PEARL HARBORPEARL HARBOR

THE DAY OF INFAMYTHE DAY OF INFAMY

December 7, 1941December 7, 1941

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

Saturday, December 6Saturday, December 6 - Washington D.C. - - Washington D.C. - U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt makes a U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt makes a final appeal to the Emperor of Japan for final appeal to the Emperor of Japan for peace. There is no reply. Late this same peace. There is no reply. Late this same day, the U.S. code-breaking service begins day, the U.S. code-breaking service begins intercepting a 14-part Japanese message intercepting a 14-part Japanese message and deciphers the first 13 parts, passing and deciphers the first 13 parts, passing them on to the President and Secretary of them on to the President and Secretary of State. The Americans believe a Japanese State. The Americans believe a Japanese attack is imminent, most likely somewhere in attack is imminent, most likely somewhere in Southeast Asia.Southeast Asia.

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

Sunday, December 7Sunday, December 7 - Washington D.C. - The last part of - Washington D.C. - The last part of the Japanese message, stating that diplomatic relations the Japanese message, stating that diplomatic relations with the U.S. are to be broken off, reaches Washington in with the U.S. are to be broken off, reaches Washington in the morning and is decoded at approximately 9 a.m. About the morning and is decoded at approximately 9 a.m. About an hour later, another Japanese message is intercepted. It an hour later, another Japanese message is intercepted. It instructs the Japanese embassy to deliver the main instructs the Japanese embassy to deliver the main message to the Americans at 1 p.m. The Americans realize message to the Americans at 1 p.m. The Americans realize this time corresponds with early morning time in Pearl this time corresponds with early morning time in Pearl Harbor, which is several hours behind. The U.S. War Harbor, which is several hours behind. The U.S. War Department then sends out an alert but uses a commercial Department then sends out an alert but uses a commercial telegraph because radio contact with Hawaii is temporarily telegraph because radio contact with Hawaii is temporarily broken. Delays prevent the alert from arriving at broken. Delays prevent the alert from arriving at headquarters in Oahu until noontime (Hawaii time) four headquarters in Oahu until noontime (Hawaii time) four hours after the attack has already begun.hours after the attack has already begun.

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

Sunday, December 7Sunday, December 7 - Islands of Hawaii, near Oahu - The - Islands of Hawaii, near Oahu - The Japanese attack force under the command of Admiral Japanese attack force under the command of Admiral Nagumo, consisting of six carriers with 423 planes, is about Nagumo, consisting of six carriers with 423 planes, is about to attack. At 6 a.m., the first attack wave of 183 Japanese to attack. At 6 a.m., the first attack wave of 183 Japanese planes takes off from the carriers located 230 miles north planes takes off from the carriers located 230 miles north of Oahu and heads for the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl of Oahu and heads for the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.Harbor.

Pearl Harbor - At 7:02 a.m., two Army operators at Oahu's Pearl Harbor - At 7:02 a.m., two Army operators at Oahu's northern shore radar station detect the Japanese air attack northern shore radar station detect the Japanese air attack approaching and contact a junior officer who disregards approaching and contact a junior officer who disregards their reports, thinking they are American B-17 planes which their reports, thinking they are American B-17 planes which are expected in from the U.S. west coast.are expected in from the U.S. west coast.

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

Near Oahu - At 7:15 a.m., a second attack wave of 167 Near Oahu - At 7:15 a.m., a second attack wave of 167 planes takes off from the Japanese carriers and heads for planes takes off from the Japanese carriers and heads for Pearl Harbor.Pearl Harbor.

Pearl Harbor is not on a state on high alert. Senior Pearl Harbor is not on a state on high alert. Senior commanders have concluded, based on available commanders have concluded, based on available intelligence, there is no reason to believe an attack is intelligence, there is no reason to believe an attack is imminent. Aircraft are therefore left parked wingtip to imminent. Aircraft are therefore left parked wingtip to wingtip on airfields, anti-aircraft guns are unmanned with wingtip on airfields, anti-aircraft guns are unmanned with many ammunition boxes kept locked in accordance with many ammunition boxes kept locked in accordance with peacetime regulations. There are also no torpedo nets peacetime regulations. There are also no torpedo nets protecting the fleet anchorage. And since it is Sunday protecting the fleet anchorage. And since it is Sunday morning, many officers and crewmen are leisurely ashore.morning, many officers and crewmen are leisurely ashore.

