `lgfchzuku" pjgàl njppk
fludk" zdk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k nj jnz`kèàl {zj vkc njpnj Kucp~ð~jbjp k~ã
Ykzbl Fujcuj `ldl jp~ë ujhcp~uknl gl pze~ä~zbl nk ~uknzèàl eukpcbjcuk< Gðp
pkejdlp {zj k nckbã~c`k pð pj fludzbk" `ldl zdk `lg`jyèàl" k yku~cu nj
Mjhjb' Kg~jp njbj gàl ylnjdlp fkbku gzdk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k' Ã ylppävjb
fkbku nj yuj`zuplujp" nj kg~j`jnjg~jp' Gjppj pjg~cnl ã {zj pj ylnj ujdlg~ku k Mjuë`bc~l' Dkp jg{zkg~l fludzbkèàl ku~c`zbknk j pcp~jdë~c`k" cp~l ã" `ldl
bðhc`k j ~jluck nl `lgmj`cdjg~l" k nckbã~c`k pð pj `lgp~c~zc k yku~cu nj Mjhjb'
à jbj {zjd cg~ulnzq k gjhk~cvcnknj `ldl `k~jhluck bðhc`k' K~ã kä nldcgk k
bðhc`k fludkb'
Zd lz~ul `ldybc`knlu juk ujyujpjg~knl yjbl bcvul nj Dlk`cu Hknl~~c"
@lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k nk jnz`kèàl" yzebc`knl jd ;3=0' Jppj bcvul juk `ldylp~l
nj {zk~ul `kyä~zblp' Lp nlcp yucdjculp" njgldcgknlp" ujpyj`~cvkdjg~j" ‒K
nckbã~c`k1 `lg`jyèàl j dã~lnl— j ‒@uä~c`k nk jnz`kèàl ezuhzjpk—" jp~kvkd`lgp~c~zänlp ylu zd ~ukekbml nj juzncèàl gl {zkb pj dzb~cybc`kvkd kp ujfj¤
uág`ckp nj kz~lujp pc~zknlp" nj zd lz lz~ul dlnl" gl zgcvjupl nl dku}cpdl'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;;3
L ñb~cdl `kyä~zbl ã njnc`knl é jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk" yju`luujgnl pzk ~ukaj~ðuck
njpnj ;309 kl dldjg~l nk yzebc`kèàl" gl cgä`cl nk nã`knk nj ;3=9' Gl ~ju`jc¤
ul `kyä~zbl" ple l ~ä~zbl ‒@uä~c`k nk yjnkhlhck `uä~c`k—" l kz~lu ncp`luuj pleuj
kp yjnkhlhckp gàl ncuj~cvkp" `lg`bzcgnl `ld k kyujpjg~kèàl nk j}yjucág`ck nj
yjnkhlhck cgp~c~z`clgkb nk {zkb yku~c`cylz {zkgnl fkqck l pjz nlz~luknl jd
Hjgjeuk' Dkp gjd k yjnkhlhck cgp~c~z`clgkb ylnj pju `lgpcnjuknk j}yujppàl
nk `lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k nj jnz`kèàl gjd l kz~lu" gk{zjbk ãyl`k" knl~kvk zdk
`lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k' Nj fk~l" {zkgnl flc ykuk Hjgjeuk" Hknl~~c ~cgmk zdk
`lg`jyèàl kg~cdku}cp~k nj fludkèàl pkbjpckgk j juk bchknl é Pl`cjnknj nlp
Fcbðplflp @k~ðbc`lp' Kppcd" kl `kel nk bjc~zuk" yjblp dzc~lp ~jdkp nj {zj ~uk~k
j yjbl `uzqkdjg~l nj `luujg~jp {zj" njyjgnjgnl nkp dl~cvkèújp nj {zjd
kp kppzdj" pj ylnjd kyul}cdku lz pj kfkp~ku nj zdk yjnkhlhck {zj ezp`kpc~zku$pj gzdk yjupyj`~cvk `uä~c`l$~ukgpfludknluk" gàl pj ~jd `bkujqk {zkg~l
kl dlnl `ldl pj j}yujppk" jd ~judlp yjnkhðhc`lp" k ‒`lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k
nj jnz`kèàl—'
@lgpcnjujc" ylcp" {zj" gk djncnk nl ylppävjb" pjuck djbmlu jvc~ku k
njgldcgkèàl yjnkhlhck nckbã~c`k" jd vcp~k nlp dñb~cyblp pjg~cnlp {zj jppk
j}yujppàl `lgl~kvk'
Gk ezp`k nk ~judcglblhck knj{zknk" `lg`bzä {zj k j}yujppàl mcp~ðuc`l$
`uä~c`k ~uknzqck nj dlnl yju~cgjg~j l {zj jp~kvk pjgnl yjgpknl' Ylu{zj j}k¤~kdjg~j l yulebjdk nkp ~jluckp `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~kp juk k fkb~k nj jgukcqk¤
djg~l mcp~ðuc`l" cp~l ã" k kyujjgpàl nl dlvcdjg~l mcp~ðuc`l {zj pj njpjgvlbvj
nckbj~c`kdjg~j jd pzkp `lg~ukncèújp' K {zjp~àl jd `kzpk juk j}k~kdjg~j
nku `lg~k njppj dlvcdjg~l j vju `ldl k yjnkhlhck pj cgpjuck gl yul`jppl
nk pl`cjnknj j nj pzkp ~ukgpfludkèújp' Jg~àl" k j}yujppàl mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k"
nj `ju~k fludk" `lg~ukyzgmk$pj k `uä~c`l$ujyulnz~cvcp~k' Ã `uä~c`k" `ldl jp~k"
dkp" ncfjujg~jdjg~j njbk" gàl ã ujyulnz~cvcp~k" dkp jgukcqknk gk mcp~ðuck'
Flc kppcd {zj pzuhcz k njgldcgkèàl' Kppcd" k~jgnjgnl é njdkgnk nlp kbz¤glp" dcgcp~ujc" jd ;3=>" k ncp`cybcgk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k j" k yku~cu
njppj kgl" knl~jc jppk gldjg`bk~zuk ykuk k `luujg~j yjnkhðhc`k {zj vjgml
yul`zukgnl njpjgvlbvju'
5 ' @ L G ^ J ] ^ Z K B C Q K È À L ^ J Ð U C @ K
[zkg~l ép ekpjp ~jðuc`kp nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" ã ðevcl {zj k
`lg~ucezcèàl nj Dku} ã fzgnkdjg~kb' [zkgnl pj yjgpkd lp fzgnkdjg~lp
~jðuc`lp" lepjuvk$pj {zj" nj zd bknl" jp~ë k {zjp~àl nk nckbã~c`k" jppk ujbkèàl
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;59 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
nl dlvcdjg~l j nkp ~ukgpfludkèújp? j" nj lz~ul" {zj gàl pj ~uk~k nj zdk
nckbã~c`k cnjkbcp~k" zdk nckbã~c`k jg~uj lp `lg`jc~lp" dkp nj zdk nckbã~c`k
nl dlvcdjg~l ujkb' Ylu~kg~l" ~uk~k$pj nj zdk nckbã~c`k mcp~ðuc`k j}yujppk
gl dk~juckbcpdl mcp~ðuc`l" {zj ã azp~kdjg~j k `lg`jyèàl {zj yul`zuk `ld¤
yujjgnju j j}ybc`ku l ~lnl njppj yul`jppl" keukghjgnl njpnj k fludk `ldl
pàl yulnzqcnkp kp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp j pzkp `lgncèújp nj j}cp~ág`ck k~ã k cgpjuèàl
nk jnz`kèàl gjppj yul`jppl'
à gjppj pjg~cnl {zj yul`zujc jbkeluku l pchgcfc`knl nj yuë}cp k yku~cu
nk `lg~ucezcèàl nj Pëg`mjq Vëq{zjq -;36=#" jg~jgnjgnl$k `ldl zd `lg`jc~l
pcg~ã~c`l {zj ku~c`zbk k ~jluck j k yuë~c`k' Jd lz~ulp ~judlp" vjal k yuë}cp
`ldl zdk yuë~c`k fzgnkdjg~knk ~jluc`kdjg~j' Pj k ~jluck njpvcg`zbknk nk
yuë~c`k pj `lgfchzuk `ldl `lg~jdybkèàl" k yuë~c`k njpvcg`zbknk nk ~jluck ã
yzul jpylg~kgjäpdl' Ã l fkqju yjbl fkqju' Pj l cnjkbcpdl ã k{zjbk `lg`jyèàl
{zj jp~kejbj`j l yucdknl nk ~jluck pleuj k yuë~c`k" nj ~kb dlnl {zj jbk pj
ncpplbvj gk ~jluck" l yukhdk~cpdl fkuë l `lg~uëucl" jp~kejbj`jgnl l yucdknl
nk yuë~c`k' Aë k fcblplfck nk yuë}cp" ~kb `ldl Hukdp`c `mkdkvk l dku}cpdl"
ã azp~kdjg~j k ~jluck {zj jp~ë jdyjgmknk jd ku~c`zbku k ~jluck j k yuë~c`k"
zgcfc`kgnl$kp gk yuë}cp' Ã zd dlvcdjg~l yucluc~kuckdjg~j yuë~c`l" dkp {zj
pj fzgnkdjg~k ~jluc`kdjg~j" kbcdjg~k$pj nk ~jluck ykuk jp`bkuj`ju l pjg~cnl"
ykuk nku ncujèàl é yuë~c`k' Jg~àl" k yuë~c`k ~jd yucdknl pleuj k ~jluck" gk
djncnk jd {zj ã luchcgkg~j' K ~jluck ã njucvknk' Cppl pchgcfc`k {zj k yuë~c`k
ã" kl djpdl ~jdyl" fzgnkdjg~l" `uc~ãucl nj vjunknj j fcgkbcnknj nk ~jluck'
K yuë~c`k" ykuk njpjgvlbvju$pj j yulnzqcu pzkp `lgpj{zág`ckp" gj`jppc~k nk
~jluck j yuj`cpk pju ylu jbk cbzdcgknk' Cppl glp ujdj~j é {zjp~àl nl dã~lnl'
^jgml ~ukekbmknl jppk {zjp~àl pcp~jdk~c`kdjg~j glp `zuplp j glp ~j}~lp"
jdeluk gàl ~jgmk zdk yzebc`kèàl dkcp jpyj`äfc`k j dkcp njpjgvlbvcnk pleuj
jppj ~jdk' Më zd jpelèl gk cg~ulnzèàl nl bcvul Jnz`kèàl1 nl pjgpl `ldzd
é `lgp`cág`ck fcblpðfc`k -Pkvckgc" ;3=9 _;8' jn'" 5998" yy' ;$3T#'L ylg~l {zj ~jgml ~ukekbmknl pj ujylu~k kl ~j}~l nj Dku}" ‒Dã~lnl nk
j`lgldck ylbä~c`k—" {zj jp~ë gl bcvul @lg~ucezcèàl é `uä~c`k nk j`lgldck ylbä~c`k
-Dku}" ;380" yy' 55=$508#' Gjbj j}ybc`c~k$pj l dlvcdjg~l nl `lgmj`cdjg~l
`ldl k ykppkhjd nl jdyäuc`l kl `lg`uj~l" yjbk djnckèàl nl kep~uk~l' Lz k
ykppkhjd nk päg`ujpj é päg~jpj" yjbk djnckèàl nk kgëbcpj' Yul`zujc" nj kbhzd
dlnl" `ldyujjgnju l dã~lnl yjnkhðhc`l `ld ekpj gjppjp yujppzylp~lp'
Gl ~j}~l ‒Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck CC $ ykuk kbãd nk ~jluck nk `zuvk~zuk
nk vkuk— -Pkvckgc" 5998" yy' :3$=9#" ~jg~l pzhjucu zd dlvcdjg~l jg{zkg~l yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l" {zj cg`luyluk k `k~jhluck nk djnckèàl' Kppcd jg~jgnc¤
nk" k jnz`kèàl ã vcp~k `ldl djnckèàl gl cg~juclu nk yuë~c`k pl`ckb hblekb' K
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;5;
yuë~c`k ã l ylg~l nj yku~cnk j l ylg~l nj `mjhknk' Jppk djnckèàl j}ybc`c~k$pj
ylu djcl nk{zjbjp ~uáp dldjg~lp {zj gl ~j}~l `mkdjc nj Yulebjdk~cqkèàl"
cgp~uzdjg~kèàl j `k~kupj' Kppcgkbl ~kdeãd {zj cppl `luujpylgnj" gl yul`jppl
yjnkhðhc`l" kl dlvcdjg~l {zj pj në" gl yul`jppl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l" jd {zj
pj ykppk nk päg`ujpj é päg~jpj yjbk djnckèàl nk kgëbcpj" lz" ncqjgnl nj lz~ul
dlnl" ykppk$pj nl jdyäuc`l kl `lg`uj~l yjbk djnckèàl nl kep~uk~l'
K {zjp~àl nl dã~lnl yjnkhðhc`l ã kbhl {zj yul`zujc pjdyuj j}ybc`ku
k yku~cu nlp yuðyuclp fzgnkdjg~lp ~jðuc`lp nk `lg`jyèàl nl dk~juckbcpdl
mcp~ðuc`l' Kä kykuj`jd lz~ukp {zjp~újp `ldl l `lg~jñnl" l `lgmj`cdjg~l j k
kèàl nl yulfjpplu' Gjppj `kpl fkq$pj gj`jppëucl `ldyujjgnju l yulebjdk nkp
ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' Pj k jnz`kèàl ã djnckèàl gl pjcl nk yuë~c`k pl`ckb hblekb" j pj k
mzdkgcnknj pj njpjgvlbvj mcp~luc`kdjg~j" cppl pchgcfc`k {zj zdk nj~judcgknkhjukèàl mjunk nk kg~juclu zd dlnl nj yulnzèàl `ld lp ujpyj`~cvlp djclp
nj yulnzèàl j ujbkèújp nj yulnzèàl' J k glvk hjukèàl" ylu pzk vjq" cdyúj$pj
k ~kujfk nj njpjgvlbvju j ~ukgpfludku kp ujbkèújp mjunknkp nkp hjukèújp kg~j¤
uclujp' Gjppj pjg~cnl" jbk ã nj~judcgknk yjbkp hjukèújp kg~juclujp j njyjgnj
njbkp' Dkp ã zdk nj~judcgkèàl {zj gàl kgzbk k pzk cgc`ck~cvk mcp~ðuc`k" {zj
pj j}yujppk azp~kdjg~j yjbl njpjgvlbvcdjg~l j yjbkp ~ukgpfludkèújp {zj jbk
lyjuk pleuj k ekpj nkp yulnzèújp kg~juclujp' É jnz`kèàl" gk djncnk jd {zj
ã zdk djnckèàl gl pjcl nk yuë~c`k pl`ckb hblekb" `kej ylppcecbc~ku {zj kpglvkp hjukèújp cg`luylujd lp jbjdjg~lp mjunknlp nj dlnl {zj pj ~lugjd
khjg~jp k~cvlp gl yul`jppl nj njpjgvlbvcdjg~l j ~ukgpfludkèàl nkp ujbkèújp
pl`ckcp'
Yul`zujc j}ybluku kbhzgp njpnleukdjg~lp njppk `lg`jyèàl kl jvcnjg¤
`cku k ncfjujgèk jg~uj l kbzgl jdyäuc`l j l kbzgl `lg`uj~l' Dlp~ul l kbzgl
`lg`uj~l j kyujpjg~l l `lg`uj~l `ldl k päg~jpj nj dñb~cybkp nj~judcgkèújp
njfcgcnkp jg{zkg~l ujbkèújp pl`ckcp' Ylu~kg~l" l {zj ã nl cg~jujppj njppj kbzgl
`lg`uj~l ncq ujpyjc~l ép `lgncèújp jd {zj pj jg`lg~uk j {zj jbj gàl jp`lbmjz'Kppcd" ~kdeãd kp hjukèújp k~zkcp gàl jp`lbmjd lp djclp j kp ujbkèújp nj
yulnzèàl {zj mjunkd nk hjukèàl kg~juclu" j k pzk `uck~cvcnknj gàl ã kepl¤
bz~k" dkp fkq$pj yujpjg~j' K pzk `uck~cvcnknj vkc j}yujppku$pj gk fludk `ldl
jbk kppcdcbk jppkp ujbkèújp j kp ~ukgpfludk' Jg~àl" lp jnz`kgnlp" jg{zkg~l
`lg`uj~lp" ~kdeãd pcg~j~cqkd ujbkèújp pl`ckcp {zj jbjp gàl jp`lbmjukd' Cppl
kgzbk k cnjck nj {zj l kbzgl ylnj fkqju ~znl yjbk pzk yuðyuck jp`lbmk' Jppk
cnjck gàl `luujpylgnj é ujkbcnknj mzdkgk' Nkä k hukgnj cdylu~åg`ck nj ncp¤
~cghzcu" gk `ldyujjgpàl nlp cg~jujppjp nlp kbzglp" jg~uj l kbzgl jdyäuc`l j lkbzgl `lg`uj~l" fcudkgnl$pj l yucg`äycl nj {zj l k~jgncdjg~l klp cg~jujppjp
nlp kbzglp njvj `luujpylgnju pjdyuj klp cg~jujppjp nl kbzgl `lg`uj~l' L
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;55 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
kbzgl jdyäuc`l ylnj {zjuju nj~judcgknkp `lcpkp" ylnj ~ju cg~jujppjp {zj gàl
gj`jppkuckdjg~j `luujpylgnjd klp pjzp cg~jujppjp" jg{zkg~l kbzgl `lg`uj~l'
à gjppj ådec~l {zj pj pc~zk l yulebjdk nl `lgmj`cdjg~l pcp~jdk~cqknl" {zj