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

At 7:53 a.m., the first Japanese assault wave, with 51 'Val' At 7:53 a.m., the first Japanese assault wave, with 51 'Val' dive bombers, 40 'Kate' torpedo bombers, 50 high level dive bombers, 40 'Kate' torpedo bombers, 50 high level bombers and 43 'Zero' fighters, commences the attack with bombers and 43 'Zero' fighters, commences the attack with flight commander, Mitsuo Fuchida, sounding the battle cry: flight commander, Mitsuo Fuchida, sounding the battle cry: "Tora! Tora! Tora!" (Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!)."Tora! Tora! Tora!" (Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!).

The Americans are taken completely by surprise. The first The Americans are taken completely by surprise. The first attack wave targets airfields and battleships. The second attack wave targets airfields and battleships. The second wave targets other ships and shipyard facilities. The air raid wave targets other ships and shipyard facilities. The air raid lasts until 9:45 a.m. Eight battleships are damaged, with lasts until 9:45 a.m. Eight battleships are damaged, with five sunk. Three light cruisers, three destroyers and three five sunk. Three light cruisers, three destroyers and three smaller vessels are lost along with 188 aircraft. The smaller vessels are lost along with 188 aircraft. The Japanese lose 27 planes and five midget submarines Japanese lose 27 planes and five midget submarines which attempted to penetrate the inner harbor and launch which attempted to penetrate the inner harbor and launch torpedoes.torpedoes.

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

Escaping damage from the attack are the prime Escaping damage from the attack are the prime targets, the three U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft targets, the three U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers, Lexington, Enterprise and Saratoga, carriers, Lexington, Enterprise and Saratoga, which were not in the port. Also escaping damage which were not in the port. Also escaping damage are the base fuel tanks. are the base fuel tanks.

The casualty list includes 2,335 servicemen and The casualty list includes 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians killed, with 1,178 wounded. Included 68 civilians killed, with 1,178 wounded. Included are 1,104 men aboard the Battleship USS Arizona are 1,104 men aboard the Battleship USS Arizona killed after a 1,760-pound air bomb penetrated into killed after a 1,760-pound air bomb penetrated into the forward magazine causing catastrophic the forward magazine causing catastrophic explosions. explosions.

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

In Washington, various delays prevent the Japanese In Washington, various delays prevent the Japanese diplomats from presenting their war message to Secretary diplomats from presenting their war message to Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, until 2:30 p.m. (Washington time) just of State, Cordell Hull, until 2:30 p.m. (Washington time) just as the first reports of the air raid at Pearl Harbor are being as the first reports of the air raid at Pearl Harbor are being read by Hull.read by Hull.

News of the "sneak attack" is broadcast to the American News of the "sneak attack" is broadcast to the American public via radio bulletins, with many popular Sunday public via radio bulletins, with many popular Sunday afternoon entertainment programs being interrupted. The afternoon entertainment programs being interrupted. The news sends a shockwave across the nation and results in a news sends a shockwave across the nation and results in a tremendous influx of young volunteers into the U.S. armed tremendous influx of young volunteers into the U.S. armed forces. The attack also unites the nation behind the forces. The attack also unites the nation behind the President and effectively ends isolationist sentiment in the President and effectively ends isolationist sentiment in the country.country.

Monday, December 8 Monday, December 8 - The United States and Britain - The United States and Britain declare war on Japan with President Roosevelt calling declare war on Japan with President Roosevelt calling December 7, "a date which will live in infamy..." December 7, "a date which will live in infamy..."

Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

Thursday, December 11Thursday, December 11 - Germany and Italy declare war - Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The European and Southeast Asian on the United States. The European and Southeast Asian wars have now become a global conflict with the Axis wars have now become a global conflict with the Axis powers; Japan, Germany and Italy, united against America, powers; Japan, Germany and Italy, united against America, Britain, France, and their Allies.Britain, France, and their Allies.

Wednesday, December 17Wednesday, December 17 - Admiral Chester W. Nimitz - Admiral Chester W. Nimitz becomes the new commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. becomes the new commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet.

Both senior commanders at Pearl Harbor; Navy Admiral Both senior commanders at Pearl Harbor; Navy Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, and Army Lt. General Walter C. Short, Husband E. Kimmel, and Army Lt. General Walter C. Short, were relieved of their duties following the attack. were relieved of their duties following the attack. Subsequent investigations will fault the men for failing to Subsequent investigations will fault the men for failing to adopt adequate defense measures.adopt adequate defense measures.