ã yulnzqcnl mcp~luc`kdjg~j j" nj `ju~k fludk" cg~jhuk l `lgazg~l nlp djclpnj yulnzèàl' Jppj `lgmj`cdjg~l pcp~jdk~cqknl ylnj gàl pju nl cg~jujppj nl
kbzgl jdyäuc`l" lz pjak" l kbzgl" jd ~judlp cdjnck~lp" ylnj gàl ~ju cg~jujppj
gl nldägcl njppj `lgmj`cdjg~l" dkp" k djz vju" jbj `luujpylgnj ncuj~kdjg~j
klp cg~jujppjp nl kbzgl `lg`uj~l" ylcp" jg{zkg~l päg~jpj nkp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp"
jbj jp~ë pc~zknl gzdk pl`cjnknj {zj yúj k j}chág`ck nl nldägcl njppj ~cyl
nj `lgmj`cdjg~l' J ã" pjd nñvcnk" ~kujfk yuj`äyzk nk jnz`kèàl vckecbcqku l
k`jppl k jppj ~cyl nj pkeju'
Jcp `ldl k {zjp~àl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l j k djnckèàl nl yulfjpplu pj yújd' Ylu{zj l yulfjpplu" jg{zkg~l kbhzãd {zj" nj `ju~l dlnl" kyujjgnjz
kp ujbkèújp pl`ckcp nj fludk pcg~ã~c`k" ã ylp~l gk `lgncèàl nj vckecbcqku jppk
kyujjgpàl ylu yku~j nlp kbzglp" ujkbcqkgnl k djnckèàl jg~uj l kbzgl j l
`lgmj`cdjg~l {zj pj njpjgvlbvjz pl`ckbdjg~j'
Lz~uk ncp~cgèàl {zj cg~ulnzqc gl ~j}~l ‒Ykuk kbãd nk ~jluck nk `zuvk¤
~zuk nk vkuk— ã k ncfjujgèk jg~uj l dlnl `ldl l yulfjpplu pj ujbk`clgk `ld k
pl`cjnknj j l yul`jppl jnz`k~cvl j l dlnl `ldl l kbzgl pj ujbk`clgk' Pc~zl
{zj k ujbkèàl nl kbzgl pj në" yujnldcgkg~jdjg~j" nj fludk pcg`uã~c`k" jg¤{zkg~l k ujbkèàl nl yulfjpplu pj në nj fludk pcg~ã~c`k' L yul`jppl yjnkhðhc`l
yjudc~cuck {zj gl ylg~l nj `mjhknk l kbzgl pj kyul}cdkppj nl yulfjpplu"
ylnjgnl" ~kdeãd jbj" jp~kejbj`ju zdk ujbkèàl pcg~ã~c`k `ld l `lgmj`cdjg~l
nk pl`cjnknj'
à gjppj `lg~j}~l {zj `kej `lgpcnjuku k ujbkèàl jg~uj `lg~jñnl j fludk'
Nl ylg~l nj vcp~k ~jðuc`l" fludk j `lg~jñnl ujbk`clgkd$pj' Zdk `lg`jyèàl
nckbã~c`k jp~ë jdyjgmknk azp~kdjg~j jd fkqju jppk ku~c`zbkèàl" jp~kejbj`ju
jppk ujbkèàl jg~uj `lg~jñnl j dã~lnl' K pjykukèàl njppjp kpyj`~lp ã yuðyucknj zdk bðhc`k gàl nckbã~c`k" nk bðhc`k fludkb" yjbk {zkb pj ylnj pjykuku" yjbk
kep~ukèàl" zd jbjdjg~l nl lz~ul'
[zkgnl pj cgpcp~j gk cdylu~åg`ck nlp `lg~jñnlp" l {zj pj jp~ë fucpkgnl
kä ã k gj`jppcnknj nj ~ukekbmku k jnz`kèàl jd `lg`uj~l j gàl nj fludk kep~uk¤
~k' @ld jfjc~l" k bðhc`k fludkb ã k bðhc`k nkp fludkp j" `ldl l yuðyucl gldj
jp~ë ncqjgnl" kep~uk~k' K bðhc`k nckbã~c`k ã zdk bðhc`k `lg`uj~k' Ã k bðhc`k nlp
`lg~jñnlp' Gàl" yluãd" nlp `lg~jñnlp cgfludjp" dkp nlp `lg~jñnlp jd pzk
ku~c`zbkèàl `ld kp fludkp'Cgfjbcqdjg~j" {zkgnl pj j}yúj zdk `lg`jyèàl" cdjnck~kdjg~j jp~k pj
`lg~ukyúj k lz~uk' Kä jbk jp~ë pjdyuj pjgnl ujnzqcnk' ^ukekbmjc vëuckp vjqjp
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;50
k yuclucnknj nlp `lg~jñnlp pjd yjunju nj vcp~k {zj k {zjp~àl yjnkhðhc`k"
jd pzk jppág`ck" ã k {zjp~àl nkp fludkp' Jp~kp" yluãd" gzg`k ylnjd pju
`lgpcnjuknkp jd pc djpdkp' J k ncfjujg`ckèàl pjdyuj pj nkuë yjbl `lg~jñnl'
Pj flu fjc~k k kep~ukèàl nlp `lg~jñnlp" fc`k$pj `ld k yzuk fludk' Kä l`luuj
k cgncfjujg`ckèàl' Ã gjppj pjg~cnl {zj lp `lg~jñnlp pàl cdylu~kg~jp' ^uk~ku
kp fludkp jd `lg`uj~l j gàl jd kep~uk~l ã ~uk~ë$bkp yjbk vck nlp `lg~jñnlp'
Cppl ylnj pju `lgp~k~knl nj dlnl `bkul {zkgnl `lgpcnjukdlp kp ncp`cybcgkp
{zj `ldyújd l `zuuä`zbl jp`lbku' ^ldj$pj" ylu j}jdybl" l `kpl nk mcp~ðuck'
Pj l fzgnkdjg~kb ã {zj l kbzgl kyujgnk l dã~lnl" lz pjak" `ldl pj pc~zku
mcp~luc`kdjg~j" `ldl kyujjgnju l dlvcdjg~l nk mcp~ðuck" jg~àl pj ~uk~k kä
nl dã~lnl nk mcp~ðuck' J jbj pð cuë kyujjgnju cppl k~ukvãp nk fkdcbckucnknj
`ld k mcp~ðuck yulyuckdjg~j nc~k' Blhl" `ld lp `lg~jñnlp mcp~ðuc`lp'Lp `lg~jñnlp mcp~ðuc`lp pjdyuj pjuàl cdylu~kg~jp j" nj `ju~l åghzbl"
nj~judcgkg~jp" ylu{zj ã yjbl `kdcgml njbjp {zj pj kyujjgnj k yjupyj`~cvk
mcp~ðuc`k" l dlnl nj pc~zku$pj mcp~luc`kdjg~j' Nj fk~l" `ldl ylppl yul`jnju
pjhzgnl l dã~lnl mcp~ðuc`l fkqjgnl kep~ukèàl nk mcp~ðuck< Kbhl pjdjbmkg~j
l`luuj `ld kp njdkcp ncp`cybcgkp'
@lgpcnjukgnl$pj {zj k ncvcpàl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l jd ncp`cybcgkp `luujp¤
ylgnj" nj `ju~l dlnl" kl dldjg~l kgkbä~c`l" ã yuj`cpl `lgpcnjuku k {zjp~àl
nk päg~jpj" cp~l ã" k ku~c`zbkèàl nkp ncp`cybcgkp gzdk vcpàl nj ~l~kbcnknj" l{zj jgvlbvj l yulebjdk nj pj nj~judcgku dkcp yuj`cpkdjg~j jd {zj hukz kp
ncp`cybcgkp pàl gj`jppëuckp j jd {zj hukz pàl ujpzb~kg~jp nj zdk jp~uz~zuk
pl`ckb `jg~uknk gk ncvcpàl nl ~ukekbml' Pj `lgpcnjul k ncfjujg`ckèàl ylu
ncp`cybcgkp" gl `kdyl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l" nk `cág`ck" j ~kdeãd gk jnz`kèàl"
`ldl k ujyulnzèàl nk ncvcpàl nl ~ukekbml {zj pj në gl yul`jppl yulnz~cvl"
é djncnk {zj ~jg~l pzyjuku jppk ncvcpàl j `mjhku k zdk yulnzèàl `lbj~cvk"
~kdeãd jp~lz yul`zukgnl `kdcgmku gk djpdk ncujèàl nj `mjhku kl `l¤
gmj`cdjg~l yulnzqcnl `lbj~cvkdjg~j" k zd `lgmj`cdjg~l hblekb" ku~c`zbknlgzdk vcpàl nj ~l~kbcnknj" pzyjukgnl kp jpyj`ckbcqkèújp' Ã yuj`cpl" gl jg~kg~l"
`lgpcnjuku djbmlu jppk {zjp~àl' @lgvãd uj~ldku L @kyc~kb" gl ylg~l jd
{zj pj j}ybc`c~k k ncfjujgèk jg~uj k ncvcpàl pl`ckb j k ncvcpàl ~ã`gc`k nl ~uk¤
ekbml' Yjgpl {zj më zdk ncvcpàl {zj `luujpylgnj ép k~cvcnknjp pl`ckcp {zj"
gk pl`cjnknj `kyc~kbcp~k" pj ujvjp~jd nj pjg~cnl pl`ckb ncfjujg`cknl" jd {zj
`ju~kp k~cvcnknjp pàl dkcp yujp~chcknkp" lz~ukp djglp? zdkp pàl dkcp ejd
ujdzgjuknkp nl {zj lz~ukp' Jppk ncvcpàl ujpzb~k nk jp~uz~zuk pl`ckb" pjgnl
nj~judcgknk yjbk ncvcpàl jd `bkppjp j yjbk mcjuku{zcqkèàl {zj njbk nj`luujj {zj jp~ë `jg~uknk gk kyulyuckèàl yucvknk' Gzd yul`jppl nj kyulyuckèàl
`lbj~cvk nlp djclp nj yulnzèàl" cppl ~jgnjuck k njpkykuj`ju" k pju pzyjuknl'
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;5> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
Dkp k {zjp~àl {zj fc`k ã pj gzdk pl`cjnknj jd {zj l `lgazg~l nj cgncvänzlp
`lg`luuj ykuk l djpdl fcd" ykuk zdk `lbj~cvcqkèàl" cppl pchgcfc`kuck {zj
jbjp `lbkelukuckd cgncfjujg`cknkdjg~j< Jd vjunknj" pj ~lnlp fkuàl k djpdk
`lcpk" jg~àl {zj pl`cjnknj pjuë jppk< ^kdeãd k{zjbk fðudzbk {zj kykuj`j gl
pl`ckbcpdl $ ‒k `knk zd pjhzgnl kp pzkp gj`jppcnknjp j nj `knk zd pjhzgnl
kp pzkp yl~jg`ckbcnknjp— $ jp~ë cgnc`kgnl {zj mkvjuë zdk ncfjujg`ckèàl' Cppl
pj j}yujppk ~kdeãd gl yul`jppl nl `lgmj`cdjg~l" k~ukvãp nk cdylu~åg`ck nl
dldjg~l kgkbä~c`l" {zkgnl pj `mjhk é päg~jpj yjbk ncfjujg`ckèàl' L yuðyucl
`lg`jc~l nj päg~jpj cdybc`k k zgcnknj nkp ncfjujgèkp' L `lg`jc~l nj `lg`uj~l"
`lgfludj Dku}" ã k zgcnknj nk ncvjupcnknj' Ã cppl {zj ~lugk gj`jppëucl l
dldjg~l nk kep~ukèàl' Gàl `mjhl é päg~jpj pjgàl yjbk djnckèàl nk kgëbcpj'
Gk päg`ujpj jp~ë ~znl dkcp lz djglp `kð~c`l" dkcp lz djglp `lgfzpl' Gàl pj
~jd `bkujqk nlp jbjdjg~lp {zj `lgp~c~zjd k ~l~kbcnknj' Gk päg~jpj jz ~jgml
k vcpàl nl ~lnl `ld k `lgp`cág`ck j k `bkujqk nkp yku~jp {zj l `lgp~c~zjd'
Yjgpl" jd pzdk" {zj kp ncp`cybcgkp `luujpylgnjd kl dldjg~l kgkbä~c`l
jd {zj gj`jppc~l cnjg~cfc`ku lp ncfjujg~jp jbjdjg~lp' Ã l dldjg~l jd {zj
ncfjujg`cl k dk~jdë~c`k nk eclblhck" nk pl`clblhck" nk mcp~ðuck" nk hjlhukfck'
Gl jg~kg~l" jbkp gzg`k pj ncppl`ckd' Gzdk vcpàl pcg`uã~c`k" cppl ~znl ykuj`j
`kð~c`l" ykuj`j {zj ~znl jp~ë jd ~znl' Dkp gk vcpàl pcg~ã~c`k yju`jej$pj `ld
`bkujqk `ldl k dk~jdë~c`k pj ujbk`clgk `ld k pl`clblhck" `ld k mcp~ðuck"`ld k hjlhukfck j vc`j$vjupk'
[zkg~l ép flg~jp ~jðuc`kp nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" ~jgml dj
ujylu~knl dkcp fuj{zjg~jdjg~j é{zjbkp nj `kuë~ju jpyj`äfc`l j ncfjujg`ck$
nlu' Nkä k ujfjuág`ck kl dk~juckbcpdl mcp~ðuc`l" jd `zal ådec~l pj pc~zkd kp
flg~jp jpyj`äfc`kp njppk ~jluck yjnkhðhc`k' Dkp ã cdylu~kg~j `lgpcnjuku {zj
jppkp flg~jp glp ujdj~jd klp `bëppc`lp" jg~jgncnlp" k{zc" jd pjg~cnl kdybl'
@ld jfjc~l" kyjgkp `ld k `lg~ucezcèàl nj Dku} gàl pj jvcnjg`ckuck j gàl
pj vckecbcqkuck k fludzbkèàl nk ~jluck {zj jp~ë pjgnl yulylp~k' Ã gj`jppëuclfkqju k ncp`zppàl `ld lz~ulp `bëppc`lp" djpdl ylu{zj Dku} gàl ~ukekbmlz
ncuj~kdjg~j" nj fludk dzc~l jbkeluknk" kp {zjp~újp yjnkhðhc`kp' Ylu~kg~l"
pj {zjujdlp j}~ukcu zdk yjnkhlhck nj pzk leuk" gàl ylnjujdlp fc`ku gl
nlhdk~cpdl j gzdk vcpàl dzc~l jp~ujc~k' Pldjg~j pjuë ylppävjb fludzbku
kbhl `lgpcp~jg~j gk ujbkèàl j `ld k yujpjgèk nlp `bëppc`lp' Gàl pldjg~j `ld
lp `bëppc`lp nk `zb~zuk" nj dlnl hjukb" j nk fcblplfck" jd yku~c`zbku" dkp ~kd¤
eãd nk yjnkhlhck' Ã gj`jppëucl vju `ldl lp yul`jpplp yjnkhðhc`lp pj flukd
j}ybc`c~kgnl" `ldl kp yjnkhlhckp pj fludzbkukd j `ldl kp `luujg~jp" jdjpyj`ckb nk yjnkhlhck ~uknc`clgkb j nk jp`lbk glvk" pzuhcukd' Jppk cg~jubl$
`zèàl `ld lp `bëppc`lp ã dzc~l cdylu~kg~j" kä cg`bzänlp" jvcnjg~jdjg~j" lp
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;5:
kz~lujp eukpcbjculp' ^jgml cgpcp~cnl j k~ã bkdjg~knl {zj lp glpplp kbzglp nj
yjnkhlhck" nj dlnl jpyj`ckb k yku~cu nlp kglp ;389" gàl `lgmjèkd lp `bëppc¤
`lp nk glppk mcp~ðuck yjnkhðhc`k `ldl" ylu j}jdybl" Fjugkgnl nj Kqjvjnl"
Blzujgèl Fcbml" Kgäpcl ^jc}jcuk" Ykzbl Fujcuj' J l dkcp bkdjg~ëvjb ã {zj"
djpdl `lgmj`jgnl kbhzgp njppjp kz~lujp" jppj `lgmj`cdjg~l ã kyjgkp nl
gldj j gàl nk leuk" `ldl ã" dkcp yuj`cpkdjg~j" l `kpl nj Ykzbl Fujcuj' Gàl
pj ylnj ncqju {zj lp kbzglp l `lgmjèkd' Kyjgkp lzvcukd fkbku' Pj pj fcqju
zdk jg{zj~j ykuk pj pkeju {zjd bjz kbhzdk `lcpk njbj" pjuë ncfä`cb le~ju zdk
ujpylp~k ylpc~cvk gl {zj pj ujfjuj klp ~j}~lp fzgnkdjg~kcp' ^kbvjq lp kbzglp
~jgmkd bcnl zd lz lz~ul ~j}~l lz zdk jg~ujvcp~k jd kbhzdk ujvcp~k' Dkp
ncfc`cbdjg~j jg`lg~ukujdlp kbhzãd {zj ~jgmk bcnl lp ~j}~lp$`mkvj" `ldl
Jnz`kèàl `ldl yuë~c`k nk bcejunknjj Yjnkhlhck nl lyucdcnl'Fcgkbdjg~j" `ldl flg~jp jpyj`äfc`kp nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k" `kej
`lgpcnjuku ~kdeãd lp kz~lujp {zj yul`zukukd kelunku lp yulebjdkp yjnkhð¤
hc`lp k yku~cu nkp dk~ucqjp ~jðuc`kp nl dk~juckbcpdl mcp~ðuc`l" ujyujpjg~knkp"
ekpc`kdjg~j" ylu Dku} j Hukdp`c' Djg`clgl" jg~uj jbjp" Elhnkg Pz`mlnlbpoc
-;366" ;38;" ;386" ;388 j ;3=>#? Dkucl Kbchmcjul Dkgk`lunk -;36>" ;363 j
;388#? j Hjluhjp Pgsnjup -;38>" ;386k" ;386e j ;3=6#' Kbãd njppjp kz~lujp"
pc~zknlp dkcp yulyuckdjg~j gl ådec~l nk fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl" ylnjdlp bjd¤
euku gldjp gl `kdyl nk ypc`lyjnkhlhck" `ldl lp cg~jhukg~jp nk ‒Jp`lbk njVchl~poc—" j nk yjnkhlhck" `ldl Ycp~uko -;3=;#" Dkokujgol -;388";3=5";3=:#
j lp cg~ãuyuj~jp nkp cnjckp yjnkhðhc`kp nj Hukdp`c `ldl" kbãd nj Dkgk`lunk"
aë `c~knl" Eul``lbc -;388#" Ej~~c -;3=;# j Ukhkqqcgc -;38= j 5995#'
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E C E B C L H U K F C K