USS Arizona

Causes…Causes…

The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China and Indochinafrom China and Indochina

Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would provide them an easy win, and a territory provide them an easy win, and a territory with abundant land and resources to rule with abundant land and resources to rule once they were victorious.once they were victorious.

The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting Japan’s economyhurting Japan’s economy

USS ArizonaUSS Arizona

Major CombatantsMajor Combatants

JapanJapan- Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the

command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral YamamotoYamamoto

- Aerial Assault Force under the command of Aerial Assault Force under the command of Mitsuo FuchidaMitsuo Fuchida

United StatesUnited States- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the - Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the

command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and Lt. General Walter C. ShortLt. General Walter C. Short

Battle SequenceBattle Sequence

5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…(as noted by the U.S. Navy)(as noted by the U.S. Navy)

PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.

PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m.PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m. PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 –

9:15 a.m.9:15 a.m. PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45

a.m.a.m. PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid

after 9:45 a.m.after 9:45 a.m.

Eyewitness AccountEyewitness Account

Commander Mitsuo FuchidaCommander Mitsuo Fuchida ““Veering right toward the west coast of the Veering right toward the west coast of the

island, we could see that the sky over Pearl island, we could see that the sky over Pearl Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself bacame visible across the central Oahu plain, a bacame visible across the central Oahu plain, a film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered intently through my binoculars at the ships intently through my binoculars at the ships riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I counted them. Yes, the battleships were there counted them. Yes, the battleships were there all right, eight of them! But our last lingering all right, eight of them! But our last lingering hope of finding any carriers prestent was now hope of finding any carriers prestent was now gone. Not one was to be seen.”gone. Not one was to be seen.”

Warfare Used During AttackWarfare Used During Attack

JapanJapan- 81 Fighter Planes81 Fighter Planes- 135 Dive Bombers135 Dive Bombers- 104 Horizontal Bombers104 Horizontal Bombers- 40 Torpedo Planes40 Torpedo Planes- At least 5 Midget SubmarinesAt least 5 Midget Submarines

Warfare (continued)Warfare (continued)

United StatesUnited States- 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for

flight)flight)- 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)- 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns

CasualtiesCasualties

JapanJapan- Less then 100 menLess then 100 men- 29 planes29 planes- 5 midget submarines5 midget submarines

United StatesUnited States- 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178

woundedwounded- 188 planes188 planes- 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3

destroyers, 4 other vessels)destroyers, 4 other vessels)

USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ servicemen died on the shipservicemen died on the ship

Eyewitness AccountEyewitness Account

Marine Corporal E.C. NightingaleMarine Corporal E.C. Nightingale ““I was about three quarters of the way to I was about three quarters of the way to

the first platform on the mast when it the first platform on the mast when it seemed as though a bomb struck our seemed as though a bomb struck our quarterdeck. I could hear shrapnel or quarterdeck. I could hear shrapnel or fragments whistling past me. As soon as I fragments whistling past me. As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw Second reached the first platform, I saw Second Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back with Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back with blood on his shirt front. I bent over him…He blood on his shirt front. I bent over him…He was dead…”was dead…”

Eyewitness AccountEyewitness Account

Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse)Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse) ““The first patient came into our The first patient came into our

dressing room at 8:25 a.m. with a dressing room at 8:25 a.m. with a large opening in his abdomen and large opening in his abdomen and bleeding profusely. They started an bleeding profusely. They started an intravenous and transfusion. I can still intravenous and transfusion. I can still see the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s hand see the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s hand as he picked up the needle. Everyone as he picked up the needle. Everyone was terrified. The patient died within was terrified. The patient died within the hour.”the hour.”

Effects/OutcomeEffects/Outcome

Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet the U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga were not in port)Saratoga were not in port)

Japan began their quest for a Pacific empireJapan began their quest for a Pacific empire The U.S. finally was forced to join World The U.S. finally was forced to join World

War II (“The Sleeping Giant was War II (“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”)awakened”)

The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)

Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11, 1941)(Dec. 11, 1941)

December 8, 1941 FDR December 8, 1941 FDR SpeechSpeech

““Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live in infamy – the United States of America live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”

Let’s ListenLet’s Listen

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