Kb~mzppju " B' -p'n'#' Cnjlblhck j kykujbmlp cnjlbðhc lp nj Jp~knl' Bcpelk" Yuj¤
pjgèk'
Kukgmk" B' -;335#' Yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k1 l l~cdcpdl nckbã~c`l jd jnz`kèàl'
Pàl Ykzbl" Jnz`'
Ekznjbl~" @' & Jp~kebj~" U' -;38;#' B–ã`lbj `kyc~kbcp~j jg Fukg`j' Ykucp" Dkp$
yjul'
Ej~~c" H' -;3=;#' Jp`zjbk" jnz`k`cðg s yjnkhlhck jg Hukdp`c' Eku`jblgk" Dku¤
~cgjq Ul`k'
Elzuncjz" Y' =` Ykppjulg" A$@' -;389#' Bk ujyulnz`~clg1 ãbãdjg~p ylzu zgj ~mãlucj
nz psp~ídj n–jgpjchgjdjg~' Ykucp" Bjp ãnc~clgp nj dcgzc~ -~uknzèàl eukpcbjcuk1
K ujyulnzèàl' Ucl nj Akgjcul" Fukg`cp`l Kbvjp" ;38:#'
Eul``lbc" K' -;388#' Kg~lgcl Hukdp`c s bk jnz`k`cðg `ldl mjhjdlgck' Dã}c`l"
Gzjvk Cdkhjg'
@zgmk" B' K' -;3=;#' ‒Pleuj jnz`kèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l gl Eukpcb1 `uä~c`k j
kz~l`uä~c`k—' Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj" @lu~jq,@JNJP" g' ;9" yy' ;50$;0;" pj~'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;33>#' ‒K k~zkèàl nj Njudjvkb Pkvckgc gk jnz kèàl eukpcbjcuk1
zd njylcdjg~l—' Cg1 Pcbvk Au'" @' K' -luh'#' Njudjvkb Pkvckgc j k jnz`kèàl
eukpcbjcuk1 l Pcdyðpcl nj Dkuäbck' Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq" yy' >;$65'
@zus" @' U' A' -;3=;#' ‒K yulyðpc~l nj jnz`kèàl j njpjgvlbvcdjg~l pl`ckb gl
Eukpcb—' Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj" @lu~jq,@JNJP" g' 3" yy' ;::$;60" dkcl'
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\\\\\\\\\\\\-;3=:#' Jnz`kèàl j `lg~ukncèàl' Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq,Kz~lujp Kppl¤
`cknlp'
Fujcuj" Y' -;3=5#' Kèàl `zb~zukb ykuk k bcejunknj' Ucl nj Akgjcul" Ykq j ^juuk'
Hknl~~c" D' -;3=0#' @lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k nk jnz`kèàl1 zd jp~znl cg~ulnz~ðucl'
Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq,Kz~lujp Kppl`cknlp'
Hkpykucg" A' B' -5995#' Zdk ncnë~c`k ykuk k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' @kdyc¤
gkp" Kz~lujp Kppl`cknlp'
Hlbndkgg" B' -;386#' @cág`ckp mzdkgkp j fcblplfck' Pàl Ykzbl" Ncfjb'
Hukdp`c" K' -;36=#' Lp cg~jbj`~zkcp j k luhkgcqkèàl nk `zb~zuk' Ucl nj Akgjcul"
@cvcbcqkèàl Eukpcbjcuk'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;38:#' P`uc~~chclvkgcbc -;3;>$;3;=#' ^lucgl" Jcgkznc'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;38=#' @lg`jyèàl nckbã~c`k nk mcp~ðuck' 5' jn' Ucl nj Akgjcul"
@cvcbcqkèàl Eukpcbjcuk'
Bceågjl" A' @' -;3=8#' K njdl`uk~cqkèàl nk jp`lbk yñebc`k1 k yjnkhlhck `uä~c`l$
pl`ckb nlp lg~jñnlp' Pàl Ykzbl" Blslbk'
Dkokujgol" K' P' -;388#' Bk `lbj`~cvcnkn s bk jnz`k`cðg nj bk yjuplgkbcnkn'
Dlp`lz" Yulhujpl'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;3=5#' Yulebjdkp nj bk jnz`k`cðg jp`lbku' Dlp`lz" Yulhujpl'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;3=:#' Yljdk yjnkhðhc`l' 0 vlbp' Pàl Ykzbl" Eukpcbcjgpj'
Dkgk`lunk" D' K' -;36>#' Cb dku}cpdl j b(jnz`kqclgj' Uldk" Kudkgnl'
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -;363#' Dku} s bk yjnkhlhck dlnjugk' Eku`jblgk" Lcolp$^kz _jn'
eukpcbjcuk1 Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq, Kz~lujp Kppl`cknlp" ;33;T'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;388#' Jb yucg`cycl jnz`k~cvl jg Hukdp`c' Pkbkdkg`k" Pähzjdj
_jn' eukpcbjcuk1 Ylu~l Kbjhuj" Ku~jp Dãnc`kp" ;339T'
Dku}" O' -;36=#'L @kyc~kb' Ucl nj Akgjcul" @cvcbcqkèàl Eukpcbjcuk" bcvul ;'
;5= YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-;380#' @lg~ucezcèàl ykuk k `uä~c`k nk j`lgldck ylbä~c`k' Bcpelk"
Jp~kdyk'
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -;38=#' @kyä~zbl VC -cgãnc~l#" L @kyc~kb Pàl Ykzbl" @cág`ckp Mz¤dkgkp" bcvul ;'
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-p,n'#'‒^jpjp pleuj Fjzjuek`m—' Cg1 Dku} & Jghjbp' ^j}~lp fcbl¤
pðfc`lp' Bcpelk" Yujpjgèk" yy' 3$;0'
Djbbl" H' G' nj -;3=5#' Dkhcp~ãucl nj C l hukz' Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq,Kz~lujp Kp¤
pl`cknlp'
Glpjbbk" Y' -;3=0#'‒L `ldyuldcppl ylbä~c`l `ldl mlucqlg~j nk `ldyj~ág`ck
~ã`gc`k—' Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj" @lu~jq,@jnjp" g' ;>" dkcl'
Yj~c~" V' -;380#'‒Bjp `lg~uknc`~clgp nj ^k ujyulnz`~clg–—' Bk yjgpãj" g'6="
yy' 0$59" kvu'
Ycp~uko -;3=;#' Fzgnkdjg~lp nk jp`lbk nl ~ukekbml' Pàl Ykzbl" Eukpcbcjgpj'
Ukhkqqcgc" N' -;38=#' Pl`cj~é cgnzp~uckbj j fludkqclgj zdkgk gjb yjgpcjul nc Hukdp`c' Uldk" Jnc~luc Uczggc~c'
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-5995#' Bjlgkunl gjbbk pl cj~é nc dkppk1 ~jluck njbck yjuplgkbc~é
cg Hukdp`c' Ejuhkdl" Dluj~~c Mlgjhhju'
Pëg`mjq Vëq{zjq" K' -;36=#' Fcblplfck nk yuë}cp' Ucl nj Akgjcul" Ykq j ^juuk'
Pkvckgc" N' -;363#' Jpelèl nj fludzbkèàl nj zdk cnjlblhck jnz`k`clgkb ykuk l
Eukpcb' Pàl Ykzbl" YZ@$PY-dcdjl'#'
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-;3=9#' Jnz`kèàl1 nl pjgpl `ldzd é `lgp`cág`ck fcblpðfc`k' Pàl
Ykzbl" @lu~jq,Kz~lujp Kppl`cknlp'
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-;3=>#' Jgpcgl yñebc`l j kbhzdkp fkbkp pleuj zgcvjupcnknj' Pàl
Ykzbl" @lu~jq,Kz~lujp Kppl`cknlp'
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-;3=:#' ‒Pjg~cnl nk yjnkhlhck j ykyjb nl yjnkhlhl—' K gnj "
g' 3" yy' 58$5='
NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;53
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;09 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;3==#' ‒@lg~ucezcèàl é jbkelukèàl nk glvk B'N'E'1 zd cgä`cl nj
`lgvjupk—' K gnj " g' ;0" yy' :$;>'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;33;#' Jnz`kèàl j {zjp~újp nk k~zkbcnknj' Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq,Bcvulp nl ^k~z'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;33>#' ‒Njpkfclp k~zkcp nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k—' Cg1 Pcbvk
Au'" @' K' -luh'#' Njudjvkb Pkvckgc j k jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk1 l Pcdyðpcl nj Dkuäbck'
Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq" yy' 5>0$568'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-5998#' Jp`lbk j njdl`uk`ck' 03' jn' @kdycgkp" Kz~lujp Kppl`cknlp'
P`kb`lg" P'H' -5995#' É yul`zuk nk zgcnknj ypc`lyjnkhðhc`k1 ku~c`zbkgnl k ypc¤
`lblhck mcp~ðuc`l$`zb~zukb `ld k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' @kdycgkp" Kz~lujp
Kppl`cknlp'
P`mdcjn$O lxkuqco " X' -;3=0#' Yjnkhlhck nckbã~c`k' Pàl Ykzbl" Eukpcbcjgpj'
Pcbvk Au '" @' K'-luh'# -;33>#' Njudjvkb Pkvckgc j k jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk1 l Pcdyðpcl
nj Dkuäbck' Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq'
P gsnjup" H' -;38>#' Yjnkhlhck yulhujppcp~k' @lcdeuk" Kbdjncgk'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;386k#' Ykuk lgnj vàl kp yjnkhlhckp gàl ncuj~cvkp< Bcpelk" Dl¤
ukjp'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;386e#' Ã`lbj" `bkppj j~ bz~~j nj `bkppjp' Ykucp" Y'Z'F'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;3=6#' Bk alcj é b(ã`lbj' Ykucp" Y'Z'F' _jn' eukpcbjcuk1 Pàl Ykzbl"
Dkglbj" ;3==T'
Pz`mlnlbpoc -;366#' ^jluck dku}cp~k nj bk jnz`k`cðg' Dã}c`l" Hucakbel'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;38;#' ^uk~knl nj yjnkhlhck' Eku`jblgk" Jnc`clgjp 65'
\\\\\ \ \ \\ -;386#' Fzgnkdjg~lp nj yjnkhlhck pl`ckbcp~k' Eku`jblgk" Bkck'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;388#' Bk jnz`k`cðg mzdkgk njb mldeuj' Eku`jblgk" Bkck'
\\\\\\\\\\\\-;3=>#' K yjnkhlhck j kp hukgnjp `luujg~jp fcblpðfc`kp' 0' jn' Bcpelk"
Bcvulp Mlucqlg~j'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;0;
Xk`mlxc`q" B' K'" -;33>#' ‒K `ldyujjgpàl mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k nk jnz`kèàl—' Cg1
Pcbvk Au'" @' K' -luh'#' Njudjvkb Pkvckgc j k jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk1 l Pcdyðpcl nj
Dkuäbck' Pàl Ykzbl" @lu~jq" yy' ;:0$;66'
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P L E U J L K Z ^ L U
Gkp`jz jd Pkg~l Kg~þgcl nj Ylppj" gl jp~knl nj Pàl Ykzbl"
jd 0 nj fjvjujcul nj ;3>>' @zuplz l yucdëucl gl Huzyl Jp`l¤
bku nj Vcbk Cgvjugknk" jg~àl yjucfjuck nk `cnknj nj Pàl Ykzbl"
jg~uj ;3:; j ;3:>" j l `zupl nj kndcppàl kl hcgëpcl" jd ;3::"
gk Ykuð{zck nj Pàl Ycl ] j Pkg~k Bzqck gk Vcbk Ncvk" ~kdeãd
gk yjucfjuck nj Pàl Ykzbl' Jd 58 nj pj~jdeul nj ;3:: flc ykuk@zckeë" jd Dk~l Hulppl" ~jgnl pcnl kyulvknl glp j}kdjp
nj kndcppàl kl hcgëpcl gl Bc`jz Pkbjpckgl Pàl Hlgèkbl' Nj
;3:6 k ;3:3 `zuplz l hcgëpcl gl Pjdcgëucl Glppk Pjgmluk
nk @lg`jcèàl nj @zckeë" ~ukgpfjucgnl$pj" jd ;369" ykuk l
Pjdcgëucl nl @lukèàl Jz`kuäp~c`l nj @kdyl Hukgnj" mlaj
`kyc~kb nl jp~knl nj Dk~l Hulppl nl Pzb" lgnj cgc`clz l `zupl
`lbjhckb" {zj ~jvj yulppjhzcdjg~l jd ;36;" nj glvl gl Pjdc¤
gëucl Glppk Pjgmluk nk @lg`jcèàl nj @zckeë -D^#' Cgc`clzlp jp~znlp fcblpðfc`lp gl Pjdcgëucl @jg~ukb nj Kykuj`cnk nl
Glu~j" gl jp~knl nj Pàl Ykzbl" jd ;365" ~jgnl cghujppknl gl
`zupl nj fcblplfck nk Fk`zbnknj Pkbjpckgk nj Fcblplfck" @cág`ckp
j Bj~ukp nj Blujgk -PY# jd ;360' ^ukgpfjucgnl$pj" jd ;36>"
ykuk k Fk`zbnknj nj Fcblplfck" @cág`ckp j Bj~ukp nj Pàl Ejg~l
nk YZ@$PY" kä pj huknzlz ek`mkujb j bc`jg`cknl jd fcblplfck
jd ;366'
Nj ;368 k ;363 bj`clglz fcblplfck" mcp~ðuck j mcp~ðuck nk ku~j
gl @lbãhcl Jp~knzkb Yulf' K~kbcek nj Lbcvjcuk gl ekcuul nj Pàl
Alàl @bädk`l" gk yjucfjuck nj Pàl Ykzbl' ^kdeãd jd ;368
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;0> YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ^C@K
bj`clglz mcp~ðuck j fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl gl @zupl Gludkb
nl @lbãhcl Pclg" jd Pàl Ykzbl' Jd ;389 flc kyulvknl jd
`lg`zupl yñebc`l nj cghujppl kl dkhcp~ãucl dãncl lfc`ckb nl
jp~knl nj Pàl Ykzbl ykuk yulvcdjg~l nl `kuhl nj yulfjpplu
pj`zgnëucl nj `cág`ckp mzdkgkp CCC -fcblplfck" pl`clblhck"
mcp~ðuck nk `cág`ck j `zb~zuk eukpcbjcuk `lg~jdyluågjk#' Jd
`lgpj{zág`ck" kppzdcz k `knjcuk nj fcblplfck gl @lbãhcl Jp¤
~knzkb Ybägcl Ekuuj~l gl ekcuul nk Dll`k" gk `kyc~kb ykzbcp~k'
Jd ;38;" flc kyulvknl jd `lg`zupl yñebc`l ykuk yulvcdjg~l
nl `kuhl nj ncuj~lu nl jgpcgl pj`zgnëucl nl jp~knl nj Pàl
Ykzbl" `kuhl {zj" jg~uj~kg~l" gàl `mjhlz k kppzdcu ylu{zj gk
l`kpcàl nk jp`lbmk nkp jp`lbkp aë pj jg`lg~ukvk gk `lgncèàlnj yulfjpplu jd ~jdyl cg~jhukb gk YZ@$PY'
Kg~jp djpdl nk j}yjucág`ck `ldl yulfjpplu gl jgpcgl dãncl"
flc `lgvcnknl ykuk bj`clgku gk yuðyuck YZ@$PY" lgnj k~zlz"
gl pjhzgnl pjdjp~uj nj ;366" `ldl dlgc~lu nk ncp`cybcgk
fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl gl `zupl nj yjnkhlhck" ~lugkgnl$pj
yulfjpplu `lg~uk~knl jd ;368' Jd `lgpj{zág`ck" cgp`ujvjz$
pj ykuk njpjgvlbvju jp~znlp yðp$huknzknlp jd gävjb nj nlz¤~luknl j le~jvj l ~ä~zbl nj nlz~lu jd fcblplfck nk jnz`kèàl
yjbk YZ@$PY" jd ;38;" djnckg~j njfjpk nk ~jpj L `lg`jc~l nj
pcp~jdk gk Bjc nj Ncuj~ucqjp j Ekpjp nk Jnz`kèàl Gk`clgkb -Bjc
g' >'95>" nj 59,;5,;36;#" yzebc`knk gk fludk nj bcvul" jd ;380"
`ld l ~ä~zbl Jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk1 jp~uz~zuk j pcp~jdk'
Jg~uj khlp~l nj ;38: j dkuèl nj ;38=" k~zlz `ldl yulfjpplu
~c~zbku nk Zfp`ku" {zkgnl yujpcncz k `ldcppàl {zj ybkgjalz
l Yulhukdk nj Yðp$Huknzkèàl jd Jnz`kèàl" cgp~kbknl jddkuèl nj ;386" ple pzk `llunjgkèàl'
Jd ;3=9" yjudkgj`jgnl `ldl yulfjpplu nk YZ@$PY" ykpplz
k k~zku ~kdeãd gk Zgc`kdy" lgnj" jd ;3=6" le~jvj l ~ä~zbl
nj bcvuj$nl`jg~j jd mcp~ðuck nk jnz`kèàl" l`kpcàl jd {zj
njfjgnjz k ~jpj L @lghujppl Gk`clgkb j k jnz`kèàl eukpcbjcuk1
kgëbcpj nl pchgcfc`knl ylbä~c`l nk kèàl nl @lghujppl Gk`clgkb
gk ncp`zppàl j kyulvkèàl nlp yulaj~lp {zj pj `lgvju~jukd gkp bjcp >'95>,6;" :':>9,6= j :'635,8;" `zak yzebc`kèàl gk fludk
nj bcvul pj njz jd ;3=8 `ld l ~ä~zbl Ylbä~c`k j jnz`kèàl gl
Eukpcb1 l ykyjb nl @lghujppl Gk`clgkb gk bjhcpbkèàl nl jgpcgl'
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;0:
K yku~cu nj ;3=3 cghujpplz gl Ujhcdj nj Njnc`kèàl Cg~jhukb
é Nl`ág`ck j é Yjp{zcpk -UNCNY# gk Zgc`kdy" lgnj" jd ;339"
flc kyulvknl gl `lg`zupl nj yulfjpplu knazg~l gk ncp`cybcgk
mcp~ðuck nk jnz`kèàl' J jd ;330" djnckg~j kyulvkèàl jd`lg`zupl yñebc`l nj yulvkp j ~ä~zblp" kp`jgnjz kl `kuhl nj
yulfjpplu ~c~zbku nj mcp~ðuck nk jnz`kèàl nk Zgc`kdy' Jg~uj
5995 j 599> k~zlz `ldl yulfjpplu ~c~zbku `lbkeluknlu nk
Fk`zbnknj nj Fcblplfck" @cág`ckp j Bj~ukp nk ZPY" `kdyzp nj
Ucejcuàl Yuj~l" `lg~ucezcgnl gk cdybkg~kèàl nl `zupl nj
yjnkhlhck'
Pzk j}yjucág`ck cg~jugk`clgkb cgc`clz$pj jd njqjdeul nj;388 `ld zd jp~ëhcl nj yjp{zcpk gl Cgp~c~z~ n–Ã~znj nz
Nãvjblyyjdjg~ Ã`lgldc{zj j~ Pl`ckb -Cjnjp#" Zgcvjupc~ã
nj Ykucp C -Pluelggj#" pjhzcnl" jd akgjcul nj ;38=" nj zd
jp~ëhcl gl Cp~c~z~l Hukdp`c" jd Uldk' Jd pj~jdeul nj ;383"
ujkbcqlz cg~ju`ådecl k`knádc`l gkp pjhzcg~jp cgp~c~zcèújp
nk Kbjdkgmk1 Yînkhlhcp`mj Ml`mp`mzbj,Zgcvjupcnknj nj
@lbþgck" Yînkhlhcp`mj Ml`mp`mzbj,Zgcvjupcnknj nj Dògp~ju"
Bk~jcgkdjuc`k Cgp~c~z~ nj Ejubcd j Njz~p`mjp Cgp~c~z~ fòu Yînkhlhcp`mj Flup`mzgh nj Fukgofzu~' Jd ;3=5" ;3=0 j ;3=:
dcgcp~ulz" `ldl yulfjpplu vcpc~kg~j gl Yulhukdk nj Djp~uknl
jd Jnz`kèàl nk Fbk`pl nj Ezjglp Kcujp" k ncp`cybcgk ~jluck
nj bk jnz`k`cðg' Jd khlp~l nj ;3=6 yku~c`cylz" k `lgvc~j
nk LJK" nl Pjdcgëucl Cg~jukdjuc`kgl pleuj Jnz`kèàl"
Njpjgvlbvcdjg~l j Njdl`uk`ck" ujkbcqknl jd Xkpmcgh~lg"
N'@'" JZK' Jd fjvjujcul nj ;3=8" k `lgvc~j nk Zgcvjupcnkn
nj bk Ujyñebc`k" dcgcp~ulz jd Dlg~jvcnãz nlcp `zuplp
cg~jgpcvlp pleuj ‒@luujg~jp Yjnkhðhc`kp @lg~jdyluågjkp—
j ‒Yucg`cykcp @luujg~jp Yjnkhðhc`kp j pzk Kybc`kecbcnknj é
Ujkbcnknj Gk`clgkb— j yulfjucz `lgfjuág`ck pleuj l ~jdk
‒Ujkbcnknj j Yjupyj`~cvk nk Jnz`kèàl gl @lg~j}~l Bk~cgl$
Kdjuc`kgl—' K `lgvc~j nk Zgcvjupcnkn Gk`clgkb nj Bzaëg"
yku~c`cylz nl ‒Jg`zjg~ul nj Njyku~kdjg~lp" Jp`zjbkp s
Fk`zb~knjp nj @cág`ckp nj bk Jnz`k`cðg nj Zgcvjupcnknjp
Gk`clgkbjp—" fkqjgnl zdk j}ylpcèàl pleuj ‒Blp Ylp~$huknlp
jg Eukpcb—' Kcgnk gk Kuhjg~cgk" yulfjucz `lgfjuág`ck pleuj
l ~jdk ‒K yjnkhlhck j lp cg~jujppjp nk `bkppj ~ukekbmknluk—
gk @kpk Zgcvjupc~ëuck Kgcekb Ylg`j" jd Ezjglp Kcujp' Nj
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; 0 6 YJNKHLHCK MCP^ÐUC@L$@UÄ C@K
azbml nj ;33> k dkuèl nj ;33: ujkbcqlz ‒jp~ëhcl págclu— -yðp$
nlz~luknl# gkp zgcvjupcnknjp c~kbckgkp nj Yënzk" Elblgmk"
Fjuukuk j Fblujgèk'
Kz~lu nj hukgnj gñdjul nj ~ukekbmlp yzebc`knlp gk fludk
nj bcvulp -5>#" `kyä~zblp nj bcvulp -:8#" yujfë`clp nj bcvulp
-65# j nj ku~chlp -;>:# jd ujvcp~kp gk`clgkcp j cg~jugk`clgkcp"
`lg`bzcz ;= yulaj~lp nj yjp{zcpk j lucjg~lz 08 ncppju~kèújp
nj djp~uknl" >= ~jpjp nj nlz~luknl" pjcp yulaj~lp nj yðp$
nlz~luknl j lc~l yulaj~lp nj cgc`ckèàl `cjg~äfc`k'
Dcgcp~ulz `zuplp nj yðp$huknzkèàl `ldl yulfjpplu vcpc~kg~jjd vëuckp zgcvjupcnknjp fjnjukcp" gk ZPY" lgnj bj`clglz k
ncp`cybcgk fcblplfck nk `cág`ck gl Yulhukdk nj Nlz~luknl
jd Jgfjudkhjd" gkp Zgcvjupcnknjp Jp~knzkcp nj Dkucghë
j Hzkukyzkvk" gl Ykukgë" gl Yulhukdk nj Yðp$Huknzkèàl
nk Fbk`pl jd Ezjglp Kcujp j gk Zgcvjupcnknj nl @jg~ul nk
Yulväg`ck nj Ezjglp Kcujp" jd ^kgncb" Kuhjg~cgk'
Cg~jhulz l @ldc~á Kppjpplu nl @GY{" ejd `ldl lp `luylp
nj kppjpplujp nk Fkyjpy" @kyjp" Cgjy j Fkjy$Zgc`kdy" jdc¤~cgnl ykuj`jujp ~ã`gc`lp gl `kdyl nk jnz`kèàl' Fjq yku~j
nl @lgpjbml Jnc~luckb j nl @lgpjbml nj @lbkeluknlujp nk
ujvcp~k Kgnj" Ujvcp~k nj Jnz`kèàl KJ@ j Ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl
Eukpcbjcuk' Ã djdeul nl @lgpjbml Jnc~luckb nlp pjhzcg~jp
yjucðnc`lp1 ujvcp~k Kbymk" nk Fk`zbnknj nj Fcblplfck" @cág`ckp
j Bj~ukp nj Yk~lp nj Dcgkp? Ujvcp~k Eukpcbjcuk nj Jnz`kèàl"
nk KGYJn? Ujvcp~k Eukpcbjcuk nj Jp~znlp Yjnkhðhc`lp" nl Cgjy?
Ujvcp~k Eukpcbjcuk nj Mcp~ðuck nk Jnz`kèàl" nk PEMJ? @knjuglp nj Yjp{zcpk" nk Fzgnkèàl @kublp @mkhkp? ujvcp~k @ldzgc`k¤
èújp" nl Yulhukdk nj Yðp$Huknzkèàl jd Jnz`kèàl nk Zgc$
djy? ujvcp~k Ncëblhl Jnz`k`clgkb" nl Yulhukdk nj Djp~uknl
jd Jnz`kèàl nk YZ@$YU? ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl" nl @jg~ul nj
Jnz`kèàl nk Zgcvjupcnknj Fjnjukb nj Pkg~k Dkuck? ujvcp~k
Jnz`kèàl j Fcblplfck" nk Zgcvjupcnknj Fjnjukb nj Zejubågnck?
ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl & Bcghzkhjd" nk Zgcvjupcnknj Dj~lncp~k
nj Pàl Ykzbl? ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl j Yjp{zcpk" nk Fk`zbnknj njJnz`kèàl nk ZPY? ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl jd Ujvcp~k" nk Fk`zbnknj
nj Jnz`kèàl nk ZFDH? ujvcp~k Jnz`kèàl & Pl`cjnknj" nl
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NJUDJVKB PKVCKGC ;08
@jnjp? ujvcp~k Jpykèl Yjnkhðhc`l" nk Fk`zbnknj nj Jnz`kèàl
nk ZYF? ujvcp~k Mcp~ðuck nk Jnz`kèàl" nk Kppl`ckèàl Pzb$
Ucl$Hukgnjgpj nj Yjp{zcpknlujp jd Mcp~ðuck nk Jnz`kèàl?
ujvcp~k Bcgmkp" nk Zgcvjupcnknj nl Jp~knl nj Pkg~k @k~kucgk?
ujvcp~k Gzkg`jp" nk ZGJPY$Yujpcnjg~j Yuznjg~j? ujvcp~k Yjufcbjp
Jnz`k~cvlp" nl Dã}c`l? ujvcp~k Yuë}cp Jnz`k`clgkb" nk Zjpe?
ujvcp~k Yul$Ylpcèújp" nk Fk`zbnknj nj Jnz`kèàl nk Z gc`kdy?
ujvcp~k Pjdcgk" nk Zgcvjupcnknj Jp~knzkb nj Blgnucgk? ujvcp~k
^ukekbml" Jnz`kèàl j Pkñnj" nk Fcl`uzq'
Yku~c`cylz k~cvkdjg~j nk ncgkdcqkèàl nk `ldzgcnknj `cjg¤
~äfc`k nlp jnz`knlujp" pjgnl pð`cl$fzgnknlu nk KGYJn" @jnjp" K gnj j @jnj` j" dkcp uj`jg~jdjg~j" nk PEMJ' Nj khlp~l nj
;3=> k azbml nj ;3=8" flc djdeul nl @lgpjbml Jp~knzkb nj
Jnz`kèàl nj Pàl Ykzbl" lgnj ujbk~lz dkcp nj `jd yul`jpplp"
jdc~cgnl lp ujpyj`~cvlp ykuj`jujp' Flc `llunjgknlu nl @ldc~á
nj Jnz`kèàl nl @GY{" `llunjgknlu nj yðp$huknzkèàl gk
Zfp`ku " YZ@$PY j Z gc`kdy" ncuj~lu kppl`cknl nk Fk`zbnknj
nj Jnz`kèàl nk Z gc`kdy j yucdjcul yujpcnjg~j nk PEMJ'
Jdc~cz hukgnj gñdjul nj ykuj`jujp `cjg~äfc`lp ykuk khág`ckpnj kylcl é yjp{zcpk" zgcvjupcnknjp" kppl`ckèújp `cjg~äfc`kp"
ujvcp~kp j `lghujpplp nk ëujk nj jnz`kèàl' Flc `lgnj`luknl
`ld k Djnkbmk nl Dãuc~l Jnz`k`clgkb nl DJ@ j uj`jejz nk
Z gc`kdy l Yuádcl Qjfjucgl Vkq nj Yulnzèàl @cjg~äfc`k'
K~zkbdjg~j ã yulfjpplu jdãuc~l nk Zgc`kdy j `llunjgknlu
hjukb nl Huzyl Gk`clgkb nj Jp~znlp j Yjp{zcpkp ‒Mcp~ðuck"
Pl`cjnknj j Jnz`kèàl gl Eukpcb— -Mcp~jneu#" ~jgnl pcnl khuk¤
`cknl" jd ;= nj dkcl nj 59;9" `ld l ~ä~zbl nj Yjp{zcpknlu Jdãuc~l nl @GY{'
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Njudjvkb Pkvckgc
Gk~zukb nj Pkg~l Kg~þgcl nj Ylppj
-PY#" `zuplz l yucdëucl gl Huzyl
Jp`lbku nj Vcbk Cgvjugknk" Pàl Ykzbl
-PY#" -;3:;$;3:># j lp`zuplphcgkpckb
j `lbjhckb glp Pjdcgëuclp nj @zckeë
-D^# j @kdyl Hukgnj -DP# -;3::$
;36;#' Cgc clz lp jp~znlp fcblpðfc`lp
gl Pjdcgëucl @jg~ukb nj Kykuj`cnk
-PY# -;365#' Fludlz$pj jd fcblplfck
-YZ@$PY";366#"lgnj~kdeãdpjnlz¤
~lulz jd fcblplfck nkjnz`kèàl -;38;#'
Le~jvj l ~ä~zbl nj bcvuj$nl`jg~j jd
mcp~ðuck nk jnz`kèàl -Zgc`kdy" ;3=6#
j ujkbcqlz %jp~ëhcl págclu% gk C~ëbck
-;33>$;33:#'
Nj ;368 k ;389" bj`clglz fcblplfck"
mcp~ðuckjmcp~ðuck nk ku~j ykuk l`zupl
`lbjhckbjmcp~ðuckjfcblplfcknkjnz`k¤
èàl ykuk l `zupl gludkb' Njpnj ;368
ã yulfjpplu nl jgpcgl pzyjuclu' Kz~lu
nj hukgnj gñdjul nj ~ukekbmlp yzebc¤
`knlp" uj`jejz k Djnkbmk nl Dãuc~l
Jnz`k`clgkbnlDJ@jlYuádclQjfj¤
ucglVkqnjYulnzèàl@cjg~äfc`k'
K~zkbdjg~j ã yulfjpplu jdãuc~l nk
Zgc`kdy j `llunjgknlu hjukb nl Huzyl
Gk`clgkbnjJp~znlpjYjp{zcpkp%Mcp¤
~ðuck" Pl`cjnknj j Jnz`kèàl gl Euk¤
pcb% -Mcp~jneu#" ~jgnl pcnl khuk`cknl"jd ;= nj dkcl nj 59;9" `ld l ~ä~zbl
njYjp{zcpknluJdãuc~lnl@GY{'
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%-'''# Jp~j bcvul `lgp~c~zc zdk yucdjcuk kyul}cdkèàl kl
pchgcfc`knl nk yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc`l$`uä~c`k' Cp~l ylu{zj
jp~ë jd `zupl l yul`jppl nj jbkelukèàl njp~k `luujg~j
yjnkhðhc`k" k~ukvãp nk `lg~ucezcèàl nj ncfjujg~jp
jp~znclplp' Nj dcgmk yku~j" vjgml njnc`kgnl$dj k zdk
yjp{zcpk nj blghl kb`kg`j {zj pj njpjgvlbvj `ld uc~dl
vkucëvjb j pjd yukql ykuk pzk `lg`bzpàl" ylu djcl nk
{zkb pj yuj~jgnj ukp~ujku l yju`zupl nk jnz`kèàl njpnj
pzkp luchjgp ujdl~kp" ~jgnl `ldl hzck l `lg`jc~l nj(dlnlnjyulnzèàl('
^uk~k$pj nj j}ybc`c~ku `ldl kp dznkgèkp nkp fludkp
nj yulnzèàl nk j}cp~ág`ck mzdkgk flukd hjukgnl
mcp~luc`kdjg~j glvkp fludkp nj jnz`kèàl" kp {zkcp"
ylu pzk vjq" j}ju`jukd cgfbz}l pleuj l yul`jppl nj
~ukgpfludkèàl nl dlnl nj yulnzèàl `luujpylgnjg~j'-'''# Yuj~jgnj$pj" kppcd" ujvjbku kp ekpjp pleuj kp {zkcp
pj kppjg~k k yjnkhlhck mcp~ðuc l$ uä~c k ykuk vckecbcqku
k `lgfchzukèàl `lgpcp~jg~j nl pcp~jdk jnz`k`clgkb
jd pjz `lgazg~l nl ylg~l nj vcp~k njppk `lg`jyèàl
jnz`k`clgkb'%
^uj`mlj}~ukänlnkKyujpjg~kèàl